CN1906221A - 统计共聚物的用途 - Google Patents
统计共聚物的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1906221A CN1906221A CNA2004800410509A CN200480041050A CN1906221A CN 1906221 A CN1906221 A CN 1906221A CN A2004800410509 A CNA2004800410509 A CN A2004800410509A CN 200480041050 A CN200480041050 A CN 200480041050A CN 1906221 A CN1906221 A CN 1906221A
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K23/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or foam-producing agents
- C09K23/007—Organic compounds containing halogen
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/14—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/36—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general by precipitation reactions in aqueous solutions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/60—Preparation of carbonates or bicarbonates in general
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/113—Silicon oxides; Hydrates thereof
- C01B33/12—Silica; Hydrates thereof, e.g. lepidoic silicic acid
- C01B33/14—Colloidal silica, e.g. dispersions, gels, sols
- C01B33/141—Preparation of hydrosols or aqueous dispersions
- C01B33/142—Preparation of hydrosols or aqueous dispersions by acidic treatment of silicates
- C01B33/143—Preparation of hydrosols or aqueous dispersions by acidic treatment of silicates of aqueous solutions of silicates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G11/00—Compounds of cadmium
- C01G11/02—Sulfides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G21/00—Compounds of lead
- C01G21/21—Sulfides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G9/00—Compounds of zinc
- C01G9/02—Oxides; Hydroxides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G9/00—Compounds of zinc
- C01G9/08—Sulfides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K23/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or foam-producing agents
- C09K23/017—Mixtures of compounds
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Abstract
本发明涉及包含含有疏水基的至少一种结构单元和含有亲水基的至少一种结构单元的统计共聚物作为乳化剂的用途,特别是在合成纳米颗粒时的用途,以及制备这种颗粒的方法,该方法具有步骤a),从含疏水基的至少一种单体和含亲水基的至少一种单体的统计共聚物来制备包含一种或多种水溶性的纳米颗粒前体的反相乳液或熔体,和b),制备颗粒。
