CN1756554A - 新的化学实体和它们用于治疗代谢障碍的方法 - Google Patents
新的化学实体和它们用于治疗代谢障碍的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1756554A CN1756554A CNA2004800061137A CN200480006113A CN1756554A CN 1756554 A CN1756554 A CN 1756554A CN A2004800061137 A CNA2004800061137 A CN A2004800061137A CN 200480006113 A CN200480006113 A CN 200480006113A CN 1756554 A CN1756554 A CN 1756554A
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- esterification
- sugar
- fatty acid
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Abstract
描述了用于治疗或预防阿尔茨海默类型的老年性痴呆、或由于神经元代谢降低而引起并导致认知功能衰减的其它状况发生的方法和组合物。在一个优选实施方案中,给予所述患者一定水平的新的酯化糖类化合物,产生认知能力的改善。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及治疗阿尔茨海默氏病及其它与神经元代谢降低有关的疾病包括帕金森氏症、享廷顿舞蹈病和癫痫的治疗剂领域。所述治疗剂是酯化的糖类,它们中很多是新的化合物。
发明背景
阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)是渐进性的神经变性障碍,其主要影响老年人。有两种形式的AD,早发性和晚发性。早发性AD是稀少的,发生在三十岁之前的敏感个体中,并且常常与一小组基因突变有关。晚发性或自发性AD是常见的,发生在七十多岁或八十多岁,并且是一种具有许多遗传危险因素的多因素疾病。晚发性AD是超过65岁的人痴呆的主要原因。估计7-10%的超过65岁的美国人、和直到40%的大于80岁的美国人为AD所苦(McKhann等人,1984;Evans等人1989)。在疾病的早期,患者经历记忆和方向丧失。随着疾病发展,其他的认知功能变弱,直至患者完全无行为能力。已经提出许多理论描述产生AD的一连串过程,然而,到本申请的时候,原因仍是未知的。目前,不存在对AD的有效的预防或治疗。当今出售的治疗AD的仅有的药物,Aricept,Cognex,Reminyl和Exelon是乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂。这些药物没有针对AD的基础病理学。它们仅仅增强那些仍然具有功能的神经细胞的有效性,并且只提供疾病症状的减轻。由于疾病继续发展,这些治疗的益处是轻微的。
代谢和阿尔茨海默氏病.到本申请提出的时候,AD的原因仍是未知的,然而大量证据已经表明阿尔茨海默氏病与神经元的代谢降低有关。在1984年,Blass和Zemcov认为AD由胆碱能神经元子群中的代谢率降低引起。然而,现在已经清楚AD不局限于胆碱能系统,而是涉及许多种递质系统和若干离散的脑区域。正电子发射层析X射线照相法已经显示在AD患者的脑的不良的葡萄糖利用,这种受干扰的代谢可以在痴呆发生的临床征象之前被良好地检测(Reiman等人,1996;Messier和Gagnon,1996;Hoyer,1998)。另外,某些细胞群,例如在AD脑中皮层的抑生长素细胞更小,并且已经具有减小的高尔基体;两者表明代谢活性降低(综述见Swaab等人1998)。康健人对比AD患者的大脑代谢率的测定,证明在AD患者中葡萄糖代谢作用减少了20-40%(Hoyer,1992)。在AD患者中,葡萄糖代谢作用降低导致极其低水平的ATP。此外,发现代谢降低的严重度与老年斑密度相关(Meier-Ruge,等人1994)。
另外,在AD患者中,胰岛素信号的分子组分和葡萄糖利用受到削弱。在成人脑中,葡萄糖被输送穿过血脑屏障并且被用作主要的燃料来源。与高水平的葡萄糖利用一致,较好地以胰岛素和IGF的受体供给哺乳动物脑,特别是皮层和海马区域,其对于学习和记忆是重要的(Frolich等人,1998)。在被确诊患有AD的患者中,在许多脑区域观察到胰岛素受体的密度增加,然而通常与胰岛素受体有关的酪氨酸激酶活性的水平降低了,两者均相对于年龄匹配的对照组(Frolich等人,1998)。受体密度增加表示受体水平的向上调节,以补偿受体活性的降低。已知胰岛素受体的活化作用刺激磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(PI3K)。在AD患者中PI3K活性降低(Jolles等人,1992;Zubenko等人,1999)。此外,发现脑主要的葡萄糖运载蛋白GLUT1和GLUT3的密度是年龄匹配的对照组的50%(Simpson和Davies,1994)。在AD中,紊乱的葡萄糖代谢作用已经导致一种提议:AD可能是脑胰岛素耐受性的一种形式,类似于II型糖尿病(Hoyer,1998)。胰岛素受体活性的抑制可以通过在脑室内注入链脲菌素在大鼠脑外源性诱发,链脲菌素是一种已知的胰岛素受体抑制剂。这些动物产生了学习和记忆上的渐进性的缺陷(Lannert和Hoyer,1998)。当在AD患者的脑中葡萄糖利用削弱时,使用酮体、beta-羟基丁酸酯和乙酰乙酸酯可以不受影响(Ogawa等人,1996)。
AD中神经元代谢的降低原因仍然是未知的。然而,衰老可以加重AD中葡萄糖代谢作用的降低。在老年人中,葡萄糖吸收的胰岛素刺激作用削弱,导致胰岛素作用减小并提高了胰岛素耐受性(综述见Finch和Cohen,1997)。例如,在加载葡萄糖之后,在超过65岁的受试者中,平均血浆葡萄糖比更年轻的患者高10-30%。因此,AD的遗传危险性因素可以导致脑中神经元代谢轻微地损害。仅当葡萄糖代谢作用变弱时,随后这些缺陷在生命中将会变得非常明显,从而导致AD的发展。由于葡萄糖利用的缺陷被限制在AD的脑,肝脏没有动用脂肪酸(见下面的脑代谢部分)。没有酮体用作能量源,AD患者脑的神经元慢慢地饿死。
补偿AD患者的大脑代谢率降低的尝试已经得到了一些成功。用高剂量的葡萄糖和胰岛素治疗AD患者,提高了认知记录(Craft等人,1996)。然而,由于胰岛素是一种多肽,并且必须被输送穿过血脑屏障,将其递送到脑是复杂的。因此,胰岛素被全身给予。血流中大剂量的胰岛素可以导致血胰岛素增多,其在其它组织中将会引起紊乱。这些缺点使这类治疗困难,并普遍伴随并发症。因此,仍然需要可以提高患有阿尔茨海默氏病患者的大脑代谢率并随后提高认知能力的药剂。
脑代谢。脑具有很高的代谢率。例如,在安静状态它使用总耗氧量的20%。脑的神经元需要大量的ATP,用于通常的细胞功能,保持电位,合成神经递质和突触的重制。现行的模型认为在正常生理条件下,成年人脑的神经元完全依赖葡萄糖提供能量。由于神经元没有糖原存储,脑依靠从血液连续供应葡萄糖以用于正常的功能。因此,葡萄糖递送到脑的突然中断导致神经元的损伤。然而,如果葡萄糖水平逐渐地下降,例如在节制饮食期间,神经元将会开始代谢酮体来代替葡萄糖,并且将没有神经元损伤发生。
