CN1863625A - Electromagnetic agitation method for continuous casting of metal products having an elongate section - Google Patents
Electromagnetic agitation method for continuous casting of metal products having an elongate section Download PDFInfo
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- CN1863625A CN1863625A CNA2004800290865A CN200480029086A CN1863625A CN 1863625 A CN1863625 A CN 1863625A CN A2004800290865 A CNA2004800290865 A CN A2004800290865A CN 200480029086 A CN200480029086 A CN 200480029086A CN 1863625 A CN1863625 A CN 1863625A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/10—Supplying or treating molten metal
- B22D11/11—Treating the molten metal
- B22D11/114—Treating the molten metal by using agitating or vibrating means
- B22D11/115—Treating the molten metal by using agitating or vibrating means by using magnetic fields
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F33/00—Other mixers; Mixing plants; Combinations of mixers
- B01F33/45—Magnetic mixers; Mixers with magnetically driven stirrers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/16—Controlling or regulating processes or operations
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
- B22D27/02—Use of electric or magnetic effects
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
- B22D41/50—Pouring-nozzles
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- Continuous Casting (AREA)
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Abstract
According to the invention, during a continuous slab casting operation wherein the metal melt is introduced into an ingot mould (1) by an immersed nozzle (4) having lateral discharge louvers (5,5') opening out opposite small walls (3,3'), agitation occurs involves moveable magnetic fields acting in pairs, at least in the secondary cooling area of the casting installation, sliding between themselves in a co-linear manner in opposite directions in order to force the establishment of a longitudinal median current in the liquid sink according to two antagonistic co-linear currents, producing an overall 4-leaf clover movement whereby the upper leaves (L1,L4) thereof extend in an ingot mould as far as the vicinity of the discharge jets (7,7') of the discharge louvers of the nozzle in order to dampen or accelerate them as required. The invention results in overall agitation of the metal along the entire metallurgical height, thereby ensuring thermal and chemical homogeneity between the top and bottom of the liquid sink without having to forego the beneficial effects of, respectively, agitation in ingot moulds and secondary cooling and without disrupting, in fact by reinforcing, the manner of local discharge in the ingot mould.
Description
Technical field
[01] the present invention relates to the especially continuous casting of steel of metal.It relates in particular to the electromagnetic agitation of straight microscler cross section formula goods in the casting process, more properly say, its also relate to be cast metal, still be in the inside of liquid part, utilize externally-applied magnetic field to set up a special flow distribution.
Background technology
[02] according to record, " straight microscler section type goods " represent that its width is metallurgical product, the especially slab of the twice at least of thickness, narrow block of material, sheet billet etc.
[03] electromagnetic agitation appeared in the continuous casting field of steel in the initial stage seventies, and it is defined as one rapidly and is used for mobile almost essential instrument in solidification process control liquid metal pool.Remember that the principle of normal application is known magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) principle, it utilizes a movable magnetic field (rotation or slip) to drive described liquid metal in its displacement, and described magnetic field is by one or a plurality of usually polyphase induction device generations being placed on next-door neighbour's foundry goods.These inductors suitably are arranged on the metallurgical height of casting machine, are provided with the frequency adjustable type electric current, thereby allow the various stir modes that can adapt to metallurgical worker's requirement.
[04] in addition, the continuous progress that obtains in the metal-cured mechanism during understanding continuous casting has clearly shown the importance of the shuttling movement of liquid metal for the total quality (being internal soundness, surface cleanness or free from admixture, consolidated structures etc.) of final cured article.
[05] in this regard, putting on the motion of motlten metal during casting continuously, is the mold or the secondary cooling section of casting machine thereunder according to what consider, can roughly be divided into two different classes.
[06], forces motion at liquid metal in mold inside and come down to be used for being controlled at mobile in the 3rd zone at the liquid metal place that partly is in the great majority.Promptly in fact the Free Surface of cast metal is sitting at herein, and the cleaning inside degree of cast metal greatly depends on the geometry that this is surperficial.Also promptly especially can produce first cured layer, and described first cured layer all is known for the surface quality of final casting with importance to the control of casting process itself at this.
[07] opposite, stir metal by therefore promptly in secondary cooling zone, (being commonly referred to " in the secondary district ") in the liquid cell below mold, the development of solidifying by axle type such as wide as far as possible seeks to improve the inside structure of foundry goods, and this point is known to be particularly advantageous in the microsegregation of alloying element and to make foundry goods not have central hole.Therefore, when the needs manufacturing requires one not have the goods of the internal structure of hole, as when being used for the firm sheet material of shell plate or large-scale welded pipe, just electromagnetic agitation is used to the continuous casting of slab more and more frequently.
[08] in order to understand the present invention that hereinafter will describe better, just point out simply at this, as from shown in the schematic diagram of the accompanying drawing 3 of document FR 72.20546, be known in the secondary cooling zone of slab caster and be furnished with linear response device 41,41 ', described inductor is placed on the both sides on the big surface of foundry goods, face one another, and be created in the magnetic field of laterally sliding on the width cast.Therefore, its objective is in liquid metal, to set up and flow that described flowing developed into counter-rotational two adjacent loops basically.Described loop 42,43 is parallel to big surface and forms, and happens frequently along the foundry goods height layer in the common both sides that laterally drive the active region in a magnetic field, and the circulation of each loop rises and descends along relative little surface along a little surface.Described motion configuration is called " butterfly wing configuration " traditionally.
[09] as taking passages, can increase the horizontal driving active region 51,52 in magnetic field etc. according to the height of casting machine from as shown in the accompanying drawing 4 of document FR 82.10844.In the case, between immediate adjacent loop, give their opposite in twos rotation directions, so that for example produce big as far as possible amount of agitation for a given available power of agitator.Therefore produce a motor pattern that is called " triple zero shape configuration " (configuration en triple z é ro), it is formed by three adjacent loops that rotate in the opposite direction in twos, promptly one two central loop 60 that laterally drive between the district 51 and 52, and two outer rings 61 and 62, described two outer rings rotate in the both sides of described central loop and in the same direction.