Description
本发明涉及统计共聚物作为乳化剂的用途,特别是在合成纳米颗粒时的用途,还涉及制备这种颗粒的方法。
将无机纳米颗粒引入聚合物基质中不仅能影响基质的机械性能,例如冲击强度,还能改变它的光学性能,例如依赖于波长的透射率、颜色(吸收光谱)和折光指数。在用于光学应用的混合物中,颗粒度起着重要的作用,因为加入其折光指数不同于基质的折光指数的物质不可避免地引起了光散射并最终导致了不透光性。经过混合物时规定波长的辐射的强度的降低表明了对无机颗粒直径的高依赖性。
用于分散在聚合物中的适当纳米材料的发展不仅需要控制颗粒度,还需要控制颗粒的表面性能。亲水性颗粒与疏水性聚合物基质的简单混合(例如通过挤出)导致了颗粒不均匀地分散在聚合物中并且还额外地引起了它们的聚集。为了使无机颗粒均匀混入聚合物中,它们的表面必须至少被疏水改性。此外,纳米颗粒材料尤其表现出很强的形成以后表面处理中不被破坏的聚集体的倾向。
令人惊奇的是,现在已经发现如果使用某些统计共聚物作为乳化剂,则纳米颗粒可以从直接具有适当表面改性的乳液中沉淀而实质上没有聚集体。
因此本发明首先涉及包含含疏水基的至少一种结构单元和含亲水基的至少一种结构单元的统计共聚物作为乳化剂的用途,特别是在从乳液合成纳米颗粒时的用途。
本发明还涉及一种制备聚合物改性的纳米颗粒的方法,其特征在于,在步骤a)中,借助于含疏水基的至少一种单体和含亲水基的至少一种单体的统计共聚物来制备包含一种或多种水溶性的纳米颗粒前体或熔体的反相乳液,和在步骤b)中,制备颗粒。
制备纳米颗粒的乳液技术在原则上是已知的。因而M.P.Pileni;J.Phys.Chem.1993,97,6961-6973中描述了在反相乳液中制备半导体颗粒,如CdSe、CdTe和ZnS。
然而,合成无机材料常常需要高盐浓度的前体材料在乳液中,同时在反应过程中浓度还要另外改变。低分子量的表面活性剂对这种高盐浓度具有反应性,因此乳液的稳定性是有危险的(Paul Kent and Brian R.Saunders;Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 242,437-442(2001))。特别地,颗粒度可仅被控制到有限的程度(M.-H.Lee,C.Y.Tai,C.Y.Tai,C.H.Lu,Korean J.Chem.Eng.16,1999,818-822)。
K.Landfester(Adv.Mater.2001,13,No.10,765-768)提出了与超声波一起使用高分子量的表面活性剂(PEO-PS嵌段共聚物)以从金属盐来制备颗粒度为约150至约300nm的纳米颗粒。
现在选择含疏水基的至少一种单体和含亲水基的至少一种单体的统计共聚物使得能够提供促进由反相乳液来制备无机纳米颗粒的乳化剂并控制颗粒度和颗粒度分布。同时,使用这些新型的乳化剂能够使这些纳米颗粒从分散体中分离而实际上没有聚集体,因为各颗粒直接与聚合物涂层一起形成。
此外,可通过这种方法得到的纳米颗粒可被特别简单且均匀地分散在聚合物中,特别是,这可以基本上避免这种聚合物在可见光中透明度的不希望的损害。
对根据本发明优选被使用的统计共聚物而言,统计共聚物中含疏水基的结构单元与含亲水基的结构单元的重量比在1∶2至500∶1范围内、优选1∶1至100∶1范围内、特别优选7∶3至10∶1范围内。统计共聚物的重均分子量通常在Mw=1000至1,000,000g/mol的范围内、优选在1500至100.000g/mol的范围内且特别优选2000至40.000g/mol的范围内。
特别地,这里已经发现符合式I的共聚物
其中
X和Y对应于常规非离子或离子单体的基团,且
R1代表氢或者疏水侧基,优选选自具有至少4个碳原子的支化或者未支化的烷基基团,其中一个或多个,优选所有的、H原子可以被氟原子代替,
和
R2代表亲水侧基,优选具有膦酸盐/酯、磺酸盐/酯、聚醇或者聚醚基团,且其中-X-R1和-Y-R2可以各自在以特定方式满足了根据本发明需要的分子中具有多种不同的意义。
根据本发明特别优选的是其中-Y-R2代表甜菜碱结构的聚合物。
接下来本文特别优选的是式I的聚合物,其中X和Y,两者互相独立,代表-O-、-C(=O)-O-、-C(=O)-NH-、-(CH2)n-、苯基、萘基或者吡啶基。而且,可特别有利地使用其中至少一个结构单元含有至少一个季氮原子的聚合物,其中R2优选代表-(CH2)m-(N+(CH3)2)-(CH2)n-SO3 -侧基或者-(CH2)m-(N+(CH3)2)-(CH2)n-PO3 2-侧基,其中m代表1至30范围内、优选1至6范围内的整数,特别优选2,且n代表1至30范围内、优选1至8范围内的整数,特别优选3。
特别优选使用的统计共聚物可根据下图来制备:
本文中,通过已知的方法,优选利用通过加入AIBN的在甲苯中的自由基,使所需量的甲基丙烯酸月桂酯(LMA)和甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯(DMAEMA)共聚合。甜菜碱结构随后利用已知的方法通过胺与1,3-丙烷磺内酯的反应来得到。
