CN1892450B - 表面交联的超低熔点调色剂 - Google Patents
表面交联的超低熔点调色剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1892450B CN1892450B CN200610099647XA CN200610099647A CN1892450B CN 1892450 B CN1892450 B CN 1892450B CN 200610099647X A CN200610099647X A CN 200610099647XA CN 200610099647 A CN200610099647 A CN 200610099647A CN 1892450 B CN1892450 B CN 1892450B
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Classifications
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Abstract
公开了具有改进非添加剂热内聚的超低熔点调色剂组合物。这些调色剂组合物包括调色剂粒子,该调色剂粒子包括无定形树脂,该无定形树脂包含至少一个不饱和部分,并且当将调色剂粒子采用过氧化合物和任选地采用过氧促进剂化合物进行表面处理时,调色剂粒子的表面交联形成薄的坚固壳。也描述了调色剂组合物的制备方法。
Description
技术领域
本公开内容总体上涉及包括基料的调色剂组合物,该基料包括无定形聚合物树脂,该树脂包含不饱和部分,其中当采用过氧化物处理时表面交联形成薄的坚固壳。另外,例示实施方案涉及形成这种调色剂组合物的方法。这些调色剂组合物特别用于静电复印或静电摄影印刷工艺,并特别参考其进行描述。然而,例示实施方案也用于其它应用。
背景技术
树脂、颜料和电荷控制剂的静电复印调色剂是已知的。用于静电复印应用的调色剂应当显示涉及贮存稳定性和粒度完整性的某些性能;即,调色剂粒子应当保持完整和不附聚直到它们在纸上熔凝。由于环境条件变化,调色剂组合物也应当在低于约50℃-约55℃的温度下基本不附聚。调色剂组合物应当也显示可接受的摩擦带电性能,该性能随载体或显影剂组合物的类型变化。
静电复印调色剂组合物要具有的另一个所需性能是在纸上的熔凝性能。存在压力以降低调色剂到纸上的熔凝或定影温度,例如到约90℃-约120℃的定影温度,以降低功率消耗和允许熔凝器系统具有延长的寿命。由辐射热加热纸上的调色剂图像的非接触熔凝器通常不与纸和调色剂图像接触。另一方面,接触熔凝器与纸和调色剂图像接触,并且采用接触熔凝器使用的调色剂组合物应当不显著转移到熔凝辊上。
调色剂的定影性能可以表征为温度的函数。调色剂不粘附到熔凝辊的最高温度称为热污损(offset)温度(HOT)。当熔凝器温度超过调色剂的HOT时,一些熔融的调色剂在定影期间粘附到熔凝辊上并转移到包含显影图像的随后衬底上。这种转移可导致模糊的图像。依赖于温度是否低于纸的定影温度(冷污损),或高于调色剂的定影温度(热污损),此不希望的现象称为热污损或冷污损。
调色剂的最小定影温度(MFT),即在其下发生调色剂到载体介质的可接受粘附的最低温度,应当尽可能高,但它总是低于调色剂组合物的HOT。MFT例如由折痕测试测定。在MFT和HOT之间的差值称为调色剂的熔凝范围,即在定影温度和调色剂污损到熔凝器上的温度之间的温度差。
另外,需要小尺寸调色剂粒子,如平均粒度为约3-约12微米,如约5-约7微米的那些,特别地用于高分辨率静电复印机器。小尺寸调色剂粒子可以由化学工艺经济地制备,该工艺包括由聚集和聚结,或由悬浮、微悬浮或微囊封工艺,将乳液尺寸粒子直接转化成调色剂复合材料。
由半结晶树脂构成的低温定影调色剂是已知的。相似地,美国专利4,952,477公开了熔点为约50℃-约100℃和包含以下官能团的半结晶聚烯烃树脂及颜料粒子的调色剂组合物,所述官能团包括羟基、羧基、氨基、酰氨基、铵或卤素。尽管这些调色剂中的一些可提供约93.3℃-约107.2℃的接触定影温度,但树脂衍生自熔融特性为约30℃-约50℃的组分,并且不相信这些树脂显示更高、更希望的熔融特性,如约55℃-约60℃。‘477专利在此全文引入作为参考。
常规的低熔点调色剂组合物通常显示80比20的无定形树脂与结晶树脂的比例,并满足高速生产印刷的折痕、光泽、范围和带电性能要求。当小于10%添加剂存在时,这些调色剂也满足热内聚要求。
然而,仍然需要对于非添加剂热内聚要求具有改进热内聚和仍然提供优异图像性能的超低熔点调色剂。因此也需要提供制备这种低熔体乳液-聚集调色剂的方法,该方法允许受控粒子生长和受控形态或形状,并提供高收率。
发明内容
提供包括表面交联、超低熔点调色剂粒子的调色剂组合物,该调色剂粒子包括树脂,该树脂包含至少一个不饱和部分,该不饱和部分在采用过氧化物表面处理时交联形成薄的坚固壳。也提供制备这种调色剂组合物的方法。
在实施方案中,提供基本由聚酯、着色剂和任选的蜡构成的调色剂。
另外提供包含表面交联、超低熔点调色剂粒子和载体的显影剂组合物。
另外提供成像设备,其中显影剂组合物包含表面交联、超低熔点调色剂粒子。
在实施方案中,提供表面交联、超低熔点调色剂粒子的制备方法。例如,描述了形成包括无定形树脂的超低熔点调色剂粒子的方法,该无定形树脂包含至少一个不饱和部分,该不饱和部分在采用过氧化物表面处理时交联形成薄的坚固壳。
另外提供制备调色剂粒子的方法,该方法包括提供一种或多种含水分散体,该含水分散体包括粒子,该粒子包括一种或多种树脂的粒子;均化含水分散体;聚集粒子以形成聚集的粒子;聚结聚集的粒子以形成熔凝粒子;任选地从含水分散体中除去熔凝粒子;和采用过氧化物处理熔凝粒子的表面以提供表面交联粒子;其中表面交联粒子的平均粒径为约1-约15微米,粒子几何尺寸分布小于约1.25。
在实施方案中,不饱和树脂包括一种或多种选自如下的树脂:不饱和聚酯树脂、不饱和磺化聚酯树脂及其混合物。
在实施方案中,不饱和树脂包括一种或多种选自如下的树脂:无定形聚酯树脂和结晶聚酯树脂。
在实施方案中,过氧促进剂化合物是一种或多种选自如下的化合物:金属盐、有机化合物及其混合物。
在实施方案中,过氧促进剂化合物是一种或多种选自如下的化合物:辛酸钴、萘二甲酸钴、辛酸钒、萘二甲酸钒、辛酸铁、萘二甲酸铁、辛酸锰、萘二甲酸锰、二烷基芳基胺、二甲基苯胺、二乙基苯胺及其混合物。
在实施方案中,过氧促进剂化合物是金属盐。
在实施方案中,金属盐是辛酸钴。
材料、设备、系统和/或方法的各种例示实施方案的这些和其它特征和优点描述于如下详细描述中或从如下详细描述是显然的。
具体实施方式
在实施方案中,调色剂组合物包括调色剂粒子,该调色剂粒子包括基料,该基料包括至少一种无定形树脂,该树脂包含至少一种不饱和部分。当将调色剂粒子采用过氧化合物和任选地采用过氧促进剂化合物处理时,调色剂粒子的表面变为交联的。这在调色剂粒子上形成薄的坚固壳。
可用于实施方案的合适无定形树脂包括线性无定形树脂。例如,无定形树脂可以选自无定形聚酯树脂和无定形磺化聚酯树脂。在实施方案中,支化无定形磺化聚酯可以替代不饱和线性磺化聚酯。
可用于实施方案的合适线性不饱和磺化聚酯树脂包括可以由如下结构表示的那些,其中j、k和m表示结构每个部分的重复单元的数目。