[10] no matter adopt which kind of modification, described modification both may be embodied to the backing roll back that inductor is placed on the secondary cooling zone of casting machine, also may be embodied to inductor and be placed on (FR 72.20547) between the described backing roll, perhaps even be contained in the inside (FR 72.20546) of described backing roll.Like this equally for the device for carrying out said of the present invention that hereinafter will be illustrated.
[11] it seems from development course, recycle based on the loop-type metal--its with a plane that the big surface of slab parallels in launch--the discovery of described kinds of athletic stem from: opposite with microscler goods, in the continuous casting of flat articles, the microscler shape in the straight cross section of goods not too is suitable for setting up the stable rotation motion around the casting axle.Main cause may be that this needs big velocity gradient on products thickness, and described thickness surpasses about 20cm hardly for the thickest goods.
[12] opposite, the stagewise loop configuration of type shown in Fig. 3 and 4--its with whole metallurgical height that the big surface of goods parallels on launch, do not have above-mentioned obstacle.In addition, it also has the top of guaranteeing casting machine and the advantage of the better heat exchange between the bottom.Be lowered by stream 42a and 43a downwards from the hotter motlten metal at top by the forced convertion band, and upwelling 42b and 43b are spread out over the curing metal crystallite that collect the bottom at the top, thereby help from the initial stage expansion that on a large scale and uniformly wait axle type solidify of foundry goods periphery until the center.Yet,, therefore can't as desired these loops 42,43 be developed to the top too fiercely owing to there is the danger of disturbing metal Free Surface in the mold.In fact known at present: for the cast(ing) surface that obtains good quality, inferior top layer (souscutan é e) and heart portion, how essential making the faint fluid dynamic equilibrium of maintenance that flows in the mould that occupies this height place of mold is.
[13] but say exactly, the metal that utilizes opening will cast at the flush type casting nozzle with side direction discharge opening on mold Xiao Bi opposite is introduced via the mold top, promoted on a large scale at present and come, the straight casting nozzle that has replaced unique axial discharging cellular type, described straight casting nozzle almost only are that microscler goods keep since then.The resulting major advantage that flows in the mould is, shown in the schematic diagram of accompanying drawing 1, utilizes the rebound phenomenon on the little end wall of mold, thereby is dispersed into two parts naturally from the liquid metal jet flow of each sidewise hole 27 of casting nozzle 26,27 ' heat.One major part 21 is directed downwardly along the direction that foundry goods takes out.22 of another part upwards turn back, so that enthalpy is taken near the Free Surface 23 of metal in the mould, described enthalpy is that to avoid the cast metal to locate solidification phenomenon to occur at meniscus (m é nisque) necessary, and described phenomenon causes the unexpected reason of ending of casting process often.Therefore its purpose is to produce a circulation pattern that is called " double loop " in mold, rather than " single loop " pattern.
[14] above-mentioned pattern shown in Figure 7 at first shows as metal one spray the phenomenon that promptly rises towards meniscus from the discharge opening of casting nozzle, and this is often because be injected into anticlogging argon in the described casting nozzle from superposed casting distributor.Described horse back upwelling up then extends towards the surface on each little surface stream and along the sinking again on described little surface by one.Therefore, a speed pattern forms in mold quite apace, wherein " heat " metal is being supplied with under the last loop 22 non-existent situations of meniscus, and described speed is directed down along the direction that goods take out usually.
[15] yet, only be fit to down at casting condition (flow of the submergence of casting speed, width of plate slab, casting nozzle, anti-blocking argon etc.), could during casting, continue maintenance " double loop " pattern.If these condition variation, what for to occurring changing " single loop " pattern at random in casting process, in fact situation is like this usually.
[16] in addition, a main aspect that flows of " double loop " formula is in the control mould: the recirculation of mold inner sustain move the meniscus place of casting nozzle both sides " about " symmetry.In fact, known on this height the oscillation phenomenon that is derived from metal bath of asymmetry, described vibration may cause a kind of unacceptable rollover phenomenon on surface, this is that the operating personnel that stand on the casting platform are known.This expression: must be noted that at first must guarantee near the local recirculation at top stream 22,22 ' stable in whole process, with avoid occurring " about " asymmetric.Although these upwellings are enough effective aspect hot, desired heat can be sent to meniscus, but from fluid dynamic viewpoint, described upwelling should be too not fierce, to avoid excessive turbulence just to solidify line 25, the described line of curing just is formed on against the boundary of the meniscus of the cooling copper wall of mold.Described systematicness of just solidifying line in fact is the inhomogeneity assurance that forms initial top layer in the top of mold, do not having under the situation of this assurance, unavoidably can exist below the mold because of the caused casting of local attenuation of slag crust or the cured skin thickness danger of leaking out.
[17] more briefly, the flush type casting nozzle that has the side direction discharge opening by employing is cast, can be in same casting process or at random or under any circumstance---be not all to be desirable, obtain to flow in the mould of " double loop " type or " single loop " type, perhaps obtain because of " about " the asymmetric instability that causes is mobile.
[18] especially because these control the difficulty that flows in continuous casting machine top region, thereby occurred electromagnetic stirring system recently, described system has acted on the side direction discharging jet from casting nozzle in mold.As taking passages from shown in the schematic diagram of the accompanying drawing 2a of document JP 1.534.702 and 2b, moving horizontally magnetic field is produced by heterogeneous linear response device 30a, 30b and 30a ', 30b ', described inductor is placed on the big wall of mold 32, towards the outgoing route in the metal jet of casting nozzle 31 both sides.Thereby according to the adjustment of magnetic field glide direction, (magnetic field is from reverse-flow slip (Fig. 2 b of little wall to casting nozzle can to slow down described metal jet
1), perhaps conversely, (edge is from downflow type slip (Fig. 2 b of casting nozzle to little wall direction to make its acceleration
2).In principle, this can offer the enthalpy amount on surface, cast metal according to for example casting condition adjustment, flow pattern in the mould that simultaneously can excessive interference need preferentially not keep.