神经元的支持细胞,神经胶质细胞,其代谢更加多种多样,并可以代谢许多底物,特别地,神经胶质细胞能够利用用于细胞呼吸的脂肪酸。脑的神经元不能高效地氧化脂肪酸,因此依赖其它细胞,例如肝细胞和星形胶质细胞来氧化脂肪酸和制备酮体。酮体是由脂肪酸的不完全氧化产生的,并且当葡萄糖水平低时,用来分配能量遍及身体。在正常的西方饮食中,碳水化合物丰富,胰岛素水平高并且脂肪酸不被用作燃料,因此血液酮体水平极低,脂肪被存储并且未被使用。现行的模型提示只有在特别状态期间,例如新生儿的发育期和饥饿期间,脑使用酮体用作燃料。脂肪酸的部分氧化产生D-3-羟基丁酸(D-β-羟基丁酸)和乙酰乙酸,其与丙酮一起被统称为酮体。新生的哺乳动物依赖于乳汁来发育。乳汁中主要的碳源是脂肪(碳水化合物构成少于12%的乳汁的含热量)。氧化乳汁中的脂肪酸,产生酮体,其然后扩散入血液中以提供发育的能量源。大量的研究已经表明,在发育中的哺乳动物新生脑的优选用于呼吸的基质是酮体。与此观察结果一致的是,生物化学发现星形胶质细胞、少突神经胶质细胞和神经元都有高效的酮体代谢的能力(综述见Edmond,1992)。然而只有星形胶质细胞能够将脂肪酸高效氧化为酮体。
身体通常产生少量的酮体。然而,因为它们被快速使用,血液中的酮体浓度极低。在低碳水化合物的饮食条件下、在节制饮食期间和在糖尿病患者中,血液酮体浓度升高。在低碳水化合物饮食的条件下,血糖水平低,并且不刺激胰腺胰岛素分泌。当葡萄糖有限时,这引发了氧化脂肪酸用作燃料来源。类似地,在节制饮食或饥饿期间,快速耗尽肝糖原储备,并以酮体的形式动用脂肪。由于低碳水化合物饮食和节制饮食都没有导致血糖水平的快速下降,身体有时间来提高血液酮水平。血液中酮体的升高提供给脑代用燃料源,并且没有细胞损伤发生。由于脑具有这种高能量需要,肝脏氧化大量的脂肪酸,直至身体变得真正地充满酮体。因此,当不足的酮体源与不良的葡萄糖使用相结合时,产生对神经元的严重损害。由于神经胶质细胞能够使用大量基质,它们对葡萄糖代谢作用的缺陷比神经元更不敏感。这与AD中的神经胶质细胞没有衰退和死亡的观察结果一致(Mattson,1998)。
正如在代谢和阿尔茨海默氏病部分中所讨论的,在AD中,脑神经元不能利用葡萄糖并开始饥饿而死。由于缺陷限于脑,而周边的葡萄糖代谢作用是正常的,身体没有增加酮体的生产,因此脑神经元慢慢地饿死。因此,还有需要用于显现出葡萄糖代谢作用受到损害的脑细胞的能量源。葡萄糖代谢作用受到损害是AD的标志;因此代用能量源的给予将证实有益于那些AD患者。
享廷顿舞蹈病
享廷顿舞蹈病(HD)是一种家族性的神经变性障碍,有1/10,000的个体患病。它以常染色体的显性方式遗传,并以舞蹈样运动、麻痹性痴呆和认知下降为特征。该疾病是由于在编码区内含有可变增加的(扩大的)CAG重复的基因而产生的。重复的大小范围在所有的疾病中都是相似的,未受影响的个体具有小于30个CAG重复,而受影响的患者通常具有大于40个重复。该障碍通常从中年开始发病,在30到50岁之间,但在某些情况下可以在一生中开始很早,或非常晚。遗传的CAG重复大小与疾病发病的严重度和年龄有关。在所表达的蛋白中CAG的三联体重复产生多谷氨酰胺域。症状是渐进的,并且典型地在发病之后10到20年发生死亡,几乎常常因为运动障碍的继发性并发症。
突变基因产生享延顿蛋白,其功能是未知的。享延顿蛋白的多谷氨酰胺区域与一种关键的糖解酶-甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)相互作用。正常的谷氨酰胺与GAPDH结合并不引起酶的损害,但突变享廷顿蛋白的结合却抑制了酶。人们相信,提供给脑细胞的能量的缺乏,是由于享廷顿蛋白与GAPDH的相互影响,部分地导致基底神经节和大脑皮层中的神经元损伤。线粒体机能障碍同样也涉及了HD。
至少四种其它的疾病由扩大的CAG重复所引起,并由此也可能涉及有缺陷的葡萄糖代谢作用。这些包括脊髓延髓肌肉萎缩,齿状核红核苍白球丘脑小体萎缩(DRPLA),脊髓小脑性共济失调类型1,和脊髓小脑性共济失调类型3。
帕金森氏症
帕金森氏症(PD)在很大程度上被认为是脑中的突触前的多巴胺能神经元的退化的结果,伴随着释放的神经传递介质多巴胺的量随后减少。多巴胺释放不充分,因此导致PD的随意肌肉控制失调症状的发病。
过去使用多巴胺受体激动剂、单胺氧化酶结合抑制剂、三环抗抑郁药、抗胆碱能药和组胺H1-拮抗剂治疗PD的运动机能障碍症状。令人遗憾的是,主要的病理活动,黑质中细胞的退化,不能通过这种治疗而得到帮助。疾病继续发展,并且常常在某一时间段之后,多巴胺替换治疗将失去其效果。除运动机能障碍之外,然而,PD也是以神经精神病学的障碍或症状为特征。这些包括冷漠-无表情,抑郁症,和痴呆。据报道具有痴呆的PD患者,对于标准左旋多巴治疗响应更不好。而且,这些治疗对于神经精神病学的症状具有很少或没有益处。认为神经元代谢的削弱是PD的成因。
癫痫
癫痫,有时称为癫痫发作障碍,是由于脑电功能的暂时改变而产生的一种慢性的医学病症,导致影响意识、运动或感觉的癫痫发作。在因癫痫而被治疗的孩子中,具有使用模仿饥饿的产酮饮食长期经历。该饮食是医学治疗,并且应该在医师和/或营养学家的细致监督下使用。该饮食精心地控制热量供给,并要求儿童只进食已包括在计算中的饮食以提供90%的每日热量如脂肪。然而,这种饮食通常不适合于成人,由于:(1)由于将这些饮食中的长链三甘油酯作为主要脂肪并入到胆固醇中,而对循环系统造成不利影响,以及血脂质过多的影响;(2)由于低碳水化合物饮食的不引起食欲的性质,造成患者不良的依从性。
因此仍需要可用于削弱代谢的疾病的治疗剂。
同时待决的美国专利申请Ser.10/152,147,2002年5月20日申请,题为“Use of Medium Chain Trigylcerides for the Treatment andPrevention of Alzheimer′s Disease and Other Diseases Resultingfrom Reduced Neuronal Metabolism II”,和Ser.No.09/845,741,2001年5月1日申请,题为“Use of Medium Chain Trigylcerides for theTreatment and Prevention of Alzheimer′s Disease and OtherDiseases Resulting from Reduced Neuronal Metabolism”,描述了治疗或预防阿尔茨海默类型的痴呆、或其它由神经元代谢降低所引起的认知功能丧失的方法,包括给予需要的患者有效量的中链甘油三酯。这两个申请证明,中链甘油三酯(MCT)和它们相关的脂肪酸适用作AD患者及其它由神经元代谢降低引起的疾病和病症的治疗和预防方法。该申请显示,摄取MCTs导致血液酮体水平的增加,从而给饥饿的脑神经元提供能量,由此恢复神经元的代谢。
本发明提供了治疗剂,它们中的许多是新的化合物,象MCTs,摄取后将导致血液酮体水平的增加并恢复神经元的代谢。在其它申请中,例如在化妆品申请(WO 00/61079)和作为粮食中的赋形剂(WO 91/15963)中,以前已经使用过类似于本文中描述的那些化合物,但不是治疗应用。