线性和支化无定形聚酯树脂在实施方案中例如由GPC测量的数均分子量(Mn)为约10,000-约500,000,和在实施方案中为约5,000-约250,000;由GPC使用聚苯乙烯标准物测定的重均分子量(Mw)为例如约20,000-约600,000,和在实施方案中为约7,000-约300,000;和分子量分布(Mw/Mn)为例如约1.1-约6,和在实施方案中为约1.2-约4。
线性无定形聚酯树脂可以由如下物质的缩聚制备:有机二元醇和二元酸或二酯,它们的至少一个是磺化的或是包括在反应中的磺化二官能单体,及缩聚催化剂。对于支化无定形磺化聚酯树脂,可以使用相同的材料,且进一步包括支化剂如多价多元酸或多元醇。
选择用于制备无定形聚酯的二元酸或二酯的例子包括选自如下的二羧酸或二酯:对苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、富马酸、马来酸、衣康酸、琥珀酸、琥珀酸酐、十二烷基琥珀酸、十二烷基琥珀酸酐、戊二酸、戊二酸酐、己二酸、庚二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、十二烷二酸、对苯二甲酸二甲酯、对苯二甲酸二乙酯、间苯二甲酸二甲酯、间苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸酐、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、琥珀酸二甲酯、富马酸二甲酯、马来酸二甲酯、戊二酸二甲酯、己二酸二甲酯、十二烷基琥珀酸二甲酯及其混合物。在实施方案中,有机二元酸或二酯的使用数量可以为树脂的约45-约52mol%。用于产生无定形聚酯的二元醇的例子包括1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,2-丁二醇、1,3-丁二醇、1,4-丁二醇、戊二醇、己二醇、2,2-二甲基丙二醇、2,2,3-三甲基己二醇、庚二醇、十二烷二醇、双(羟乙基)-双酚A、双(2-羟丙基)-双酚A、1,4-环己烷二甲醇、1,3-环己烷二甲醇、二甲苯二甲醇、环己二醇、二甘醇、双(2-羟乙基)氧化物、二丙二醇、二丁二醇、及其混合物。选择的有机二元醇数量可变化,和更具体地是例如树脂的约45-约52mol%。
碱磺化二官能单体的例子(其中碱是锂、钠或钾)包括二甲基-5-磺基-间苯二甲酸酯、二烷基-5-磺基-间苯二甲酸酯-4-磺基-1,8-萘二酸酐、4-磺基-邻苯二甲酸、4-磺基苯基-3,5-二甲酯基苯、6-磺基-2-萘基-3,5-二甲酯基苯、磺基-对苯二甲酸、二甲基-磺基-对苯二甲酸酯、二烷基-磺基-对苯二甲酸酯、磺基-乙二醇,2-磺基-丙二醇、2-磺基-丁二醇、3-磺基-戊二醇,2-磺基-己二醇、3-磺基-2-甲基戊二醇、N,N-双(2-羟乙基)-2-氨基乙烷磺酸酯、2-磺基-3,3-二甲基戊二醇、磺基-对羟基苯甲酸其混合物等。可以选择例如占树脂约0.1-约2wt%数量的有效二官能单体。
可用于实施方案的支化剂包括例如多价多元酸如1,2,4-苯-三羧酸、1,2,4-环己烷三羧酸、2,5,7-萘三羧酸、1,2,4-萘三羧酸、1,2,5-己烷三羧酸、1,3-二羧基-2-甲基-2-亚甲基-羧基丙烷、四(亚甲基-羧基)甲烷、和1,2,7,8-辛烷四羧酸;多价多元酸的酸酐;及多价多元酸的低级烷基酯;多价多元醇如山梨醇、1,2,3,6-己四醇、1,4-脱水山梨醇、季戊四醇、二季戊四醇、三季戊四醇、蔗糖、1,2,4-丁三醇,1,2,5-戊三醇、甘油、2-甲基丙三醇、2-甲基-1,2,4-丁三醇、三羟甲基乙烷、三羟甲基丙烷、1,3,5-三羟基甲基苯、其混合物等。选择的支化剂数量是例如树脂的约0.1-约5mol%。
可用于无定形聚酯的缩聚催化剂包括例如钛酸四烷基酯、氧化二烷基锡如氧化二丁基锡、二月桂酸四烷基锡如二月桂酸二丁基锡、氧化氢氧化二烷基锡如氧化氢氧化丁基锡、醇铝、烷基锌、二烷基锌、氧化锌、氧化亚锡、及其混合物。这种催化剂选择的数量可以为例如约0.01mol%-约5mol%,基于用于产生聚酯树脂的起始二元酸或二酯。
在实施方案中,调色剂组合物包括基料,该基料也包括结晶树脂,如结晶磺化聚酯。在特定的实施方案中,基料可包括约20-约60wt%,或约20-约45wt%结晶磺化聚酯,和约40-约80wt%,或约55-约80wt%线性无定形磺化聚酯。在实施方案中,基料的结晶、线性无定形和支化无定形磺化聚酯材料可以各自相同或不同。
此外,一部分线性无定形聚酯可以在基料中被支化无定形磺化聚酯代替。支化在此表示链连接以形成交联网络的聚合物。例如,如需要,至多80wt%线性无定形磺化聚酯可以被支化无定形磺化聚酯代替。包括支化聚酯部分可用于向基料赋予弹性,它改进调色剂污损性能同时不显著影响最小定影温度(MFT)。
在此使用的结晶磺化聚酯表示具有三维有序的磺化聚酯聚合物。结晶表示磺化聚酯具有一定的结晶度,和因此结晶希望覆盖半结晶和完全结晶磺化聚酯材料两者。当聚酯由在空间晶格中原子规则排列的晶体构成时认为聚酯是结晶的。
在实施方案中,结晶、线性无定形和支化无定形磺化聚酯树脂每个都是碱磺化聚酯树脂。在各磺化聚酯树脂中的碱金属可以例如独立地是锂、钠或钾。
通常,磺化聚酯可具有如下通式结构,或其无规共聚物,其中n和p链段被分隔。
其中R是例如2-约25个碳原子的亚烷基如亚乙基、亚丙基、亚丁基、氧化亚烷基、二环氧乙烷等;R′是例如约6-约36个碳原子的亚芳基,如亚苄基、双亚苯基、双(烷氧基)双亚酚基等;及p和n表示无规重复链段的数目,例如约10-约100,000。
无定形碱磺化聚酯基树脂的例子包括但不限于共聚(亚乙基-对苯二甲酸酯)-共聚-(亚乙基-5-磺基-间苯二甲酸酯)、共聚(亚丙基-对苯二甲酸酯)-共聚(亚丙基-5-磺基-间苯二甲酸酯)、共聚(二亚乙基-对苯二甲酸酯)-共聚(二亚乙基-5-磺基-间苯二甲酸酯)、共聚(亚丙基-二亚乙基-对苯二甲酸酯)-共聚(亚丙基-二亚乙基-5-磺基-间苯二甲酸酯)、共聚(亚丙基-亚丁基-对苯二甲酸酯)-共聚(亚丙基-亚丁基-5-磺基-间苯二甲酸酯)、共聚(丙氧基化双酚A-富马酸酯)-共聚(丙氧基化双酚A-5-磺基-间苯二甲酸酯)、共聚(乙氧基化双酚A-富马酸酯)-共聚(乙氧基化双酚A-5-磺基-间苯二甲酸酯),和共聚(乙氧基化双酚A-马来酸酯)-共聚(乙氧基化双酚A-5-磺基-间苯二甲酸酯),并且其中碱金属是例如钠、锂或钾离子。