CN1806090A - 处理地下地层以将有机物转化成可采出的烃的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
提供一种包括如下步骤的方法:在地层中提供井,在所述地层中建立一个或多个断面(12),使每个断面与至少一口所述井(16,18)交叉,在所述断面中放置导电材料,产生流过断面和所述材料的电流,从而由材料内的电阻产生足够热量(10)将地层中的有机物热解为可采出的烃。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及处理地下地层以将有机物转化成可采出的烃的方法。更具体地,本发明涉及包括以下步骤的方法:在所述地层中提供井,在所述地层中建立断面,使每个断面与至少一口井交叉,在断面中放置导电材料,产生流过断面和导电材料的电流,从而由材料内的电阻产生足够热量而将有机物热解为可采出的烃。
背景技术
在权利要求书之前提供参考文献列表。文中提及的所有REF.No均指表中参考文献。
油页岩、生油岩和其它富含有机物岩石含有油母,即受热将转化为可采出的油气的固体烃前体。由含油母的岩石生产油气存在两个主要问题。第一,固体油母必须转化为可流过岩石的油气。油母被加热时经过热解,即打开键并形成更小分子如油气的化学反应。从油页岩和其它富含有机物岩石生产烃的第二个问题是这些岩石通常具有很低的渗透率。通过加热岩石并将油母转化为油气,可提高渗透率。
已经提出几种技术用于尝试从含油母岩生产油气。
近地表油页岩在地表进行开采和干馏已经超过一个世纪。在1862年,James Young开始加工Scottish油页岩,并且该工业持续了约100年。商业油页岩干馏也在其它国家例如澳大利亚、巴西、中国、爱沙尼亚、法国、俄罗斯、南非、西班牙和瑞典进行。但这种作法近年来已经大部分停止,因为这种作法被证实为不经济或由于废页岩处理的环境限制(REF.26)。另外,地表干馏需要开采油页岩,这限制了其在浅地层的应用。
在美国开发了现场干馏油页岩的技术,并用Green River油页岩进行中试。现场处理提供许多优点,因为它降低了与原料处理和废页岩处理相关的成本。对于现场中试,油页岩首先被碎石化,然后注入空气进行燃烧。具有基本均匀的碎片大小和基本均匀的空隙体积分布的碎石层是燃烧驱油效率的主要成功因素。碎片大小的量级为几英寸。
两种改进的现场中试由Occidental和Rio Blanco(REF.1、REF.21)完成。部分油页岩被采出以形成空隙体积,然后剩余的油页岩用炸药碎石化。空气由碎石腔的顶部注入,油页岩被点燃,燃烧前缘向下移动。干馏油向前排出至底部并在那里被收集。
在另一个中试中,“真正的”现场GEOKINETICS方法产生一个具有精确设计爆破位置的碎石化空间,该空间提升了12米的上覆层(REF.23)。空气通过碎石化空间一端的井眼注入,并且燃烧前缘水平移动。在燃烧前方的油页岩被干馏;油排出到碎石化空间的底部并到达尽头的采出井。
这些现场燃烧中试的结果都表明技术成功,但这些方法都没有商业化,这是由于据认为它们并不经济。油页岩碎石化和空气压缩是主要的成本支出。
一些设计者和发明人都提出在断面油页岩中现场燃烧,但在其中进行的现场试验显示从井眼的有限到达距离(REF.10、REF.11、REF.17)。
利用来自受热井眼的热传导的热现场干馏方法由Ljungstrom在1940年发明,并由Swedish Shale Oil Co.首先用于工业设备,该设备从1944年运转至50年代(REF.19、REF.24)。该方法被应用于Norrtorp,Sweden附近6-24m深处的可渗透油页岩。所述区域被开发成为六角形式样,用六口注热井围绕一口产气井。井间距为2.2m。井眼中的电阻加热器在5个月的时段内提供热量,将采出井的温度提高至约400℃。当温度达到280℃时,开始产生烃蒸气并在加热期间内持续产生。蒸汽凝结为相对密度为0.87的轻油产品。
Van Meurs和其它人进一步开发了从井眼导热的方法(REF.24)。他们的专利方法将该方法用于不渗透油页岩,其具有600℃注热井并且井间距大于6m。他们建议热喷射井可使用电阻加热器或燃气燃烧加热器进行加热。发明人在露头油页岩地层进行了现场试验,井深6-12m和井间距0.6m。三个月后,整个测试区域温度达到300℃。油产率为Fischer Assay的90%。发明人观察到井眼间的渗透率提高,并且他们认为这可能是油母成为烃反应的体积膨胀形成水平断面的结果。
由于传导加热限于几米的距离,来自井眼的传导加热必须开发间隔非常近的井。这限制了该方法经济应用于非常浅的油页岩(低井耗)和/或非常厚的油页岩(更高单井产量)。