Therefore [19], can be clear that in the goods in the straight microscler cross section of casting in fact on the one hand that the metal in mold stirs and existing separation even oppose between the stirring in secondary cooling zone on the other hand by above-mentioned quick review to the prior art situation.
Summary of the invention
[20] specifically, the objective of the invention is in order to solve a described difficult problem.In other words, the present invention is applied to the continuous casting of straight microscler cross section goods, especially slab, the objective of the invention is to by making motlten metal highly carry out planned whole stirring movement along metallurgy, and make still for liquid metal between secondary cooling zone and mold along carrying out good exchange on the both direction.Between the top of liquid cast metal pool and bottom, realize the uniformity of heat and chemistry thus, can not disturb simultaneously flow pattern in the mould, and in case of necessity, same unlikely losing stirred in mold and the beneficial effect that correspondingly stirs peculiar accumulation in secondary cooling zone.
[21] attached purpose of the present invention is in order to help to improve the metallurgical quality of steel grade, to have good inside integrity (sant é interne) to wish it, and described steel grade for example is slab, large-scale welded pipe, ferritic stainless steel or electrical steel.
[22] another attached purpose is in order to act on flowing in the secondary district, so that from the casting jet flow place of casting nozzle with them as an accelerator of the metal that enters mold or one slow down agent and use on the contrary, perhaps as one be used to offset that movement of metallic occurs in the mold " about " means of asymmetric tendency.
[23] for reaching these purposes, the objective of the invention is in order to propose at the similar electromagnetic agitation method in the secondary cooling zone of the continuous casting equipment of straight microscler cross section goods of a slab or other, the mold of this equipment is equipped with a flush type casting nozzle, described flush type casting nozzle has the side direction discharge opening, described discharge opening points to little surface, described stirring means utilization slip magnetic field is implemented, described magnetic field is produced by near the polyphase induction device that is placed on the cast metal, it is characterized in that, force to set up vertically flowing of a liquid metal in described secondary cooling zone, described flowing is positioned in the zone line of foundry goods along two reverse conllinear streams.
[24] in the secondary district, set up the whole circulation of a liquid metal thus naturally, described circulation forms the form of " four-leaf clover ", and it has leaf and twice leaf portions on two, and described leaf portion extends in the mold, reaches the height from the jet flow of casting nozzle discharge opening always.
[25] according to a modification, oppositely conllinear stream--they are opened away from each other, thereby leaf portion on described two---it extends in the height that always reaches in the mold from the jet flow of casting nozzle discharge opening---overlaps so that strengthen them with concurrent with them longitudinally to produce described two in the goods mid portion.
[26] according to another modification, oppositely conllinear stream--they converge each other mutually longitudinally to produce described two at the goods mid portion, thereby described extend to reach in the mold from the height of the jet flow of casting nozzle discharge opening two on leaf portion, be stacked on the described jet flow so that slow down jet flow with reflux type.
[27] according to a particular embodiment of described method, with of a little wall or another the little wall laterally displacement of the location of longitudinal stream in the secondary district towards foundry goods so that in the payment mold movement of metallic " about " asymmetric tendency.
[28] according to an embodiment, utilize the conllinear shifting magnetic field, in the foundry goods zone line, set up metal flow longitudinally according to two reverse conllinear streams, described magnetic field by to each other near or be separated from each other in described zone line longitudinally and slide.
[29] according to a preferred implementation, utilize the conllinear shifting magnetic field, in the foundry goods zone line, set up metal flow longitudinally according to two reverse conllinear streams, described magnetic field is by close to each other to the center from the edge of foundry goods, perhaps the mind-set edge is separated from each other from foundry goods, and laterally slides on the whole width of foundry goods.
[30] according to another preferred implementation, described slip magnetic field utilizes the heterogeneous linear response device that is placed on the big surperficial opposite of foundry goods to produce.
[31] as modification, supply with the electric current of inductor varying strength, so that regulate the effect to two reverse conllinear metal flows in different ways, described metal flow is caused by the slip magnetic field that described inductor produces.
[32] " conllinear " that should be understood that metal flow or magnetic field slides, and promptly represents these magnetic fields, and correspondingly these metal flows are not to slide abreast each other, but along same linear slide, as two collinear vectors but not two parallel vectors.
[33] as will understanding, the present invention mainly based on: in secondary cooling zone, produce a stirring cross body with two horizontal tributaries and two vertical tributaries.Described horizontal tributary (if perhaps hypothesis casting axle is vertical, then it is horizontal tributary) is according to the width development of foundry goods, and two vertical (or vertical) tributaries are developed in the zone line (normally axial area) of foundry goods.
[34] more properly, the formation of described stirring cross body in the secondary district just, owing to be derived from the recirculation flow of the quaterfoil configuration in the liquid cell, will produce a whole configuration of the motion that relates to the mold zone equally, thereby reach the above-mentioned purpose that the present invention expects realization.
Description of drawings
[35] in conjunction with the description of carrying out with reference to accompanying drawing, the present invention may be better understood and further feature also more clearly embodies.In the accompanying drawing:
[36]-Fig. 1 to Fig. 4 is used to the prior art of representing that the front had been described.