结晶碱磺化聚酯基树脂的例子为碱共聚(5-磺基间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚乙基-己二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚丙基-己二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚丁基-己二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚戊基-己二酸酯),和碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚辛基-己二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚乙基-己二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚丙基-己二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚丁基-己二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚戊基-己二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚己基-己二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚辛基-己二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚乙基-琥珀酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基间苯二甲酰基-共聚(亚丁基-琥珀酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚己基-琥珀酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚辛基-琥珀酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚乙基-癸二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚丙基-癸二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚丁基-癸二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚戊基-癸二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚己基-癸二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚辛基-癸二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚乙基-己二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚丙基-己二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚丁基-己二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)-共聚(亚戊基-己二酸酯)、碱共聚(5-磺基-间苯二甲酰基)共聚(亚己基-己二酸酯)、聚(亚辛基-己二酸酯),并且其中碱是金属如钠、锂或钾。在实施方案中,碱金属是锂。
结晶树脂可具有各种熔点,例如约30℃-约120℃,和在实施方案中为约50℃-约90℃。结晶树脂例如由凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测量的数均分子量(Mn)可以为例如约1,000-约50,000,和在实施方案中为约2,000-约25,000。树脂由GPC使用聚苯乙烯标准物测定的重均分子量(Mw)可以为例如约2,000-约100,000,和在实施方案中为约3,000-约80,000。结晶树脂的分子量分布(Mw/Mn)是例如约2-约6,和更具体地约2-约4。
结晶树脂可以通过在缩聚催化剂存在下合适有机二元醇与有机二元酸反应的缩聚方法制备,它们中的至少一个是磺化的或至少一个是包括在反应中的另外二官能磺化单体。通常,采用化学计量等摩尔的有机二元醇和有机二元酸,然而在一些情况下,其中有机二元醇的沸点为约180℃-约230℃时,则可以在缩聚方法期间采用和脱除过量二元醇。采用的催化剂数量变化,并可以选自例如占树脂约0.01-约1mol%的数量。当使用有机二酯代替有机二元酸时,应当产生醇副产物。
有机二元醇的例子包括含有约2-约36个碳原子的脂族二元醇,如1,2-乙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,7-庚二醇、1,8-辛二醇、1,9-壬二醇、1,10-癸二醇、1,12-十二烷二醇等;碱磺基-脂族二元醇如钠代2-磺基-1,2-乙二醇、锂代2-磺基-1,2-乙二醇、钾代2-磺基-1,2-乙二醇、钠代2-磺基-1,3-丙二醇、锂代2-磺基-1,3-丙二醇、钾代2-磺基-1,3-丙二醇、其混合物等。脂族二元醇选择的数量为例如树脂的约45-约50mol%,和碱磺基-脂族二元醇选择的数量可以为树脂的约1-约10mol%。
选择用于制备结晶树脂的有机二元酸或二酯的例子包括草酸、琥珀酸、戊二酸、己二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸、萘-2,6-二羧酸、萘-2,7-二羧酸、环己烷二羧酸、丙二酸和中康酸、其二酯或酸酐;和碱磺基-有机二元酸,如以下物质的钠代、锂代或钾盐:二甲基-5-磺基-间苯二甲酸酯、二烷基-5-磺基-间苯二甲酸酯-4-磺基-1,8-萘二酸酐、4-磺基-邻苯二甲酸、二甲基-4-磺基-邻苯二甲酸酯、二烷基-4-磺基-邻苯二甲酸酯、4-磺基苯基-3,5-二甲酯基苯、6-磺基-2-萘基-3,5-二甲酯基苯、磺基-对苯二甲酸、二甲基-磺基-对苯二甲酸酯、5-磺基-间苯二甲酸、二烷基-磺基-对苯二甲酸酯、磺基乙二醇、2-磺基丙二醇、2-磺基丁二醇、3-磺基戊二醇、2-磺基己二醇、3-磺基-2-甲基-戊二醇、2-磺基-3,3-二甲基戊二醇、磺基-对羟基苯甲酸、N,N-双(2-羟乙基)-2-氨基乙烷磺酸酯、或其混合物。有机二元酸选择的数量为例如树脂的约40-约50mol%,和碱磺基脂族二元酸可以选择的数量为树脂的约1-约10mol%。
可用于制备无定形聚酯的支化剂和缩聚催化剂可同样用于制备实施方案中的结晶聚酯。这种支化剂的使用数量可以为例如树脂的约0.1-约5mol%,和这种缩聚催化剂的使用数量可以为例如约0.01-约5mol%,基于用于产生聚酯树脂的起始二元酸或二酯。
调色剂粒子可以由各种已知方法制备。尽管以下就乳液-聚集工艺描述涉及调色剂粒子生产的实施方案,但可以使用制备调色剂粒子的任何合适方法,包括化学方法,如在美国专利5,290,654和5,302,486中公开的悬浮和包覆工艺,该文献的公开内容在此全文引入作为参考。在实施方案中,调色剂组合物和调色剂粒子由公知的聚集和聚结方法制备,其中将小尺寸树脂粒子聚集到适当调色剂粒度和然后聚结以达到最终调色剂粒子形状和形态。
在实施方案中,调色剂组合物可以由任何已知的乳液-聚集工艺,如包括如下操作的工艺制备:聚集任选的着色剂、任选的蜡和任何其它所需或要求的添加剂的混合物,和包括基料树脂的乳液,和然后聚结聚集的混合物。预调色剂由如下方式制备:将着色剂和任选的蜡或其它材料加入乳液,该乳液可以是包含调色剂基料树脂的两种或多种乳液的混合物。在实施方案中,将预调色剂混合物的pH调节到约4-约5。预调色剂混合物的pH可以由酸例如乙酸、硝酸等调节。另外在实施方案中,预调色剂混合物可以任选地均化。如果均化预调色剂混合物,则均化可以通过在约600-约4,000转每分钟下混合而完成。均化可以由任何合适的装置完成,该装置包括例如IKA ULTRA TURRAX T50探针均化机。
