CN1960626B - 甘蔗收成剂 - Google Patents

甘蔗收成剂 Download PDF

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CN1960626B
CN1960626B CN200580017955.7A CN200580017955A CN1960626B CN 1960626 B CN1960626 B CN 1960626B CN 200580017955 A CN200580017955 A CN 200580017955A CN 1960626 B CN1960626 B CN 1960626B
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A·鲍格斯
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Abstract

原卟啉原氧化酶抑制性化合物可用于催熟甘蔗作物的组合物和方法。特别感兴趣的是使用唑草酯和它的某些代谢物来催熟甘蔗作物。

Description

甘蔗收成剂
本申请要求于2004年4月28日提交的美国临时申请第60/565884号的权益。
发明领域
本申请涉及用在甘蔗生产中的收成剂。
发明背景
甘蔗是农业领域中非常重要的一种作物，它的耕种涉及糖、工业酒精和燃料、朗姆酒和石蜡的生产。
在不正常的气候条件如温室效应或“厄尔尼诺()”效应下，大气温度和湿度常常在正常值以上，导致甘蔗产率严重损失，特别是由于缺乏成熟引起的。当这些自然因素导致缺乏成熟时，使用化学催熟剂可以有助于解决该问题，缓解环境状况。
在甘蔗作物处于收获季节的中期和末期时，也使用化学催熟剂，意图在成熟的自然阶段之前收获。最终，在需要控制甘蔗开花时，也使用化学催熟剂。
化学催熟剂保持或者甚至提高了上述情况中甘蔗作物的产率。传统上，草甘膦和抗倒酯(etil-trinexapac)用作甘蔗作物中的化学催熟剂。使用这些传统化学催熟剂的普遍问题是降低了退耕作物(return crops)的产率，并且造成高使用率。高使用率对成本、操作问题和环境造成不利的影响。
发明概述
已经发现，使用原卟啉原氧化酶抑制性(PPO抑制性)化合物作为化学催熟剂，与传统的化学催熟剂相比，可以提供额外的益处。这些额外益处包括对退耕作物产率无影响，通过杀死广谱杂草(特别包括牵牛花)提高了甘蔗作物的收获稳定性，以不到传统化学催熟剂一半的施用速率取得作为甘蔗催熟剂或收成剂的效力。
根据本发明，已经发现原卟啉原氧化酶抑制性(PPO抑制性)化合物可用作化学催熟剂。特别地，本发明是对甘蔗作物催熟的方法，该方法包括向需要所述催熟的作物施用有效量的原卟啉原氧化酶抑制性化合物或这种化合物农业上可接受的盐、酯、酸或代谢物中的一种或多种。本发明的其它方面通过以下描述会变得明显。
发明详述
本发明涉及一种对甘蔗作物催熟的方法，所述方法包括向需要所述催熟的作物施用有效量的原卟啉原氧化酶抑制性化合物或这种化合物农业上可接受的盐、酯、酸或代谢物。本发明的另一方面是一种甘蔗收成剂组合物，该组合物包含足以催熟所需甘蔗作物的量的原卟啉原氧化酶抑制性化合物。
如上所述，包含PPO抑制性化合物及其农业上可接受的盐、酯、酸和代谢物的组合物当通过本发明的方法被施用到需要这种催熟的作物上时，可用作甘蔗作物的化学催熟剂。可用于本发明的PPO抑制性化合物的例子包括但不限于以下所列中的一种或多种：三氟羧草醚、苯草醚、甲羧除草醚、甲氧除草醚、草枯醚、氟乳醚、三氟硝草醚、乙羧氟草醚、氟除草醚、氟磺胺草醚、氟呋草醚、氟硝磺酰胺(halosafen)、乳氟禾草灵、除草醚、硝基氟草醚(nitrofluorfen)、乙氧氟草醚(oxyfluorofen)、吲哚酮草酯、氟烯草酸、丙炔氟草胺、氟唑草胺、双唑草腈、丙炔恶草酮、恶草酮、环戊恶草酮、异丙吡草酯、吡草醚、双苯嘧草酮、氟丙嘧草酯、氟噻乙草酯(fluthiacet-methyl)、噻二唑草胺、唑啶草酮、唑草酯、甲磺草胺、氟哒嗪草酯(flufenpyr-ethyl)，以及其它PPO抑制性化合物，和它们农业上可接受的盐、酯、酸和代谢物。优选的用作化学催熟剂的PPO抑制性化合物是唑草酯和唑草酯的代谢物，即i)α，2-二氯-5-[4-(二氟甲基)-4，5-二氢-3-甲基-5-氧代-1H-1，2，4-三唑-1-基]-4-氟苯丙酸(氯丙酸)，ii)2-二氯-5-[4-(二氟甲基)-4，5-二氢-3-甲基-5-氧代-1H-1，2，4-三唑-1-基]-4-氟苯丙烯酸(肉桂酸)，iii)2-二氯-5-[4-(二氟甲基)-4，5-二氢-3-甲基-5-氧代-1H-1，2，4-三唑-1-基]-4-氟苯甲酸(苯甲酸)和iv)2-氯-5-[4-(二氟甲基)-4，5-二氢-3-甲基-5-氧代-1H-1，2，4-三唑-1-基]-4-氟苯丙酸(丙酸)。更优选的用作化学催熟剂的PPO抑制性化合物是唑草酯：