优选使用的另一种共聚物可含有苯乙烯、乙烯吡咯烷酮、乙烯基吡啶、卤化的苯乙烯或者甲氧基苯乙烯,这里的这些例子并不表示限制。另外,在本发明的同样优选的实施方案中,使用一种这样的聚合物,其特征在于至少一种结构单元是低聚物或者聚合物,优选大单体(macromonomer),其中聚醚、聚烯烃和聚丙烯酸酯特别优选作为大单体。
可用于无机纳米颗粒的前体是水溶性金属化合物,优选硅、铈、钴、铬、镍、锌、钛、铁、钇和/或锆化合物,其中这些前体优选与酸或碱液反应以制备相应的金属氧化物颗粒。
本文中通过相应前体的适当混合可以简单的方式得到混合氧化物。适当前体的选择对本领域技术人员来说是没有困难的;适当的化合物是适于从水溶液中沉淀对应目标化合物的所有那些。用于制备氧化物的适当前体的综述在以下文献中给出,例如,在K.Osseo-Asare的“Microemulsion-mediated Synthesis of nanosize Oxide Materials”的表6中(在Kumar P.,Mittal KL(编),Handbook or microemulsion science andtechnology,New York:Marcel Dekker,Inc.,559-573页中),它们的内容明确地属于本申请的公开内容。
亲水性的熔体可同样用作本发明意义上的纳米颗粒的前体。这种情况下制备纳米颗粒的化学反应不是绝对必需的。
特别地,碱或碱土金属硅酸盐,优选硅酸钠,作为前体也可以与酸或碱液反应以得到二氧化硅。
在本发明的同样优选的实施方式中,贵金属的至少一种可溶化合物,优选硝酸银,与还原剂,优选柠檬酸,反应,以产生金属。
为了制备根据本发明同样优选的纳米颗粒金属硫化物,可溶的金属化合物,优选可溶的Pb、Cd或Zn化合物,与氢化硫反应以产生金属硫化物。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,可溶的金属化合物如优选例如氯化钙,与二氧化碳反应以产生纳米颗粒金属碳酸盐。
特别优选制备的纳米颗粒是基本由硅、铈、钴、铬、镍、锌、钛、铁、钇和/或锆的氧化物或氢氧化物形成的那些。
颗粒优选具有3至200nm、特别是20至80nm且非常特别优选30至50nm的平均颗粒度,这些数字是通过动态光散射或者透射电子显微镜而测得的。在本发明的具体的、同样优选的实施方案中,颗粒度分布是窄的,即变化范围是低于平均数的100%,特别优选平均数的50%的最大值。
在本发明中,使用这些纳米颗粒用于聚合物中的UV保护时,如果纳米颗粒在300-500nm的范围内、优选在高至400nm的范围内具有最大吸收,将是特别优选的,其中特别优选的纳米颗粒吸收特别在UV-A区域内的辐射。
本文中可以各种方式实施乳液方法:正如已经所述的,颗粒通常在步骤b)中通过前体的反应或者通过熔体的冷却来制备。本文中,根据所选择的处理方案,前体可以与酸、碱液、还原剂或者氧化剂反应。
为了制备在所需颗粒度范围内的颗粒,如果乳液中的液滴大小在5至500nm范围内、优选在10至200nm范围内,则是特别有利的。本文中以本领域技术人员已知的方式设定给定系统内的液滴大小,其中本领域技术人员使得油相单独地与反应系统相匹配。对于制备ZnO颗粒而言,已证明例如甲苯和环己烷作为油相是成功的。
在某些情况下,除了统计共聚物之外,使用另外的共乳化剂、优选非离子表面活性剂是有帮助的。优选的共乳化剂是任选乙氧基化或者丙氧基化的、具有各种乙氧基化或者丙氧基化度的相当长链的烷醇或者烷基酚(例如0至50摩尔的环氧烷烃的加成物)。
使用分散助剂也是有利的,分散助剂优选水溶性的、高分子量的、含有极性基团的有机化合物,例如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,丙酸或者乙酸的乙烯酯与乙烯吡咯烷酮的共聚物,丙烯酸酯与丙烯氰的部分皂化共聚物,具有各种残留乙酸酯含量的聚乙烯醇,纤维素醚,明胶,嵌段共聚物,改性淀粉,低分子量的、含羧基-和/或-磺酰基的聚合物,或者这些物质的混合物。
特别优选的保护性胶体是残留乙酸酯含量低于40摩尔%、特别是为5至39摩尔%的聚乙烯醇,和/或乙烯酯含量低于35重量%、特别是为5至30重量%的乙烯吡咯烷酮-丙酸乙烯酯的共聚物。
所需的纳米颗粒的理想性能组合可以通过调节反应条件如温度、压力和反应持续时间而以目标方式设定。这些参数的相应设置对本领域技术人员来说绝对没有任何困难。例如,对于多种目的,可以在大气压和室温下实施工作。
在优选的处理方法中,其中前体的反应物处于乳化形式的第二乳液在步骤b)中与得自步骤a)的前体乳液混合。这种两乳液方法允许制得具有特别窄的颗粒度分布的颗粒。本文通过超声的作用使得两种乳液互相混合是特别有利的。
在另外的、同样优选的处理方法中,前体乳液在步骤b)中与可溶于乳液的连续相的沉淀剂相混合。然后通过使沉淀剂扩散入含有前体的胶束中进行沉淀。例如,可通过使吡啶扩散入含有钛氧基氯化物的胶束中从而得到二氧化钛颗粒或者可通过使长链醛扩散入含有硝酸银的胶束中从而得到银颗粒。