[37] more properly:
[38] Fig. 1 is a standard schematic diagram, it is to be parallel to the central vertical section mode of the big wall of mold, express the shuttling movement figure of known liquid metal briefly, described liquid metal enters in the sheet billet continuous casting mould by a flush type casting nozzle that is equipped with the side discharge opening, and described side discharge opening is towards little sidewall opening;
[39] Fig. 2 a, 2b
1And 2b
2For by two views (left side is a cutaway view for the perspective view right side), the schematic diagram of the known pattern of the electromagnetic agitation in the sheet billet continuous casting mould is shown, described electromagnetic agitation is by heterogeneous linear response device, utilization has flush type casting nozzle (referring to Fig. 1) continuous casting plate blank of side discharge opening, described heterogeneous linear response device is arranged in the casting nozzle both sides on each big wall and produce magnetic field, flatly slide on same big wall in couples in opposite direction in described magnetic field, otherwise on the identical direction of the outlet spray stream of the metal that is applied to it with magnetic field (Fig. 2 b
2) slide, or along diametical direction (Fig. 2 b therewith
1And 2a) slides;
[40] Fig. 3 is a reduced graph, and it is illustrated in the slab that is in the secondary cooling zone of casting machine in the continuous casting process with perspective fashion.Described zone is equipped with the linear response device, described inductor is along the width of goods, be arranged in each side of described goods relative to one another, and produce the magnetic field of a horizontal slip, so that realize the mode of electromagnetic stirring of one " the butterfly wing " form known from aforementioned documents FR 72.20546 for example;
[41] Fig. 4 is similar to Fig. 3, but one " three loops " formula mode of electromagnetic stirring is shown, and realizes as the training centre of implementing aforementioned documents FR 82.10844;
[42]-other figure of label 5 to 9 be specific to of the present invention.In more detail:
[43] Fig. 5 be one always figure, it is the axial vertical section angle from the big wall that is parallel to a sheet billet continuous casting mould, described continuous casting mould is equipped with a flush type casting nozzle, described flush type casting nozzle has the side discharge opening, described discharge opening is at the opposite of little lateral sidewall opening, described illustrating according to one of in two embodiments of the present invention---wherein longitudinally reverse flow each other away from, the whole stirring theory of the four-leaf clover form in secondary cooling zone, and produce the shuttling movement figure of the liquid metal of proper described secondary cooling zone inside below described mold certainly;
[44] Fig. 6 is similar to Fig. 5, no longer is " double loop " but the situation of " single loop " but be in the mould flow pattern;
[45] Fig. 7 a is a schematic diagram, and it illustrates on the basis that reappears Fig. 5 by the linear response device of horizontal slip field type and realizes the embodiment that the four-leaf clover form stirs;
[46] Fig. 7 b is similar to Fig. 7 a, but another embodiment of realizing the inventive method by the linear response device of vertical slip field type is shown;
[47] Fig. 8 also is based on reproduction Fig. 5, another preferred implementation of the present invention is shown, it is by the linear response device of horizontal slip field type--and they directly act on from the metal jet of casting nozzle discharge opening ejection, set up the interior auxiliary circulation of mould of one " double loop " pattern;
[48] Fig. 9 illustrates of the present invention another and implements modification, and it is to set up reverse flow longitudinally in the mid portion of foundry goods, and it does not spread but converges.
The specific embodiment
[49] should notice that Fig. 1 to Fig. 4 is used for supporting the elaboration explanation of this paper the beginning part to prior art.Therefore can not mention again it hereinafter.
[50] in Fig. 5 to Fig. 9---they are illustrated in described two modification (the zone line place spreads or converges), stir mode in the peculiar secondary of the present invention district, slip magnetic field is to be represented by thick horizontal or vertical arrow as the linear response device that produces them.The convective motion that is produced itself is to be represented by the main path of the dashed line form of their band arrows, the loop direction of the motion of described arrow indication on whole bearer path.Solid line is represented initiatively convective region, the race way of the magnetic field effect that therefore promptly is subjected to sliding.Dotted line is represented passive convective region, in other words is recirculation zone, and it must be complementary so that guarantee the closure of motor circuit with described active region.
[51] in these figure, similar elements is represented by identical label.In case of necessity, seem too complicated in order not make some figure, recurrent label no longer marks out, so that make main element of the present invention represent clearlyer in these figure.
[52] all express a sheet billet continuous casting mould 1 in described each figure, its below is the secondary cooling zone 2 of casting machine, does not specially express the backing roll of described mold at this, so that can not influence the clarity of accompanying drawing meaninglessly.Described figure is parallel in the plane of the big wall of mold one, can only see the little lateral sidewall with 3 and 3 ' expression, and they have determined little surperficial 18,18 ' of foundry goods 6.Big surface is positioned at the plane of figure, so they do not illustrate in the drawings.In addition, for more clear, label 6 unified expressions are cast slab itself or its heart portion that still is in a liquid state---be commonly referred to as " curing pond ".
[53] being centered in an immersion casting nozzle 4 of casting on the axle A (as common situation, this longitudinal axis with foundry goods coincides) herein, is the not shown distributor supply mold motlten metal above being positioned at from.Described casting nozzle is equipped with side direction discharge opening 5 and 5 ', and described discharge opening is separately respectively towards corresponding little wall 3 and 3 '.The specification of foundry goods is the inside dimension decision by the mold that defines casting space, motlten metal enters in the described casting space with jet flow 7,7 ' form, and described jet flow sprays from the discharge opening of casting nozzle 4 along a basic horizontal or downward-sloping a little mean direction usually.Thereby foundry goods from from the top of the height of meniscus 8 to the removing direction of lower edge casting machine, vertically or along a crooked route, be orthogonal in the plane of described drawing one, advance with the extraction speed (casting rate) of one meter of common about per minute.When it advances, described goods by with heat in it at first row advance in the mold 1 that contacts with cooling copper wall, under the effect of the guide rail of spraying water, be discharged in the secondary cooling zone 2 again, and solidify gradually to the center from its periphery.
[54] be noted that, metallurgical height (or the degree of depth in curing pond) is commonly defined as along vertical line, between the height in mold bottom the curing pond of the height of the Free Surface of cast metal (or meniscus) and secondary cooling zone below, in final difference in size of solidifying leading edge intersection, described final curing leading edge is carried out along with curing and is expanded on each big surface of foundry goods.