在制备预调色剂混合物之后,聚集体混合物通过将聚集剂(凝结剂)加入到预调色剂混合物形成。聚集剂通常是二价阳离子或多价阳离子材料的水溶液。聚集剂可以是例如聚卤化铝如聚氯化铝(PAC),或对应的溴化物、氟化物或碘化物,聚铝硅酸盐如聚磺基硅酸铝(PASS),和水溶性金属盐,该水溶性金属盐包括氯化铝、亚硝酸铝、硫酸铝、硫酸铝钾、乙酸钙、氯化钙、亚硝酸钙、肉铁质酸钙、硫酸钙、乙酸镁、硝酸镁、硫酸镁、乙酸锌、硝酸锌、硫酸锌、氯化锌、溴化锌、溴化镁、氯化铜、硫酸铜、及其组合。在实施方案中,可以将聚集剂在低于乳液树脂玻璃化转变温度(Tg)的温度下加入到预调色剂混合物中。在实施方案中,聚集剂加入的数量可以为相对于调色剂重量的约0.05pph-约3.0pph和约1.0-约10pph。可以在约0-约60分钟的时间内将聚集剂加入到预调色剂混合物中。可以保持或不保持均化而完成聚集。聚集在优选大于60℃的温度下完成。
在实施方案中,尽管可以使用多价盐如聚氯化铝或二价盐如乙酸锌,并且对于两种聚集剂调色剂配制剂可相同,但制备调色剂粒子的方法不同。在基料包括线性无定形和结晶聚酯的实施方案中使用二价阳离子材料。在多价盐的情况下,可以将阴离子和非离子表面活性剂加入到胶乳混合物以稳定粒子和降低当加入多价聚集剂如PAC时的振动。由于在高温加入PAC通常不是有效的,所以也要求在室温下加入PAC(冷加入)以在颜料存在下引发聚集。在二价盐用作聚集剂时,试剂优选在高温下例如在约50-60℃下加入(热加入),与冷加入相反。为此的主要原因在于乙酸锌自身离解成水相和粒子(乙酸锌的pKa是约4.6)。离解是温度依赖性的和pH依赖性的。当乙酸锌在高温下加入时,最小化或消除温度因子。可以控制加入的乙酸锌数量以控制粒度,而在乙酸锌冷加入的情况下,不能控制这些参数的任一种。此外,由于线性无定形磺化聚酯树脂乳液通过在约60-70℃的温度下溶解或消散树脂而制备,所以将乳液加热到高温以防止聚酯树脂的消散或溶解。
因此,该方法要求在都包括亚微米粒子的颜料和任选的蜡或其它添加剂存在下,将结晶磺化聚酯树脂和线性和/或支化无定形磺化聚酯树脂乳液共混在一起,加热共混物从室温到约60℃,随后加入乙酸锌溶液。可以将温度缓慢升高到65℃和在此保持约6hrs以提供9微米粒子,该粒子在FPIA Sysmex分析仪上测量的形状因子为例如约115-约130。
当多价离子如PAC用作聚集剂时,如以上所讨论的那样它必须冷加入。因此,工艺步骤不同于采用乙酸锌的,并要求将表面活性剂加入到胶乳共混物中,随后加入颜料和任选的添加剂。当加入聚集剂时,表面活性剂由静电力或空间力或两者稳定粒子,以防止大块絮凝。将包含调色剂、颜料、任选的添加剂(蜡)等的共混物的共混物的pH采用0.1M硝酸从约5.6调节到约3.0,随后加入PAC,同时在约5000rpm的速度下多调节(polytrone)。将混合物的温度从室温升高到55℃,并分阶段缓慢升高到约65℃以聚结粒子。在两种聚集剂方法任一种中不要求调节pH来稳定粒度。
在聚集之后,聚结聚集体。可以通过加热聚集体混合物到比乳液树脂Tg高约5-约20℃的温度完成聚结。通常,将聚集的混合物加热到约50-约80℃的温度。在实施方案中,也可在约200-约750转每分钟下搅拌混合物以聚结粒子。聚结可以在约3-约9小时的时间内完成。
任选地,在聚结期间,可以通过调节混合物的pH控制和调节调色剂粒子的粒度到所需尺寸。通常,为控制粒度,使用碱例如氢氧化钠将混合物的pH调节到约5-约7。
在聚结之后,将混合物冷却到室温。在冷却之后,可将调色剂粒子的混合物采用水洗涤和然后干燥。干燥可以通过用于干燥的包括冷冻干燥的任何合适方法完成。冷冻干燥典型地在约-80℃的温度下以约72小时的时间完成。
在聚集和聚结时,实施方案的调色剂粒子的平均粒度为约1-约15微米,在进一步的实施方案中为约4-约15微米,和在特定的实施方案中为约6-约11微米。实施方案的调色剂粒子的几何尺寸分布(GSD)可以为约1.20-约1.35,和在特定的实施方案中小于约1.25。
在实施方案中,工艺可包括使用表面活性剂、乳化剂和其它添加剂,如以上讨论的那些。同样,以上工艺的各种改进是显然的和包括在此。
为在调色剂粒子上形成交联的壳,可以采用一种或多种过氧化合物处理熔凝的粒子。任选地,也可以包括一种或多种过氧促进剂化合物。采用过氧化合物和任选的过氧促进剂化合物处理熔凝粒子导致在调色剂粒子表面上的交联反应。在实施方案中调色剂粒子的表面处理可以原位进行。在另外的实施方案中,可以在表面处理之前洗涤和干燥调色剂粒子。
作为实施方案的过氧化合物,可以使用任何合适的过氧化合物。在特定的实施方案中,合适的过氧化合物包括但不限于例如过氧化氢;过氧化二酰基,如过氧化二癸酰、过氧化二乙酰、过氧化二苯甲酰、过氧化物二对氯苯甲酰、过氧化二月桂酰;过氧酸酯,如过氧-2-乙基己酸叔丁酯和过氧苯甲酸叔丁酯、过氧乙酸叔丁酯、过氧二碳酸二环己酯;氢过氧化物,如叔丁基氢过氧化物、环己酮氢过氧化物、甲乙酮氢过氧化物和枯烯氢过氧化物;过缩酮,如过氧新癸酸叔丁酯、2,5-二甲基-2,5-二(2-乙基己酰基过氧)己烷、1,1-二(叔丁基过氧)-3,3,5-三甲基环己烷和1,1-二(叔丁基过氧)-环己烷;烷基过氧化物,如二枯基过氧化物、双-(叔丁基过氧丁烷)和叔丁基枯基过氧化物;酮过氧化物,如甲乙酮过氧化物、甲基异丁基酮过氧化物、乙酰丙酮过氧化物、2,4-戊二酮过氧化物、偶氮二异丁腈和环己酮过氧化物等,及其混合物。
作为实施方案的过氧促进剂化合物,可以使用任何合适的过氧促进剂化合物。在特定的实施方案中,可以使用例如金属盐,如辛酸钴;及其混合物。在实施方案中,过氧促进剂化合物可以是羧酸的重金属盐,如萘二甲酸和辛酸钒、铁、锰,和在特定的实施方案中为萘二甲酸钴和辛酸钴。此外,有机化合物,如二烷基芳基胺,如二甲基苯胺和二乙基苯胺,它们可以被有机基团如苯基、甲基甲氧基、羟基或氨基对位取代。两种或多种过氧促进剂化合物的混合物可用于实施方案。当然,也可以使用上述促进剂的混合物。
通过使用过氧化合物和任选的金属过氧促进剂化合物可以在约25℃-约50℃的温度下引发调色剂表面的交联。交联反应是在调色剂粒子表面上的不饱和聚酯树脂链和任选的一种或多种另外不饱和化合物之间的自由基引发的共聚。
任何合适的化合物,包括通常用于聚酯化学的那些,可以用作另外的不饱和化合物。
通过由过氧促进剂化合物分解过氧化合物产生自由基。重复此循环或反应直到分解所有的过氧化合物。调色剂表面的交联得到网络状涂料,在聚合物链之间连接的是共价交联键。
如下反应方案举例说明在例示实施方案的调色剂粒子上形成壳的交联反应,其中在苯乙烯存在下将包括不饱和部分的无定形树脂采用过氧化合物,即甲乙酮过氧化物,和过氧促进剂化合物,即金属盐辛酸钴表面处理。
在实施方案中,添加剂可以包括在调色剂组合物中。用于包括在实施方案中的适当添加剂包括例如着色剂;磁铁矿;絮凝物;固化剂;蜡;电荷添加剂;流动促进剂;流动控制剂;增塑剂;稳定剂;防气剂和脱气剂;流平剂;表面添加剂;抗氧剂;UV吸收剂;光稳定剂;填料及其混合物。在实施方案中,添加剂可以在调色剂粒子制备期间或在交联之后引入到调色剂粒子中作为表面添加剂。可以使用在调色剂粒子制备期间或在交联之后引入添加剂作为表面添加剂的任何方法。