即α，2-二氯-5-[4-(二氟甲基)-4，5-二氢-3-甲基-5-氧代-1H-1，2，4-三唑-1-基]-4-氟苯丙酸乙酯。其它可用在本发明方法中的唑草酯的类似物、同系物或衍生物包括以下：
式中R选自CH3、CH2CH2CH3、CH(CH3)2、(CH2)3CH3、CH2CH(CH3)2、正戊基、正己基、Na+、K+、Li+、Ca+和NH4 +。
文中可用的唑草酯、代谢物、类似物、同系物或衍生物可通过美国专利5125958中所教导的方法来制备，该专利的内容通过参考结合于此，或者通过与该方法类似的方法制备，或者通过本领域技术人员已知的方法制备。
可以使用能有效实现所需甘蔗催熟的任何量的PPO抑制性化合物。PPO抑制性化合物的优选用量为40克活性成分/公顷(ai/ha)至300克ai/ha。唑草酯的优选用量为60克ai/ha至100克ai/ha。
在某些情况下，在甘蔗作物催熟中，将有效量的本发明PPO抑制性化合物中的一种或多种与第二化学催熟剂合并是有利的。特别有利的是与一种或多种对甘蔗作物能实现所需催熟效应的其它化学催熟剂，诸如草甘膦和抗倒酯。PPO抑制性化合物与对甘蔗作物能实现所需催熟效应的化学催熟剂的优选组合是唑草酯与草甘膦和抗倒酯中的一种或多种。
而本发明的另一个实施方式是PPO抑制性化合物与第二农药的组合。
除非另有指示，说明书中所用的术语“原卟啉原氧化酶抑制”、“原卟啉原氧化酶抑制剂”、“PPO抑制”或“PPO抑制剂”，在这些术语涉及所述的本发明的化合物时，是一个意思并且是相同的。术语“化学催熟剂”或“催熟剂”定义为人工导致成熟或加强甘蔗作物自然成熟的化学品。术语“成熟”定义为提高甘蔗中糖的含量。
当然本领域技术人员将意识到，催熟剂的配方和施用方式会影响给定施用中材料的活性。因此，为了用于甘蔗作物的成熟，根据所需的施用方式，PPO抑制性化合物可以被配制成粒度较大的颗粒、水溶性或水分散性颗粒、粉尘、可湿性粉末、可乳化浓缩物、溶液或任何已知的其它类型制剂。应理解，说明书中所指出的量只是表示大致的数值，就好像在所述量前有“约”修饰。
催熟组合物可作为水稀释的喷雾、粉尘或颗粒施用到需要催熟的作物上。这些制剂可含有小至0.1重量％、0.2重量％或0.5重量％至高达95重量％或95重量％以上的PPO抑制性化合物。
粉尘是自由流动的PPO抑制剂与细碎固体如滑石、天然粘土、硅藻土、面粉如胡桃壳和棉籽粉和其它用作毒剂分散剂和载体的有机和无机固体的混合物；这些细碎固体的平均粒度约小于50微米。文中所用的典型粉尘制剂是含有等于或小于1.0份催熟化合物和99.0份滑石的制剂。
可湿性粉末的形式为容易分散在水或其它分散剂中的细碎颗粒。可湿性粉末最终作为干粉尘或作为在水或其它液体中的乳化剂施用。用于可湿性粉末的典型载体包括容易被无机稀释剂润湿的漂白土、高岭土、硅石和其它高吸收剂。根据载体的吸收性，通常将可湿性粉末制备成含有约5-80％的PPO抑制性化合物，通常还含有少量促进分散的润湿剂、分散剂或乳化剂。例如，可用的可湿性粉末制剂含有80.0份的催熟化合物、17.9份的美州蒲葵粘土(Palmetto clay)、和作为润湿剂的1.0份的木质素磺酸钠和0.3份的磺化脂族聚酯。
其它可用于这些收成剂制品的制剂是可乳化浓缩物(ECs)，它是分散在水中或其它分散剂中的均匀液体组合物，可完全由PPO抑制性化合物和液体或固体乳化剂组成，或者还可以含有液体载体，诸如二甲苯、重芳烃石脑油、异佛尔酮或其它非挥发性有机溶剂。对于收成剂制品，这些浓缩物分散在水中或其它液体载体中，通常作为喷雾施用到待处理的区域。PPO抑制性化合物的重量百分数可根据组合物施用的方式而变化，但是通常包含占催熟组合物0.5重量％至95重量％的PPO抑制性化合物。