[55] about 3m or 4m place below meniscus 8, thereby promptly in the inside of secondary cooling zone 2 are provided with 1 P arbitrarily along the longitudinal axis (it overlaps with a casting axle A) of goods, and this point is called the central point of the distinctive stirring cross of the present invention body 9.Described cross body 9 is one to have the cross in four tributaries, and these tributaries are on same the straight line in couples: promptly two vertically tributary 10a, the 10b of (at this for vertical)---form align with a casting A a pair of; Tributary 11a, the 11b of two horizontal (they are level at this)---be formed on launch on the width cast a pair of.In each tributary with a pair of tributary, liquid metal is cocycle in the opposite direction in couples therein.In addition, the metal circulation in a pair of tributary is opposite with another right metal circulation.
[56] because the dimensional characteristics of the certainty " limited " of foundry goods, therefore as seeing, described tributary links together each other by the recirculation loop in a way, so that form an overall flow, it with the four-leaf clover formal expansion, constitutes the blade of leaf L1, L2, L3, L4 on the plane on this big surface of foundry goods---wherein two on leaf portion be L1 and L4---extends to mold place at discharging jet 7 and 7 ' height always.
[57] therefore, in the stir mode shown in Fig. 5 to 8, described vertical tributary is to being " diffusion " convection.Metal flow is separated from each other from center point P.One tributary 10a flows to the mold 1 that is positioned at its top, and another tributary 10b opens toward the enclosed area stream that solidifies the pond downwards along the extraction direction of foundry goods.Therefore horizontal tributary to 11a, 11b in, the metal convection current be " converging " type: metal flow flows to longitudinal axis A from the little side surface of goods, the direction of center point P is converged mutually thereby court confluxes.
[58] as illustrating, the metal flow that forms these tributaries is produced by slip magnetic field, and described slip magnetic field itself is to produce by placing near near the linear response device that (is preferably described two surfaces) foundry goods, towards described big surface.Certainly, do not need two pairs of tributaries to start simultaneously by magnetic field.As long as wherein a pair of, for example vertical tributary 10a, 10b can be activated and get final product, and another can become the recirculation portion position by reaction naturally to tributary 11a, 11b, because center point P is moved as maintenance mass flow and momental through-flow node, vice versa.
[59] yet, in described first stir mode of the present invention, importantly vertical tributary 10a and 10b flow in the mode that is separated from each other, shown in Fig. 5 to 8.On near mold among leaf L1 and the L4, metal thereby rise and descend along little surface at zone line, the situation in following leaf L2 and L3 is then opposite.
[60] prove under these conditions: implement the invention enables the metal material exchange between liquid cell bottom and the top to reach maximization.At first, in fact, the circulation of the ring-type of the metal in arbitrary leaf is to take place along a rotation direction, and described rotation direction is opposite with the direction of immediate two rotations of being set up in adjacent leaf.Secondly, cast the strength of jet flow 7 and 7 ' and strengthened regularly, and then strengthen mold interior recirculation loop L5 and L6 near meniscus 8 by the central streams 10a that downflow type rises.Therefore, be present in " double loop " pattern L5, L1, L4 and the L6 in the mold thereby also stablized.
[61] therefore be readily appreciated that: if the liquid metal unit is located in the secondary cooling zone at the beginning, then any liquid metal unit (conceptive finger can isolate it at any part place along metallurgical height) will have a very big probability promptly: by following continuous upwelling or sinking at random, described liquid metal unit can once be in the mold before descending at least again, if otherwise this liquid metal unit is chosen in the mold at the beginning, situation is like this equally, because described unit is inevitable generally along extracting direction out with an average speed that is equivalent to casting speed, carry out a downward average displacement.In other words, described embodiment of the present invention make the zone of mold heat and secondary district those reach maximum than the exchange of the molten metal material between the cool region, and this is to be achieved by strengthen the known devices that is suitable for stablizing " double loop " pattern in mold.
[62] described exchange especially helps to spray better excessive heat, and help the initial stage to wait fully a metal-cured initiation, and do not have any risk of disturbing flow pattern in the mould, can strengthen on the contrary casting nozzle two lateral movements " about " symmetry stability, and no matter there is which kind of local mode, that is " double loop " (with reference to Fig. 5) or " single loop " (with reference to Fig. 6), all be so, therefore can offset by a kind of pattern to being inclined at random naturally that another kind of pattern changes.
[63] as what illustrated, the tributary 10 and 11 of stirring cross body 9 is to produce by the effect that is applied to the slip magnetic field on these positions.The line of force in described magnetic field is orthogonal to cast(ing) surface, or has a quadrature principal component at least, so that will maximize with the electromagnetic coupled of liquid metal.
[64] having known described magnetic field can produce at an easy rate by traditional heterogeneous linear response device.
[65] Fig. 7 a illustrates one first embodiment of the present invention, wherein two identical linear response devices 12 and 13 flatly are placed on the both sides, casting machine of casting axle in identical vertical height place (conllinear inductor), and install relatively, so that produce conllinear magnetic field, laterally slide from little surperficial 18,18 ' to central authorities on width cast in described magnetic field.These inductors advantageously are dimensioned to: they separately along one initiatively convection current tributary (11a or 11b) produce a slip magnetic field, its length equals or is slightly smaller than 1/2nd of the half width that is cast slab 6.
[66] in the case, stirring driving force is to be provided by converge horizontal tributary 11a, the 11b that stir the cross body, and obtains diffuse flow 10a, 10b longitudinally after by confluence P.
[67] Fig. 7 b illustrates one second embodiment of the present invention, and it is suitable with last embodiment aspect the effect that is obtained.According to described second modification, the linear response device 14 and 15 of conllinear is oppositely installed, and places along the casting axle is vertical.Adopt this mode, this time can directly start vertical tributary 10a and 10b (its in the secondary district exist for the distinctive basis of the present invention), last inductor 14 thereby the magnetic field that produces the past casting machine top slide of mold direction on one day, and inductor 15 produces a downward magnetic field towards the pond basal sliding down.