实施方案的调色剂组合物可包括一种或多种着色剂。各种已知的合适着色剂包括染料、颜料、其混合物,如染料混合物、颜料混合物及染料和颜料的混合物等。着色剂可以采用有效数量例如调色剂的约1-约25wt%和在实施方案中以约1-约15wt%的数量包括在调色剂中。
作为合适着色剂的例子,它不希望是穷举的,可以提及炭黑如REGAL 330;磁铁矿,如Mobay磁铁矿MO8029TM,MO8060TM;Columbian磁铁矿;MAPICO黑TM和表面处理的磁铁矿;Pfizer磁铁矿CB4799TM,CB5300TM,CB5600TM,MCX6369TM;Bayer磁铁矿,BAYFERROX 8600TM,8610TM;Northern PIGMENTS磁铁矿,NP-604TM,NP-608TM;MAGNOX磁铁矿TMB-100TM,或TMB-104TM等。作为着色的颜料,可以选择青色、品红色、黄色、红色、绿色、棕色、蓝色的或其混合物。颜料的具体例子包括购自Paul Uhlich &Company,Inc.的酞菁HELIOGEN蓝L6900TM,D6840TM,D7080TM,D7020TM,PYLAM油蓝TM,PYLAM油黄TM,颜料蓝1TM,购自Dominion Color Corporation,Ltd.,Toronto,Ontario的颜料紫1TM,颜料红48TM,柠檬铬黄DCC 1026TM,E.D.甲苯胺红TM和BON红CTM,购自Hoechst的NOVAPERM黄FGLTM,HOSTAPERM粉红ETM,和购自E.I.DuPont de Nemours & Company的CINQUASIA品红TM等。
通常,可以选择的着色剂是黑色、青色、品红色、或黄色的,及其混合物。品红色的例子是2,9-二甲基取代的喹吖啶酮和在染料索引标识为CI 60710的蒽醌染料,CI分散红15,在染料索引中标识为CI 26050的重氮染料,CI溶剂红19等。青色的说明性例子包括铜四(十八烷基磺基酰氨基)酞菁,在染料索引中列为CI 74160的x-铜酞菁颜料,CI颜料蓝,和在染料索引中标识为CI 69810的蒽烯(Anthrathrene)蓝,特殊蓝X-2137等;而黄色的说明性例子是二芳基化物黄3,3-二氯联苯胺乙酰乙酰苯胺,在染料索引中标识为CI12700的单偶氮颜料,CI溶剂黄16,在染料索引中标识为Foron黄SE/GLN的硝基苯基胺磺酰胺,CI分散黄33,2,5-二甲氧基-4-磺酰苯胺苯基偶氮-4′-氯-2,5-二甲氧基乙酰乙酰苯胺,和永久黄FGL。着色磁铁矿,如MAPICO黑TM的混合物,和青色组分也可以选择作为着色剂。
可以选择其它已知的着色剂,如Levanyl黑A-SF(Miles,Bayer)和SUNSPERSE炭黑LHD 9303(Sun Chemicals),和着色染料如NEOPEN蓝(BASF),苏丹蓝OS(BASF),PV坚牢蓝B2G01(AmericanHoechst),SUNSPERSE蓝BHD 6000(Sun Chemicals),IRGALITE蓝BCA(Ciba-Geigy),PALIOGEN蓝6470(BASF),苏丹III(Matheson,Coleman,Bell),苏丹II(Matheson,Coleman,Bell),苏丹IV(Matheson,Coleman,Bell),苏丹橙G(Aldrich),苏丹橙220(BASF),PALIOGEN橙3040(BASF),Ortho橙OR 2673(Paul Uhlich),PALIOGEN黄152,1560(BASF),立索坚牢黄0991K(BASF),PALIOTOL黄1840(BASF),NEOPEN黄(BASF),永久黄YE 0305(Paul Uhlich),LUMOGEN黄D0790(BASF),SUNSPERSE黄YHD6001(Sun Chemicals),SUCO-GELB L1250(BASF),SUCO-黄D1355(BASF),FANAL粉红D4830(BASF),CINQUASIA品红(DuPont),立索猩红D3700(BASF),THERMOPLAST NSD PS PA的猩红(UgineKuhlmann of Canada),立索复红调色剂(Paul Uhlich),立索猩红4440(BASF),Royal艳红RD-8192(Paul Uhlich),Oracet粉红RF(Ciba-Geigy),PALIOGEN红3871K(BASF),PALIOGEN红3340(BASF),和立索坚牢猩红L4300(BASF)。
任选地,调色剂组合物也可包括蜡。当包括时,蜡存在的数量可以为例如调色剂的1wt%-约25wt%,和在实施方案中为调色剂的约5wt%-约20wt%。合适蜡的例子包括但不限于从Allied Chemicaland Petrolite Corporation购得的聚丙烯和聚乙烯(如来自BakerPetrolite的POLYWAXTM聚乙烯蜡);购自Michaelman,Inc.和Daniels Products Company的蜡乳液,购自Eastman ChemicalProducts,Inc.的EPOLENE N-15TM,VISCOL 550-PTM;购自SanyoKasei K.K.的低重均分子量聚丙烯,CARNUBA蜡和相似材料。官能化蜡的例子包括例如胺;酰胺,例如购自Micro Powder Inc.的AQUASUPERSLIP 6550TM,SUPERSLIP 6530TM;氟化蜡,例如购自MicroPowder Inc.的POLYFLUO 190TM,POLYFLUO 200TM,POLYSILK19TM,POLYSILK 14TM;混合氟化酰胺蜡,例如也购自Micro PowderInc.的MICROSPERSION 19TM;酰亚胺;酯;季胺;羧酸或丙烯酸类聚合物乳液,例如JONCRYL 74TM,89TM,130TM,537TM,和538TM,都购自SC Johnson Wax;和购自Allied Chemical and PetroliteCorporation和SC Johnson Wax的氯化聚丙烯和聚乙烯。
如需要或要求,实施方案的调色剂也可包含其它任选的添加剂。例如,调色剂可包括正或负电荷增强添加剂,在实施方案中数量为调色剂的约0.1-约10wt%,和更优选约1-约3wt%。这些添加剂的例子包括如下物质:包括卤化烷基吡啶的季铵化合物;烷基吡啶化合物,如在美国专利4,298,672中所述,在此引入其公开内容作为参考;有机硫酸酯和磺酸酯组合物,如在美国专利4,338,390中所述,在此引入其公开内容作为参考;四氟硼酸鲸蜡基吡啶;甲基硫酸二硬脂基二甲基铵;铝盐如BONTRON E84TM或E88TM(购自HodogayaChemical)等。
也可以与调色剂组合物共混外部添加剂粒子,该粒子包括助流动添加剂,该添加剂可以在调色剂粒子表面上存在。这些添加剂的例子包括金属氧化物如氧化钛、氧化锡、其混合物等;胶态二氧化硅,如AEROSIL,金属盐和包括硬脂酸锌的脂肪酸金属盐,氧化铝、氧化铈、及其混合物。在实施方案中每种外部添加剂存在的数量可以为调色剂的约0.1wt%-约5wt%,和约0.1wt%-约1wt%。几种上述添加剂说明于美国专利3,590,000,3,800,588和6,214,507,该文献的公开内容在此引入作为参考。