发明概述
本发明提供了一种下式化合物:
化合物1
其中A代表糖部分,p是在糖部分A上的游离羟基的数目,和R1独立地选自酯化至糖在碳主链中具有5-12个碳的脂肪酸残基(C5-C12脂肪酸),酯化至糖在碳主链中具有5-12个碳的饱和脂肪酸残基(C5-C12脂肪酸),酯化至糖在碳主链中具有5-12个碳的不饱和脂肪酸残基(C5-C12脂肪酸),和上述任一项的衍生物。在一个实施方案中,所述化合物既没有在Takada等人,1991、也没有在Jandacek & Webb,1978中作出描述。在一个实施方案中,R1包括C8脂肪酸残基。在另一个实施方案中,化合物具有下面的结构
化合物2
或
化合物3
本发明也提供了下式的化合物:
化合物4,
其中R2各自独立地选自R1,酯化至糖的必需脂肪酸,酯化至糖的β-羟基丁酸,酯化至糖的乙酰乙酸,酯化至糖的化合物5,和酯化至糖的化合物6。在一个实施方案中,所述化合物既没有在Takada等人,1991、也没有在Jandacek & Webb,1978中描述。在一个实施方案中,R2是酯化至糖的乙酰乙酸或酯化至糖的β-羟基丁酸。在另一个实施方案中,β-羟基丁酸R2基团与乙酰乙酸R2基团的比例为大约3∶2至4∶1,优选3∶1的比例。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了第一种化合物和第二种化合物的混合物,其中第一种化合物R2基团是β-羟基丁酸;第二种化合物R2基团是乙酰乙酸,其中第一种化合物和第二种化合物以3∶2至4∶1的比例存在,优选3∶1的比例。
本发明也提供了一种药物组合物,包括三羧酸循环中间体和下式的化合物;
如上所述。在一个实施方案中,三羧酸循环中间体选自:柠檬酸,乌头酸,异柠檬酸,α-酮戊二酸,琥珀酸,富马酸,苹果酸,草酰乙酸,和其混合物。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明还提供了一种药物组合物,包括三羧酸循环中间体的前体和下式的化合物:
如上所述。在一些实施方案中,三羧酸循环中间体的前体是一种化合物,当给予人时,其在体内转化形成三羧酸循环中间体。在其它实施方案中,前体选自:2-酮-4-羟基丙醇,2,4-二羟基丁醇,2-酮-4-羟基丁醇,2,4-二羟基丁酸,2-酮-4-羟基丁酸,天冬氨酸,单-和二-烷基草酰乙酸,丙酮酸和葡糖-6-磷酸。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明还提供了一种药物组合物,包括酮体或酮体的代谢性前体和下式的化合物:
如上所述。在一个实施方案中,酮体或代谢性前体选自:β-羟基丁酸,乙酰乙酸,β-羟基丁酸或乙酰乙酸的代谢性前体,和其混合物。在其它实施方案中,代谢性前体是聚合物或低聚物的生理学可接受的盐或酯,其中在每种情况下,选择亚单位重复的数目,这样在给予人或动物时,聚合物或低聚物易于代谢,以提供血液中提高的酮体水平。在更进一步实施方案中,用于治疗或营养的代谢性前体选自:
化合物5,
化合物6,和
化合物7,
其中n是0至1,000的整数,m是1或更大的整数,其与一或多种阳离子的络合物,或其盐。
本发明进一步提供了一种药物组合物,包括代谢性助剂和一种化合物,该化合物选自所述式的化合物和下式的化合物:
如上所述。在一个实施方案中,助剂选自:维生素,矿物质,抗氧化剂,增加能量的化合物和其混合物。在另一个实施方案中,增加能量的化合物选自:辅酶CoQ-10,肌酸,L-肉碱,n-乙酰基-肉碱,L-肉碱衍生物,和其混合物。在其它实施方案中,维生素选自:抗坏血酸,生物素,钙三醇,钴胺素,叶酸,烟酸,泛酸,吡哆醇,视黄醇,视黄素(视黄醛),视黄酸,核黄素,硫胺素,α-生育酚,叶绿甲基萘醌,多异戊烯甲萘醌,吡哆醇衍生物,泛酸,和其混合物。在还是其它的实施方案中,无机物选自:钙,镁,钠,钾,锌,铜,铝,铬,钒,硒,磷,锰,铁,氟,钴,钼,碘和其混合物。在还是其它的实施方案中,抗氧化剂选自抗坏血酸,α-生育酚和其混合物。
本发明进一步提供了一种药物组合物,包括选自下列的治疗剂:乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂,乙酰胆碱合成调节剂,乙酰胆碱贮存调节剂,乙酰胆碱释放调节剂,消炎药,雌激素或雌激素衍生物,胰岛素敏化剂,β-淀粉状蛋白斑除去剂(包括疫苗),β-淀粉状蛋白斑形成抑制剂,γ-分泌酶调节剂,丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物调节剂,α-酮戊二酸脱氢酸复合物调节剂,神经营养生长因子(例如,BDNF),神经酰胺或神经酰胺类似物,和NMDA谷氨酸酯受体拮抗剂;和下式的化合物:
如上所述。
本发明还提供了一种药物组合物,包括至少一种诱发脂肪酸使用的治疗剂和下式的化合物:
如上所述。在一个实施方案中,诱发脂肪酸使用的治疗剂选自PPAR-γ激动剂,他汀类药物和贝特类(fibrate)药物。在进一步的实施方案中,PPAR-γ激动剂选自阿斯匹林,布洛芬,酮洛芬和萘普生和噻唑啉二酮药物。在更进一步实施方案中,他汀类药物是Lipitor或Zocor。在更进一步实施方案中,贝特类药物选自苯扎贝特,环丙贝特,非诺贝特和吉非贝齐。在更进一步实施方案中,治疗剂是咖啡因和麻黄。
本发明还提供了一种提高酮体水平的方法,包括给予下式的化合物:
或
如上所述。
本发明还提供了一种提高患有阿尔茨海默氏病患者的认知能力的方法,包括给予下式的化合物:
如上所述。在一些实施方案中,认知能力的提高是通过选自下列的试验测定的:ADAS-cog,MMSE,Stroop Color Word Interference Task,Logical Memory subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-III,Clinician′s Dementia Rating,和Clinician′s Interview BasedImpression of Change。
本发明进一步提供了一种提高患有阿尔茨海默氏病患者的认知能力的方法,包括提高所述患者中的酮体水平,所述的提高是通过给予下式的化合物实现的:
如上所述。在一些实施方案中,认知能力的提高是通过选自下列的试验测定的:ADAS-cog,MMSE,Stroop Color Word Interference Task,Logical Memory subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-III,Clinician′s Dementia Rating,and Clinician′s Interview BasedImpression of Change。
本发明进一步提供了一种治疗或预防阿尔茨海默类型的痴呆、或其它由神经元代谢降低所引起的认知功能丧失的方法,包括给予有效量的选自下式化合物的化合物:
如上所述。对在一些实施方案中,以大约0.01g/kg/天至大约10g/kg/天的剂量给予所述化合物。
附图的简要说明