[68] Fig. 8 illustrates of the present invention one preferred concrete mode.This example is to make leaf the L1 of recirculation on top and the upper limb of L4 to change initiatively convective region into, and described upper limb can strengthen casting jet flow 7 and 7 '.For this reason, it is right to add the described inductor that has been present in the secondary cooling zone, stir cross body 9 so that produce, two additional linear response device 16,17 conllinear that produce horizontal slip magnetic field are arranged in the both sides of casting nozzle 4, from discharge opening 5 and the metal jet 7 of 5 ' ejection and 7 ' height, and by from casting nozzle to the little wall 3 of mold 1,3 ' and described jet flow slide with concurrent.Convergence effect between described jet flow and the central streams that rises from the bottom thereby further be enhanced, and make therefore that " double loop " pattern is strengthened too in the local mould.
[69] Fig. 9 and Fig. 5 are similar, but itself and the latter's difference is substantially: the metal loop direction in each tributary in four tributaries of cross body 9 is put upside down.Therefore Fig. 9 illustrates and implements the of the present invention second main modification, described modification is: produce longitudinally oppositely conllinear stream 20a, 20b in the mid portion of foundry goods 6, this time described conllinear stream converges mutually towards the direction of a P, so that obtain the whole circulation of a liquid metal, the liquid stream of the height of---it is from 5,5 ejections of casting nozzle discharge opening---extends described circulation by rise to metal jet 7,7 ' along little surperficial 18,18 ' always in mold 1, and they resist described metal jet with reflux type so that suppress jet flow thus.
[70] see on the whole and be that four leaf L1 to L4 formulas in the secondary district stir configuration, and its loop thereby rotate along the direction opposite with first modification.But because last leaf L1 and L4 be to the resistant function of jet flow 7 and 7 ', so the difference on converging property and closure of the descending backflow of metal in the liquid cell mid portion, to spread in the goods district than described first modification on the contrary and disperse manyly.
[71] should understand that these two kinds of main modification in fact are two kinds of different and complementary aspects of the present invention, and they can exist jointly when implementing stirring means.In fact, with regard to the dynamics aspect, the glide direction in easy corrective action magnetic field is for example by making the polarity reversal of the inductor that produces described magnetic field, so that, can optionally slow down or quicken casting jet flow 7,7 ' by being confined to away from the stirring action in the secondary district of these jet flows.
[72] therefore as seen, major advantage of the present invention is well to exchange between the top/bottom of guaranteeing in the liquid cell, simultaneously can the casting jet flow of telekinesy in mold, and this simple and common being equipped with by an electromagnetic stirring equipment can realize that the element of described electromagnetic stirring equipment is buied easily on market.
[73] understand as meeting, the present invention is reasonably to use the existing electromagnetic mixing apparatus that can get generally, so that be cut into two district portions arranged side by side on the microscler direction of goods in the secondary district, and set up the stirring configuration of a butterfly aerofoil profile in each district portion.Set up four blade profile overall flow systems in the secondary district thus, its heart portion is the stirring cross body 9 with its center point P.
[74] preferably, based on tangible symmetry arguments, described cutting is described two sections will be implemented at a half width place of foundry goods, promptly implements along the longitudinal axis of foundry goods, because this axle overlaps with the casting axle usually.
[75] this promptly illustrates, for example supply with the current strength of inductor 12,13 by differential adjustment, just can be enough to make two mixing power disequilibriums between horizontal tributary 11a, the 11b, thereby make the meta of center point P to one little surperficial 5 or little surperficial 5 ' laterally move, and obtain therefore that motion has more optionally effect in a side of casting nozzle than its opposite side in the mould to another.
[76] similarly, vertically tributary 10a, 10b are last similarly uneven by a given mixing plant, also can make the center point P displacement up or down of stirring the cross body, and not need to adjust the position of this equipment on casting machine.
[77] certain, if wish to use jointly described two kinds to adjust the scheme that stirs cross body center point P position, then be necessary for described secondary district and set the equipment with four inductors, so that can electromagnetic ground start each tributary among described four tributary 10a, 10b, 11a and the 11b.
[78] regardless of embodiments of the present invention, the present invention is to provide a metal integral on metallurgical height to stir, it can guarantee heat and chemical uniformity between liquid cell top and bottom, unlikely forfeiture is simultaneously stirred in mold and correspondingly stir peculiar beneficial effect in secondary cooling zone, and can not interfere with the local flow pattern in the mould, even the local flow pattern in the mould is kept stable.
[79] the present invention is not limited to foregoing example certainly, in the limited range that it is proposed in meeting the back claim, can expand to various enforcement modification or equivalent way.
[80] therefore for example, even the linear response device that needs to use generally has a flat structure, but this configuration only is preferred.The inductor of curved shape may be suitable equally, so that the surface configuration of mating slab better at them when metallurgy is highly placed.
Claims (10)
1. electromagnetic agitation method, be used in the secondary cooling zone of the continuous casting equipment of the metallic article in straight microscler cross section, carrying out electromagnetic agitation, the mold of described continuous casting equipment is equipped with a flush type casting nozzle, described flush type casting nozzle has the side direction discharge opening, described discharge opening is towards little surface, described stirring means utilization slip magnetic field is implemented, and described magnetic field is produced by near the polyphase induction device that is arranged in the described cast metal
It is characterized in that, exchange between described secondary cooling zone (2) and described mold (1) for promoting that liquid metal is inner in curing pond (6), forcing to set up a longitudinal metal in described secondary cooling zone flows, described flowing along two reverse conllinear stream (10a, 10b or 20a, 20b) be positioned in the zone line of described foundry goods, and produce the whole circulation of a liquid metal, described circulation is the shape of " four-leaf clover ", it has leaf and twice leaf portions on two, and last leaf (L1 of described circulation, L4) extend in the described mold, reach discharge opening (5 from described flush type casting nozzle (4) always, the height of jet flow 5 ') (7,7 ').
2. stirring means as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, in the foundry goods mid portion, produce described reverse longitudinally conllinear stream (10a away from each other, 10b), thereby on described two leaf (L1, L4)---they extend the jet flow (7 that always reaches from described casting nozzle discharge opening (5,5 ') in mold, 7 ') height---lump together with concurrent with described jet flow, so that strengthen described jet flow.