本调色剂足够用于静电摄影或静电复印工艺。本调色剂通常显示的最小定影温度为约80-约130℃。当用于静电摄影或静电复印工艺时本调色剂显示令人满意的性能。这样的性能包括高光泽,它可以为约20-约60加德纳光泽单位(ggu);在高温/高和低湿度环境中的良好带电性;100℃或更高的熔凝范围,和基本没有乙烯基污损。
根据实施方案的表面交联调色剂粒子显示小于约50%,和在具体实施方案中小于约20%,如小于约10%或小于约5%的非添加剂热内聚。
所有实施方案的调色剂粒子可以包括在显影剂组合物中。在实施方案中,显影剂组合物包括与载体粒子混合的调色剂粒子,如上述那些,以形成双组分显影剂组合物。在一些实施方案中,显影剂组合物中的调色剂浓度可以为显影剂组合物总重量的约1-约25wt%,或约2-约15wt%。
可以选择用于与调色剂混合的载体粒子的说明性例子包括能够摩擦电获得与调色剂粒子极性相反的电荷的那些粒子。合适载体粒子的说明性例子包括粒状锆石、粒状硅、玻璃、钢、镍、铁氧体、铁铁氧体、二氧化硅等。
可以采用或不采用涂料使用选择的载体粒子,涂料通常由含氟聚合物,如聚偏二氟乙烯树脂,苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、硅烷如三乙氧基硅烷、四氟乙烯的三元共聚物组成,其它已知的涂料等。
在所述调色剂与采用辊熔凝的图像显影设备结合使用的应用中,载体核可至少部分由如从Soken市购的重均分子量为300,000-350,000的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)聚合物涂覆。PMMA是通常在调色剂上通过接触赋予负电荷的电正性聚合物。涂料在实施方案中具有占载体例如0.1-5.0wt%,优选0.5-2.0wt%的涂料重量。PMMA可任选地与任何所需的共聚单体共聚,只要获得的共聚物保持合适的粒度。合适的共聚单体可包括单烷基或二烷基胺,如甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸二乙基氨基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸二异丙基氨基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁基氨基乙酯等。载体粒子可以通过如下方式制备:混合载体核与基于涂覆载体粒子重量例如约0.05-约10wt%,和在实施方案中约0.05%-约3wt%的聚合物,直到通过机械压紧和/或静电吸引将聚合物涂料粘附到载体核上。各种有效的合适方法可用于将聚合物施加到载体核粒子表面,如级联辊混合、滚光、碾磨、振动、静电粉末云喷涂、流化床、静电盘加工和采用静电帘。然后将载体核粒子和聚合物的混合物加热以将聚合物熔融和熔凝到载体核粒子上。然后将涂覆的载体粒子冷却并分成所需的粒度。
在实施方案中可以采用任何合适的组合将载体粒子与调色剂粒子混合。例如在一些实施方案中,将约1重量份-约5重量份调色剂粒子与约10-约300重量份载体粒子混合。
在实施方案中,任何已知类型的图像显影系统可用于图像显影设备,包括例如磁刷显影、跳跃单组分显影、混合无清除显影(HSD)等。这些显影系统是本领域公知的,因此这些设备形成图像的操作的进一步解释在此不是必须的。一旦采用本发明的调色剂/显影剂通过合适图像显影方法如任何一种上述方法形成图像,则将图像转印到图像接收介质如纸等上。在本发明实施方案中,需要调色剂在采用熔凝辊元件的图像显影设备中用于显影图像。熔凝辊元件是本领域公知的接触熔凝设备,其中使用来自辊的热量和压力以将调色剂熔凝到图像接收介质。典型地,熔凝器元件可以加热到刚刚在调色剂熔凝温度以上的温度,即加热到约80℃-约150℃或更高的温度。
以下详细描述具体的实施例。这些实施例希望是说明性的,并且在这些例示实施方案中说明的材料、条件和工艺参数不是限制性的。除非另外说明所有的份和百分比按重量计。
实施例
实施例1-调色剂粒子
由丙氧基化双酚A和富马酸的等摩尔反应制备线性不饱和树脂(以下),使得聚合物末端含有比常规调色剂基料树脂末端多的酸性基团。
通过乳液-聚集6wt%着色剂青色15∶3、9wt%蜡CARNAUBA蜡、68wt%以上说明的钠磺化线性不饱和树脂和17wt%具有如下通式结构的1.5wt%钠代磺化结晶树脂制备调色剂组合物,其中R和R′是约2-约20个碳原子的亚烷基;r和s是无规链段和其中s是约1-约6mol%树脂和r是约94-约99mol%树脂。
将聚集的粒子在68℃下聚结。在冷却之后沉降调色剂浆料,将母液滗析和将调色剂粒子在去离子水中再浆化。
实施例2-表面交联的调色剂粒子
将来自实施例1的一部分调色剂粒子浆料在270rpm下搅拌加热到36℃。通过在加热的调色剂浆料中分散0.54g 2-乙基己酸钴(II)(相对于调色剂浆料1.5wt%;提供为在低沸点溶剂油中的65wt%辛酸钴)引发反应。然后,将3.04g甲乙酮过氧化物(相对于调色剂浆料2wt%;提供为在2,2,4-三甲基-1,3-戊二醇二异丁酸酯中的23wt%溶液,LUPERSOL DDM-30)加入到浆料中,并持续混合。在冷却到室温之前采用搅拌让反应加热26分钟,搅拌下总反应时间超过2小时。在冷却到室温之后,将调色剂通过25微米不锈钢筛(500目)筛分和过滤。将调色剂粒子在1L去离子水中再浆化,搅拌30分钟和再次过滤。再一次重复此洗涤过程,随后通过冷冻干燥将调色剂组合物干燥超过72小时。
热内聚测量
将来自实施例1和2的五克每种母调色剂组合物在箔板中称重和在环境腔中在45℃和50%相对湿度下调理17小时。将样品取出和再适应到环境温度至少30分钟。然后将每个再适应的样品倾注在两个预称重的筛网上,它们堆叠如下:在顶部1000μm,在底部106μm。将筛网在1mm幅度下在流动测试仪中振动90秒。在振动之后称重筛网和并且以筛网上留下的调色剂总数量占开始重量的百分比计算调色剂热内聚。
在下表1中显示实施例1和2每个的母热内聚测量。可以将这些结果与内聚测量为77%的标称超低熔点调色剂进行比较。
表1.调色剂内聚结果
样品ID | 热内聚 |
常规超低熔点调色剂 | 77% |
实施例1 | 15% |
实施例2 | 3.6% |
从这些结果可见,相对于常规超低熔点调色剂组合物和不具有表面交联的相似调色剂组合物两者,包括调色剂粒子的调色剂组合物具有改进的热内聚,该调色剂粒子包括基料,该基料包括至少一种无定形树脂,该无定形树脂包含至少一个不饱和部分,其中调色剂粒子是采用过氧化合物和任选地采用过氧促进剂化合物处理而表面交联的。
Claims (10)
1.一种调色剂粒子,包括一种或多种不饱和树脂、任选的着色剂和任选的蜡,其中不饱和树脂与过氧化合物以及过氧促进剂化合物反应以在调色剂粒子的至少一个表面上形成交联壳,其中所述调色剂粒子的非添加剂热内聚小于10%。
2.根据权利要求1的调色剂粒子,其中调色剂粒子由乳液/聚集工艺制备,其中乳液/聚集工艺包括:
提供一种或多种含水分散体,含水分散体包括一种或多种树脂的粒子,该一种或多种树脂包括一种或多种不饱和树脂;
均化含水分散体;
聚集粒子以形成聚集的粒子;
聚结聚集的粒子以形成调色剂粒子;和
