CN1747722A - 无糖经口腔粘膜的固态剂型及其应用 - Google Patents
无糖经口腔粘膜的固态剂型及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1747722A CN1747722A CN 200480003493 CN200480003493A CN1747722A CN 1747722 A CN1747722 A CN 1747722A CN 200480003493 CN200480003493 CN 200480003493 CN 200480003493 A CN200480003493 A CN 200480003493A CN 1747722 A CN1747722 A CN 1747722A
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- polyhydric alcohol
- fentanyl
- oral transmucosal
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Abstract
本发明涉及经口的固态剂型。该固态剂型不含糖,含有药剂和可药用的合适赋形剂。优选地,本发明的固态剂型与含糖固态剂型具有生物等效性。生物等效性的获得方法优选为:将优选为缓冲体系形式的离子化试剂掺入至固态剂型中,所述掺入量足以在所述组合物溶解于唾液时,能保持一部分药剂处于离子化状态。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及口腔药物递送制剂。特别地,本发明涉及不含糖的固态药物剂型,用于药学活性物质的口腔粘膜递送。
发明背景
固态药物剂型是本领域所公知的。相比较于其他剂型,口腔固态剂型是最优选的剂型,占了市场上所有药物产品的80%。对于患者或看护者而言,固态剂型更容易鉴别、处理和给药。固态剂型还是非侵入性的且具有高的患者适应性。
基于药物的递送途径,可进一步将固态剂型分成数个分组,例如包括胃肠(GI)道递送,栓剂(直肠、阴道和尿道)递送及经口腔粘膜递送。市场上大多数固态剂型均设计成胃肠递送。GI递送通常简称为“口服”,因为片剂或胶囊开始经口腔给药,并吞咽服下。然而,此种类型的固态递送形式设计成于GI道中溶解,在该处进行药物的吸收。固体通常还以诸如缓泻剂、避孕剂和痔疮药剂的栓剂形式而递送。设计成预期通过口腔粘膜递送药物的固态剂型相对较少。
尽管其他递送方法总体而言较为普及,但经口腔粘膜(OT)递送是一种特别有利的递送途径。OT递送的一个优点是其不具侵入性。此外,相比诸如注射和埋入的攻击性操作而言,OT递送通常具有更好的患者适应性,更小的感染风险和更低的成本。其还具有比口腔递送更短的起效时间,即从给药至起治疗效果的时间。经口腔粘膜吸收的药物可避免第一道新陈代谢,该新陈代谢中药物于GI道和肝脏中被代谢。经口腔粘膜递送较为简便,且可由看护者或患者给药,不适感极微。
穿过粘膜组织的药物吸收可采用基于Fick扩散定律的表达式来描述:
其中dA是经时间dt递送的药物量,D是口腔粘膜组织内药物的扩散系数,Kp是口腔粘膜组织和药物溶液之间药物的分配系数,S是口腔的表面积,h是口腔粘膜组织的厚度,C1和C2分别是吸收位点和血液中的药物浓度。
经口腔粘膜的药物递送容量很大部分受限于可用于药物吸收的表面积。口腔中的表面积约为200cm2,与其他药物递送途径的表面积相比相对较小,例如GI道(350,000cm2)和皮肤(20,000cm2)。
药物和吸收表面的接触时间主要由固体单元的溶解速率所控制。一旦即时释放的固体单元被溶解,则未被吸收的任何药物溶液通常会于此后不久被吞咽,从而终止了进一步的OT药物吸收。此类即时释放的可溶解剂量单位通常被称为“开放式”递送体系。固态剂量单位可设计成在口腔中存留不同的时间段。通常,用于快速起效的固体单元设计成按指导使用时在口腔中存留约10-15分钟。
除了由口腔的独特环境所带来的困难外,药物的物理化学属性可带来影响口腔粘膜药物递送的挑战和复杂情况。首先,溶解度,溶解速率和分配系数决定了药物可经口腔粘膜组织递送的程度。药物和/或膨胀剂的溶解度可以是限速步骤。溶解度和溶解速率是产生浓度梯度的关键方面,所述浓度梯度是用于药物递送的驱动力。另一方面,分配系数所起类似放大器的作用,从而使药物递送速率某一程度上直接与分配系数成比例。
已有各种固态剂型被用来经口腔粘膜组织递送药物。授予Reiner等的美国专利号5,711,961公开了一种用于药物递送的口腔糖。Reiner的该口腔糖递送剂型主要定位于相对其他不熟悉的药物剂型,更倾向于以口香糖形式自给药的患者。口香糖还可用来掩盖各种药物成分的味道。Reiner还公开了制剂中的口香糖基质用来延长药物递送持续时间的用途。
经粘膜的药物递送还可通过使用贴剂来完成,所述贴剂通过生物粘合剂附着至口腔粘膜。采用颊贴剂的口腔粘膜递送公开于授予Flockhart等的美国专利号5,298,256中。颊贴剂通常被称为“封闭式”递送体系,即贴剂内的环境条件主要由制剂所控制。采用封闭式递送体系可促进药物的递送,例如可在制剂中使用增强剂或其他渗透促进剂,这在其他情况下可能是不切实际的。
诸如锭剂和片剂的固态剂型也可用于药物的经口腔粘膜递送。例如,硝酸甘油舌下片剂已上市多年。该舌下片剂设计成递送少量的强效硝酸甘油,所述硝酸甘油几乎直接溶解并被吸收。另一方面,大多数锭剂和片剂通常设计成至少经数分钟时间而于口中溶解,从而可实现锭剂的延长溶解和药物的延长吸收。
锭剂和舌下片剂的给药通常采用“开放式”递送体系,其中药物的递送条件受周围环境条件所影响,所述周围环境条件例如唾液分泌速率,唾液的pH,或者制剂控制之外的其他条件。
授予Stanley等的美国专利号4,671,953公开了锭剂-手柄剂型的经粘膜药物递送,所述专利的公开内容此处以其全部引为参考。除了无攻击性及提供了特别简便的递送方法之外,锭剂-手柄(或者带有集成的口腔粘膜涂药器的锭剂)剂型可使患者或看护者将剂型置入口中或从口中移出用以滴定剂量。这种操作称为剂量显效,其中患者或看护者控制给药剂量直至达到预期的治疗效果。这对于某些症状特别重要,例如疼痛、恶心、晕动病以及麻醉之前的术前给药,因为各个患者需要不同的给药量以治疗这些症状。对于这些类型的治疗,患者是唯一知道多少药物治疗才足够的人。一旦递送了适量的药物,患者或看护者即可移去锭剂-手柄,从而停止药物的递送。该特征特别对于强效药物尤其重要,其可带来的显著优点是一旦达到所期望的效果即可终止给药。
其他经口腔粘膜的固态剂型公开于Stanley等的美国专利号5,132,114;5,288,497;5,855,908和5,785,989;以及美国专利申请发布号2002-0160043中,所述专利文献的公开内容全部通过引用并入本文。这些参考文献描述了在基于可溶的糖的基质中含有药物的固态剂型的生产方法等等。例如,可将药物混入熔化糖基中,并使糖基固化成硬糖而制造固态剂型,或者将其中分散有药物的粉末,例如可压缩糖,压紧成固态剂型。由于这些产品含有大量的糖,因而药物的苦味或其他令人不快的味道会被掩盖。也可加入另外的香味增强剂或其他甜味剂,以提供organoleptically满意的产品。
锭剂-手柄型经口腔粘膜固态剂型的一个特别成功的实例是ACTIQ牌的柠檬酸芬太尼(fentanyl citrate),已在美国及国外市场上存在多年。在一个ACTIQ牌产品中,活性成分柠檬酸芬太尼与糖基赋形剂EMDEX(喷雾结晶的麦芽糖-右旋糖硬脂酸镁多孔球体)混合,并压紧以生产出本质上含有药物的锭剂,锭剂上附加有手柄。该产品已被许可用于控制阿片耐受性癌患者中的爆发性疼痛。市售ACTIQ可有几种药效强度,且患者可通过改变将产品涂擦于口腔粘膜表面的程度以及给药的持续时间,从而调节给药量。通过重复使用,患者可逐渐了解需要多少产品用以控制其疼痛。由于芬太尼是极强效的麻醉剂,因而ACTIQ产品制造商必须在芬太尼浓度与每一剂量单元溶解速率的均一性上确保一致性。
然而,ACTIQ和许多其他经口腔粘膜的固态剂型的一个特性是,用于制备基质的赋形剂是糖基的,药物即分散于所述基质中。理想地应是提供无糖的经口腔粘膜的固态剂型。优选地,此类剂型应处于FDA标注的归类为无糖产品的要求之内(即,每份低于0.5g糖),从而消费者能够确认该产品适合于糖尿病患者使用,适合于其他希求避免食糖的人使用,以及适合于其他希求避免龋齿剂型的人使用。然而,此类剂型必须表现出满意的可由患者控制的溶解速率,药物稳定性,且其他方面适合于经口腔粘膜的递送,如上所讨论。此外,对于已存在的依赖于糖基产品,并已习惯于可预期的、由患者控制的递送速率以达到所期望效果的使用人群而言,重要的是此类不含糖产品应显示出类似的生物可利用率和/或生物等效谱。本发明所涉及的即是体现了这些属性的固态剂型。
对不含糖的、经口腔粘膜的柠檬酸芬太尼固态剂型存在明确需求,所述剂型1)降低了总甜味,具有更好的患者接受性,2)减少了齿龋的发生率和/或潜在性,3)降低了患者的升糖反应,特别是对II型糖尿病患者或葡萄糖耐受性降低的患者,4)降低了每日多次给药患者的热含量,和/或5)作为阿片治疗的不利影响所经常遭受到的便秘而言,所述剂型作为一个益处提供了潜在功能的通便效果。本发明所涉及的即是包含了这些属性的固态剂型。
发明简述
鉴于前述,本发明所涉及的是不含糖的经口腔粘膜的固态剂型。在一个实施方案中,提供了含有经口腔粘膜的固态剂型的药物组合物,其含有药剂、离子化剂和可药用的赋形剂,其中所述组合物基本上是不含糖的,且与经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型具有生物等效性,并且其中存在有足量的所述离子化剂,用以在所述剂型溶解于唾液中时,保持一部分所述药剂处于离子化状态。
本发明的另一实施方案涉及含有经口腔粘膜的固态剂型的药物组合物,其含有药剂、缓冲剂和可药用的赋形剂,其中所述组合物基本上是不含糖的,且与经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型具有生物等效性,并且其中存在有足够量的所述缓冲剂,用以在所述剂型溶解于唾液中时,保持一部分所述药剂处于离子化状态。
本发明的另一实施方案涉及含有经口腔粘膜的固态剂型的药物组合物,其含有可离子化的药剂、缓冲剂和可药用的赋形剂,其中所述组合物基本上是不含糖的,且对经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型具有生物等效性,并且其中存在有足够量的所述缓冲剂,用以在所述剂型溶解于唾液中时,保持一部分所述药剂处于离子化状态。
本发明的另一实施方案涉及不含糖的药物组合物,用于柠檬酸芬太尼的经口腔粘膜递送,所述组合物包含柠檬酸芬太尼、或其药用盐和可药用的赋形剂,其中所述不含糖的组合物是经口腔粘膜的固态剂型形式,并且其中所述经口腔粘膜的固态剂型对含有柠檬酸芬太尼的、经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型是生物等效的。
本发明进一步的实施方案提供了将不含糖剂型的药剂经口腔粘膜递送至患者的方法,所述方法包含提供含有本发明经口腔粘膜的固态剂型的组合物,将有效量的组合物给药至患者的口腔粘膜,并通过患者的口腔粘膜组织吸收而递送所述药剂。
本发明进一步的实施方案提供了疼痛的治疗方法,包含将治疗有效量的本发明不含糖的经口腔粘膜的固态剂型施入患者的口腔,其中可离子化的药剂是芬太尼,或者其可药用的盐形式。在优选实施方案中,所述疼痛是爆发性疼痛,慢性疼痛或偏头痛。
本发明的这些及其他目的和特征可通过如下详述和所附权利要求而更全面清楚地了解。
例述性实施方案详述
本申请涉及通过口腔粘膜而递送给药的组合物及其方法。“经口腔粘膜递送”是指药剂穿过口腔、咽腔或食道中的粘膜而递送,并且可与例如常规口服递送相比较,所述常规口服递送中药物的吸收发生于肠中。相应地,药剂通过颊、舌下、龈、咽和/或食管粘膜吸收的给药途径均包含于如此处所用的该术语“经口腔粘膜递送”中。优选地,经口腔粘膜的递送包含将经口腔粘膜的固态剂型给药至患者的口腔,所述固态剂型保存于口腔中并被溶解,从而释放出药剂用于经口腔粘膜的递送。当然,当固态剂型在口腔中溶解时,一些含有药剂的唾液可能被吞咽,从而一部分药物可能最终被肠部吸收。
如此处所用,术语“经口腔粘膜的固态剂型”广泛地指适于通过口腔粘膜递送而施用药剂的任意固态递送形式,包括贴剂,锭剂(troches),锭剂(lozenges),软锭剂(pastilles),药袋,舌下片剂,锭剂-手柄(另外称为棒棒糖),等。优选的形式包括贴剂,锭剂(lozenges),舌下片剂和锭剂-手柄。特别优选的形式为锭剂-手柄,其中的固态剂型附加有手柄。固态剂型可保持于颊和牙龈之间,或置于舌头之上或之下,或可由患者或看护者主动舔、吸吮或在口腔粘膜对面擦涂。优选地,固态剂型不被咬或咀嚼,除非是将破碎的药片置于口中直至基本溶解。
采用本发明的药物组合物,可将药剂几乎与注射同样快捷地引入患者的血流中,并且比采用口服给药途径要更快捷,同时避免了这些递送方法负面方面。本发明通过将药物掺入可溶解的基质材料内从而实现了这些优点。本发明范围内的固态剂型可用来以剂量显效的方式给药,或直至实现精确的所期望效果。在优选实施方案中,该剂型附加有器械或手柄,用以一旦实现所期望的疗效即可从患者的口内方便地除去。