3. stirring means as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, produce the described reverse longitudinally conllinear stream (20a that converges mutually at the foundry goods mid portion, 20b), thereby on described two leaf (L1, L4)---they extend the jet flow (7 that always reaches from described casting nozzle discharge opening (5,5 ') in mold, 7 ') height---be stacked on the described jet flow with reflux type, so that slow down described jet flow.
4. stirring means as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, with a little surface or another the little surface lateral ground displacement of the location of described central longitudinal stream in described secondary district towards described foundry goods.
5. as claim 2 or 3 described stirring means, it is characterized in that, utilize the conllinear shifting magnetic field, produce described longitudinal metal by the mode of two reverse conllinear stream and flow in the zone line of described foundry goods, described magnetic field in described zone line or mutually closely or longitudinal sliding motion away from each other.
6. as claim 2 or 3 described stirring means, it is characterized in that, utilize the conllinear shifting magnetic field, in the zone line of described foundry goods, produce described longitudinal metal and flow by the mode of two reverse conllinear stream, described magnetic field along the width of described foundry goods or from the edge of described foundry goods to its center mutually closely or from described foundry goods its edge of mind-set laterally slide away from each other.
7. as each described stirring means in the above-mentioned claim, it is characterized in that produce described slip magnetic field by heterogeneous linear response device, described inductor is arranged in the opposite on the big surface of described foundry goods.
8. stirring means as claimed in claim 7 is characterized in that, supplies with the electric current of described inductor varying strength.
9. as each described stirring means in the above-mentioned claim, it is characterized in that also use the magnetic field of moving-sliding in addition, described magnetic field directly acts on from the discharge opening (5 of described casting nozzle (4) in described mold (1), 5 ') the described metal jet (7,7 ') of ejection in.
10. the metallic article in straight microscler cross section, it is made by a continuous casting equipment, and the secondary cooling zone of described continuous casting equipment is the position of carrying out an electromagnetic agitation operation, and this electromagnetic agitation meets the electromagnetic agitation defined in claim 1.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0312555A FR2861324B1 (en) | 2003-10-27 | 2003-10-27 | ELECTROMAGNETIC BREWING PROCESS FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF EXTENDED SECTION METAL PRODUCTS |
| FR0312555 | 2003-10-27 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1863625A true CN1863625A (en) | 2006-11-15 |
| CN100371108C CN100371108C (en) | 2008-02-27 |
Family
ID=34400826
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2004800290865A Expired - Lifetime CN100371108C (en) | 2003-10-27 | 2004-10-22 | Electromagnetic agitation method for continuous casting of metal products having an elongate section |
Country Status (16)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20070074845A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1677928B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP4758903B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR101089261B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN100371108C (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE359886T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2004286877B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0415903B1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2543368A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE602004006010T2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2285558T3 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2861324B1 (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2357833C2 (en) |
| TW (1) | TWI324952B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2005044487A1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200604177B (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104936723A (en) * | 2013-01-23 | 2015-09-23 | 株式会社神户制钢所 | Method for continuously casting slab comprising titanium or titanium alloy |
| CN106457368A (en) * | 2014-05-21 | 2017-02-22 | 诺维尔里斯公司 | Mixing eductor nozzle and flow control device |
| CN112687419A (en) * | 2020-12-18 | 2021-04-20 | 岭东核电有限公司 | Metal removing well for spent fuel and method for removing liquid metal on spent fuel |
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| ATE498465T1 (en) * | 2006-07-07 | 2011-03-15 | Rotelec Sa | METHOD FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF FLAT METAL PRODUCTS USING ELECTROMAGNETIC STIRRING AND SYSTEM FOR IMPLEMENTING IT |
| FR2957829B1 (en) | 2010-03-23 | 2012-11-09 | Rotelec Sa | BRUSSE ROLLER FOR BRAMES CONTINUOUS CASTING MACHINE |
| RU2457064C1 (en) | 2011-03-03 | 2012-07-27 | Федеральное Государственное Автономное Образовательное Учреждение Высшего Профессионального Образования "Сибирский Федеральный Университет" (Сфу) | Method of continuous and semicontinuous casing of aluminium alloys and device to this end |
| RU2464123C1 (en) * | 2011-11-25 | 2012-10-20 | Открытое акционерное общество Акционерная холдинговая компания "Всероссийский научно-исследовательский и проектно-конструкторский институт металлургического машиностроения имени академика Целикова" (ОАО АХК "ВНИИМЕТМАШ") | Method of adjusting conditions of electromagnetic mixing of ingot liquid phase in slab continuous casting machine and device to this end |
| RU2600776C2 (en) * | 2012-03-27 | 2016-10-27 | Ротелек | Stirring-roll for a continuous cast machine of metallic products of large cross section |
| CN112876043B (en) * | 2021-02-24 | 2022-08-02 | 成都贝施美生物科技有限公司 | Glass ceramic preparation mould capable of realizing rapid demoulding |