根据本发明的纳米颗粒特别用于聚合物中。根据本发明的纳米颗粒可被很好地混入其中的聚合物特别是,聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PETP)、聚酰亚胺(PI)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)或者至少含有一种所述聚合物的一部分的共聚物。
这里可通过用于制备聚合物组合物的常规方法来实施混入。例如,聚合物材料可以与根据本发明的纳米颗粒混合,优选在压出机或者混料机中。
根据所用的聚合物,也可使用混料机。
根据本发明的颗粒的特殊优点在于,对颗粒均匀分散于聚合物中而言与现有技术相比仅低能量输入是必需的。
这里的聚合物也可以是聚合物的分散体,例如涂料。这里的混入可通过常规的混合操作来实施。
此外根据本发明的包含纳米颗粒的聚合物组合物还特别适用于涂布表面。这使得位于涂层下面的表面或材料能够抵抗UV辐射从而被保护。
下面的实施例旨在更详细地解释本发明而不是限制本发明。
实施例
实施例1:大表面活性剂(macrosurfactant)的合成
第一步骤包括合成甲基丙烯酸十二烷基酯(甲基丙烯酸月桂酯;LMA)与甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯(DMEMA)的统计共聚物。通过加入巯基乙醇可以控制分子量。这种方式得到的共聚物通过1,3-丙磺酸内酯来改性以供给饱和基团。
为此,7克的LMA和DMEMA,以对应于下表1中的量,被首先混入12克的甲苯中,并在通过于1毫升甲苯中加入0.033克的AIBN从而引发反应之后在氩气中70摄氏度下进行自由基聚合。这里的链增长可通过加入巯基乙醇来控制(参见表1)。粗制的聚合物被洗涤、冷冻干燥并随后与1,3-丙磺酸内酯反应,如V.Butun,C.E.Bennett,M.Vamvakaki,A.B.Lowe,N.C.Billingham.S.P.Armes,J.Mater.Chem.,1997,7(9),1963-1695中所述的。
所得聚合物的性能在表1中给出。
表1:所用单体的数量和所得聚合物的性能
DMAEMA[g] | 聚合物中的DMAEMA[mol%] | 1-巯基-乙醇[g] | Mn[g/mol] | Mw[g/mol] | 甜菜碱基团[mol%] | |
E1 | 1.08 | 19 | 0.033 | 18000 | 31000 | 16 |
E2 | 1.08 | 19 | 0.011 | 28000 | 51000 | 19 |
E3 | 1.08 | 21 | 0.066 | 13000 | 21000 | 21 |
E4 | 1.09 | 20 | --- | 59000 | 158000 | 14.6 |
E5 | 0.48 | 10.7 | --- | 52000 | 162000 | 7.5 |
实施例2:ZnO颗粒的沉淀
ZnO颗粒通过下面的方法沉淀:
1.在每种情况下,各自通过超声,制备0.4克的Zn(AcO)2*2H2O在1.1克水中(乳液1)和0.15克的NaOH在1.35克水中(乳液2)的水溶液的反相乳液。乳液1和乳液2各包含150毫克的表1中的统计共聚物E1-E5。
2.超声处理乳液1和乳液2的混合物,然后干燥。
3.通过用水洗涤所得的固体来提纯乙酸钠。
4.干燥并通过在甲苯中搅拌来重新分散由乳化剂而作用在表面上的粉末。
FT-IR光谱和X射线衍射表明形成了ZnO。此外,X射线图中没有看到乙酸钠的反射。
因此,实施例2产生了由合成的大表面活性剂和氧化锌颗粒组成的产物。
共聚物 | 直径[nm](光散射) | 变量[nm] | ZnO的比例(重量%) |
E1 | 37 | 30 | 30.3 |
E2 | 66 | 53 | 30.5 |
E3 | 50 | 41 | 32 |
对比例2a:使用乳化剂ABIL EM90
用市售乳化剂ABIL EM90(十六烷基聚二甲基氧硅烷共聚醇,Goldschmidt)代替实施例1中的统计共聚物,如实施例2中所述的步骤并不会产生稳定的乳液。所得的颗粒显示出500和4000nm之间的直径。
实施例3:二氧化硅的沉淀
SiO2颗粒的沉淀通过下面方法实施:
1.在每种情况下,各自通过超声,制备Na2SiO3(乳液1)和H2SO4(乳液2)的水溶液的反相乳液(浓度对应于表2)。
2.超声处理乳液1和乳液2的混合物,然后干燥。
3.通过用水洗涤所得的固体来提纯。
4.干燥并重新分散所得的粉末。
FT-IR光谱和X射线衍射表明形成了SiO2且不存在/没有硅酸钠。
因此,这个步骤产生了由合成的大表面活性剂和二氧化硅颗粒组成的产物。
表2:乳液的组成和产品的性能
实验 | 乳液E1 | 乳液E2 | 纳米颗粒的颗粒度[nm] | 标准偏差[nm] |
3a | 0.15g的聚合物表面活性剂(E4);11.7g的甲苯;1.25g的水;1.25g的Na2SiO3 | 0.15g的聚合物表面活性剂(E4);11.7g的甲苯;2.2g的水;0.3g的H2SO4 | 59 | 19 |