与现有技术的经口腔粘膜的固态剂型不同,本发明的固态剂型是不含糖的。含糖的固态剂型通常含有大量的糖或糖混合物,例如大于约50%,甚或大于约90%。如此处所用,术语“糖”是指单、二或寡糖,本领域内也认为是经验式为(CH2O)n的非氢化碳水化合物,其实例包括葡萄糖,甘露糖,半乳糖,核糖,右旋糖,果糖,麦芽糖,蔗糖,左旋糖和乳糖。术语“糖”特别地包括经口腔粘膜递送而给药时可具有致龋性和/或可代谢(例如通过水解或发酵)成具有致龋性的化合物的糖。为了本申请目的,术语“葡萄糖”和“右旋糖”可交换使用。术语“糖”不包括多元醇(有时候称为“糖醇”或氢化糖)或者多元醇的糖衍生物,所述多元醇例如山梨醇,甘露糖醇,木糖醇和赤藓醇,所述多元醇的糖衍生物例如麦芽糖醇,乳糖醇,异麦芽酮糖醇和聚糖醇(polyalditol)。术语“糖”也不包括复合碳水化合物及其衍生物,例如包括淀粉和纤维素的橡胶和多糖,所述衍生物例如羟乙基淀粉和羧甲基纤维素。优选地,术语“糖”也不包括无致龋性的单、二或寡糖。
术语“不含糖”是指大部分不含如上定义的“糖”的组合物。“大部分不含”是指组合物含有低于约40.0重量%的如上定义的糖。优选地,基于干重,组合物含有低于约25重量%的糖,更优选含有低于约10重量%的糖。在更优选实施方案中,术语“不含糖”是指基本不含如上定义的“糖”的组合物。“基本不含”是指组合物含有低于约5.0重量%的如上定义的糖。优选地,基于干重,组合物含有低于约3重量%,更优选低于约2重量%,更优选低于约1重量%的糖。本发明不含糖的组合物也基本不含(如上所定义)当固态剂型经口腔粘膜递送而给药至患者时,可在口腔内容易转化成糖的复合碳水化合物和/或多糖。
然而如前所指出,重要的是经口腔粘膜的固态剂型显示出令人满意的、由患者控制的溶解速率、药物稳定性,并且其他方面还应适于经口腔粘膜的递送。为了满足这些标准,通常有必要将药剂分散于可药用的赋形剂中,所述赋形剂既提供了本体,又有助于控制溶解速率。此处所用的术语“可作药用”是指用于本发明组合物时,包括根据此处所述方法通过口腔粘膜途径而施用组合物时,通常对患者无毒或无害的材料。此处使用的术语“患者”是指动物,包括哺乳动物,优选为人。
优选地,赋形剂不会对固态剂型赋予令人不快的味道,所述令人不快的味道可能会阻止患者采用该用于经口腔粘膜的递送的产品。因满足该要求而特别适于本组合物使用的、一类可药用的赋形剂是被认为是多元醇类赋形剂。特别优选的是通常用于制备不含糖的糖果的多元醇。示例性的多元醇包括,例如但不限于山梨醇,甘露糖醇,木糖醇和赤藓醇,麦芽糖醇,乳糖醇,异麦芽酮糖醇(isomalt)和聚糖醇(polyalditol);以及此类多元醇任意的光学异构体和晶形,其可作为合适的不含糖的替代物。优选的多元醇包括木糖醇,异麦芽酮糖醇和和聚糖醇。含有这些多元醇的各种赋形剂可以市售,并且是本领域技术人员广泛公知的。这些赋形剂特别合适的原因除了其天然甜味外,还在于其是无致龋性的。另外,根据本发明方法而给药时,这些赋形剂优选地不会导致血液葡萄糖的增加,所述血液葡萄糖的增加例如在糖尿病患者中是被禁忌的。这些多元醇还优选地充当减少热量的替代物。此外,将这些多元醇用于制备不含糖的糖果、锭剂和其他固态剂型是公知的,从而本领域技术人员可容易地采用此类赋形剂,用以制备本发明的经口腔粘膜的固态剂型。
除了前述的多元醇赋形剂外,本发明的药物组合物还可含有其他膨胀剂和/或粘合剂,包括聚合化合物,复合碳水化合物及其衍生物,以及本领域人员公知的其他材料,前提是经口腔粘膜的固态剂型仍满足前面提供的“不含糖”的定义。其他膨胀和/或粘合剂的实例包括但不限于聚葡萄糖,纤维素醚及聚乙二醇(PEG)。纤维素醚的优选实例包括但不限于羟丙基纤维素,羟乙基纤维素,羧甲基纤维素及羟丙基甲基纤维素,以及其衍生物和/或盐形式。聚乙二醇按其平均分子量等级而有市售;聚乙二醇的优选实例包括PEG3350至PEG20,000,更优选为PEG4000至PEG8000;特别地是PEG3350,PEG4000和PEG8000。市售赋形剂经常含有混合的膨胀剂。例如,可将诸如XYLITAB的市售赋形剂用作赋形剂,所述XYLITAB由木糖醇加1.5%的膨胀剂羧甲基纤维素组成。
适合用于本发明的赋形剂还包括非致龋性的单、二、寡或多糖。术语“非致龋性的单、二、寡或多糖”是指经口腔粘膜递送给药时,不会在嘴里被代谢生成酸,或在嘴里代谢生成酸极微的糖类化合物(即是非致龋性的),所述酸可导致牙龋形成。术语“在嘴里代谢生成酸极微”是指经口腔粘膜递送给药时,可有低于约10%,更优选为低于约5%的非致龋性糖类化合物被代谢以生成可导致牙龋形成的酸。非致龋性多糖的一个实例是聚葡萄糖。
本发明的药物组合物还含有药剂。“药剂”是指可与具治疗或诊断性质的应用连同使用的物质,所述应用例如诊断患者中存在或不存在某种疾病的方法,和/或用于治疗患者疾病的方法。如此处所用,“药剂”是指能够在体内施加生物学效应的物质。药剂可以是电中性或带正电或带负电。合适药剂的实例包括诊断试剂,药剂,药物,合成有机分子,蛋白质,肽,维生素和类固醇等。
优选地,药剂由于含有至少一个可离子化的官能团因而是“可离子化”的。可离子化的官能团可以是酸性基团或碱性基团,“酸性”和“碱性”是指在Brφnsted-Lowry或Lewis酸/碱检测中的酸性或碱性行为。酸性官能团是可被合适的碱去质子化以生成对应阴离子基团(共轭碱)的基团,或可接受电子对的基团。碱性官能团是可被合适的酸质子化以得到对应的阳离子基团(共轭酸)的基团,或可供给电子对的基团。当然,许多合适的药剂含有多种可质子化的官能团,并且单个药剂可含有一种或多种酸性官能团及一种或多种碱性官能团(例如两性离子)。此类药剂也在本发明范围之内。
酸性官能团包括但不限于,羧酸、咪唑烷二酮、噻唑烷二酮、嘧啶三酮、羟基杂芳化合物、酚、磷酸、硫酸、磺酸、磺胺、氨基砜、磺酰脲、四唑和硫醇。为避免特别累赘的术语,无论是酸性或是碱性的官能团均通过命名称为对应的游离化合物。例如,对于官能团而言,术语“氨基砜”被采用,而技术上更确切的术语“氨基磺酰基”则不被采用。这一用法是本领域内常见的,因而可被本领域人员所熟知。
碱性官能团包括但不限于,脂族胺、芳族胺、C-取代的芳族胺、N-取代的芳族胺、杂环胺、C-取代的杂环胺和N-取代的杂环胺。芳族胺和取代芳族胺的实例包括但不限于,苯胺、N-甲基苯胺和对甲苯胺。杂环胺和取代杂环胺的实例包括但不限于,吡咯、吡唑、咪唑、吲哚、吡啶、哒嗪、嘧啶、喹啉、哌啶、吡咯烷、吗啉、噻唑、嘌呤和三唑。
带有至少一个可离子化酸性官能团的可离子化药剂的特定实例包括但不限于:乙酰唑胺、醋磺己脲、阿伐司汀(acrivastine)、阿拉曲氟沙星(alatrofloxacin)、沙丁胺醇(albuterol)、阿氯芬酸(alclofenac)、阿洛普令(aloxiprin)、前列地尔(alprostadil)、阿莫地喹(amodiaquine)、两性霉素、异戊巴比妥(amylobarbital)、阿斯匹林、阿托伐他汀(Atorvastatin)、阿托伐他汀(atovaquone),巴氯芬(baclofen),巴比妥,贝那普利(benazepril),苯扎贝特(bezafibrate),溴芬酸,布美他尼(bumetanide),丁巴比妥,坎地沙坦(candesartan),辣椒素,卡托普利(captopril),头孢唑啉,celecoxib,头孢拉定(cephadrine),头孢氨苄(cephalexin),西立伐他汀(cerivastatin),西替立嗪(cetrizine),苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil),氯噻嗪(chlorothiazide),氯磺丙脲,氯噻酮,西诺沙星(cinoxacin),环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin),克利贝特(clinofibrate),邻氯青霉素(cloxacillin),色甘酸(cromoglicate),色甘酸(cromolyn),丹曲林,二氯芬,二氯芬酸,双氯青霉素(dicloxacillin),双香豆素(dicumarol),二氟尼柳(diflunisal),茶苯海明(dimenhydrinate),双丙戊酸(divalproex),多库脂(docusate),屈大麻酚(dronabinol),依诺昔酮(enoximone),依拉普利(enalapril),依诺沙星(enoxacin),恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin),依帕他特(epalrestat),eposartan,必需脂肪酸,雌二醇氮芥(estramustine),利尿酸(ethacrynic acid),乙妥英(ethotoin),依托度酸(etodolac),依托泊苷(etoposide),芬布芬(fenbufen),芬诺洛芬(fenoprofen),非索非那定(fexofenadine),氟康唑(fluconazole),氟比洛芬(flurbiprofen),氟伐他汀(fluvastatin),福辛普利(fosinopril),磷酸苯妥英(fosphenytoin),烟曲霉素,利尿磺胺(furosemide),gabapentin,吉非贝齐(gemfibrozil),甲磺双环脲(gliclazide),吡磺环己脲(glipizide),格列苯脲(glybenclamide),优降糖,格列美脲(glimepiride),格帕沙星(grepafloxacin),异丁芬酸,异丁苯丙酸(ibuprofen),亚胺硫霉素(imipenem),茚甲新,irbesartan,异维甲酸(isotretinoin),酮洛芬,痛力克(ketorolac),拉莫三嗪(lamotrigine),利复星(levofloxacin),赖诺普利(lisinopril),洛美沙星(lomefloxacin),losartan,lovastatin,甲氯芬那酸,甲芬那酸(mefenamic acid),美沙拉明(mesalamine),氨甲蝶呤(methotrexate),美扎拉宗(metolazone),孟鲁司特(montelukast),萘啶酮酸(nalidixic acid),萘普生(naproxen),游霉素(natamycin),nimesulide,呋喃妥英(nitrofurantoin),非必需脂肪酸,诺氟沙星(norfloxacin),制霉菌素,氧氟沙星(ofloxacin),苯唑西林(oxacillin),噁丙秦(oxaprozin),羟基保泰松(oxyphenbutazone),青霉素,戊巴比妥,培氟沙星(perfloxacin),苯巴比妥,苯妥英(phenytoin),吡格列酮(pioglitazone),吡氧噻嗪(piroxicam),普拉克索(pramipexol),普仑司特(pranlukast),普伐他汀(pravastatin),丙磺舒(probenecid),丙丁酚(probucol),普鲁泊福(propofol),丙基硫尿嘧啶(propylthiouracil),喹那普利(quinapril),雷贝拉唑(rabeprazole),瑞格列泰(repaglinide),利服平(rifampin),利福喷汀(rifapentine),帕氟沙星(sparfloxacin),苯甲酰磺胺(sulfabenzamide),磺胺醋酰(sulfacetamide),磺胺嘧啶(sulfadiazine),磺胺多辛(sulfadoxine),磺胺甲嘧啶(sulfamerazine),磺胺甲噁唑(sulfamethoxazole),磺胺二甲异噁唑(sulfafurazole),磺胺吡啶(sulfapyridine),柳氮磺胺吡啶(sulfasalazine),舒林酸(sulindac),柳氮磺胺吡啶(sulphasalazine),舒噻嗪(sulthiame),替米沙坦(telmisartan),替尼泊苷(teniposide),特布他林(terbutaline),四氢大麻酚(tetrahydrocannabinol),替罗非班(tirofiban),甲磺氮草脲(tolazamide),甲苯磺丁脲(tolbutamide),托卡朋(tolcapone),托美丁(tolmetin),维甲酸(tretinoin),曲格列酮(troglitazone),曲伐沙星(trovafloxacin),十一碳烯酸,熊脱氧胆酸,丙戊酸,缬沙坦(valsartan),万古霉素,维替泊芬(verteporfin),氨己烯酸(vigabatrin),维生素K-S(II)和安可来(zafirlukast)。