Covell和其它人提出通过气化和燃烧下面煤层来干馏油页岩的碎石状层(REF.5)。他们的方法称为总源头能量提取(Total ResourceEnergy Extraction)(TREE),引起热废气(727℃)从煤层向上对流到碎石状油页岩层。模型预测操作时间为20天,并估算油产率为FischerAssay的89%。通过将热废气注入油页岩块层大型试验显示出相当多的结焦和裂化,使油回收率降低至Fischer Assay的68%。同现场油页岩干馏一样,包括这一方法中的油页岩碎石化将它局限于浅油页岩并且是昂贵的。
Passey等人描述了一种由富含有机物岩石生产烃的方法,该方法通过在相邻油气层中进行油的现场燃烧而进行(REF.16)。富含有机物岩石被来自相邻油气层中所达到的高温热传导加热。当加热到超过250℃温度时,富含有机物岩石中的油母被转化为油气,然后被采出。由于油母转化而使富含有机物岩石的渗透率提高。这一方法局限于在相邻地层内具有油气层的富含有机物岩石。
在通过电磁加热地层的现场干馏中,电磁能量穿过地层,并且岩石通过电阻或通过电介质吸收的能量被加热。就我们所知,该技术还没有应用于油页岩,但已经在重油地层中进行过现场试验。
在地下地层中电阻加热的技术能力已经在重油中试中被证实,其中应用“电预热”使电流在两井间流动以降低粘度,并且为后续蒸汽驱建立井间连通通道(REF.4)。在地下地层中的电阻加热已经申请专利,并通过在层叠的导电断面间或在同一口井中的电极间运行交流电或射频电能而商业应用(REF.14、REF.6、REF.15、REF.12)。REF.7描述了在电地下地层中在不同井间通过交流电流的电阻加热。其它文献描述了在井眼中建立有效电极的方法(REF.20、REF.8)。REF.27描述一种使电流流过连接两口井的断面使得电流开始流过周围地层主体的方法;地层加热主要是由于大的地层电阻产生的。
具有低频电磁激发的地层的电阻加热局限于低于现场水的沸点的温度,以保持岩石的电流载带能力。因此,其不适用于在转化生产时间内需要较高温度的油母转化。
高频加热(射频或微波频率)提供跨过干燥岩石的能力,因此它可用于加热到较高温度。小型现场试验证实可实现高温和油母转化(REF.2)。渗透局限于几米(REF.25),因此该方法可能需要许多井眼,因此不可能获得经济成功。
在这些使用电极将电激发直接传送至地层的方法中,电能穿过地层并转化为热能。一份专利提出只在一口井中加热来自导电断面支撑剂的气体水合物,同时电流流入断面并预测到达地面(REF.9)。
即使考虑现有可用的和提出的技术,提出处理地下地层将有机物转化成可采出的烃的方法也是有利的。
因此,本发明的目的是提出改进的方法。本发明的其它目的通过随后的描述将更清楚。
发明内容
提供处理包含固体有机物的地下地层的方法。在一个实施方案中,本发明的方法包括如下步骤:(a)提供一口或多口井,所述井贯穿地下地层内的处理间隔;(b)从至少一口所述井建立至少一个断面,使所述断面与至少一口所述井交叉;(c)在所述断面内放置导电材料;和(d)使电流流过所述断面,从而所述电流流过至少部分所述导电材料并通过所述部分导电材料内的电阻产生足够的热量,以将至少部分所述固体有机物热解为可采出的烃。在一个实施方案中,所述导电材料包括支撑剂。在一个实施方案中,所述导电材料包括导电水泥。在一个实施方案中,一个或多个所述断面与至少两口所述井交叉。在一个实施方案中,所述地下地层包括油页岩。在一个实施方案中,所述井基本是垂直的。在一个实施方案中,所述井基本是水平的。在一个实施方案中,所述断面基本是水平的。在一个实施方案中,所述断面基本是垂直的。在一个实施方案中,所述断面基本纵向延伸至其由之建立的井。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,提供一种处理包含固体有机物的地下地层的方法,其中所述方法包括如下步骤:(a)提供一口或多口井,所述井贯穿地下地层内的处理间隔;(b)从至少一口所述井建立至少一个断面,使所述断面与至少一口所述井交叉;(c)在所述断面内放置导电支撑剂材料;和(d)使电流流过所述断面,从而使所述电流流过至少部分所述导电支撑剂材料并通过所述部分导电支撑剂材料内的电阻产生足够的热量,以将至少部分所述固体有机物热解为可采出的烃。
在另一个实施方案中,提供一种处理包含固体有机物的地下地层的方法,其中所述方法包括如下步骤:(a)提供两口或多口井,所述井贯穿地下地层内的处理间隔;(b)从至少一口所述井建立至少一个断面,使所述断面与至少两口所述井交叉;(c)在所述断面内放置导电材料;和(d)使电流流过所述断面,从而所述电流流过至少部分所述导电材料并通过所述部分导电材料内的电阻产生足够的热量,以将至少部分所述固体有机物热解为可采出的烃。