| CN116121610B (en) * | 2022-12-30 | 2024-10-18 | 湖南稀土金属材料研究院有限责任公司 | Magnesium-zirconium intermediate alloy and preparation method thereof |
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| FR2358223A1 (en) * | 1976-07-13 | 1978-02-10 | Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech | PROCESS FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC BREWING OF MOLTEN METALS DURING CONTINUOUS CASTING OPERATIONS |
| FR2358222A1 (en) * | 1976-07-13 | 1978-02-10 | Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech | NEW PROCESS AND DEVICE FOR THE ELECTROMAGNETIC BREWING OF CONTINUOUS FLOWING METAL PRODUCTS |
| JPS5813263B2 (en) | 1977-01-11 | 1983-03-12 | 住友金属工業株式会社 | Continuous casting method |
| US4158380A (en) * | 1978-02-27 | 1979-06-19 | Sumitomo Metal Industries Limited | Continuously casting machine |
| FR2485411B1 (en) * | 1980-06-27 | 1985-11-08 | Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech | ELECTROMAGNETIC CONTINUOUS CASTING LINGOTIERE OF METAL PRODUCTS WITH EXTENDED RECTANGULAR SECTION |
| JPS6037251A (en) * | 1983-08-11 | 1985-02-26 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | Electromagnetic stirring method of molten steel for continuous casting mold |
| JPS6333160A (en) | 1986-07-28 | 1988-02-12 | Nippon Kokan Kk <Nkk> | Continuous casting method |
| CA2059030C (en) * | 1992-01-08 | 1998-11-17 | Jun Kubota | Method for continuous casting of slab |
| DE19542211B4 (en) * | 1995-11-13 | 2005-09-01 | Sms Demag Ag | Electromagnetic stirring device for a slab casting mold |
| AU7506996A (en) * | 1996-05-13 | 1997-12-05 | Ebis Corporation | Method and apparatus for continuous casting |
| JPH11320051A (en) * | 1998-05-20 | 1999-11-24 | Nippon Steel Corp | Continuous casting apparatus and continuous casting method |
| JPH11320054A (en) * | 1998-05-20 | 1999-11-24 | Nippon Steel Corp | Continuous caster and continuous casting method |
| JP2000317593A (en) * | 1999-05-12 | 2000-11-21 | Nippon Steel Corp | Method for continuously casting molten steel |
| CN1142045C (en) * | 1999-09-22 | 2004-03-17 | 大连理工大学 | Continuous metal casting method with applied composite electromagnetic field |
| KR100618362B1 (en) * | 2000-03-09 | 2006-08-30 | 제이에프이 스틸 가부시키가이샤 | Production method for continuous casting cast billet |
| SE519840C2 (en) * | 2000-06-27 | 2003-04-15 | Abb Ab | Method and apparatus for continuous casting of metals |
| JP4254576B2 (en) * | 2004-02-27 | 2009-04-15 | Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 | Steel continuous casting apparatus and continuous casting method |
-
2003
- 2003-10-27 FR FR0312555A patent/FR2861324B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-10-22 ES ES04805290T patent/ES2285558T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-10-22 CA CA002543368A patent/CA2543368A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-10-22 AU AU2004286877A patent/AU2004286877B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2004-10-22 AT AT04805290T patent/ATE359886T1/en active
- 2004-10-22 KR KR1020067008191A patent/KR101089261B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2004-10-22 DE DE602004006010T patent/DE602004006010T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-10-22 RU RU2006118350/02A patent/RU2357833C2/en active
- 2004-10-22 US US10/577,461 patent/US20070074845A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-10-22 EP EP04805290A patent/EP1677928B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-10-22 WO PCT/FR2004/002728 patent/WO2005044487A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2004-10-22 JP JP2006536133A patent/JP4758903B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-10-22 BR BRPI0415903-9A patent/BRPI0415903B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2004-10-22 CN CNB2004800290865A patent/CN100371108C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-10-22 ZA ZA200604177A patent/ZA200604177B/en unknown
- 2004-10-27 TW TW093132533A patent/TWI324952B/en active
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104936723A (en) * | 2013-01-23 | 2015-09-23 | 株式会社神户制钢所 | Method for continuously casting slab comprising titanium or titanium alloy |
| CN104936723B (en) * | 2013-01-23 | 2016-12-28 | 株式会社神户制钢所 | The continuous casing of the slab being made up of titanium or titanium alloy |
| CN106457368A (en) * | 2014-05-21 | 2017-02-22 | 诺维尔里斯公司 | Mixing eductor nozzle and flow control device |
| US10464127B2 (en) | 2014-05-21 | 2019-11-05 | Novelis Inc. | Non-contacting molten metal flow control |
| CN106457368B (en) * | 2014-05-21 | 2020-10-30 | 诺维尔里斯公司 | Mixing injector nozzle and flow control device |
| US10835954B2 (en) | 2014-05-21 | 2020-11-17 | Novelis Inc. | Mixing eductor nozzle and flow control device |
| US11383296B2 (en) | 2014-05-21 | 2022-07-12 | Novelis, Inc. | Non-contacting molten metal flow control |
| CN112687419A (en) * | 2020-12-18 | 2021-04-20 | 岭东核电有限公司 | Metal removing well for spent fuel and method for removing liquid metal on spent fuel |
| CN112687419B (en) * | 2020-12-18 | 2022-04-12 | 岭东核电有限公司 | Metal removing well for spent fuel and method for removing liquid metal on spent fuel |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BRPI0415903A (en) | 2007-01-16 |
| ZA200604177B (en) | 2007-12-27 |
| EP1677928B1 (en) | 2007-04-18 |
| RU2006118350A (en) | 2007-12-10 |
| TWI324952B (en) | 2010-05-21 |
| TW200533437A (en) | 2005-10-16 |
| FR2861324A1 (en) | 2005-04-29 |
| CA2543368A1 (en) | 2005-05-19 |
| AU2004286877B2 (en) | 2009-09-10 |
| DE602004006010D1 (en) | 2007-05-31 |
| US20070074845A1 (en) | 2007-04-05 |
| EP1677928A1 (en) | 2006-07-12 |
| CN100371108C (en) | 2008-02-27 |
| JP4758903B2 (en) | 2011-08-31 |
| ATE359886T1 (en) | 2007-05-15 |
| KR20060120054A (en) | 2006-11-24 |
| ES2285558T3 (en) | 2007-11-16 |
| RU2357833C2 (en) | 2009-06-10 |
| WO2005044487A1 (en) | 2005-05-19 |
| KR101089261B1 (en) | 2011-12-02 |
| JP2007509752A (en) | 2007-04-19 |
| FR2861324B1 (en) | 2007-01-19 |
| BRPI0415903B1 (en) | 2012-08-07 |
| DE602004006010T2 (en) | 2007-12-13 |
| AU2004286877A1 (en) | 2005-05-19 |
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