带有至少一个可离子化碱性官能团的合适可离子化药剂的特定实例包括但不限于:阿巴卡韦(Abacavir),醋丁洛尔(acebutolol),阿伐斯汀(acrivastine),阿拉曲伐沙星(alatrofloxacin),沙丁胺醇(albuterol),阿苯达唑(albendazole),阿芬太尼(alfentanil),阿普唑仑(alprazolam),阿普洛尔(alprenolol),金刚胺(amantadine),阿米洛利(amiloride),氨鲁米特(aminoglutethimide),胺碘酮(amiodarone),阿密曲替林(amitriptyline),阿洛地平(amlodipine),阿莫地喹(amodiaquine),阿莫沙平(amoxapine),安非他明(amphetamine),两性霉素,安普那韦(amprenavir),氨力农(amrinone),安丫啶(amsacrine),阿扑吗啡(apomorphine),阿司咪唑(astemizole),阿替洛尔(atenolol),阿托品(atropine),咪唑硫嘌呤(azathioprine),氮斯汀(azelastine),阿奇霉素(azithromycin),巴氯芬(baclofen),苄乙胺(benethamine),贝尼地平(benidipine),苯海索(benzhexol),苄硝唑(benznidazole),苯托品(benztropine),双环哌丙醇(biperiden),双醋苯啶(bisacodyl),bisanthrene,溴西泮(bromazepam),溴麦角环肽(bromocriptine),溴哌醇(bromperidol),溴苯吡胺(brompheniramine),溴替唑仑(brotizolam),安非他酮(bupropion),布替萘芬(butenafine),布康唑(butoconazole),坎苯达唑(cambendazole),喜树碱(camptothecin),卡比沙明(carbinoxamine),头孢拉啶(cephadrine),头孢氨苄(cephalexin),西替立嗪(cetrizine),桂利嗪(cinnarizine),苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil),氯屈米(chlorpheniramine),氯丙胍(chlorproguanil),利眠宁(chlordiazepoxide),氯丙嗪(chlorpromazine),氯普塞吨(chlorprothixene),氯喹,甲腈咪胍(cimetidine),环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin),西沙必利(cisapride),西太普兰(citalopram),甲红霉素(clarithromycin),氯马斯汀(clemastine),氯苄咪唑(clemizole),双氯醇胺(clenbuterol),氯法齐明(clofazimine),舒经酚(clomiphene),氯硝西泮(clonazepam),氯吡格雷(clopidogrel),氯氮平(clozapine),氯噻西泮(clotiazepam),克霉唑(clotrimazole),可待因(codeine),苯甲嗪(cyclizine),赛庚啶(cyproheptadine),达卡巴嗪(dacarbazine),达罗地平(darodipine),地考喹酯(decoquinate),地拉韦定(delavirdine),脱甲金霉素(demeclo-cycline),右旋安非他明(dexamphetamine),右氯苯那敏(dexchlorpheniramine),右芬氟拉明(dexfenfluramine),海洛因,安定(diazepam),二乙胺苯酮(diethylpropion),双氢可待因(dihydrocodeine),双氢麦角胺(dihydroergotamine),地尔硫鎓(diltiazem),茶苯海明(dimenhydrinate),苯海拉明(diphenhydramine),苯乙哌啶(diphenoxylate),二苯基-咪唑,二苯拉林(diphenylpyraline),双咪哒莫(dipyridamole),地红霉素(dirithromycin),双异丙吡胺(disopyramide),多拉司琼(dolasetron),哌双咪酮(domperidone),多奈哌齐(donepezil),多沙唑嗪(doxazosin),强力霉素(doxycycline),氟哌利多(droperidol),益康唑(econazole),施多宁(efavirenz),恩贝酸(ellipticine),依拉普利(enalapril),依诺沙星(enoxacin),恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin),乙哌立松,麻黄碱,麦角胺,红霉素,乙胺丁醇,乙硫异酰胺(ethionamide),爱普杷嗪(ethopropazine),依托哌酮(etoperidone),法莫替丁(famotidine),菲洛地平(felodipine),芬苯达唑(fenbendazole),氟苯丙胺(fenfluramine),非诺多泮(fenoldopam),芬太尼(fentanyl),fexofenadine,氟卡尼(flecainide),氟胞嘧啶,氟桂利嗪(flunarizine),氟硝西泮(flunitrazepam),三氟拉嗪(fluopromazine),氟西汀(fluoxetine),fluphenthixol,fluphenthixol decanoate,氟非那嗪(fluphenazine),氟非那嗪癸酸盐(fluphenazine decanoate),氟胺安定(flurazepam),氟红霉素(flurithromycin),夫罗曲坦(frovatriptan),卡巴番定(gabapentin),格拉司琼(granisetron),格帕沙星(grepafloxacin),胍那苄(guanabenz),卤泛群(halofantrine),氟哌啶醇(haloperidol),天仙子胺(hyoscyamine),伊米配能(imipenem),茚地那韦(indinavir),依立替康(irinotecan),异噁唑,依拉地平(isradipine),依他康唑(itraconazole),酮糠唑(ketoconazole),酮替芬(ketotifen),拉贝洛尔(labetalol),拉米夫定(lamivudine),lanosprazole,来氟米特(Leflunomide),利复星(levofloxacin),赖诺普利(lisinopril),洛美沙星(lomefloxacin),洛哌丁胺(loperamide),劳拉他汀(loratadine),劳拉西泮(lorazepam),氯甲西泮(lormetazepam),稠环己脲(lysuride),阿的平(mepacrine),马普替标(maprotiline),马吲哚(mazindol),甲苯哒唑(mebendazole),美其敏(meclizine),美达西泮(medazepam),甲氟喹(mefloquine),melonicam,美他西诺(meptazinol),巯基嘌呤(mercaptopurine),美沙拉明(mesalamine),美索哒嗪(mesoridazine),甲福明二甲双胍(metformin),美沙酮(methadone),安眠酮(methaqualone),哌甲酯(methylphenidate),甲苯比妥(methylphenobarbital),二甲麦角新碱(methysergide),甲氧氯普胺(metoclopramide),美托洛尔(metoprolol),甲硝哒唑(metronidazole),米安色林(mianserin),咪康唑(miconazole),咪哒唑仑(midazolam),米格列醇(miglitol),米诺地尔(minoxidil),丝裂霉素,米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone),莫达非尼(modafinil),吗啉吲酮(molindone),蒙鲁斯特(montelukast),吗啡,莫西沙星(moxifloxacin),纳多洛尔(nadolol),纳布菲(nalbuphine),诺拉替坦(naratriptan),游霉素(natamycin),奈法唑酮(nefazodone),奈非那韦(nelfinavir),奈韦拉平(nevirapine),尼卡地平(nicardipine),烟碱,mfedlpine,尼莫地平(nimodipine),尼莫唑(nimorazole),尼索地平(nisoldipine),硝基安定(nitrazepam),硝氟醛(nitrofurazone),尼扎地平(nizatidine),诺氟沙星(norfloxacin),去甲替林(nortriptyline),制霉菌素,氧氟沙星(ofloxacin),奥氮平(olanzapine),奥美拉唑(omeprazole),昂丹司琼(ondansetron),奥硝唑(omidazole),奥沙尼喹(oxamniquine),酚烯嘧啶(oxantel),奥沙米特(oxatomide),去甲羟基安定(oxazepam),奥芬哒唑(oxfendazole),奥昔康唑(oxiconazole),心得平(oxprenolol),奥西布宁(oxybutynin),羟苄利明(oxyphencyclimine),帕罗西汀(paroxetine),戊唑辛(pentazocine),己酮可可碱(pentoxifylline),perchlorperazine,perfloxacin,羟哌氯丙嗪(perphenazine),苯苄胺(phenbenzamine),非尼拉敏(pheniramine),苯氧苄胺(phenoxybenzamine),苯丁胺(phentermine),毒扁豆碱(physostigmine),哌迷清(pimozide),心得乐(pindolol),苯噻啶(pizotifen),米拉帕(pramipexol),普仑司特(pranlukast),吡唑酮(praziquantel),哌唑嗪(prazosin),甲基苄肼(procarbazine),氯吡嗪(prochlorperazine),氯胍(proguanil),心得安(propranolol),伪麻黄碱(pseudoephedrine),噻嘧啶(pyrantel),乙嘧啶(pyrimethamine),奎太平(quetiapine),奎纳定(quinidine),奎宁,雷洛昔芬(raloxifene),雷尼替丁(ranitidine),瑞芬太尼(remifentanil),瑞格列奈(repaglinide),利血平(reserpine),瑞可苯达唑(ricobendazole),利福布丁(rifabutin),利服平(rifampin),利福喷汀(rifapentine),金刚乙胺(rimantadine),利培酮(risperidone),利托那韦(ritonavir),利扎曲普坦(rizatriptan),罗匹尼洛(ropinirole),罗格列酮(rosiglitazone),罗沙替丁(roxatidine),罗红霉素(roxithromycin),沙丁胺醇(salbutamol),沙奎那维(saquinavir),司来吉兰(selegiline),舍曲林(sertraline),西布曲明(sibutramine),西地那非(sildenafil),帕氟沙星(sparfloxacin),螺旋霉素,赛瑞特(stavudine),舒芬他尼(sufentanil),硫康唑(sulconazole),柳氮磺胺吡啶(sulphasalazine),舒必利(sulpiride),舒马普坦(sumatriptan),他克林(tacrine),三苯氧胺(tamoxifen),tamsulosin,羟基安定(temazepam),四喃唑嗪(terazosin),特比萘芬(terbinafine),特布他林(terbutaline),特康唑(terconazole),特非那定(terfenadine),驱虫净(tetramisole),噻苯哒唑(thiabendazole),硫鸟嘌呤(thioguanine),硫哒嗪(thioridazine),噻加宾(tiagabine),氯苄噻啶(ticlopidine),噻吗洛尔(timolol),替硝唑(tinidazole),噻康唑(tioconazole),替罗非班(tirofiban),替扎尼定(tizanidine),托特罗定(tolterodine),拓扑替康(topotecan),托瑞米芬(toremifene),反胺苯环醇(tramadol),曲唑酮(trazodone),氨苯蝶啶(triamterene),三唑仑(triazolam),三氟吡啦嗪(trifluoperazine),三甲氧苄二氨嘧啶(trimethoprim),三甲丙咪嗪(trimipramine),氨丁三醇(tromethamine),拖品酰胺(tropicamide),曲氟沙星(trovafloxacin),万古霉素,万拉法新(venlafaxine),氨己烯酸(vigabatrin),长春碱(vinblastine),长春新碱(vincristine),异长春花碱(vinorelbine),维生素K5,维生素K6,维生素K7,安可来(zafirlukast),佐米格(zolmitriptan),唑吡坦(zolpidem)和佐匹克隆(zopiclone)。
本发明特别适用于影响中枢神经系统的各种药物。例如,在阿片激动剂(如芬太尼、阿芬太尼(alfentanil)、舒芬太尼(sufentanil)、洛芬太尼(lofentanil)和卡芬太尼(carfentanil))、阿片拮抗剂(例如纳洛酮(naloxone)和纳布啡(nalbuphine));丁酰苯(例如氟哌利多和氟哌啶醇);苯并二氮(例如安定(valium)、咪达唑仑(midazolam)、三唑仑(triazolam)、噁唑仑(oxazolam)和劳拉西泮(lorazepam));GABA刺激剂(例如依托咪酯(etomidate));巴比妥酸盐(例如硫喷妥(thiopental)、美索比妥(methohexital)、thiamazol、戊巴比妥和己巴比妥);二异丙基酚药物(如diprivan);以及其他中枢神经系统作用药物如左旋多巴(levodopa)的给药中可方便地采用本发明。可以理解,在本发明范围内也可单独或组合采用其他药物。表1列出了一些适于掺入本发明剂型中的中枢神经系统作用药物,以及这些药物的一些特性。