图1显示了三羧酸循环的图解,当其在细胞中发生时。
附图2显示了对用中链甘油三酯治疗的apoE4+和apoE4-患者的认知行为的治疗效果。
发明的详细说明:
本发明涉及适合于给予人类和动物的酯化的糖化合物和组合物,其尤其具有下列性质:(i)提高心效率,特别是利用葡萄糖的效率,(ii)提供能量源,特别是在糖尿病和胰岛素抗药性状态下,和(iii)治疗由脑细胞损害所引起的障碍,特别是由延缓或预防与记忆相关的脑区域的脑损伤所引起的障碍,例如在阿尔茨海默病和类似的病症中发现的脑损伤。
如背景部分所述,脑神经元可以使用葡萄糖和酮体用于呼吸。阿尔茨海默氏病患者的神经元在葡萄糖代谢作用方面的缺陷已被文献充分证明的缺陷,并且阿尔茨海默氏病已知的遗传危险性因素是与脂类和胆固醇输送有关的,这提示在甘油三酯利用方面的缺陷,其可能是对阿尔茨海默氏病敏感的原因。因此本发明的目的是提供新的化学实体,当摄取时,其将导致血液酮体水平增加,并从而为饥饿的脑神经元提供能量。另外,在享廷顿舞蹈病、帕金森氏症和癫痫及其它有关神经变性的疾病例如韦-科病和可能精神分裂症中的神经元代谢的缺陷,将会得益于由提供脑细胞能量源的治疗剂衍生的高血液酮水平。本文中使用的“高血液酮水平”是指至少约0.1mM的水平。更优选,高血液酮水平是指在0.1至50mM范围内的水平,更优选在0.2-20mM范围内,更优选在0.3-5mM范围内,且更优选在0.5-2mM范围内。
本发明的酯化的糖类化合物,将以增加血液酮体至治疗和预防阿尔茨海默氏病发生所需要水平的所需要剂量给予。酮体是通过组织中的脂肪酸的氧化产生的,所述组织能够进行这种氧化。脂肪酸氧化的主要器官是肝脏。在正常生理条件下,酮体被快速地使用和从血液中清除。在一些病症条件下,例如饥饿或低碳水化合物饮食,酮体被过量产生并在血流中积聚。模仿增加氧化脂肪酸作用的化合物,将提高酮体浓度至一定水平,以给代谢受到损害的神经元细胞提供代用能量源。由于这种化合物的效果得自于它们增加脂肪酸利用和提高血液酮体浓度的能力,它们取决于本发明的实施方案。
模仿脂肪酸增加氧化的结果并将会提高酮体浓度的化合物,包括但不局限于酮体,D-β-羟基丁酸和乙酰乙酸(aceotoacetate),和这些的代谢性前体。本文中使用的术语代谢性前体,是指包括1,3丁烷二醇,乙酰乙酰基或D-β-羟基丁酸部分例如乙酰乙酰基-1-1,3-丁烷二醇,乙酰乙酰基-D-β-羟基丁酸(hydroxylbutyate)和乙酰乙酰基甘油的化合物。还预计了任何这样的化合物与一元、二元或三元醇化合物的酯。代谢性前体还包括D-β-羟基丁酸的聚酯,和D-β-羟基丁酸的乙酰乙酸(acetoaoacetate)酯。D-β-羟基丁酸的聚酯,包括设计易被人类或动物消化和/或代谢的这种聚合物的低聚物。这些优选2至100个重复长度,典型地2至20个重复长度,最方便地3至10个重复长度。可用作酮体前体的聚D-β-羟基丁酸或末端氧化的聚-D-β-羟基丁酸的例子如下:
化合物5,和
化合物6
在每种情况下选择n,以便在给予人类或动物体时聚合物或低聚物容易代谢,以提供增加的血液酮体水平。n的优选值是0至1,000的整数,更优选0至200,还更优选1至50,最优选1至20,特别方便地是从3至5。阳离子和典型的生理学盐的例子如本文中所描述,并且另外包括钠、钾、镁、钙,每个都通过生理学的相反离子平衡形成盐复合物,L-赖氨酸、L-精氨酸、甲基葡糖胺及其它本领域技术人员已知的物质。这种代谢性前体的制备和使用详细描述在Veech,WO98/41201和Veech,WO 00/15216中,将其每个的全部引入本文中作为参考。
因此,本发明针对以下式酯化的糖类化合物:
化合物1,
其中A代表糖部分,p是在糖部分A上的游离羟基的数目,和R1独立地选自酯化至糖的在碳主链中具有5-12个碳的脂肪酸残基(C5-C12脂肪酸),酯化至糖的在碳主链中具有5-12个碳的饱和脂肪酸残基(C5-C12脂肪酸),酯化至糖的在碳主链中具有5-12个碳的不饱和脂肪酸残基(C5-C12脂肪酸),和上述任一项的衍生物。对于p,例如,如果A是呋喃果糖或吡喃型葡萄糖,那么p是5。如果A是纤维二糖或麦芽糖,那么n是8。
不受理论束缚,人们相信酯键将容易地体内水解,以提供短链脂肪酸,其将会全部地代谢为酮体。
本文中使用的糖,是指一组分子量相对低的水溶性碳水化合物。简单的糖被称为单糖。更复杂的糖包括的连接在一起的两个到十个单糖:二糖含有两个单糖,三糖含有三个单糖,等等。糖包括但不局限于L-和D-异构体和α-和β-型,如果合适的话,包括单糖例如葡萄糖、果糖、甘露糖、链霉糖,醛糖包括单醛糖(aldomonose),二醛糖(aldodiose),丙醛糖,丁醛糖,戊醛糖,己醛糖,庚醛糖,辛醛糖,壬醛糖,和癸醛糖,酮糖包括酮单糖,酮二糖,酮丙糖,酮丁糖,戊酮糖,己酮糖,庚酮糖,辛酮糖,壬酮糖,和癸酮糖,艾杜糖,半乳糖,阿洛糖,阿糖,古洛糖,岩藻糖,单糖,glycosulose,赤藓糖,苏糖,核糖,木糖,来苏糖,阿卓糖,艾杜糖,塔罗糖,赤藓酮糖,核酮糖,碳霉糖,木酮糖,阿洛酮糖,山梨糖,塔格糖,酸,葡糖二酸,葡糖酸,葡糖醛酸,甘油醛,吡喃型葡萄糖,呋喃型葡萄糖,醛型葡萄糖(aldehydoglucose),阿拉伯呋喃糖,半乳糖醛酸,manuronicacid,葡糖胺,软骨糖胺和神经氨酸,二糖例如蔗糖,麦芽糖,纤维二糖,乳糖,毒毛旋花二糖,和海藻糖,和三糖例如麦芽三糖,棉子糖,纤维三糖或三聚甘露糖。
本文中使用的酯化,是指在糖羟基(-OH)基团和脂肪酸或其它酸的酸部分(COO-)之间的键合,形成典型的酯键(ROOR′)。
以前已经描述过这些化合物中的某些化合物。Takada等人,1991描述了纤维二糖八(正-烷羧酸酯)的制备和热性质。Jandacek & Webb,1978描述了纯的蔗糖八酯的制备和物理特性。Takada等人,1991和Jandacek & Webb,1978甚至都没有更进一步地提出这些化合物可用于治疗目的。实际上,两篇文章都没有指明这些化合物的任何可能的用途。在Takada等人,1991中描述的化合物,和Jandacek & Webb,1978中描述的化合物,都不被具体地从本发明中排除。
化合物1的优选实施方案包括但不局限于α-D-吡喃型葡萄糖戊辛酸酯:
化合物2
β-D-果糖戊辛酸酯:
化合物3
和麦芽糖辛酸酯:
化合物8
本发明还针对以下式的酯化糖类化合物:
化合物4
其中R2独立地选自R1,酯化至糖的必需脂肪酸,酯化至糖的β-羟基丁酸,酯化至糖的乙酰乙酸,酯化至糖的化合物5,和酯化至糖的化合物6。由于分子的特点,其中R2是分子的酮体前体,这种化合物将提供增加的酮体水平。另外,当R2是必需脂肪酸,即亚油酸或花生四烯酸,该化合物具有提供该必需脂肪酸的额外的优点。
优选的式化合物4包括但不局限于:其中R2是酯化至糖的乙酰乙酸或酯化至糖的β-羟基丁酸的化合物;其中R2是酯化至糖的乙酰乙酸或酯化至糖的β-羟基丁酸的化合物,并且其中β-羟基丁酸R2基团与乙酰乙酸R2基团的比例是大约3∶2至4∶1,优选3∶1的比例,因为不是所有的糖都具有许多游离羟基,使3∶1的比例成为可能。例如,对于其中A是呋喃果糖的化合物,β-羟基丁酸与乙酰乙酸R2基团的比例可以是4∶1或3∶2。或者,其中A是呋喃果糖且其中R2是β-羟基丁酸的化合物;以及其中A是呋喃果糖且其中R2是乙酰乙酸的化合物的混合物,可以以3∶1的比例制备。