3b | O.15g的聚合物表面活性剂(E4);11.7g的甲苯;1.25g的水;1.00g的Na2SiO3 | O.15g的聚合物表面活性剂(E4);11.7g的甲苯;1.76g的水;0.24g的H2SO4 | 40 | 15 |
3c | 0.15g的聚合物表面活性剂(E4);11.7g的甲苯;0.75g的水;0.75g的Na2SiO3 | 0.15g的聚合物表面活性剂(E4);11.7g的甲苯;1.32g的水;0.18g的H2SO4 | 50 | 20 |
3d | 0.15g的聚合物表面活性剂(E5);11.7g的甲苯;0.75g的水;0.75g的Na2SiO3 | 0.15g的聚合物表面活性剂(E5);11.7g的甲苯;1.32g的水;0.18g的H2SO4 | 43 | 15 |
3e | 0.15g的聚合物表面活性剂(E5);11.7g的甲苯;1.25g的水;1.25g的Na2SiO3 | 0.15g的聚合物表面活性剂(E5);11.7g的甲苯;2.2g的水;0.3g的H2SO4 | 53 | 12 |
3f | 0.15g的聚合物表面活性剂(E5);11.7g的甲苯;1.0g的水;1.0g的Na2SiO3 | 0.15g的聚合物表面活性剂(E5);11.7g的甲苯;1.76g的水;0.24g的H2SO4 | 93 | 30 |
实施例4:聚合物组合物
通过混合、施于玻璃基板上并干燥来制备实施例2-E1中的颗粒在PMMA漆中的分散体。干燥后ZnO的含量是10重量%。膜表现出实质上觉察不到的混浊。利用UV-VIS分光计的测量证实了这种印象。样品表现出下面的吸收率,根据层的厚度(示出了透射中损失的入射光的百分比)。
层厚度 UV-A(350nm) VIS(400nm)
1.2微米 35% 4%
1.6微米 40% 5%
2.2微米 45% 7%
对比
(如上所述ZnO(超纯,Merck)在PMMA漆中)
2微米 64% 46%。
Claims (20)
1.统计共聚物的用途,作为乳化剂,所述统计共聚物包含含有疏水基的至少一种结构单元和含有亲水基的至少一种结构单元。
2.权利要求1的用途,其特征在于在由乳液中合成纳米颗粒时共聚物用作乳化剂。
3.前述权利要求中至少一项的用途,其特征在于,统计,共聚物中含有疏水基的结构单元与含有亲水基的结构单元的重量比在1∶2至500∶1的范围内、优选在1∶1至100∶1的范围内、特别优选在7∶3至10∶1的范围内。
4.前述权利要求中至少一项的用途,其特征在于统计共聚物的重均分子量在Mw=1000至1,000,000g/mol的范围内、优选在1500至100,000g/mol的范围内并且特别优选2000至40,000g/mol的范围内。
5.前述权利要求中至少一项的用途,其特征在于该共聚物符合式I:
其中
X和Y对应于常规非离子或离子单体的基团,且
R1代表氢或者疏水侧基,优选选自具有至少4个碳原子的支化或者未支化的烷基基团,其中一个或多个、优选所有的H原子可被氟原子代替,并且
R2代表亲水侧基,优选具有膦酸盐/酯、磺酸盐/酯、聚醇或者聚醚基团,并且
其中-X-R1和-Y-R2可以各自在分子中具有多种不同的意义。
6.权利要求5的用途,其特征在于X和Y互相独立地代表-O-、-C(=O)-O-、-C(=O)-NH-、-(CH2)n-、亚苯基、或者吡啶基。
7.前述权利要求中至少一项的用途,其特征在于至少一个结构单元含有至少一个季氮原子,R2优选代表-(CH2)m-(N+(CH3)2)-(CH2)n-SO3 -侧基或者-(CH2)m-(N+(CH3)2)-(CH2)n-PO3 2-侧基,其中m代表1至30范围内、优选1至6范围内的整数,特别优选2,并且n代表1至30范围内、优选1至8范围内的整数,特别优选3。
8.前述权利要求中至少一项的用途,其特征在于至少一种结构单元是低聚物或者聚合物,优选大单体,其中聚醚、聚烯烃和聚丙烯酸酯特别优选作为大单体。
9.聚合物改性的纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤a)中,借助于含疏水基的至少一种单体和含亲水基的至少一种单体的统计共聚物,制备包含一种或多种水溶性的纳米颗粒的前体的反相乳液或熔体,和,在步骤b)中,制备颗粒。
10.权利要求9的方法,其特征在于在步骤b)中通过前体的反应或者通过熔体的冷却来制备颗粒。
11.权利要求10的方法,其特征在于前体与酸、碱液、还原剂或者氧化剂反应。
12.权利要求11的方法,其特征在于硅酸钠作为前体与酸或碱液反应以产生二氧化硅。
13.权利要求11的方法,其特征在于贵金属的可溶化合物,优选硝酸银,与还原剂,优选柠檬酸,反应,以产生金属。
14.权利要求11的方法,其特征在于可溶的金属化合物,优选可溶的Pb、Cd或Zn化合物,与氢化硫反应,以产生金属硫化物。
15.权利要求11的方法,其特征在于可溶的金属化合物,优选氯化钙,与二氧化碳反应,以产生金属碳酸盐。