在另一个实施方案中,提供一种处理包含固体有机物的地下地层的方法,其中所述方法包括如下步骤:(a)提供两口或多口井,所述井贯穿地下地层内的处理间隔;(b)从至少一口所述井建立至少一个断面,使所述断面与至少两口所述井交叉;(c)在所述断面内放置导电支撑剂材料;和(d)使电流流过所述断面,从而使所述电流流过至少部分所述导电支撑剂材料并通过所述部分导电支撑剂材料内的电阻产生足够的热量,以将至少部分所述固体有机物热解为可采出的烃。
在另一个实施方案中,提供一种处理含烃的重油或焦油砂地下地层的方法,其中所述方法包括如下步骤:(a)提供一口或多口井,所述井贯穿地下地层内的处理间隔;(b)从至少一口所述井建立至少一个断面,使所述断面与至少一口所述井交叉;(c)在所述断面内放置导电材料;和(d)使电流流过所述断面,从而所述电流流过至少部分所述导电材料并通过所述部分导电材料内的电阻产生足够的热量,以降低至少部分所述烃的粘度。
本发明使用导电材料作为电阻加热器。电流主要流过含有导电材料的电阻加热器。在电阻加热器内,电能转化为热能并通过热传导输送至地层。
广义地说,本发明是从富含有机物岩石(例如生油岩、油页岩)生产烃的方法。该方法使用电加热富含有机物岩石。现场电加热器是通过将导电材料输送入应用该方法的含有机物地层的断面中而形成的。描述本发明时,使用“水力断面”这一用语。但本发明并不限于用于水力断面中。本发明适用于由本领域技术人员认为合适的任何方式产生的任何断面。在本发明的一个实施方案中,正如将与附图一起描述的,导电材料可包括支撑剂材料;但本发明并不局限于此。图1显示本发明应用的一个实施例,其中热量10通过一个基本水平的水力断面12传送,该断面主要由砂粒大小的导电材料颗粒(图1中未示出)支撑。电压14被施加到贯穿断面12的两口井16和18上。优选AC电压14,因为与DC电压相比,AC更容易产生并将电化学腐蚀减到最小。但任何形式的电能包括不限于DC,都适用于本发明。被支撑断面12充当发热元件;电流从中流过通过电阻发热产生热量10。热量10通过热传导传递至断面12周围的富含有机物岩石15。结果,富含有机物岩石15被充分加热,将岩石15中含有的油母转化为烃。所产生的烃随后使用公知的采油方法采出。图1用一个水平水力断面12和一对竖井16,18描述了本发明的方法。本发明方法不限于图1所示实施方案。可能的变体包括使用水平井和/或垂直断面。商业应用可包括具有图形或线性形式的多个断面和多口井。本发明与其它处理含有机物地层的方法的关键区别特征是通过电流流过含导电材料的断面形成现场发热元件,从而通过材料内的电阻产生足够的热量将至少部分有机物热解为可采出的烃。
正如本领域技术人员熟知的,任何一种产生流过断面中导电材料的电压/电流的方法都可使用。尽管富含有机物岩石类型、生成可采出烃需要的热量和相应所需电流量是变化的,但可通过本领域技术人员熟知的方法进行估算。例如,Green River油页岩动力学参数表明加热速率为100℃(180°F)/年,完全油母转化将在约324℃(615°F)的温度下进行。50%转化将在约291℃(555°F)的温度下发生。近断面的油页岩将在数月内被加热到转化温度,但要达到产生经济回报的热渗透深度可能需要几年。
在热转化过程中,油页岩渗透率可能提高。这可能是由固体油母被转化为液体或气体烃后流动的孔体积提高引起的,或是由于在油母转化为烃并在封闭系统内经历明显体积增大而形成断面的缘故。如果最初的渗透率太低以至于不能释放烃,过量的孔压将最终导致断裂。
所生成的烃可从将电能传送到导电断面的同一口井采出,或可使用另外的井。正如本领域技术人员熟知的,任何一种采出可采出烃的方法都可使用。
附图说明
通过下面的详细说明和所附的附图将更易理解本发明的优点,在附图中:
图1描述本发明的一个实施方案;
图2描述本发明的另一个实施方案;
图3、图4和图5描述测试本发明方法的实验室试验。
尽管将结合优选实施方案对本发明进行描述,应理解本发明并不限于此。相反,本发明意图包括所有的替代、改进和等同形式,如所附权利要求书中定义,所有这些均包括在本发明的实质和范围内。
具体实施方式
现参照图2,该图描述本发明一个优选实施方案。图2显示该方法的一个应用实施例,其中热量通过许多基本垂直的水力断面22传送,所述断面由导电材料颗粒(图2中未示出)支撑。每个水力断面22均纵向延伸至其由之建立的井。电压24被施加于贯穿地层22的两口或多口井26、28上。在该实施方案中,井26基本是水平的,井28基本是垂直的。优选AC电压24,因为与DC电压相比,AC更容易产生并将电化学腐蚀减到最小。但任何形式的电能包括不限于DC,都适用于本发明。如图2所示,在该实施方案中,产生电压24的电路的正极端在井26处,电路的负极端在井28处。被支撑断面22充当发热元件;电流流过被支撑断面22通过电阻发热产生热量。该热量通过热传导传递,断面22周围的富所含机物岩石25。结果,富含有机物岩石25被充分加热,将岩石25中所含的油母转化为烃。产生的烃随后用公知的开采方法采出。使用本发明的这一实施方案,与图1所示实施方案相比,更大量的富含有机物岩石可以被加热并且加热可以更均匀,使得更少量的富含有机物岩石被加热超过完全油母转化所需的水平。图2所示实施方案并不打算限制本发明的任何方面。