可流动制剂与ECs类似，不同的是PPO抑制性化合物悬浮在液体载体(一般是水)中。可流动制剂与EC类似，可包括少量表面活性剂，通常含有占组合物0.5重量％至95重量％、通常为10重量％至50重量％的PPO抑制性化合物。为了施用，可以将可流动制剂稀释在水中或其它液体载体中，并且通常作为喷雾施用到待处理的区域。
使用在这些制剂中的典型润湿剂、分散剂或乳化剂包括，但不限于，烷基和烷芳基磺酸酯和硫酸酯以及它们的钠盐；烷芳剂聚醚醇；硫化的高级醇；聚环氧乙烷；磺化的动物油和植物油；磺化的石油；多元醇的脂肪酸酯和这类酯的环氧乙烷加成产物；和长链硫醇和环氧乙烷的加成产物。许多可用的其它类型的表面活性剂可在市场上购得。当使用表面活性剂时，其用量通常占组合物的1重量％至15重量％。
用于收成剂制品的其它可用制剂包括PPO抑制性化合物在溶剂中的简单溶液，在该溶剂中，PPO抑制性化合物以所需的浓度完全溶解，溶剂例如丙酮、烷基化的萘、二甲苯或其它有机溶剂。其中PPO抑制性化合物携带在较粗颗粒上的颗粒制剂对于空中分配或穿透覆盖冠层(cover canopy)特别有用。还使用加压喷雾，通常气溶胶，其中由于低沸点分散溶剂载体的汽化而使PPO抑制性化合物以细碎形式分散。水溶性或水分散性颗粒是自由流动、无粉尘且容易溶于水或混溶于水的。在使用在该领域中时，可以用水稀释颗粒制剂、可乳化浓缩物、可流动浓缩物、溶液等，使PPO抑制性化合物的浓度为0.1％或0.2％至1.0％至2.0％。
下列实施例进一步说明本发明，但是，当然不应理解为这些实施例以任何方式限制本发明的范围。实施例包括评价某些PPO抑制性化合物作为催熟剂对甘蔗作物的作用的方案，并且陈述了某些表示这类化合物效力的数据。产率以％POL测量，是榨汁或茎中的蔗糖百分含量。纯度和％BRIX(定义为包括葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖和矿物质的总糖含量)也是作物产率的量度，尽管蔗糖含量是很重要的。
实施例
唑草酯作为甘蔗催熟剂的评价
对品种为RB81-5156(植株-茎(plant-cane)的甘蔗进行试验。以行之间间隔1.40米的方式种植甘蔗，使用30千克/公顷N、100千克/公顷P2O5和80千克/公顷K2O作为基本肥料，用30千克/公顷的N覆盖制品来补充。
使用具有平坦扇形喷嘴110.01的加压背包式喷雾器进行催熟剂的施用。流量为65升/公顷，压力为35磅/平方英寸。
试验设计使用随机的地块，进行6次处理和4次重复。各测试地块的大小为126平方米(每15米长有6条1.40米的间隔线)。
施用催熟剂时的气候条件是：平均温度为27℃；空气相对湿度为73％；风速为4千米/小时。
在施用催熟剂后0(零)、15、30和45天(DAA)后，在各试验地块中收获一线性米的茎(one linear meter of stems)。从这些茎中提取糖，进行GC和折射仪分析，分析蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和矿物质的百分含量，分别对应于％POL、％BRIX和％纯度。
以四次重复测试的平均值表示的结果与用抗倒酯(Moddus)进行的同样试验中观察到的结果作比较。下表中是结果和对比结果。
表1
施用催熟剂后甘蔗作物的榨汁中POL的百分含量
Figure S05817955720061206D000071
％POL＝‘蔗糖’
表2
施用催熟剂后甘蔗作物的茎中的POL百分含量
％POL＝‘蔗糖’
表3
施用催熟剂后甘蔗作物的榨汁中的％纯度
Figure S05817955720061206D000073
表4
施用催熟剂后甘蔗作物的榨汁中的％BRIX
Figure S05817955720061206D000081
％BRIX＝‘葡萄糖+果糖+蔗糖+矿物质’
虽然已经重点根据优选实施方式对本发明进行了描述，但是本领域普通技术人员应理解可以对优选方法进行变化，即本发明可以不同于文中所述的方式实施。因此，本发明包括所有包括在所附权利要求限定的本发明精神和范围内的修改。

Claims (2)

1.一种催熟甘蔗作物的方法，所述方法包括向需要所述催熟的作物施用40克ai/ha至300克ai/ha的唑草酯。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述唑草酯的量是60克ai/ha至100克ai/ha。
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