表1
通用名药物 | 药物类别 | 剂量范围 |
美索比妥(methohexital) | 巴比妥酸盐 | 10-500mg |
戊巴比妥 | 巴比妥酸盐 | 50-200mg |
硫戊巴比妥(thiamylal) | 巴比妥酸盐 | 10-500mg |
硫喷妥(thiopental) | 巴比妥酸盐 | 50-500mg |
芬太尼 | 阿片激动剂 | 0.05-5mg |
阿芬太尼(alfentanil) | 阿片激动剂 | 0.5-50mg |
舒芬太尼(sufentanil) | 阿片激动剂 | 5-500μg |
洛芬太尼(lofentanil) | 阿片激动剂 | 0.1-100μg |
卡芬太尼(carfentanil) | 阿片激动剂 | 0.2-100μg |
纳布啡(nalbuphine) | 阿片激动剂 | 1-50mg |
纳洛酮(naloxone) | 阿片拮抗剂 | 0.05-5mg |
地西泮(diazepam) | 苯并二氮 | 1-40mg |
劳拉西泮(lorazepam) | 苯并二氮 | 1-4mg |
咪达唑仑(midazolam) | 苯并二氮 | 0.5-25mg |
奥沙西泮(oxazepam) | 苯并二氮 | 5-40mg |
三唑仑(trizolam) | 苯并二氮 | 250-1000mg |
氟哌利多(droperidol) | 丁酰苯 | 1-20mg |
氟哌啶醇(haloperidol) | 丁酰苯 | 0.5-10mg |
丙泮尼地(propanidid) | 取代eugenol anesth. | 1-10mg |
依托咪酯(etomidate) | GABA刺激剂 | 5-60mg |
普鲁泊福(propofol) | 取代酚 | 3-50mg |
氯胺酮(ketamine) | 苯环利定(phencyclidine) | `5-300mg |
对心血管和肾脏血管系统起作用的药物也可采用本发明的剂型而给药。此类药物的一些实例如表2中所识别出。
表2
通用名药物 | 药物类别 | 剂量范围 |
溴苄铵(bretylium) | 抗心律失常药 | 50-500mg |
卡托普利(captopril) | ACE抑制剂 | 25-75mg |
可乐定(clonidine) | 抗高血压药 | 0.1-0.5mg |
多巴胺 | 肾脏血管药物 | 0.5-5mg |
Enalapril | ACE抑制剂 | 5-15mg |
Esmolol | 抗高血压药/绞痛药 | 100-250mg |
利尿磺胺(furosemide) | 利尿剂 | 20-100mg |
异山梨醇 | 绞痛药 | 2.5-40mg |
Labetolol | 抗高血压药 | 100-400mg |
利多卡因(lidocaine) | 抗心律失常药 | 50-250mg |
美扎拉宗(metolazone) | 利尿剂 | 5-50mg |
美托洛尔(metoprolol) | 抗高血压药 | 25-100mg |
纳多洛尔(nadolol) | 抗高血压药 | 40-160mg |
硝苯地平(nifedipine) | 抗高血压药/绞痛药/血管舒张药 | 10-40mg |
硝酸甘油 | 抗高血压药/绞痛药 | 0.4-1.0mg |
硝普盐 | 降血压药 | 10-50mg |
普萘洛尔(propranolol) | 抗高血压药/绞痛药 | 0.1-50mg |
除前述药物外,还有许多其他药物可采用本发明的剂型而给药。此类药物的实例如表3中所识别出。
表3
通用名药物 | 药物类别 | 剂量范围 |
苯喹胺(benzquinamide) | 镇吐药 | 25-100mg |
美其敏(meclizine) | 镇吐药 | 25-100mg |
甲氧氯普胺(metoclopramide) | 镇吐药 | 5-20mg |
普鲁氯嗪(prochlorperazine) | 镇吐药 | 5-25mg |
三甲氧苯酰胺 | 镇吐药 | 100-2500mg |
克霉唑(clotrimazole) | 抗真菌药 | 10-20mg |
制霉菌素 | 抗真菌药 | 1-5×106单位 |
卡比多巴(carbidopa) | 含左旋多巴的抗帕金森药 | 10-50mg |
左旋多巴(levodopa) | 抗帕金森药 | 100-750mg |
硫糖铝(sucralfate) | Gi保护剂 | 1-2g |
沙丁胺醇(albuterol) | 支气管扩张药 | 0.8-1.6mg |
氨茶碱 | 支气管扩张药 | 100-500mg |
倍氯米松(beclomethasone) | 支气管扩张药 | 20-50μg |
二羟丙茶碱(dyphylline) | 支气管扩张药 | 100-400mg |
肾上腺素 | 支气管扩张药 | 200-500μg |
氟尼缩松(flunisolide) | 支气管扩张药 | 25-50μg |
异他林(isoetharine) | 支气管扩张药 | 170-680μg |
异丙肾上腺素hcl | 支气管扩张药 | 60-260μg |
奥西那林(metaproterenol) | 支气管扩张药 | 0.65-10mg |
Oxtriphylline | 支气管扩张药 | 50-400mg |
特布他林(terbutaline) | 支气管扩张药 | 2.5-10mg |
茶叶碱(theophylline) | 支气管扩张药 | 50-400mg |
麦角胺(ergotamine) | 抗偏头痛药 | 2-4mg |
美西麦角(methysergide) | 抗偏头痛药 | 2-4mg |
普萘洛尔(propranolol) | 抗偏头痛药 | 80-160mg |
舒洛地尔(suloctidil) | 抗偏头痛药 | 200-300mg |
麦角新碱(ergonovine) | 催产剂 | 0.2-0.6mg |
催产素 | 催产剂 | 5-20单位 |
去氨加压素乙酸盐 | 抗利尿剂 | 10-50μg |
赖氨加压素 | 抗利尿剂 | 7-14μg |
后叶加压素 | 抗利尿剂 | 2.5-60单位 |
胰岛素 | 抗高血糖药 | 1-100单位 |
除了前述药物之外,某些大分子药物(例如β-内啡肽、脑啡肽、缓激肽、血管紧张素I、促性腺激素、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、降钙素、甲状旁腺激素和生长激素)、多糖(如肝素和低分子量肝素)、抗原、抗体和酶可适合于本发明范围内的经粘膜给药。
当将药物掺入本发明范围内的可溶解基质中时,所用药物的量通常与更常规的注射和口服给药技术的用量有所不同。依赖于药物的亲脂性,其效力、溶解度、渗透增强剂的使用,以及药物的最终用途,典型剂型中总浓度的药物可含有比通常用于注射剂中多出高达50倍的药量,但其也可含有比口服使用显著更低的药量,其也可含有比某些肌内注射使用更低的药量。作为示例性的目的,表1、2和3陈述了通常可使用的某些药物的目前考虑剂量范围。
然而如前所指出,使用现有技术的、经口腔粘膜的糖基固态剂型的患者可能已经习惯于由使用此类产品所达到的起效速率和药效。例如对于药物对中枢神经系统施加强效力的情况,不含糖的固态剂型具有与患者习惯使用的含糖固态剂型类似的生物可利用率和/或生物等效分布可能是至关重要的,以免导致过量使用的结果。因而,优选本发明不含糖的经口腔粘膜的固态剂型与经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型具生物等效性。此处所用的“生物等效性”是指由国家的各自国立监管机构为市场准入而采用的标准。例如,为使本发明的组合物在美国具有生物等效性,本发明须遵从由美国食品和药品管理局在21CFR320.1中规定的生物等效性的定义。类似地,对于两种固态剂型,当在类似的实验条件下以相同的摩尔剂量给药至患者或受试者时,如果两种剂型中的药剂的吸收速率和程度并无显著不同,则认为这两种固态剂型具有如此处所用的生物等效性。
药剂吸收速率和程度的评测方法,包括药剂在药物作用位点的可利用率,是本领域人员所公知的。典型的方法包含给药之后在各时间点测量血液中的药物浓度,然后将经历各时间所得的数值积分,从而得到药物浓度对时间曲线下的总面积(AUC)。AUC测量是药物的生物可利用率的直接测量。该评测还可以确定给药之后血液中所达到的最大药物浓度(即Cmax),以及达到最大浓度的平均时间(即tmax)。对两种固态剂型而言,如果这两种产品的药代动力学参数Cmax和AUC的平均比值,更优选地是这两种产品的Cmax、AUC和tmax的平均比值,分别均处于0.8-1.25之内,且具有90%置信区间(CI),则认为这两种剂型中的药剂的吸收速率和程度“无显著区别”,并且认为这两种剂型是生物等效性的。
确定本发明的药物组合物是否与经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型具生物等效性的一种方法,是比较本发明药物组合物的药代动力学参数Cmax、AUC和tmax及经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型的许可市售产品的Cmax、AUC和tmax,所述市售产品的参数数据由产品包装说明书提供。例如,ACTIQ(一种经口腔粘膜的、含糖的柠檬酸芬太尼固态剂型)的包装说明书公开了四种治疗单位剂量的药代动力学参数Cmax、AUC和tmax。如下表4中示出了一列许可的剂量及其药代动力学参数Cmax、AUC和tmax。
表4
药代动力学参数 | 200μg | 400μg | 800μg | 1600μg |
Cmax(ng/ml) | 0.39 | 0.75 | 1.55 | 2.51 |
AUC(ng/ml min) | 102 | 243 | 573 | 1026 |
tmax(min) | 40 | 25 | 25 | 20 |
由此,当本发明含柠檬酸芬太尼的药物组合物在与ACTIQ类似的实验条件下给药至患者或受试者时,如果二者各自的药代动力学参数之比值均处于0.8-1.25内,且具有90%置信区间,则认为本发明含柠檬酸芬太尼的药物组合物与任意单一剂型的ACTIQ均具有生物等效性。
然而已经发现,不含糖的经口腔粘膜的固态剂型与经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型并无生物等效性。这可能由不同制剂中存在的各种物理及化学因素而引起。例如,在比较相等强度的经口腔粘膜的蔗糖-葡萄糖柠檬酸芬太尼固态剂型和经口腔粘膜的山梨醇基(即不含糖)柠檬酸芬太尼固态剂型的一个研究中,可确定出不含糖的固态剂型的Cmax和AUC要高得多,同时无糖制剂的tmax明显缩短。见Lind,GH等,“Fentanyl absorption is influenced by the sugar matrix formulation of oraltransmucosal fentanyl citrate,”Anesthesiology,38,1995年9月(摘要299)。由此,这两种制剂并非生物等效性,以不含糖的固态剂型取代含糖固态剂型可能伴随有使用过量的风险。
如前所述,各种因素影响着经口腔粘膜的固态剂型中的药剂的吸收速率,从而影响其生物可利用率。因此,可采用各种方法来调节制剂,以达到两种产品间的生物等效性。本发明中采用的使对经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型达到生物等效性的优选方法,包含在不含糖的组合物中掺入离子化试剂。众所已知大多数药物是弱酸或弱碱,并同时以非离子化和离子化形式存在于溶液中。已经发现药物的非离子化部分通常更具脂溶性,可更容易地扩散穿过细胞膜。使药物的一部分离子化可削弱其脂溶性,并且作为离子化分子上带正或负电荷的结果可减少药物穿透细胞脂膜或穿过细胞膜的能力。
药物是以离子化还是以非离子化(未离子化)形式存在极大依赖于其pKa,以及相应地依赖于药物分散于其中的溶液的pH。pKa的定义为离解常数(Ka)的对数(基于10)的负值。pKa还可定义为给定的酸或碱处于50%离子化和50%未离子化时的pH。采用已知的Henderson-Hasselbalch等式,如果已知pKa和pH,则可容易地计算出药物的带电部分和未带电部分的浓度。由该等式可以清楚,对弱酸药物降低pH以及对弱碱药物升高pH,可以减少药物的离子化部分。由此,加入保持更酸性pH的离子化试剂可以增加碱性药物中以离子化形式存在的部分,这可导致经口腔粘膜吸收的降低,从而降低生物可利用率。反过来,加入保持更碱性pH的离子化试剂可以增加酸性药物的离子化部分。
离子化试剂可以是可药用的如下酸或碱:在Brφnsted-Lowry检测中能够对可离子化药剂的可离子化官能团质子化或去质子化的酸或碱,或者是在Lewis检测中能够接受或供给电子对的酸或碱。为了方便,按照Brφnsted-Lowry属性来讨论划定离子化试剂,尽管Lewis酸和碱也是合适的离子化试剂。