向其内部放置导电材料的断面可以基本垂直或基本水平。这样的断面可以但不必需基本纵向延伸至其由之建立的井。
任何合适的材料都可用作导电断面支撑剂。正如本领域技术人员熟知的,为了适用,待选材料优选符合一定的标准。在预期现场压力下支撑剂层的电阻优选足够高以提供电阻发热,同时也要足够低以使设计的电流从一口井传至另一口井。支撑材料也优选满足断面支撑剂的常用标准:如强度足以保持断面打开,并且密度足够低可泵送入断面。方法的经济应用可设立能接受的支撑剂成本上限。正如本领域技术人员熟知的,任何合适的支撑剂材料或导电材料都可使用。三类合适的支撑剂包括:(i)薄金属涂覆沙;(ii)复合金属/陶瓷材料,和(iii)碳基材料。一类合适的非支撑剂导电材料包括导电水泥。更具体地,绿或黑碳化硅、碳化硼或焙烧石油焦可用作支撑剂。本领域技术人员有能力选择用于本发明的合适支撑剂或非支撑剂导电材料。导电材料不要求是均匀的,而是可以包括两种或多种合适的导电材料的混合物。
实施例
进行实验室试验,试验结果表明本发明在实验室内成功将岩石中的油母转化为可采出烃。现参照图3和图4,芯部样品30取自含油母地下地层。如图3所示,芯部样品30被切割成两部分32和34。样品32部分被雕刻出深度约.25mm(1/16英寸)的沟槽36,将替代支撑剂材料38(直径约.1mm(0.02英寸)的#170铸钢丸)放入沟槽36内。如图所示,使用足够量的支撑剂材料38部分填充沟槽36。设置电极35和37与支撑剂材料38接触,如图所示。如图4所示,样品32和34部分接触放置,像芯部样品30重新合在一起,并且放入不锈钢套管40中,用3个不锈钢软管夹42夹紧。收紧软管夹42对替代支撑剂施加压力(图4未示出),正如在实际应用中需要支撑剂支撑的现场压力。将热电偶(图中未示出)插入芯部样品30约沟槽36和芯部样品30外径的中间位置处。在施加电流之前测量电极35和37间的电阻为822欧姆。
然后将整个组件放入带有玻璃里衬的压力容器(图中未示出),所述容器将收集任何产生的烃。压力容器配备有电进料。压力容器被抽空并充入500psi氩,为实验提供化学惰性气氛。将18-19安培的电流施用于电极35和37间5小时。约1小时后芯部样品30内的热电偶测量的温度为268℃,并随后渐减至约250℃。用本领域技术人员熟知的计算方法,沟槽36所在位置达到的高温为约350℃至约400℃。
实验完成并将芯部样品30冷却至室温后,将压力容器打开并在进行实验的玻璃内衬的底部回收0.15ml油。芯部样品30从压力容器中移出,并再次测量电极35和37间的电阻。实验后电阻测量值为49欧姆。
图5包括:(i)曲线图52,其纵坐标51是实验中消耗的电功率,单位为瓦特,其横坐标53表示实验中经过的时间,单位为分钟;(ii)曲线图62,其纵坐标61是整个实验中芯部样品30(图3和图4)内的热电偶测量的温度,单位为℃,其横坐标63表示实验中经过的时间,单位为分钟;和(iii)曲线图72,其纵坐标71是实验过程中测量的电极35和37(图3和图4)间的电阻。单位为欧姆,其横坐标73表示实验中经过的时间,单位为分钟。在曲线图72中只包括在加热实验过程中测量的电阻,实验前和实验后的电阻测量值(822和49欧姆)被省略了。
芯部样品30冷却至室温后,将其移出压力容器并拆卸。观察到替代支撑剂38在几处被实验过程中从油页岩产生的焦油状的烃或沥青浸渍。因为在实验过程中的热膨胀使芯部样品30中产生剖面裂缝。观察到邻近替代支撑剂38的转化的油页岩的新月形剖面。
尽管本发明可用于将油页岩中的固体有机质转化为可采出烃,但本发明还可用于重油储层或焦油砂。在这些情况下,所供给的电热将用于降低烃粘度。此外,尽管本发明已经通过一个或多个优选实施方案进行了描述,应该理解的是可以进行其它改进而不偏离本发明的范围,本发明的范围在下面的权利要求书中定义。
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Claims (13)
1.一种处理含固体有机物的地下地层的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)提供一口或多口井,所述井贯穿地下地层内的处理间隔;
(b)从至少一口所述井建立至少一个断面,使所述断面与至少一口所述井交叉;