任选地从含水分散体脱除调色剂粒子;
其中调色剂粒子的平均粒径为1-15微米,粒子几何尺寸分布小于1.25。
3.根据权利要求1的调色剂粒子,其中不饱和树脂包括一种或多种选自不饱和聚酯树脂、不饱和磺化聚酯树脂及其混合物的树脂。
4.根据权利要求1的调色剂粒子,其中不饱和树脂包括一种或多种选自无定形聚酯树脂和结晶聚酯树脂的树脂。
5.根据权利要求1的调色剂粒子,其中不饱和树脂包括一种或多种磺化聚酯树脂。
6.根据权利要求1的调色剂粒子,其中过氧促进剂化合物是一种或多种选自金属盐、有机化合物及其混合物的化合物。
7.根据权利要求1的调色剂粒子,其中过氧促进剂化合物是一种或多种选自如下的化合物:辛酸钴、萘二甲酸钴、辛酸钒、萘二甲酸钒、辛酸铁、萘二甲酸铁、辛酸锰、萘二甲酸锰、二烷基芳基胺及其混合物。
8.根据权利要求7的调色剂粒子,其中所述二烷基芳基胺选自二甲基苯胺和二乙基苯胺。
9.一种制备调色剂组合物的方法,该方法包括:
提供在调色剂粒子表面上含有一种或多种不饱和树脂的调色剂粒子;和
通过不饱和树脂与过氧化合物和过氧促进剂化合物反应以在所述调色剂粒子的至少一个表面上交联所述不饱和树脂,其中所述调色剂粒子的非添加剂热内聚小于10%。
10.一种显影剂组合物,包括载体粒子和调色剂组合物,其中所述调色剂组合物由包括如下步骤的方法制备:
提供在调色剂粒子表面上含有不饱和树脂的调色剂粒子;和
通过不饱和树脂与过氧化合物和过氧促进剂化合物反应以在所述调色剂粒子的至少一个表面上交联不饱和树脂,其中所述调色剂粒子的非添加剂热内聚小于10%。
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CN1892450A CN1892450A (zh) | 2007-01-10 |
CN1892450B true CN1892450B (zh) | 2011-12-21 |
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CN200610099647XA Expired - Fee Related CN1892450B (zh) | 2005-06-30 | 2006-06-29 | 表面交联的超低熔点调色剂 |
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CN (1) | CN1892450B (zh) |
Families Citing this family (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US7335453B2 (en) * | 2004-10-26 | 2008-02-26 | Xerox Corporation | Toner compositions and processes for making same |
US7759432B2 (en) * | 2005-10-13 | 2010-07-20 | Xerox Corporation | Emulsion containing epoxy resin |
JP4670679B2 (ja) * | 2006-02-23 | 2011-04-13 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 静電荷像現像用トナー及びその製造方法、静電荷像現像剤並びに画像形成方法 |
JP4973129B2 (ja) * | 2006-11-02 | 2012-07-11 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 静電荷像現像用トナーの製造方法 |
US7858285B2 (en) * | 2006-11-06 | 2010-12-28 | Xerox Corporation | Emulsion aggregation polyester toners |
US20080197283A1 (en) * | 2007-02-16 | 2008-08-21 | Xerox Corporation | Emulsion aggregation toner compositions and developers |
US7981584B2 (en) * | 2008-02-29 | 2011-07-19 | Xerox Corporation | Toner compositions |
US8420286B2 (en) * | 2008-03-27 | 2013-04-16 | Xerox Corporation | Toner process |
US8084180B2 (en) * | 2008-06-06 | 2011-12-27 | Xerox Corporation | Toner compositions |
US20100021839A1 (en) * | 2008-07-22 | 2010-01-28 | Xerox Corporation | Toner compositions |
US8092972B2 (en) * | 2008-08-27 | 2012-01-10 | Xerox Corporation | Toner compositions |
US8076048B2 (en) * | 2009-03-17 | 2011-12-13 | Xerox Corporation | Toner having polyester resin |
US8124307B2 (en) | 2009-03-30 | 2012-02-28 | Xerox Corporation | Toner having polyester resin |
US9594319B2 (en) * | 2009-09-03 | 2017-03-14 | Xerox Corporation | Curable toner compositions and processes |
US8431306B2 (en) | 2010-03-09 | 2013-04-30 | Xerox Corporation | Polyester resin containing toner |
US20150044602A1 (en) * | 2013-08-06 | 2015-02-12 | Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. | Electrostatic image-developing toner, electrostatic image developer, toner cartridge, process cartridge, image forming apparatus and image forming method |
US9316936B2 (en) * | 2013-08-28 | 2016-04-19 | Xerox Corporation | Colored toners |
KR20160148876A (ko) * | 2015-06-17 | 2016-12-27 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 예약된 시점에 결제를 승인할 수 있는 이동 단말기 및 그 제어 방법 |