对药剂的酸性官能团去质子化的离子化试剂包括可药用的有机或无机碱。此类碱的实例包括氨基酸、氨基酸酯、氨水、氢氧化钾、氢氧化钠、碳酸氢钠、氢氧化铝、碳酸钙、氢氧化镁、镁铝硅酸盐、合成硅酸铝、合成铝碳酸镁、镁铝氢氧化物、二异丙基乙胺、乙醇胺、乙二胺、三乙醇胺、三乙胺、三异丙醇胺等。同样合适的碱是可作药用酸的盐,所述酸例如乙酸、丙烯酸、己二酸、海藻酸、链烷磺酸、氨基酸、抗坏血酸、苯甲酸、硼酸、丁酸、碳酸、柠檬酸、脂肪酸、甲酸、富马酸,葡糖酸,氢醌磺酸(hydroquinosulfonic acid)、异抗坏血酸、乳酸、马来酸、草酸、对溴苯基磺酸、丙酸、对甲苯磺酸、水杨酸、硬脂酸、琥珀酸、鞣酸、酒石酸、巯基乙酸、甲苯磺酸、尿酸等等。也可采用多元酸的盐,例如磷酸钠、磷酸氢二钠及磷酸二氢钠。当碱是盐时,其阳离子可以是任何合宜且可药用的阳离子,例如铵、碱金属、碱土金属等。优选的阳离子包括钠、钾、锂、镁、钙和铵。
对药剂的碱性官能团注入质子的离子化试剂是可药用的无机或有机酸。合适无机酸的实例包括盐酸、氢溴酸、氢碘酸、硫酸、硝酸、硼酸、磷酸等等。
合适有机酸的实例包括醋酸、丙烯酸、己二酸、海藻酸、链烷磺酸、氨基酸、抗坏血酸、苯甲酸、硼酸、丁酸、碳酸、柠檬酸、脂肪酸、甲酸、富马酸,葡糖酸,氢醌磺酸(hydroquinosulfonic acid)、异抗坏血酸、乳酸、马来酸、甲磺酸、草酸、对溴苯基磺酸、丙酸、对甲苯磺酸、水杨酸、硬脂酸、琥珀酸、鞣酸、酒石酸、巯基乙酸、甲苯磺酸、尿酸等等。当然,无机和有机酸之间的区别并非特别重要,仅是作为将酸分类的便利和常规方法而提供。
如前所讨论的pH改变优选可通过将特定缓冲体系掺入不含糖的组合物中而完成,其加入量在经口腔粘膜的固态剂型溶解时足以保持一部分药剂处于离子化状态。以此方式可使固态剂型一定程度上克服周围环境条件的影响,例如唾液分泌速率、唾液pH及其他因素。合适的缓冲体系可包含生理可接受的任意有机及无机酸和碱以不同比率相结合以产生出具有期望缓冲容量和pH范围的缓冲剂,。最优的体系和pH范围依赖于药物(酸或碱)的性质及与其他制剂成分的相容性。也可以基于缓冲剂赋予、增强或掩盖制剂中的某些感官属性的能力而进行选择,所述感官属性例如味道(即咸味、甜味、酸味、中性味道等)。如下表5中示出了一系列例述性的缓冲剂及其合适的pH范围。
表5
缓冲剂成分 | pH范围 |
柠檬酸-氢氧化钠 | 2.5-6.5 |
柠檬酸-磷酸氢二钠 | 2.5-7 |
柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠 | 3-6.5 |
乙酸钠-乙酸 | 3.5-5.5 |
琥珀酸-氢氧化钠 | 3.5-6 |
磷酸二氢钾-磷酸氢二钠 | 5-8 |
马来酸二钠盐-盐酸 | 5.5-6.7 |
磷酸二氢钾-氢氧化钠 | 5.8-8 |
磷酸二氢钠-磷酸氢二钠 | 5.8-8 |
咪唑-盐酸 | 6.5-7.5 |
tris酸马来酸盐(tris acid maleate)-氢氧化钠 | 5-9 |
然而应当记住,可离子化药剂的溶解度也是依赖于pH的。尽管增加未离子化的部分可使试剂更容易穿过细胞膜,但这通常会降低药物在水溶液中的溶解度。例如,已经知道pKa为约8.4的可离子化药剂芬太尼在pH高于6时其水性溶解度急剧下降,在pH约8处达到供口腔粘膜递送的功能性低点。还显示对于经口腔粘膜递送的芬太尼而言,与pH为6.5时相比,其在pH约5时的生物可利用率由于广泛离子化的结果而降至约15%。因而,在给定pH处的芬太尼制备物的实际生物可利用率依赖于这两个效应的组合:离子化状态和水性溶解度。
除药剂、赋形剂和诸如缓冲剂的离子化化合物之外,本发明不含糖的组合物还可含有任选成分,例如调味剂、甜味剂、鲜味剂、释放或润滑试剂以及渗透增强剂。所有这些非活性成分优选均应列于GRAS(“通常认为安全”)列表上,以确保其是可药用的。或者,非活性成分应能自证明是GRAS的,或者至少可接受用于食品中。
可以理解pH的改变也可能改变药物的味觉特性。pH极高的药物通常味道极苦。当pH下降时,苦味可减少,然后变咸,最终可变成酸味。调味剂在较低的pH范围内可更充分地改进药物的味觉特性。作为结果,对pH进行缓冲除可影响生物可利用率之外,还可影响组合物的味觉特性。
尽管如此,理想地可于本发明组合物中加入调味剂。可有广范围的调味剂用于制备本发明范围内味觉良好及理想的药物。为了掩盖药物令人不快的味道,这可能是必需的。如果期望的话,可将不同调味剂相结合,以产生出与特定药物相容的特定混合风味。在本发明情况中可使用的一些糖果店的调味剂包括人造香草、香草乳脂、薄荷、果浆、樱桃、荷兰薄荷、葡萄、椰子、巧克力、薄荷醇、甘草、柠檬以及奶油糖果。这些调味剂各自均可以浓缩粉末形式而得到。由喷雾干燥制得的调味剂为最优选。糖果业领域内已知的其他调味剂由于可容易与本发明成分相结合因而也可接受。可将任意数量的调味剂以任意期望的比例相结合,以产生出任意特别应用所需的、特定期望的味觉特性。例如,可改变调味剂的组合,使之与任意特定药物的味觉特性相兼容。
为了使终产物产生出理想的颜色,还可将人工色素加入至组合物中。上面所述的调味剂及其他主份通常是白色粉末。因而如果希望得到有颜色的终产物,则有必要加入其他色素。色素还可作为一个重要的标记,用于指示特定锭剂-手柄内所含药物的类型和浓度。“通常认为安全”(“GRAS”)并由此常用于糖果行业中的任意类型的色素,或被合适的监管部门许可用于药物制备物的色素,均可被采用以对产品提供颜色。
为了得到味觉良好的药物,可有必要地将另外的甜味剂加入至组合物中。由于组合物不含糖,因此可单独或组合采用人造甜味剂,例如天冬甜素、乙酰舒泛K、糖精、sucralose、altitame、环拉酸及其盐、glycerrhizinate、二氢查耳酮(Dihydrochalcone)、祝马丁(thaumatin)、莫尼林(monellin)或任意其他非致龋性、不含糖的甜味剂。对于含有糖醇基赋形剂的组合物,则由于这些多元醇的自然甜味,可无需另外的甜味剂。同样,所得甜味剂或甜味剂组合理想地应与药剂及其他组分相容,从而生产出味觉良好的固态剂型。
对于某些应用,理想地可将鲜味剂加入至组合物中,以得到味觉良好的产品。鲜味剂在经口腔粘膜的给药过程中可在患者嘴里产生出更令人愉悦的感觉。本发明范围内的鲜味剂包括诸如核苷酸和谷氨酸单钠盐(“msg”)的材料。其他鲜味剂是本领域人员公知的。
在某些药物中,理想地还可加入润滑剂以便利制造过程。此类试剂还可提供一定量的防水性。可以化学及物理方式控制固态剂型在患者口内的溶解速率,例如,通过组合物的压缩程度(产品是压缩粉末固态剂型的)。这些润滑或释放剂可包括诸如compritol 888、硬脂酸钙和硬脂酸钠的物质。此类试剂可增进溶解,或者如果必要的话可抑制溶解。
如上所讨论,大多数药物是同时以未离子化和离子化形式存在于溶液中。通常脂溶性或亲脂性药物最容易扩散穿过粘膜的膜。然而,已经发现如果以渗透增强剂处理粘膜的膜,则非亲脂性药物可扩散穿过粘膜的膜。还发现,某些渗透能力增强剂可显著增强亲脂性和非亲脂性药物的渗透能力。
典型的渗透增强剂可包括胆酸盐,如胆酸钠、甘胆酸钠、甘氨脱氧胆酸钠、牛磺脱氧胆酸盐、脱氧胆酸钠、石胆酸鹅胆酸钠、鹅脱氧胆酸盐、熊胆酸盐、熊脱氧胆酸盐、氢脱氧胆酸盐、脱氢胆酸盐、甘鹅胆酸盐、牛磺鹅胆酸盐和牛磺鹅脱氧胆酸盐。也可采用其他渗透增强剂,例如十二烷基硫酸钠(“SDS”),二甲基亚砜(“DMSO”)、月桂基硫酸钠、饱和及不饱和脂肪酸的盐或其他衍生物、表面活性剂、胆酸盐类似物、胆酸盐的衍生物,或者如美国专利号4,746,508中所述的此类合成渗透增强剂,该专利文献的公开内容此处以其全部引为参考。通常认为胆酸盐对于亲水性药物是良好的渗透增强剂,而长链脂肪酸及其盐、衍生物和类似物则更适合于亲脂性药物。DMSO、SDS和中链脂肪酸(约C-8至约C-14)及其盐、衍生物和类似物则同时适合于亲水性和亲脂性药物。
渗透增强剂在可溶解基质材料内的浓度可依赖于增强剂的效力和可溶解基质的溶解速率而改变。用于确定增强剂浓度的其他标准包括药物的效力和所期望的迟滞时间。增强剂浓度的上限由对粘膜的膜的毒性效应及刺激极限而设定。
如下是典型增强剂列表,及每一增强剂的示例性浓度范围。
表6
增强剂 | 操作浓度 | 优选范围 |
胆酸钠 | 0.02%-50% | 0.1%-16% |
十二烷基硫酸钠 | 0.02%-50% | 0.1%-2% |
脱氧胆酸钠 | 0.02%-50% | 0.1%-16% |
牛磺脱氧胆酸盐 | 0.02%-溶解度 | 0.1%-16% |
甘胆酸钠 | 0.02%-溶解度 | 0.1%-16% |
牛磺胆酸钠 | 0.02%-溶解度 | 0.1%-16% |
DMSO | 0.02%-溶解度 | 5%-50% |
本发明不含糖的固态剂型可通过各种方法制备,包括本领域人员公知的制备药用锭剂(lozenges)、锭剂(torches)、片剂、止咳糖等的任意方法。此类方法包括如下。
干粉掺合:将各干态成分(除润滑剂外)相结合,并采用合适的低剪切扩散型混合器混合足够时间。加入润滑剂,然后进行简易的再混合,采用压片机将最终的粉末掺合物压缩成固态剂量单位。
或者,按顺序将各干态成分(除润滑剂外)相结合并混合足够时间,以实现各成分在整个最终粉末掺合物中的均匀散布,然后采用压机压缩成固态剂量单位。顺序混合的一个实例是几何稀释。
或者,混合的顺序大约处于将所有成分相结合与几何稀释之间。例如,将活性成分相结合,并与一种其他干态成分(非润滑剂)混合足够时间,以实现活性成分在整个粉末掺合物中的均匀分散,然后一次性或以顺序方式加入一些或全部的剩余成分。由此,在所有剩余成分加入之前,将活性成分预先掺合至了一种非活性成分之中。然后采用压机将最终的粉末掺合物压缩成固态剂型。
湿法制粒:将药物、膨胀剂和其他成分外加液体介质以高剪切混合方式相合并,以形成均匀糊剂。将糊剂干燥,并可碾磨和定尺寸,以形成颗粒,然后采用本领域内公知的方法和设备使颗粒形成固态剂型。
共熔或固态分散:为制备热稳定的制剂,将具有合适熔点的各成分合并并加热,产生出处于液体介质中的固溶体或者是微细固体分散体,所述固溶体或者是微细固体分散体冷却时可形成均匀固体。所得的固体通常称为共熔体,固溶体及固态分散体。可将这些中间产物切碎、碾磨或压实成合适尺寸的粒子,并压缩成固态剂型,或者依赖于所使用成分而通过诸如注模法模塑成固态剂型,例如Snipes的美国专利号4,629,621中所述,为此将所述文献的公开内容此处以其全部引为参考。
可采用干态粉末掺合物的直接压缩外的片剂制造方法用于制造不含糖的药物组合物。所述方法包括但不限于:1)通过击压或辊筒压实或本领域人员熟知的类似方法完成干法制粒,2)采用流化床处理设备进行低水分辅助或湿法制粒并干燥,随后采用本领域人员熟知的定大小和单元过程压缩成基质单元,3)采用流化床方法,于载体成分上对活性成分进行粒子包衣,然后与其他制剂成分掺合,并采用压片机或其他合适手段制造成固态剂型。
经口腔粘膜固态剂型的优选生成方法如美国专利4,863,737和5,132,114中所述,所述两个专利均授予Stanley等,为此此处将所述专利以其全部引为参考。
上述Stanley的专利描述了经口腔粘膜的压缩粉末固态剂型的制造方法。如此处所用,术语“经口腔粘膜的压缩粉末固态剂型”是指这样一种固态剂型:剂型中的各成分如药剂、赋形剂、离子化化合物或缓冲剂以及其他成分以干态形式混合在一起,以产生出粉末状的掺合物,所述掺合物随后被压缩以形成适于经口腔粘膜递送给患者的固态剂型。这是为了与其他固态剂型区分开来,所述其他固态剂型中的药剂分散于液态形式的赋形剂中,所述赋形剂例如已被加热至其熔点之上的温度或以其他方式被溶解,随后使液体掺合物固结成固态剂型。根据该后一方法生产出的固态剂型此处称为经口腔粘膜的硬糖固态剂型。
含糖的经口腔粘膜的硬糖固态剂型的典型制造方法由如下步骤组成:
1.将固态的蔗糖溶解于加热容器内的液态葡萄糖中。
2.将固体形式或处于溶液中或分散于液化糖中的热稳定药物加入。
3.将混合物搅拌,并加热以驱散过量水,并使混合物达到约150℃。
4.对热粘性混合物施用真空,以除去另外的水,并使混合物达到硬-裂程度(从而使热法煮制的混合物快速冷却时能形成玻璃质硬固体)。
5.将其他成分如缓冲剂、调味剂和颜料加入并混合成熔块。
6.将热熔融的材料调配并模塑成合适形状和尺寸的剂量单位。如果需要手柄的话,通常在该阶段将手柄插入材料中。
7.使模塑的剂量单位冷却然后封装。
该方法适合于能承受高温下曝露所需时长以完成制造过程而无降解的成分,因而不适合于不耐热药物或赋形剂的使用。
无论采用何种方法来制备固态剂型,重要的是药剂能均匀散布于整个赋形剂中,从而使给定批次中生产出的单个固态剂型之间差异最小。因而优选地,同一批次的任意两个固态剂型中存在的药剂的实际用量无统计学差别。换句话说,同一批次的任意两个固态剂型中存在的药剂的比例优选为约0.8至约1.25,更优选为约0.85至约1.15,更优选为约0.9至约1.1,更优选地是从约0.95至约1.05。同样优选地,同一批次的任意两个单个固态剂型之间的差别等级满足口服固态剂型的官方药典接受标准。