(c)在所述断面内放置导电材料;和
(d)使电流流过所述断面,从而使所述电流流过至少部分所述导电材料并通过所述部分导电材料内的电阻产生足够的热量,以将至少部分所述固体有机物热解为可采出的烃。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述地下地层包含油页岩。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中所述井基本是垂直的。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中所述井基本是水平的。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中所述断面基本是水平的。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中所述断面基本是垂直的。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中所述断面基本纵向延伸至其由之建立的井。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中所述导电材料包括支撑剂材料。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中所述导电材料包括导电水泥。
10.一种处理含固体有机物的地下地层的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)提供一口或多口井,所述井贯穿地下地层内的处理间隔;
(b)从至少一口所述井建立至少一个断面,使所述断面与至少一口所述井交叉;
(c)在所述断面内放置导电支撑剂材料;和
(d)使电流流过所述断面,从而使所述电流流过至少部分所述导电支撑剂材料并通过所述部分导电支撑剂材料内的电阻产生足够的热量,以将至少部分所述固体有机物热解为可采出的烃。
11.一种处理含固体有机物的地下地层的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)提供两口或多口井,所述井贯穿地下地层内的处理间隔;
(b)从至少一口所述井建立至少一个断面,使所述断面与至少两口所述井交叉;
(c)在所述断面内放置导电材料;和
(d)使电流流过所述断面,从而使所述电流流过至少部分所述导电材料并通过所述部分导电材料内的电阻产生足够的热量,以将至少部分所述固体有机物热解为可采出的烃。
12.一种处理含固体有机物的地下地层的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)提供两口或多口井,所述井贯穿地下地层内的处理间隔;
(b)从至少一口所述井建立至少一个断面,使所述断面与至少两口所述井交叉;
(c)在所述断面内放置导电支撑剂材料;和
(d)使电流流过所述断面,从而使所述电流流过至少部分所述导电支撑剂材料并通过所述部分导电支撑剂材料内的电阻产生足够的热量,以将至少部分所述固体有机物热解为可采出的烃。
13.一种处理含烃的重油或焦油砂地下地层的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)提供一口或多口井,所述井贯穿地下地层内的处理间隔;
(b)从至少一口所述井建立至少一个断面,使所述断面与至少一口所述井交叉;
(c)在所述断面内放置导电材料;和
(d)使电流流过所述断面,从而使所述电流流过至少部分所述导电材料并通过所述部分导电材料内的电阻产生足够的热量,以降低至少部分所述烃的粘度。
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Also Published As
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US7331385B2 (en) | 2008-02-19 |
RU2006101868A (ru) | 2006-06-10 |
JO2447B1 (en) | 2008-10-09 |
AU2004260008A1 (en) | 2005-02-03 |
WO2005010320A1 (en) | 2005-02-03 |
RU2349745C2 (ru) | 2009-03-20 |
CN100392206C (zh) | 2008-06-04 |
US20070000662A1 (en) | 2007-01-04 |
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