16.前述权利要求中至少一项的方法,其特征在于乳液中的小滴尺寸在5至500nm的范围内、优选在10至200nm的范围内。
17.前述权利要求中至少一项的方法,其特征在于其中前体的反应物处于乳化形式的第二乳液在步骤b)中与得自步骤a)的前体乳液混合。
18.权利要求17的方法,其特征在于通过超声的作用使得两种乳液互相混合。
19.前述权利要求中至少一项的方法,其特征在于一种或多种前体选自水溶性金属化合物,优选硅、铈、钴、铬、镍、锌、钛、铁、钇和/或锆的化合物,且前体优选与酸或碱液反应。
20.前述权利要求中至少一项的方法,其特征在于使用共乳化剂,优选非离子表面活性剂。
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CA2629862C (en) | 2005-11-14 | 2014-03-18 | Rhodia Inc. | Agricultural adjuvant compositions, pesticide compositions, and methods for using such compositions |
US20100029483A1 (en) | 2006-10-16 | 2010-02-04 | Rhodia Inc. | Agricultural adjuvant compositions, pesticide compositions, and methods for using such compositions |
FR2913350B1 (fr) * | 2007-03-08 | 2010-05-21 | Rhodia Recherches & Tech | Utilisation d'une betaine a titre d'agent moussant et d'agent de reduction du drainage de la mousse |
FR2914647B1 (fr) * | 2007-04-05 | 2011-10-21 | Rhodia Recherches Et Tech | Copolymere comprenant des unites betainiques et des unites hydrophobes et/ou amphiphiles,procede de preparation,et utilisations. |
CN101932236A (zh) * | 2007-11-07 | 2010-12-29 | 罗地亚管理公司 | 包含氨基磷酸盐或氨基膦酸盐和粘度降低剂的除草组合物 |
US8748344B2 (en) * | 2009-07-14 | 2014-06-10 | Rhodia Operations | Agricultural adjuvant compositions, pesticide compositions, and methods for using such compositions |
EP2603075B1 (en) | 2010-08-10 | 2017-07-12 | Rhodia Operations | Agricultural pesticide compositions |
ES2527359B1 (es) * | 2013-06-21 | 2015-11-02 | Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (Csic) | Material compuesto adsorbente que comprende metales nobles y un polímero tensioactivo, procedimiento de síntesis y su utilización para la desulfuración de fluidos |
US10323185B2 (en) * | 2014-07-02 | 2019-06-18 | United Technologies Corporation | Chemical synthesis of hybrid inorganic-organic nanostructured corrosion inhibitive pigments and methods |
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WO2000031154A1 (fr) * | 1998-11-23 | 2000-06-02 | Sofitech N.V. | Emulsions inversables stabilisees par des polymeres amphiphiles. application a des fluides de forage |
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