在本发明的优选固态剂型中,药剂基于干重的存在量优选为约0.0005重量%至约50重量%,更优选存在量为约0.005重量%至约10重量%,更优选为约0.005重量%至约1重量%。当将少量的药剂分散于极大量(在相对基础上)的赋形剂中时,确保均一度的满意水平可能是较困难的。这在制备压缩粉末固态剂型时特别受关注。对该问题的一个解决方案是在各组分混合中采用几何稀释。采用该方法,首先将重量最少(作为终产物的比率)的两个成分充分混合在一块。当该两个组分达到完全混合时,将重量仅次于最少的成分或与前述成分等重的成分加入并与现有混合物充分混合。重复该操作直到所有组分均加入至混合物中并与所有其他组分充分混合。几何稀释为所有组分的完全和充分混合提供了准备。采用该方法,假设材料不会聚集或分层的话,则组分在整个混合物中不完全混合和不均匀散布的可能性极微。
从而根据本发明,提供了不含糖的经口腔粘膜的固态剂型,其与现有技术中所述含有一种或多种糖的、经口腔粘膜的固态剂型具有生物等效性。例如,在优选实施方案中,采用含有多元醇的赋形剂制备含有基本不含糖的经口腔粘膜固态剂型的药物组合物。优选地,不含糖的固态剂型与诸如均授予Stanley的美国专利号4,671,953;4,863,737;5,132,114;5,288,497;5,785,989和5,855,908中所述含糖固态剂型具有生物等效性,二者以类似方式制备并处于类似条件下,不同之处仅在于不含糖的赋形剂取代了Stanley专利中所述的糖基膨胀剂,并且含有控制生物可利用率的离子化化合物。
本发明不含糖的经口腔粘膜固态剂型优选包含芬太尼、缓冲剂以及含有某种多元醇或其组合的赋形剂。也可存在有如前所讨论的其他任选成分。所含芬太尼优选为柠檬酸盐形式,含量相当于约50μg至约20000μg芬太尼游离碱;优选为约50μg至约10000μg芬太尼游离碱;优选为约50μg至约5000μg芬太尼游离碱;优选为约50μg至约3200μg芬太尼游离碱;更优选为约100μg至约2400g芬太尼游离碱;更优选为约200μg,约400μg,约600μg,约800μg,约1200μg和/或约1600μg。优选地,缓冲剂的存在量足以在组合物溶解于唾液时,能保持一部分芬太尼处于离子化状态。由此,缓冲剂可有利地用以调节芬太尼经口腔粘膜的吸收速率,并辅助确保不含糖的芬太尼固态剂型与含糖固态剂型具有生物等效性。
应当理解,药剂的任意合适的可作药用形式均可用于本发明组合物中。例如,芬太尼如果不是以游离碱形式使用的话,则也可以以柠檬酸芬太尼、芬太尼盐酸盐或本领域人员熟知的其他可作药用盐形式使用。优选为柠檬酸芬太尼。至于药剂的可接受物理形式,可以理解药剂任意合适的可作药用物理形式均可用于本发明组合物中,例如粉末的、碾碎的、筛滤的、结晶的、喷雾干燥、冻干形式的或液体的,等等。
如此处所考虑,不含糖的柠檬酸芬太尼经口腔粘膜递送固态剂型的定性组成及成分范围列于表7中。表7组合物中可药用的赋形剂包含一种或多种可药用的赋形剂。
表7
成分 | 含量范围(%w/w) |
柠檬酸芬太尼 | 0.016-0.126 |
赋形剂 | 90.88-97.98 |
缓冲体系 | 1-5 |
调味剂 | 0.5-2 |
润滑剂 | 0.5-2 |
优选的缓冲体系包括柠檬酸-磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钾-磷酸氢二钠、马来酸二钠盐-盐酸、磷酸二氢钾-氢氧化钠、磷酸二氢钠-磷酸氢二钠、以及tris酸马来酸盐-氢氧化钠。最优选的缓冲剂是磷酸的钠或钾盐组合,或者磷酸的一或二盐与柠檬酸的组合。优选地,缓冲剂能在组合物溶解于唾液时将其pH保持于约5至约8的水平。更优选地,缓冲剂能在组合物溶解于唾液时将其pH保持于约6至约7.4的水平,更优选保持于约6.1至约7.0的水平,更优选保持于约6.3至约6.6的水平。更优选地,缓冲剂能将组合物pH保持于约6.3,约6.4,约6.5或约6.6。确保与经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型具有生物等效性所需的确切pH依赖于所用赋形剂以及制剂中的其他成分,并且仅可通过本领域人员熟知的实验方法来确定。
本发明的某些配方为更优选。在更优选配方中,药物制剂中柠檬酸芬太尼基于重量百分比的含量优选为约0.004%至约0.16%(w/w);更优选为约0.008%至约0.126%(w/w);更优选为约0.016%至约0.126%(w/w);更优选为约0.016%,约0.032%,约0.048%,约0.064%,约0.096%和/或约0.126%(w/w)。药物制剂中赋形剂基于重量百分比的含量优选为约75%至约99%(w/w),更优选为约85%至约99%(w/w),更优选为约90%至约99%(w/w)。药剂中缓冲剂基于重量百分比的含量优选为约1%至约5%(w/w),更优选为约1.2%至约4%(w/w),更优选为约2%至约3%(w/w)。药物制剂中任选成分基于重量百分比的含量优选为约0.0%至约25%(w/w)。
优选地,不含糖的经口腔粘膜芬太尼固态剂型是以经口腔粘膜的压缩粉末固态剂型而制得,尽管其也可替换性地以经口腔粘膜的硬糖剂型制得。优选地,该固态剂型通过本领域人员公知的药学可接受方法连接有手柄。
本发明还涉及将药剂经口腔粘膜递送给患者的方法。这些方法包含的步骤有:如前所述提供含有本发明不含糖的经口腔粘膜固态剂型的组合物,将组合物施用至患者的口腔粘膜。所给定药剂的特定剂量由本领域人员通过常规实验即可容易地确定,无需过度努力或发明性贡献。
实施例
本发明将由如下实施例进一步示范。实施例是用于例述性目的,不应规定为是对本发明范围的限制。
考虑能用于制备本发明基本不含糖的经口腔粘膜固态剂型的可药用的合适赋形剂的一系列示例性不含糖材料示于表8中。不含糖的合适材料是以不含糖赋形剂形式或以可压缩的不含糖赋形剂、膨胀剂与粘合剂的组合形式而存在。在压缩片剂的制备中,优选为可压缩的不含糖赋形剂。
表8
成分/组合 | 组合物 |
乳糖醇 | FinlacTM |
聚葡萄糖 | Litesse |
甘露糖醇 | MannogemTM |
甘露糖醇 | Mannitol(粉末) |
甘露糖醇 | Pearlitol |
山梨醇 | Sorbidex |
山梨醇 | Sorbitol |
山梨醇 | SorbogemTM |
木糖醇 | Xylitab-200 |
聚糖醇(polyalditol) | Innovatol |
异麦芽酮糖醇(isomalt) | Isomalt(可压缩) |
甘露糖醇和聚糖醇 | MannogemTM和Innovatol(4%,w/w) |
甘露糖醇和聚糖醇 | MannogemTM和Innovatol(8%,w/w) |
甘露糖醇和聚糖醇 | MannogemTM和Innovatol(16%,w/w) |
甘露糖醇和山梨醇 | MannogemTM和Sorbitol(4%,w/w) |
甘露糖醇和山梨醇 | MannogemTM和Sorbitol(8%,w/w) |
甘露糖醇和山梨醇 | MannogemTM和Sorbitol(16%,w/w) |
木糖醇和山梨醇 | Xylitab-200和Sorbitol(16%,w/w) |
木糖醇和山梨醇 | Xylitab-200和Sorbitol(32%,w/w) |
木糖醇和聚糖醇 | Xylitab-200和Innovatol(16%,w/w) |
木糖醇和聚糖醇 | Xylitab-200和Innovatol(32%,w/w) |
木糖醇和聚糖醇 | Xylitab-200和Innovatol(84%,w/w) |
木糖醇和聚糖醇 | Xylitab-100和Innovatol(84%,w/w) |
异麦芽酮糖醇和聚糖醇 | Isomalt(可压缩)和Innovatol(16%,w/w) |
异麦芽酮糖醇和和HPC(羟丙基纤维素) | Isomalt(可压缩)和HPC 95kDa(2%,w/w) |
异麦芽酮糖醇和聚乙二醇4000 | Isomalt(可压缩)和PEG4000(80/20) |
异麦芽酮糖醇和PEG8000 | Isomalt(可压缩)和PEG8000(80/20) |
异麦芽酮糖醇和山梨醇 | Isomalt(可压缩)和Sorbidex(90/10) |
异麦芽酮糖醇和聚葡萄糖 | Isomalt(可压缩)和Litesse Ultra(90/10) |
用于不含糖的柠檬酸芬太尼制剂的通用组成
实施例中不含糖的芬太尼制剂可含有任意期望的芬太尼剂量强度,所述剂量强度可安全并有效地用以治疗预期疼痛情况和患者群体。在所公开的特定实施例情况下,可使制剂含有剂量范围为每剂量单位200mcg至1600mcg的芬太尼(碱)。特定实施例是根据此处所述的操作,采用表9中所列成分和范围而制得,并采用市售800mcg的ACTIQ牌柠檬酸芬太尼(0.063%,w/w柠檬酸芬太尼)测试生物等效性。
表9
成分 | 功能 | 含量(%w/w) |
柠檬酸芬太尼,USP&PhEur | 药剂 | 0.016-0.126 |
异麦芽酮糖醇(可压缩) | 不含糖的赋形剂 | 76.0或86.0 |
聚乙二醇8000NF&Ph Eur | 不含糖的赋形剂/粘合剂 | 19.0或9.5 |
柠檬酸,无水,USP&Ph Eur | 缓冲剂 | 0.0,0.6或0.5 |
磷酸氢二钠,无水,USP&PhEur | 缓冲剂 | 0.0,1.4或1.5 |
调味剂 | 调味剂 | 0.0或1.5 |
硬脂酸镁,非牛源,NF&PhEur | 润滑剂 | 1.0 |
总单位重量(mg) | 2000mg |
在表9中,含量(%w/w)总和由于舍入可能不会恰好达到100。另外,对此处采用表9中通用组成制备的未缓冲和/或未调味的实施例而言,其缓冲剂和/或调味剂的含量百分比(%w/w)为0.0。当实施例不含缓冲或调味成分时,其含量(%w/w)百分比由另外的可压缩异麦芽酮糖醇来补充。可调节异麦芽酮糖醇,PEG8000和缓冲组分的比例以制出对市售800mcg的ACTIQ制剂具有生物等效性的不同制剂。异麦芽酮糖醇是可压缩级别的二糖多元醇混合物,通过两级过程由蔗糖制得,所述两级过程为酶的重排后接催化氢化。压缩级别的异麦芽酮糖醇可以商购到。
用于实施例制备的通用操作
用于所有制剂的通用操作如下所示:
1.将单个成分穿过合适筛目尺寸的筛板,优选为20-100的筛目尺寸,以使粉末在称重之前除去大块或凝块。
2.制备得到预掺合粉末,方法为将柠檬酸芬太尼加入至一部分,优选为20%的可压缩级别的异麦芽酮糖醇中,并采用扩散型混合器掺合足够时间从而使柠檬酸芬太尼散布入预掺合的粉末中。
3.将预掺合物转移至含有除硬脂酸镁之外其他制剂成分的主掺合物容器。
4.采用扩散型混合器对合并的各成分掺合足够时间,以客观地实现主粉末掺合物内可接受的均匀度。
5.将硬脂酸镁加入至主掺合物中,并采用扩散型混合器简易地混合另一段时间。
6.采用压片机将润滑的粉末掺合物压缩成剂量单位。
8.将持器(holder)插入压缩粉末(基质)单位中并使之与食品级粘胶一道固化,从而制得bulk units,其实例为本领域人员所熟知。
用于生物等效性试验的通用操作
不含糖的柠檬酸芬太尼制剂的生物等效性(BE)评测或芬太尼的相对生物可利用率(BA)评测是在动物体内完成。动物和人的BE试验可基本上采用相同的研究设计而完成,不同之处在于动物试验由于给药的方法因而必须是在麻醉的狗内完成,而人体试验是在清醒的志愿者体内施行。动物BE试验的基本规程要素如下所示:
研究设计
用于不含糖的柠檬酸芬太尼制剂的研究设计是非重复性的、给药次序随机化的多臂交叉设计,其中有一种或多种不含糖的试验制剂对比于参考制剂(市售800mcg ACTIQ)。
动物BE研究的施行
在一组4或6只麻醉的纯种小猎狗(Beagle Dog)体内评测不含糖的柠檬酸芬太尼实施例的生物等效性。根据对所有动物治疗的交叉日程表而施用每一制剂。试验开始时及治疗给药中和治疗给药之后的指定时间处抽取动脉血样品,并采用LC/MS/MS分析或本领域人员已知的方法对血清样品分析芬太尼含量。
对每一动物和试验制剂,以血清芬太尼浓度对时间分布制表,并将Cmax和AUC的平均值与参照产品即800mcg ACTIQ的同一平均值进行比较。芬太尼Cmax和最大血清浓度处的时间(tmax)的测量直接取自分布图;AUC则采用梯形规则计算得到。各测试试剂与参考试剂的两种方法的几何平均值的point ratio(log10 transformed平均值的逆对数)与规定的BE接受界限80-125%相比较。
用于评测BE的PK标准
人体中的BE标准已由FDA指导所建立,其是基于最大药物浓度(Cmax),以及药物浓度对时间分布下的面积(AUC)所建立。人体中的BE是以统计学方式按照试验制剂的平均Cmax和AUC对参照制剂的90%置信区间比例而确定。对大多数药物而言,对这两个参数的可接受极限均确定为80-125%。(见:确定生物等效性的工业统计学方法指导(Guidance for Industry Statistical Approaches to EstablishingBioquivalence),美国健康与人员服务部,FDA(CDER),2001年1月。)
狗模型中不含糖的柠檬酸芬太尼制剂的生物等效性的评测标准比人体中所用标准的复杂度要小。这是因为与人体中n=24+的典型样本量相比,动物研究的样本量较小(通常n=4或6)。将动物研究的小样本量与预期的个体之间PK差异联系起来,可导致两个PK测量相对宽泛的90%置信区间。因而狗体内的BE评价是基于Cmax和AUC比例的点平均,而不是90%CI。Tmax对于评价动物研究中的生物等效性并无用处,因为其受实验设计中给药条件的限制。
Cmax和AUC比例处于参照产品的80-125%之间的试验制剂认为是适合于人体研究中进一步试验生物等效性的候选物。