另一个优选的化合物包括
化合物9,
其中三个R3是辛酸的酯,第四个R3是乙酰乙酸的酯,其中三个R4是辛酸的酯,第四个R4是乙酰乙酸的酯。
本发明进一步提供了一种治疗或预防阿尔茨海默类型的痴呆、或其它由神经元代谢降低所引起的认知功能丧失的方法,包括将有效量的式化合物1和/或化合物4的酯化糖化合物给予需要其的患者。通常,有效量是有效(1)减轻试图治疗的疾病的症状或(2)引起与治疗试图治疗的疾病有关的药理学改变的量。对于阿尔茨海默氏病,有效量包括对于下列有效果的量:增加认知评分;延缓痴呆的进展;或增加受影响患者的预期寿命。
本发明的酯化糖化合物可以通过任何本领域已知的方法来制备,包括Takada等人,1991和Jandacek & Webb,1978的方法。
在一个优选实施方案中,方法包括使用其中R1是含有八个碳主链的脂肪酸的化合物1。
在另一个优选实施方案中,本发明包括共同给予化合物1和/或化合物4和L-肉碱或L-肉碱的衍生物。当MCTs与L-肉碱联用时,已经注意到MCFA氧化有略微提高(Odle,1997)。由此在本发明中,化合物1和/或化合物4与L-肉碱以增加所述化合物1和/或化合物4的利用所要求的剂量联用。L-肉碱和化合物1和/或化合物4的剂量将根据宿主的状况、递送方法及本领域技术人员已知的其它因素而改变,并且具有足够的数量来提高血液酮水平至治疗和预防阿尔茨海默氏病所要求的程度。在本发明中可以使用的L-肉碱的衍生物包括但不局限于癸酰肉碱,己酰肉碱,己酰基肉碱,月桂酰肉碱,辛酰肉碱,硬脂酰基肉碱,豆蔻酰肉碱,乙酰基-L-肉碱,O-乙酰基-L-肉碱,和棕榈酰基-L-肉碱。
治疗剂的治疗有效量可以是足够导致所需要的抗痴呆结果的任何量或剂量,并且部分地取决于病症的严重度和阶段、患者的尺寸和状况、以及本领域技术人员容易了解的其它因素。可以以单剂量给予剂量,或以若干剂量给予,例如在几个星期的时间内分开给予。
在一个实施方案中,口服给予化合物1和/或化合物4。在另一个实施方案中,静脉内给予化合物1和/或化合物4。MCT的口服和静脉注射MCT溶液的制备对于本领域技术人员是熟知的,并由此为本发明的酯化糖化合物的给予和制备提供指导。
本发明还提供了一种用于治疗或预防阿尔茨海默类型的痴呆或其它由神经元代谢降低所引起的认知功能丧失的治疗剂,包括中链甘油三酯。在一个优选实施方案中,治疗剂是以组合物的方便给予的制剂形式提供的,包括掺合到各种容器中的剂量单元。优选给予有效量的酯化糖的剂量,以便产生足够增加患有AD或其它神经元代谢降低状态的患者的认知能力的酮体浓度。例如,对于酮体,D-β-羟基丁酸,希望血液水平升至约0.1-50mM(通过尿排泄测定,在约5mg/dL至约160mg/dL范围内),更优选升至约0.2-20mM,更优选升至约0.3-5mM,更优选升至约0.5-2mM,尽管根据例如制剂和宿主,将必需发生各种改变。本发明的酯化糖的有效剂量对本领域技术人员是显而易见的。在一个实施方案中,酯化糖剂量在0.05g/kg/天至10g/kg/天酯化糖的范围内。更优选,剂量在0.25g/kg/天至5g 酯化糖/kg/天的范围内。更优选,剂量将在酯化糖的0.5g/kg/天至2g/kg/天的范围内。方便的单位剂量容器和/或制剂除了其它的以外包括片剂,胶囊,糖锭,锭剂,硬糖果,营养条,营养饮料,计量喷雾剂,霜剂,和栓剂。组合物可以与药学可接受的赋形剂例如明胶、油和/或其它药学活性剂相结合。例如,组合物可以有利地混合和/或用于与其它不同于目标化合物的治疗或预防药剂的联用药中。在许多情况下,与目标组合物联合给予,增加这种药剂的效果。例如,化合物可以有利地与抗氧化剂、增加葡萄糖利用效率的化合物和其混合物联合使用(见例如Goodman等人1996)。
在一个优选实施方案中,本发明提供了一种包括本发明的酯化糖和肉碱的混合物的制剂,以提供增加的血液酮水平。这种制剂的性质将取决于给予的持续时间和途径。这种制剂将在0.05g/kg/天至10g/kg/天酯化糖和0.05mg/kg/天至10mg/kg/天肉碱或其衍生物的范围内。在一个实施方案中,酯化糖剂量在0.05g/kg/天至10g/kg/天的范围内。更优选,剂量在0.25g/kg/天至5g/kg/天的酯化糖的范围内。更优选,剂量在0.5g/kg/天至2g/kg/天的酯化糖的范围内。在一些实施方案中,肉碱或肉碱衍生物剂量在0.05g/kg/天至10g/kg/天的范围内。更优选,肉碱或肉碱衍生物剂量在0.1g/kg/天至5g/kg/天范围内。更优选,肉碱或肉碱衍生物剂量在0.5g/kg/天至1g/kg/天范围内。根据例如制剂和/或宿主,将必需发生变化。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了治疗的化合物或化合物的混合物,组合物和剂量,剂量受患者的基因型、特别是载脂蛋白E基因的等位基因的影响。在共同待定的美国专利申请Ser.No.10/152,147,2002年5月20日申请、题为″Use of Medium Chain Trigylcerides forthe Treatment and Prevention of Alzheimer′s Disease and OtherDiseases Resulting from Reduced Neuronal Metabolism II,″的实施例3中,公开了当增加的酮体水平是用MCT诱导的时,非E4载体比由具有E4等位基因的那些表现得更好。同样,具有E4等位基因的那些具有更高的禁食酮体水平,并且水平在两个小时的时间间隔内不断升高。因此,E4载体可能要求更高的酮水平或需要增加利用所提供的酮体能力的药剂。因此,一个优选实施方案由与增加脂肪、MCT或酮体利用的药剂联用的一定剂量本发明的酯化糖组成。增加脂肪酸利用的药剂的例子可以选自,但不局限于,非甾族消炎药(NSAIDs),他汀类药物(例如Lipitor和Zocor)和贝特类。NSAIDs的例子包括:阿斯匹林,布洛芬(Advil,Nuprin及其它),酮洛芬(Orudis KT,Actron),和萘普生(Aleve)。
NSAIDs部分地,起PPAR-γ激动剂的作用。提高PPAR-γ活性增加与脂肪酸代谢例如FATP有关的基因表达(综述见Gelman,Fruchart等人1999))。因此,本发明的酯化糖与PPAR-γ激动剂的联用,将证明有益于神经元代谢降低的个体。在一个优选实施方案中,PPAR-γ激动剂是NSAID。
他汀类是具有多向性效应的一类药物,被最好表征的是抑制酶3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰CoA还原酶,这是在胆固醇合成中的关键速率步骤。他汀类同样具有其它生理作用例如血管舒张,抗血栓形成,抗氧化,抗增殖,消炎和斑稳定化的性质。另外,他汀类通过提高脂蛋白脂肪酶的水平,引起循环的富含甘油三酯的脂蛋白降低,同时还降低载脂蛋白C-III(脂蛋白脂肪酶抑制剂)(Schoonjans,Peinado-Onsurbe等人1999)。因此,给予他汀类导致脂肪酸利用提高,其可以与本发明的酯化糖的给予协同起使用。这应该特别显示出有益于ApoE4载体。本发明的一个实施方案将是由他汀类和本发明的酯化糖组成的联合治疗。