US10649355B2 (en) | 2016-07-20 | 2020-05-12 | Xerox Corporation | Method of making a polymer composite |
US10315409B2 (en) | 2016-07-20 | 2019-06-11 | Xerox Corporation | Method of selective laser sintering |
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US6413691B2 (en) * | 2000-04-20 | 2002-07-02 | Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. | Electrophotographic toner, process for producing the same, electrophotographic developer, and process for forming image |
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US6544706B1 (en) * | 1998-02-06 | 2003-04-08 | Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd. | Polymerized toner and production process thereof |
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US4254207A (en) | 1979-12-26 | 1981-03-03 | Hercules Incorporated | Process for producing spherical particles or crystalline polymers |
US4935326A (en) | 1985-10-30 | 1990-06-19 | Xerox Corporation | Electrophotographic carrier particles coated with polymer mixture |
US4937166A (en) | 1985-10-30 | 1990-06-26 | Xerox Corporation | Polymer coated carrier particles for electrophotographic developers |
US4990424A (en) | 1988-08-12 | 1991-02-05 | Xerox Corporation | Toner and developer compositions with semicrystalline polyolefin resin blends |
US4952477A (en) | 1988-08-12 | 1990-08-28 | Xerox Corporation | Toner and developer compositions with semicrystalline polyolefin resins |
JPH02301769A (ja) * | 1989-05-16 | 1990-12-13 | Sharp Corp | 電子写真感光体 |
US5147747A (en) | 1990-08-06 | 1992-09-15 | Eastman Kodak Company | Low fusing temperature tone powder of crosslinked crystalline and amorphous polyesters |
US5057392A (en) | 1990-08-06 | 1991-10-15 | Eastman Kodak Company | Low fusing temperature toner powder of cross-linked crystalline and amorphous polyester blends |
US5166026A (en) | 1990-12-03 | 1992-11-24 | Xerox Corporation | Toner and developer compositions with semicrystalline polyolefin resins |
US5593807A (en) | 1996-05-10 | 1997-01-14 | Xerox Corporation | Toner processes using sodium sulfonated polyester resins |
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JP2003005552A (ja) * | 2001-06-20 | 2003-01-08 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 画像形成方法 |
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US6544706B1 (en) * | 1998-02-06 | 2003-04-08 | Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd. | Polymerized toner and production process thereof |
US6436598B1 (en) * | 1998-05-12 | 2002-08-20 | Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd. | Polymerization toner and process for producing the same |
US6413691B2 (en) * | 2000-04-20 | 2002-07-02 | Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. | Electrophotographic toner, process for producing the same, electrophotographic developer, and process for forming image |
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CN1892450A (zh) | 2007-01-10 |
US7416827B2 (en) | 2008-08-26 |
US20070003856A1 (en) | 2007-01-04 |
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