实施例1
如此处所公开,制备2000mg具有如下组成、不含糖的未缓冲柠檬酸芬太尼制剂:
成分 | %(w/w) | Mg/2000mg |
柠檬酸芬太尼 | 0.063 | 1.2568 |
异麦芽酮糖醇(可压缩)/PEG8000(80/20) | 98.9 | 1979 |
柠檬酸 | 0 | 0 |
磷酸氢二钠 | 0 | 0 |
调味剂 | 0 | 0 |
硬脂酸镁 | 1 | 20 |
**Purity Gum BE | ||
**糖果店的糖 | ||
**净化水(固化时除去) | ||
实验结果 | ||
产物pH(SS溶液中) | 6.99 | |
样本量(n) | 4 | |
中位tmax(min) | 15 | |
平均Cmax比例 | 2.04 | |
平均AUC(0-240)比例 | 1.41 |
该例制剂是无调味剂和无缓冲剂的;溶液中的pH通过pH测试中所用的pH7.0的磷酸缓冲盐水(SS)来确定。在实施例1中,由于舍入,各含量(%w/w)百分比加和可能不会恰好达到100,各成分之和可能也不会恰好达到2000mg。Purity Gum BE,糖果店的糖和净化水组分用制备能将持器(holder)装配至不含糖的压缩柠檬酸芬太尼基质中的食品级(可食)的胶。
实施例2
如此处所公开,制备2000mg具有如下组成、不含糖的缓冲柠檬酸芬太尼制剂:
成分 | %(w/w) | mg/2000mg |
柠檬酸芬太尼 | 0.063 | 1.2568 |
异麦芽酮糖醇(可压缩)/PEG8000(80/20) | 95.4 | 1909 |
柠檬酸 | 0.5 | 10 |
磷酸氢二钠 | 1.5 | 30 |
浆果调味剂 | 1.5 | 30 |
硬脂酸镁 | 1 | 20 |
**Purity Gum BE | ||
**糖果店的糖 | ||
**净化水(固化时除去) | ||
实验结果 | ||
产物pH(SS溶液中) | 6.6 | |
样本量(n) | 6 | |
中位tmax(min) | 15 | |
平均Cmax比例 | 1.04 | |
平均AUC(0-240)比例 | 1.10 |
在实施例2中,由于舍入,各含量(%w/w)百分比加和可能不会恰好达到100,各成分之和可能也不会恰好达到2000mg。Purity GumBE,糖果店的糖和净化水组分用来制备能将持器(holder)装配至不含糖的压缩柠檬酸芬太尼基质中的食品级(可食)的胶。
实施例3
如此处所公开,制备2000mg具有如下组成、不含糖的缓冲柠檬酸芬太尼制剂:
成分 | %(w/w) | mg/2000mg |
柠檬酸芬太尼 | 0.063 | 1.2568 |
异麦芽酮糖醇(可压缩)/PEG8000(80/20) | 95.4 | 1909 |
柠檬酸 | 0.5 | 10 |
磷酸氢二钠 | 1.5 | 30 |
薄荷调味剂 | 1.5 | 30 |
硬脂酸镁 | 1 | 20 |
**Purity Gum BE | ||
**糖果店的糖 | ||
**净化水(固化时除去) | ||
实验结果 | ||
产物pH(SS溶液中) | 6.6 | |
样本量(n) | 6 | |
中位tmax(min) | 15 | |
平均Cmax比例 | 0.82 | |
平均AUC(0-240)比例 | 0.90 |
在实施例3中,由于舍入,各含量(%w/w)百分比加和可能不会恰好达到100,各成分之和可能也不会恰好达到2000mg。Purity GumBE,糖果店的糖和净化水组分用来制备能将持器(holder)装配至不含糖的压缩柠檬酸芬太尼基质中的使所用食品级(可食)的胶。
实施例4
如此处所公开,制备2000mg具有如下组成、不含糖的缓冲柠檬酸芬太尼制剂:
成分 | %(w/w) | mg/2000mg |
柠檬酸芬太尼 | 0.063 | 1.2568 |
异麦芽酮糖醇(可压缩)/PEG8000(80/20) | 95.4 | 1909 |
柠檬酸 | 0.5 | 10 |
磷酸氢二钠 | 1.5 | 30 |
樱桃调味剂 | 1.5 | 30 |
硬脂酸镁 | 1 | 20 |
**Purity Gum BE | ||
**糖果店的糖 | ||
**净化水(固化时除去) | ||
实验结果 | ||
产物pH(SS溶液中) | 6.6 | |
样本量(n) | 6 | |
中位tmax(min) | 15 | |
平均Cmax比例 | 0.83 | |
平均AUC(0-240)比例 | 1.03 |
在实施例4中,由于舍入,各含量(%w/w)百分比加和可能不会恰好达到100,各成分之和可能也不会恰好达到2000mg。Purity GumBE,糖果店的糖和净化水组分用来制备能将持器(holder)装配至不含糖的压缩柠檬酸芬太尼基质中的食品级(可食)的胶。
实施例5
如此处所公开,制备2000mg具有如下组成、不含糖的缓冲柠檬酸芬太尼制剂:
成分 | %(w/w) | mg/2000mg |
柠檬酸芬太尼 | 0.063 | 1.2568 |
异麦芽酮糖醇(可压 | 95.4 | 1909 |
缩)/PEG8000(90/10) | ||
柠檬酸 | 0.6 | 12 |
磷酸氢二钠 | 1.4 | 28 |
浆果调味剂 | 1.5 | 30 |
硬脂酸镁 | 1 | 20 |
**Purity Gum BE | ||
**糖果店的糖 | ||
**净化水(固化时除去) | ||
实验结果 | ||
产物pH(SS溶液中) | 6.3 | |
样本量(n) | 6 | |
中位tmax(min) | 15 | |
平均Cmax比例 | 0.89 | |
平均AUC(0-240)比例 | 0.87 |
在实施例5中,由于舍入,各含量(%w/w)百分比加和可能不会恰好达到100,各成分之和可能也不会恰好达到2000mg。Purity GumBE,糖果店的糖和净化水组分用来制备能将持器(holder)装配至不含糖的压缩柠檬酸芬太尼基质中食品级(可食)的胶。
实施例6
如此处所公开,制备2000mg具有如下组成、不含糖的缓冲柠檬酸芬太尼制剂:
成分 | %(w/w) | mg/2000mg |
柠檬酸芬太尼 | 0.063 | 1.2568 |
异麦芽酮糖醇(可压缩)/PEG8000(80/20) | 95.4 | 1909 |
柠檬酸 | 0.5 | 10 |
磷酸氢二钠 | 1.5 | 30 |
浆果调味剂 | 1.5 | 30 |
硬脂酸镁 | 1 | 20 |
**Purity Gum BE | ||
**糖果店的糖 | ||
**净化水(固化时除去) | ||
实验结果 | ||
产物pH(SS溶液中) | 6.5 | |
样本量(n) | 6 | |
中位tmax(min) | 15 | |
平均Cmax比例 | 1.09 | |
平均AUC(0-240)比例 | 1.30 |
在实施例5中,由于舍入,各含量(%w/w)百分比加和可能不会恰好达到100,各成分之和可能也不会恰好达到2000mg。Purity GumBE,糖果店的糖和净化水组分用来制备能将持器(holder)装配至不含糖的压缩柠檬酸芬太尼基质中的食品级(可食)的胶。
本说明书引述的所有出版物、专利和专利文献此处均引为参考,就如同单个引入作为参考一样。本发明已就各种特定和优选实施方案和技术作了描述。然而应当理解,可对其作许多变更和修正,而仍处于本发明主旨和范围之内。采用术语“约”修饰数值时,其表示+/-10%。
Claims (105)
1.药物组合物,含有经口腔粘膜的固态剂型,所述固态剂型含有可离子化的药剂、缓冲剂和可药用的赋形剂,其中所述组合物基本不含糖并且与经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型具有生物等效性,且其中所述缓冲剂的存在量在所述组合物溶解于唾液时足以保持一部分所述药剂处于离子化状态。
2.权利要求1的组合物,其中所述经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型含有选自如下的糖:葡萄糖,甘露糖,半乳糖,核糖,果糖,麦芽糖,蔗糖,乳糖及其组合。
3.权利要求1的组合物,其中所述可药用的赋形剂含有多元醇。
4.权利要求3的组合物,其中所述多元醇选自山梨醇,甘露糖醇,木糖醇,赤藓醇,麦芽糖醇,乳糖醇,异麦芽酮糖醇和聚糖醇及其组合。
5.权利要求4的组合物,其中所述多元醇是山梨醇。
6.权利要求4的组合物,其中所述多元醇是甘露糖醇。
7.权利要求4的组合物,其中所述多元醇是木糖醇。
8.权利要求4的组合物,其中所述多元醇是赤藓醇。
9.权利要求4的组合物,其中所述多元醇是麦芽糖醇。
10.权利要求4的组合物,其中所述多元醇是乳糖醇。
11.权利要求4的组合物,其中所述多元醇是异麦芽酮糖醇。
12.权利要求4的组合物,其中所述多元醇是甘露糖醇与聚糖醇;木糖醇与聚糖醇;异麦芽酮糖醇与聚糖醇;甘露糖醇与山梨醇;木糖醇与山梨醇;以及异麦芽酮糖醇与山梨醇的组合。
13.权利要求4的组合物,其中所述多元醇是异麦芽酮糖醇与聚糖醇的组合。
14.权利要求4的组合物,其中所述多元醇是异麦芽酮糖醇与山梨醇的组合。
15.权利要求1的组合物,其中所述赋形剂含有多元醇并进一步含有粘合剂。
16.权利要求15的组合物,其中所述多元醇选自山梨醇,甘露糖醇,木糖醇,麦芽糖醇,乳糖醇,异麦芽酮糖醇,聚糖醇及其组合;且所述粘合剂选自聚葡萄糖,纤维素醚及聚乙二醇。
17.权利要求15的组合物,其中所述多元醇是异麦芽酮糖醇,且所述粘合剂选自聚葡萄糖,羟丙基纤维素及聚乙二醇,其中所述聚乙二醇平均分子量为约3350至20,000。
18.权利要求15的组合物,其中所述多元醇是异麦芽酮糖醇,且所述粘合剂是聚乙二醇,其中所述聚乙二醇平均分子量为约4000至8000。
19.权利要求1的组合物,其中所述赋形剂含有非致龋性的单-、二-、寡-或多糖。
20.权利要求3-19任一项的组合物,其中所述药剂是芬太尼或其可药用盐。
21.权利要求1的组合物,其中所述药剂是芬太尼或其可药用盐。
22.权利要求21的组合物,其中在所述剂型溶解于唾液中时,所述缓冲剂能将所述剂型的pH保持在约5至约8的水平。
23.权利要求21的组合物,其中在所述剂型溶解于唾液中时,所述缓冲剂能将所述剂型的pH保持在约6.0至约7.4的水平。
24.权利要求21的组合物,其中在所述剂型溶解于唾液中时,所述缓冲剂能将所述剂型的pH保持在约6.1至约7.0的水平。
25.权利要求21的组合物,其中在所述剂型溶解于唾液中时,所述缓冲剂能将所述剂型的pH保持在约6.3至约6.6的水平。
26.权利要求25的组合物,其中所述缓冲剂是磷酸的钠或钾盐的组合,或者是磷酸的单-或二盐与柠檬酸的组合。
27.权利要求22-26任一项的组合物,其中所述可药用的赋形剂含有多元醇。
28.权利要求22-26任一项的组合物,其中所述可药用的赋形剂含有选自如下的多元醇:山梨醇,甘露糖醇,木糖醇,赤藓醇,麦芽糖醇,乳糖醇,异麦芽酮糖醇和聚糖醇及其组合。
29.权利要求22-26任一项的组合物,其中所述可药用的赋形剂含有异麦芽酮糖醇。
30.权利要求1的组合物,其中所述缓冲剂选自柠檬酸-氢氧化钠,柠檬酸-磷酸氢二钠,柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠,琥珀酸-氢氧化钠,磷酸二氢钾-磷酸氢二钠,马来酸二钠盐-盐酸,磷酸二氢钾-氢氧化钠,磷酸二氢钠-磷酸氢二钠以及tris酸马来酸盐-氢氧化钠。
31.权利要求30的组合物,其中所述缓冲剂是柠檬酸-磷酸氢二钠,磷酸二氢钾-磷酸氢二钠,马来酸二钠盐-盐酸,磷酸二氢钾-氢氧化钠,磷酸二氢钠-磷酸氢二钠以及tris酸马来酸盐-氢氧化钠。
32.权利要求1的组合物,其中所述药剂是芬太尼或其可药用盐;所述缓冲剂的存在量在所述不含糖的剂型溶解于唾液中时足以将所述剂型的pH保持于约6.3至约6.6的水平;并且其中所述经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型含有蔗糖、葡萄糖或其组合。
33.权利要求32的组合物,其中所述经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型含有基于干重为高于约50重量%的糖。
34.权利要求33的组合物,其中所述经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型含有基于干重的为高于约90重量%的糖。
35.权利要求1的组合物,其中基于干重,所述药剂在所述经口腔粘膜的固态剂型中的存在量为约0.0005重量%至约50重量%。
36.权利要求35的组合物,其中基于干重,所述药剂在所述经口腔粘膜的固态剂型中的存在量为约0.005重量%至约10重量%。
37.权利要求36的组合物,其中基于干重,所述药剂在所述经口腔粘膜的固态剂型中的存在量为约0.005重量%至约1重量%。
38.权利要求1-37任一项的组合物,进一步含有手柄,所述手柄附加加至所述不含糖的经口腔粘膜的固态剂型。
39.权利要求1-37任一项的组合物,其中所述组合物的形式为经口腔粘膜的压缩粉末固态剂型。
40.权利要求1-37任一项的组合物,其中所述组合物的形式为经口腔粘膜的硬糖固态剂型。
41.权利要求1-37任一项的组合物,其中所述组合物的形式为经口腔粘膜的硬糖固态剂型;进一步含有手柄,所述手柄附加至所述经口腔粘膜的硬糖固态剂型。