贝特类例如苯扎贝特、环丙贝特、非诺贝特和吉非贝齐,是一类脂质降低药物。它们起PPAR-α激动剂的作用和类似于他汀类,他汀类增加脂蛋白脂肪酶、apoAI和apoAII转录,并降低apoCIII的水平(Staels,Dallongeville等人1998)。当起这种作用时,它们对于血浆中的富含甘油三酯的脂蛋白的水平具有主要影响,据推测通过增加周边组织利用脂肪酸。因此,本发明公开了贝特类单独或与本发明的酯化糖联用,将证实有益于患有神经元代谢降低的患者例如患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者。
咖啡因和麻黄生物碱通常是以非处方药饮食增补剂使用。麻黄生物碱通常由植物源例如麻黄(草麻黄)获得。咖啡因和麻黄的联用刺激脂肪的利用。麻黄生物碱在结构上类似于肾上腺素和活化细胞表面上的β-肾上腺素能受体。这些肾上腺素能(adenergic)受体通过环AMP(cAMP)发信号以增加脂肪酸的利用。cAMP通常被磷酸二酯酶活性而降解。咖啡因的功能之一是抑制磷酸二酯酶活性,并从而增加cAMP介导的信号发出。因此咖啡因增强麻黄生物碱的活性。因此,本发明公开了麻黄生物碱单独可以提供神经元代谢降低病症的治疗或预防。另外,公开了麻黄生物碱在与咖啡因的组合可以提供神经元代谢降低的病症的治疗或预防。因此,公开了本发明的酯化糖与麻黄、或本发明的酯化糖与咖啡因、或本发明的酯化糖、麻黄生物碱和咖啡因一起,可以提供神经元代谢降低的病症的治疗或预防。
酮体被神经元用作乙酰辅酶A源。在Krebs循环或柠檬酸循环(三羧酸循环)中,乙酰辅酶A与草酰乙酸结合,形成柠檬酸。神经元具有乙酰辅酶A源以及三羧酸循环中间体、以保持高效的能量代谢是重要的。然而,对于合成反应,神经元失去三羧酸循环中间体,例如形成谷氨酸。神经元还缺乏丙酮酸羧化酶和苹果酸脱氢酶,因此它们不能从丙酮酸补充三羧酸循环中间体(Hertz,Yu等人2000)。因此,本发明公开了酮体与三羧酸循环中间体源的联用将有益于神经元代谢降低的病症。三羧酸循环中间体选自:柠檬酸,乌头酸,异柠檬酸,α-酮戊二酸,琥珀酸,富马酸,苹果酸,草酰乙酸,和其混合物。本发明的一个实施方案是三羧酸循环中间体与本发明的酯化糖在制剂中的组合,以增加TCA的效率。
三羧酸循环中间体的另一个源是在身体之内转变为三羧酸循环中间体的化合物(TCA中间体前体)。这类化合物的例子是2-酮-4-羟基丙醇,2,4-二羟基丁醇,2-酮-4-羟基丁醇,2,4-二羟基丁酸,2-酮-4-羟丁酸,天冬氨酸以及单-和二-烷基草酰乙酸酯,丙酮酸和葡糖-6-磷酸。因此,本发明公开了TCA中间体前体与酮体的联用,将对治疗和预防由代谢降低引起的疾病有好处。同样,本发明公开了本发明的酯化糖与TCA中间体前体相结合,将对治疗和预防由代谢降低引起的疾病有好处。
本发明进一步公开了三羧酸循环中间体与乙酰辅酶A的另外的源可以有利地与酮体疗法相结合。三羧酸循环中间体与乙酰辅酶A的源包括单-和二-糖以及不同链长和结构的甘油三酯。
进一步的益处可以源自于包括代谢性助剂的药物组合物的制剂。代谢性助剂包括维生素,矿物质,抗氧化剂及其它相关化合物。这类化合物可以选自包括,但不局限于下述物质的清单:抗坏血酸,生物素,钙三醇,钴胺素,叶酸,烟酸,泛酸,吡哆醇,视黄醇,视黄素(视黄醛),视黄酸,核黄素,硫胺素,α-生育酚,叶绿甲基萘醌,多异戊烯甲萘醌,钙,镁,钠,铝,锌,钾,铬,钒,硒,磷,锰,铁,氟,铜,钴,钼,碘。因此,从代谢性助剂、增加酮体水平的化合物和三羧酸循环中间体中选择的组分的联用,将证明对治疗和预防与代谢降低有关的疾病包括阿尔茨海默氏病、帕金森氏症、享廷顿舞蹈病和癫痫有好处。
对于癫痫,现有技术提供了产酮饮食的说明,在产酮饮食中,脂肪很高而碳水化合物是有限的。总之,这种饮食的原理是摄入大量的脂肪,不论长链或是中链的甘油三酯,在高度组织的饮食环境中可以增加血液酮水平,其中碳水化合物含量不存在或被限制。认为碳水化合物和胰岛素的限制可以预防脂肪组织的再酯化。与现有技术相反,本发明提供并要求保护给予在产酮食物的范围(context)外可以增加血液酮水平的化合物。
尽管已经知晓了产酮饮食几十年,但似乎没有任何现有技术教导或建议中链甘油三酯治疗或其它酮体前体在产酮饮食的代谢性强制外用来治疗阿尔茨海默氏病或其它认知障碍。
其他的代谢性助剂包括能量增加化合物,例如辅酶CoQ-10,肌酸,L-肉碱,n-乙酰基-肉碱,L-肉碱衍生物,和其混合物。这些化合物通过各种方法增加能量产生。肉碱将会增加脂肪酸的代谢。CoQ 10在线粒体内的电子运输期间起电子载体作用。因此,加入这种化合物与MCT,将会增加代谢效率,特别是在被营养夺去的个体中。
给予MCT,特别是由C6和C8脂肪酸残基组成的甘油三酯,即使同时耗尽大量碳水化合物,也会导致酮体水平升高(综述见(Odle1997))。由于不要求小心地监测所进食物、且依从性更简单得多,本申请人的方法的优点是清楚的。
进一步的益处可以源自于药物组合物的制剂,药物组合物包括本发明的酯化糖及其它用于治疗阿尔茨海默氏病、帕金森氏症、享廷顿舞蹈病或癫痫的治疗剂。这样的治疗剂包括乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂,乙酰胆碱合成调节剂,乙酰胆碱贮存调节剂,乙酰胆碱释放调节剂,消炎药,雌激素或雌激素衍生物,胰岛素敏化剂,β-淀粉状蛋白斑除去药剂(包括疫苗),β-淀粉状蛋白斑形成抑制剂,γ-分泌酶调节剂,丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物调节剂,神经营养生长因子(例如,BDNF),神经酰胺或神经酰胺类似物,和/或NMDA谷氨酸受体拮抗剂,对于这样的治疗的综述见(Selkoe 2001;Bullock 2002))。虽然这种治疗还在试验阶段,但这是本发明的新见解,即如本文所描述,所述治疗有利地与增加脂肪酸/酮体利用相结合。
酮体还可以在正常胰岛素信号路径失调,和在由于代谢性原因心脏液压工作效率降低的条件下对于胰岛素耐受性的治疗提供治疗方法。已经建议使用酮体具有与使用胰岛素本身相比的巨大的优点。血糖的异常升高不仅出现在胰岛素缺乏和非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病中,而且出现在各种其它疾病中。糖尿病的高血糖是由不能代谢和过量产生葡萄糖所引起。两种类型的糖尿病都可以用饮食治疗;I型糖尿病通常总是要求另外的胰岛素,而非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病,II型糖尿病,例如老年期发病的糖尿病,可以用饮食和体重减轻来治疗,尽管胰岛素逐渐地被用来控制高血糖。现已提出用酮体补充II型糖尿病将会更好的控制血糖,由此预防在眼和肾脏方面的血管变化,这种变化出现在糖尿病20年之后,并且是糖尿病患者发病和致死的主要原因。由此,为了治疗胰岛素抗药性状态,本发明提供了治疗人类或动物的方法,包括给予人类本发明的酯化糖。本文中的胰岛素抗药性状态被包括糖尿病的形式,特别是对于胰岛素不完全响应的那些。
优点
由上面的说明可见,本发明治疗和预防阿尔茨海默氏病明显具有许多优点:
(a)关于AD的现有技术在很大程度上集中在预防和廓清淀粉状蛋白沉积。AD中这些淀粉状蛋白沉积的作用仍然处于争论中,并且仅可能是其它病理学的标志。本发明提供了治疗和预防AD的新途径,基于减轻与AD有关的神经元代谢的降低,而不是针对淀粉状蛋白累积的方面。
(b)AD的现行治疗仅仅是治标的,不能解决与AD有关的神经元代谢的降低。摄取新的酮体前体作为营养增补剂或治疗剂,是为葡萄糖代谢作用受到损害的神经元细胞提供作为代谢性底物的酮体的一种简单方法。
(c)酮体的水平可以通过可商业购买的产品(例如,Ketostix,Bayer,Inc.)在尿或血液中很容易地测定。
因此,读者将明白,使用本发明的酯化糖作为阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)的治疗和预防法,提供了一种减轻与AD有关的神经元代谢降低的新的方法。使用这些化合物将会导致血酮过多,其将提供与神经元代谢降低有关的疾病例如AD、ALS、帕金森氏症和享廷顿舞蹈病的神经元代谢的增加,这是本发明的新的和重要的见解。尽管上面的说明书包括许多特殊性,不应该将这些理解为限制本发明的范围,但仅仅作为提供本发明的一些给出的优选实施方案的例证说明。例如,当与胰岛素敏化剂例如硫酸氧钒、甲基吡啶酸铬和维生素E相结合时,补充本发明的酯化糖可证实是更有效的。这样的药剂可以起到增加在受到损害的神经元中的葡萄糖利用的作用,并与血酮过多协同工作。在另一个实施例中,本发明的酯化糖可以与增加脂肪酸利用速率的化合物例如L-肉碱和其衍生物联用。这样的化合物的混合物可以协同地增加循环酮体的水平。
由此本发明的范围应该通过附加的权利要求和它们的合法等同物来确定。
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Claims (38)
2.权利要求1的化合物,其中R1包括C8脂肪酸残基。
5.下式的化合物:
其中R2各自独立地选自R1,酯化至糖的必需脂肪酸,酯化至糖的β-羟基丁酸,酯化至糖的乙酰乙酸,酯化至糖的化合物5,和酯化至糖的化合物6,并且其中所述化合物没有在Takada等人,1991中、也没有在Jandacek & Webb,1978中描述过。
6.权利要求5的化合物,其中R2是酯化至糖的乙酰乙酸或酯化至糖的β-羟基丁酸。
7.权利要求6的化合物,其中β-羟基丁酸R2基团与乙酰乙酸R2基团的比例为3∶2至4∶1。
8.权利要求7的化合物,其中β-羟基丁酸R2基团与乙酰乙酸R2基团的比例为3∶1。
9.权利要求6的第一种化合物和权利要求6的第二种化合物的混合物,其中第一种化合物R2基团是β-羟基丁酸;第二种化合物R2基团是乙酰乙酸,其中第一种化合物与第二种化合物以3∶2至4∶1的比例存在。
10.权利要求9的化合物,其中第一种化合物和第二种化合物以3∶1的比例存在。
12.按照权利要求11的药物组合物,其中三羧酸循环中间体选自柠檬酸,乌头酸,异柠檬酸,α-酮戊二酸,琥珀酸,富马酸,苹果酸,草酰乙酸,和其混合物。
13.按照权利要求12的药物组合物,其中三羧酸循环中间体的前体是当给予人或动物时,在体内被转化形成三羧酸循环中间体的化合物。
14.按照权利要求12的药物组合物,其中所述前体选自:2-酮-4-羟基丙醇,2,4-二羟基丁醇,2-酮-4-羟基丁醇,2,4-二羟基丁酸,2-酮-4-羟基丁酸,天冬氨酸,单-和二-烷基草酰乙酸,丙酮酸,和葡萄糖-6-磷酸。
16.按照权利要求15的药物组合物,其中所述酮体选自:β-羟基丁酸,乙酰乙酸,β-羟基丁酸或乙酰乙酸的代谢性前体,和其混合物。
17.权利要求16的药物组合物,其中所述代谢性前体是聚合物或低聚物的生理学可接受的盐或酯,其中在每种情况下,选择亚单位重复的数目,这样在给予人或动物时,聚合物或低聚物易被代谢,提供血液中升高的酮体水平。
20.权利要求19的药物组合物,其中所述助剂选自:维生素,矿物质,抗氧化剂,增加能量的化合物,和其混合物。
21.按照权利要求20的药物组合物,其中所述增加能量的化合物选自:辅酶CoQ-10,肌酸,L-肉碱,n-乙酰基-肉碱,L-肉碱衍生物,和其混合物。
22.按照权利要求20的药物组合物,其中所述维生素选自:抗坏血酸,生物素,钙三醇,钴胺素,叶酸,烟酸,泛酸,吡哆醇,视黄醇,视黄素(视黄醛),视黄酸,核黄素,硫胺素,α-生育酚,叶绿甲基萘醌,多异戊烯甲萘醌,吡哆醇衍生物,泛酸,和其混合物。
23.按照权利要求20的药物组合物,其中所述矿物质选自:钙,镁,钠,钾,锌,铜,铝,铬,钒,硒,磷,锰,铁,氟,钴,钼,碘和其混合物。
24.按照权利要求21的药物组合物,其中所述抗氧化剂选自抗坏血酸,α-生育酚和其混合物。
25.一种药物组合物,包括选自下列的治疗剂:乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂,乙酰胆碱合成调节剂,乙酰胆碱贮存调节剂,乙酰胆碱释放调节剂,消炎药,雌激素或雌激素衍生物,胰岛素敏化剂,β-淀粉状蛋白斑除去剂(包括疫苗),β-淀粉状蛋白斑形成抑制剂,γ-分泌酶调节剂,丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物调节剂,α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合物调节剂,神经营养生长因子(例如,BDNF),神经酰胺或神经酰胺类似物,和NMDA谷氨酸受体拮抗剂;和选自下式化合物的化合物:
其中A代表糖部分,p是在糖部分A上的游离羟基的数目,和R1独立地选自酯化至糖的在碳主链中具有5-12个碳的脂肪酸残基(C5-C12脂肪酸),酯化至糖的在碳主链中具有5-12个碳的饱和脂肪酸残基(C5-C12脂肪酸),酯化至糖的在碳主链中具有5-12个碳的不饱和脂肪酸残基(C5-C12脂肪酸),和上述任一项的衍生物;和下式的化合物:
其中R2各自独立地选自R1,酯化至糖的必需脂肪酸,酯化至糖的β-羟基丁酸,酯化至糖的乙酰乙酸,酯化至糖的化合物5,和酯化至糖的化合物6。
27.权利要求26的药物组合物,其中所述诱导脂肪酸利用的治疗剂选自PPAR-γ激动剂,他汀类药物和贝特类药物。
28.权利要求27的药物组合物,其中所述PPAR-γ激动剂选自阿斯匹林,布洛芬,酮洛芬和萘普生和噻唑啉二酮药物。
29.权利要求27的药物组合物,其中所述他汀类药物是Lipitor或Zocor。
30.权利要求27的药物组合物,其中所述贝特类药物选自苯扎贝特,环丙贝特,非诺贝特和吉非贝齐。
31.权利要求27的药物组合物,其中所述治疗剂是咖啡因和麻黄。
34.按照权利要求33的方法,其中所述认知能力的提高是通过选自下列的试验测定的:ADAS-cog,MMSE,Stroop Color WordInterference Task,Logical Memory subtest of wherein WechslerMemory Scale-III,Clinician′s Dementia Rating,和Clinician′s InterviewBased Impression of Change。
35.一种提高患有阿尔茨海默氏病患者的认知能力的方法,包括提高所述患者中的酮体水平,所述的提高是通过给予选自下式化合物的化合物实现的:
其中A代表糖部分,p是在糖部分A上的游离羟基的数目,和R1独立地选自酯化至糖的在碳主链中具有5-12个碳的脂肪酸残基(C5-C12脂肪酸),酯化至糖的在碳主链中具有5-12个碳的饱和脂肪酸残基(C5-C12脂肪酸),酯化至糖的在碳主链中具有5-12个碳的不饱和脂肪酸残基(C5-C12脂肪酸),和上述任一项的衍生物;和下式的化合物:
其中R2独立地选自R1,酯化至糖的必需脂肪酸,酯化至糖的β-羟基丁酸,酯化至糖的乙酰乙酸,酯化至糖的化合物5,和酯化至糖的化合物6。
36.按照权利要求35的方法,其中所述认知能力的提高是通过选自下列的试验测定的:ADAS-cog,MMSE,Stroop Color WordInterference Task,Logical Memory subtest of wherein WechslerMemory Scale-III,Clinician′s Dementia Rating,和Clinician′s InterviewBased Impression of Change。
37.一种治疗或预防阿尔茨海默类型的痴呆或其它由神经元代谢降低所引起的认知功能丧失的方法,包括将有效量的选自下式化合物的化合物:
其中A代表糖部分,p是在糖部分A上的游离羟基的数目,和R1独立地选自酯化至糖的在碳主链中具有5-12个碳的脂肪酸残基(C5-C12脂肪酸),酯化至糖的在碳主链中具有5-12个碳的饱和脂肪酸残基(C5-C12脂肪酸),酯化至糖的在碳主链中具有5-12个碳的不饱和脂肪酸残基(C5-C12脂肪酸),和上述任一项的衍生物;和下式的化合物:
其中R2独立地选自R1,酯化至糖的必需脂肪酸,酯化至糖的β-羟基丁酸,酯化至糖的乙酰乙酸,酯化至糖的化合物5,和酯化至糖的化合物6,给予需要其的患者。
38.权利要求37的方法,其中以大约0.01g/kg/天至大约10g/kg/天的剂量给予所述化合物。
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CA2527940C (en) * | 2003-06-03 | 2016-03-22 | Richard L. Veech | Nutritional supplements and therapeutic compositions comprising (r)-3-hydroxybutyrate derivatives |
US20050013884A1 (en) * | 2003-07-16 | 2005-01-20 | Rennels M. Scott | Compositions and methods for treating heart disease |
-
2004
- 2004-03-08 EP EP04718572A patent/EP1605950A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-03-08 CA CA002517929A patent/CA2517929A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-03-08 JP JP2006507004A patent/JP2006519843A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-03-08 WO PCT/US2004/007191 patent/WO2004077938A2/en active Application Filing
- 2004-03-08 US US10/546,976 patent/US20060189545A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-03-08 CN CNA2004800061137A patent/CN1756554A/zh active Pending
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9603823B2 (en) | 2000-05-01 | 2017-03-28 | Accera, Inc. | Use of medium chain triglycerides for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease and other diseases resulting from reduced neuronal metabolism II |
US10111849B2 (en) | 2000-05-01 | 2018-10-30 | Accera, Inc. | Use of medium chain triglycerides for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease and other diseases resulting from reduced neuronal metabolism II |
CN101809443B (zh) * | 2007-07-31 | 2013-11-27 | 艾克塞拉公司 | 基因组测试和生酮化合物用于治疗降低的认知功能的用途 |
US9175345B2 (en) | 2007-07-31 | 2015-11-03 | Accera, Inc. | Use of genomic testing and ketogenic compounds for treatment of reduced cognitive function |
US10105338B2 (en) | 2007-07-31 | 2018-10-23 | Accera, Inc. | Use of genomic testing and ketogenic compounds for treatment of reduced cognitive function |
US9125881B2 (en) | 2008-07-03 | 2015-09-08 | Accera, Inc. | Monoglyceride of acetoacetate and derivatives for the treatment of neurological disorders |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2517929A1 (en) | 2004-09-16 |
WO2004077938A2 (en) | 2004-09-16 |
EP1605950A2 (en) | 2005-12-21 |
US20060189545A1 (en) | 2006-08-24 |
EP1605950A4 (en) | 2008-01-09 |
JP2006519843A (ja) | 2006-08-31 |
WO2004077938A3 (en) | 2005-06-09 |
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