42.权利要求1的组合物,其中所述经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型含有缓冲剂。
43.权利要求1的组合物,其中所述经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型不含缓冲剂。
44.用于经口腔粘膜递送芬太尼的不含糖药物组合物,所述组合物含有芬太尼或其可药用盐形式,以及可药用的赋形剂,其中所述不含糖组合物的形式为经口腔粘膜的固态剂型,且其中所述经口腔粘膜的固态剂型与经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型具有生物等效性。
45.权利要求44的组合物,其中所述经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型含有蔗糖,葡萄糖或其组合。
46.权利要求44的组合物,其中所述经口腔粘膜的含糖固态剂型含有基于干重的为高于约90重量%的糖。
47.权利要求44的组合物,其中所述不含糖组合物中的赋形剂含有多元醇。
48.权利要求47的组合物,其中所述多元醇选自山梨醇,甘露糖醇,木糖醇,赤藓醇,麦芽糖醇,乳糖醇,异麦芽酮糖醇和聚糖醇及其组合。
49.权利要求48的组合物,其中所述多元醇是山梨醇。
50.权利要求48的组合物,其中所述多元醇是甘露糖醇。
51.权利要求48的组合物,其中所述多元醇是木糖醇。
52.权利要求48的组合物,其中所述多元醇是赤藓醇。
53.权利要求48的组合物,其中所述多元醇是麦芽糖醇。
54.权利要求48的组合物,其中所述多元醇是乳糖醇。
55.权利要求48的组合物,其中所述多元醇是异麦芽酮糖醇。
56.权利要求48的组合物,其中所述多元醇是甘露糖醇与聚糖醇;木糖醇与聚糖醇;异麦芽酮糖醇与聚糖醇;甘露糖醇与山梨醇;木糖醇与山梨醇;以及异麦芽酮糖醇与山梨醇的组合。
57.权利要求48的组合物,其中所述多元醇是异麦芽酮糖醇与聚糖醇的组合。
58.权利要求48的组合物,其中所述多元醇是异麦芽酮糖醇与山梨醇的组合。
59.权利要求44的组合物,其中所述赋形剂含有多元醇并进一步含有粘合剂。
60.权利要求59的组合物,其中所述多元醇选自山梨醇,甘露糖醇,木糖醇,麦芽糖醇,乳糖醇,异麦芽酮糖醇,聚糖醇及其组合;且所述粘合剂选自聚葡萄糖,纤维素醚及聚乙二醇。
61.权利要求59的组合物,其中所述多元醇是异麦芽酮糖醇,且所述粘合剂选自聚葡萄糖,羟丙基纤维素及聚乙二醇,其中所述聚乙二醇平均分子量为约3350至20,000。
62.权利要求59的组合物,其中所述多元醇是异麦芽酮糖醇,且所述粘合剂是聚乙二醇,其中所述聚乙二醇平均分子量为约4000至8000。
63.权利要求44的组合物,进一步含有缓冲剂,所述缓冲剂的含量在所述经口腔粘膜的固态剂型溶解于唾液中时足以保持一部分所述芬太尼或其可药用盐形式处于离子化状态。
64.权利要求63的组合物,其中在所述剂型溶解于唾液中时,所述缓冲剂能将所述剂型的pH保持在约6.0至约7.4的水平。
65.权利要求63的组合物,其中在所述剂型溶解于唾液中时,所述缓冲剂能将所述剂型的pH保持在约6.1至约7.0的水平。
66.权利要求63的组合物,其中在所述剂型溶解于唾液中时,所述缓冲剂能将所述剂型的pH保持在约6.3至约6.6的水平。
67.权利要求63的组合物,其中所述缓冲剂选自柠檬酸-磷酸氢二钠,磷酸二氢钾-磷酸氢二钠,马来酸二钠盐-盐酸,磷酸二氢钾-氢氧化钠,磷酸二氢钠-磷酸氢二钠以及tris酸马来酸盐-氢氧化钠。
68.权利要求63的组合物,其中所述缓冲剂是磷酸的钠或钾盐的组合,或者是磷酸的单-或二盐与柠檬酸的组合。
69.权利要求64-68任一项的组合物,其中所述不含糖组合物中的赋形剂含有多元醇。
70.权利要求64-68任一项的组合物,其中所述不含糖组合物中的赋形剂含有选自如下的多元醇:山梨醇,甘露糖醇,木糖醇,赤藓醇,麦芽糖醇,乳糖醇,异麦芽酮糖醇和聚糖醇及其组合。
71.权利要求64-68任一项的组合物,其中所述不含糖组合物中的赋形剂是异麦芽酮糖醇。
72.权利要求64-68任一项的组合物,其中所述赋形剂含有多元醇并进一步含有粘合剂。
73.权利要求64-68任一项的组合物,其中所述多元醇选自山梨醇,甘露糖醇,木糖醇,麦芽糖醇,乳糖醇,异麦芽酮糖醇,聚糖醇及其组合;且所述粘合剂选自聚葡萄糖,纤维素醚及聚乙二醇。
74.权利要求64-68任一项的组合物,其中所述多元醇是异麦芽酮糖醇,且所述粘合剂选自聚葡萄糖,羟丙基纤维素及聚乙二醇,其中所述聚乙二醇平均分子量为约3350至20,000。
75.权利要求64-68任一项的组合物,其中所述多元醇是异麦芽酮糖醇,且所述粘合剂是聚乙二醇,其中所述聚乙二醇平均分子量为约4000至8000。
76.权利要求44-63任一项的组合物,进一步含有手柄,所述手柄附加至所述不含糖的经口腔粘膜的固态剂型。
77.权利要求44-63任一项的组合物,其中所述赋形剂为粉末形式,且所述组合物为不含糖的经口腔粘膜的压缩粉末固态剂型。
78.权利要求44-63任一项的组合物,其中所述组合物为不含糖的经口腔粘膜的硬糖固态剂型。
79.权利要求44的组合物,其中所述经口腔粘膜的固态剂型含有以芬太尼盐形式的芬太尼,其含量相当于约50μg至约5000μg的芬太尼游离碱。
80.权利要求44的组合物,其中所述经口腔粘膜的固态剂型含有以芬太尼盐形式的芬太尼,其含量相当于约50μg至约3200μg的芬太尼游离碱。
81.权利要求44的组合物,其中所述经口腔粘膜的固态剂型含有以芬太尼盐形式的芬太尼,其含量相当于约50μg至约2400μg的芬太尼游离碱。
82.权利要求44的组合物,其中所述经口腔粘膜的固态剂型含有以芬太尼盐形式的芬太尼,其含量相当于约100μg至约1600μg的芬太尼游离碱。
83.权利要求82的组合物,其中所述芬太尼盐是柠檬酸芬太尼。
84.权利要求83的组合物,其中所述赋形剂含有多元醇;并进一步含有缓冲剂。
85.权利要求84的组合物,其中所述赋形剂含有异麦芽酮糖醇。
86.权利要求83的组合物,其中所述赋形剂含有选自如下的多元醇:山梨醇,甘露糖醇,木糖醇,麦芽糖醇,乳糖醇,异麦芽酮糖醇和聚糖醇及其组合;并进一步含有选自聚葡萄糖,纤维素醚和聚乙二醇的粘合剂;并进一步含有缓冲剂。
87.权利要求86的组合物,其中所述赋形剂含有异麦芽酮糖醇;且粘合剂含有聚乙二醇。
88.权利要求87的组合物,其中所述聚乙二醇的平均分子量为约3350至20,000。
89.权利要求87的组合物,其中所述聚乙二醇的平均分子量为约4000至8000。
90.权利要求84-89任一项的组合物,其中所述缓冲剂是磷酸的钠或钾盐的组合,或者是磷酸的单-或二盐与柠檬酸的组合。
91.权利要求84-89任一项的组合物,其中在所述剂型溶解于唾液中时,所述缓冲剂能将所述剂型的pH保持在约6.1至约7.0的水平。
92.权利要求84-89任一项的组合物,其中在所述剂型溶解于唾液中时,所述缓冲剂能将所述剂型的pH保持在约6.3至约6.6的水平。
93.权利要求92的组合物,其中所述经口腔粘膜的固态剂型含有以柠檬酸芬太尼形式的芬太尼,其含量相当于约200μg,约400μg,约600μg,约800μg,约1200μg或约1600μg的芬太尼游离碱。
94.权利要求63的组合物,其中
1)以柠檬酸芬太尼形式存在的芬太尼含量相当于0.016重量%至0.126重量%;
2)赋形剂的存在量相当于90.88重量%至97.98重量%;
3)缓冲剂的存在量相当于1重量%至5重量%,并在所述剂型溶解于唾液中时足以将所述剂型的pH保持在约6.3至约6.6的水平;且进一步含有
4)润滑剂,其存在量相当于0.5重量%至2重量%。
95.权利要求63的组合物,其中
1)以柠檬酸芬太尼形式存在的芬太尼含量相当于0.016重量%至0.126重量%;
2)以异麦芽酮糖醇形式存在的赋形剂含量相当于76.0重量%至86.0重量%;
3)缓冲剂的存在形式为柠檬酸结合磷酸氢二钠,其中柠檬酸的含量相当于0.5重量%至0.6重量%,磷酸氢二钠的含量相当于1.4重量%至1.5重量%,在所述剂型溶解于唾液中时,所述缓冲剂足以将所述剂型的pH保持在约6.3至约6.6的水平;进一步含有
4)以聚乙二醇8000形式存在的粘合剂,其含量相当于9.5重量%至19.0重量%,且进一步含有
5)以硬脂酸镁形式存在的润滑剂,其含量相当于1.0重量%。
96.将不含糖剂型的药剂经口腔粘膜递送至患者的方法,包含提供权利要求1-95任一项的组合物,并将有效量的所述组合物施用至所述患者的口腔粘膜,并通过患者的口腔粘膜组织的吸收递送所述药剂。
97.将不含糖剂型的芬太尼经口腔粘膜递送至患者的方法,包含提供权利要求44的组合物,并将有效量的所述组合物施用至所述患者的口腔粘膜,并通过患者的口腔粘膜组织的吸收递送所述药剂。
98.疼痛的治疗方法,包含将治疗有效量根据权利要求1的不含糖的经口腔粘膜固态剂型引入至患者的口腔,其中可离子化的药剂是芬太尼或其可药用盐形式。
99.权利要求98的方法,其中的疼痛是爆发性疼痛。
100.权利要求98的方法,其中的疼痛是慢性疼痛。
101.权利要求98的方法,其中的疼痛是偏头痛。
102.疼痛的治疗方法,包含将治疗有效量根据权利要求44的不含糖的经口腔粘膜固态剂型引入至患者的口腔。
103.权利要求102的方法,其中的疼痛是爆发性疼痛。
104.权利要求102的方法,其中的疼痛是慢性疼痛。
105.权利要求102的方法,其中的疼痛是偏头痛。
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CN100998594B (zh) * | 2006-12-26 | 2011-05-04 | 重庆医药工业研究院有限责任公司 | 一种阿莫地喹固体口服药物组合物 |
CN102451162A (zh) * | 2010-10-21 | 2012-05-16 | 重庆市力扬医药开发有限公司 | 经口腔粘膜吸收的奥氮平药物 |
CN102582106A (zh) * | 2006-05-23 | 2012-07-18 | 奥拉黑尔斯公司 | 具有阿拉伯树胶粘合剂的双层口用粘附性片剂 |
CN107048483A (zh) * | 2007-10-11 | 2017-08-18 | 菲利普莫里斯生产公司 | 无烟烟草产品 |
CN109982574A (zh) * | 2016-11-18 | 2019-07-05 | 西澳大学 | 味道掩蔽产品 |
CN111398480A (zh) * | 2020-04-21 | 2020-07-10 | 郑州安图生物工程股份有限公司 | 同时检测三唑类抗真菌药物和糖肽类抗生素的试剂盒及其检测方法 |
CN113952312A (zh) * | 2021-10-24 | 2022-01-21 | 重庆市力扬医药开发有限公司 | 经口腔粘膜吸收的赛洛多辛药物 |
-
2004
- 2004-02-04 AR ARP040100337 patent/AR043019A1/es unknown
- 2004-02-04 CN CN 200480003493 patent/CN1747722A/zh active Pending
-
2005
- 2005-08-25 ZA ZA200506833A patent/ZA200506833B/en unknown
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102582106A (zh) * | 2006-05-23 | 2012-07-18 | 奥拉黑尔斯公司 | 具有阿拉伯树胶粘合剂的双层口用粘附性片剂 |
CN102582106B (zh) * | 2006-05-23 | 2015-12-16 | 奥拉黑尔斯公司 | 具有阿拉伯树胶粘合剂的双层口用粘附性片剂 |
CN100998594B (zh) * | 2006-12-26 | 2011-05-04 | 重庆医药工业研究院有限责任公司 | 一种阿莫地喹固体口服药物组合物 |
CN107048483A (zh) * | 2007-10-11 | 2017-08-18 | 菲利普莫里斯生产公司 | 无烟烟草产品 |
CN102451162A (zh) * | 2010-10-21 | 2012-05-16 | 重庆市力扬医药开发有限公司 | 经口腔粘膜吸收的奥氮平药物 |
CN109982574A (zh) * | 2016-11-18 | 2019-07-05 | 西澳大学 | 味道掩蔽产品 |
CN111398480A (zh) * | 2020-04-21 | 2020-07-10 | 郑州安图生物工程股份有限公司 | 同时检测三唑类抗真菌药物和糖肽类抗生素的试剂盒及其检测方法 |
CN113952312A (zh) * | 2021-10-24 | 2022-01-21 | 重庆市力扬医药开发有限公司 | 经口腔粘膜吸收的赛洛多辛药物 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ZA200506833B (en) | 2006-05-31 |
AR043019A1 (es) | 2005-07-13 |
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