CN1732212A - 作为药物输送媒介物的多分支多肽-聚(乙二醇)嵌段共聚物 - Google Patents
作为药物输送媒介物的多分支多肽-聚(乙二醇)嵌段共聚物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1732212A CN1732212A CNA2003801079843A CN200380107984A CN1732212A CN 1732212 A CN1732212 A CN 1732212A CN A2003801079843 A CNA2003801079843 A CN A2003801079843A CN 200380107984 A CN200380107984 A CN 200380107984A CN 1732212 A CN1732212 A CN 1732212A
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Abstract
本发明提供了可用于各种生物活性剂的输送的多分支嵌段共聚物。本发明的共聚物含有中心核,从该中心核延伸出多个(3个或更多个)共聚物分支。各共聚物分支具有内部多肽链段和外部亲水性聚合物链段。因此,共聚物的整体结构包括包含中心核和内部多肽链段的内核区域,而外核区域是亲水性质的。本发明的多分支共聚物特别可用于能够截留在内核区域内的生物活性剂的输送。
Description
本发明的领域
本发明涉及多分支共聚物和制造它的方法以及该共聚物作为例如药物输送媒介物的用途。
本发明的背景
高效的药物输送媒介物的开发仍然为药物制造厂家提出挑战。许多生物活性剂,尽管显示有效的活体内活性,受到一些缺陷的妨碍,如活体内降解,从体内的快速清除,低水溶性,和系统毒性。已经建议了几种措施来克服这些缺陷。此类措施包括,例如,将生物活性剂与表面活性剂共同给药,将生物活性剂提供在脂质体配制剂中,使用抗体标靶于特定的组织,和将生物活性剂配制在胶束内。然而,每一种措施无法全部地克服对于特定的活性剂所遇到的问题和/或产生附加的挑战。
药物级表面活性剂,如Tween 80或Cremophor®已经广泛用于配制剂中来补偿疏水性药物的水溶性。这些表面活性剂通过在含水介质中形成胶束结构来使疏水性药物增溶化。不幸地,当给药于患者时这些表面活性剂已经与严重的过敏性反应和过敏症有所联系(Kris等人(1986)Cancer Treatment REP 70∶5)。另外,胶束型药物载体常常在给药于患者之后崩解,因为形成胶束的组分的浓度降低到它的临界胶束浓度(CMC)之下。一旦该胶束崩解,则药物会快速和不受控制的释放,因此常常使得这一药物输送措施变得实际不可行。
脂质体配制剂由形成脂质体的磷脂类组成。在给药于患者之后,脂质体被网状内皮系统(“RES”)的巨噬细胞所吸收。甚至当用聚(乙二醇)(“PEG”)涂敷脂质体而让脂质体被改性具有“隐蔽”特性时,在肝脏和脾中常常见到高的水平。然而,甚至有PEG涂层的“隐蔽”脂质体仍具有不希望有的副作用。尤其,此类有PEG涂层的脂质体已知会不加区别地从血管运动到组织中,已知为“外渗(extravasation)”的一种过程。结果,必须给药更高剂量的脂质体包封的药物以便达到所需的治疗效果。
标靶的给药途径,例如使用抗体输送药物如抗癌剂,已经用于一些疾病如癌症的定位治疗。不幸地,标靶在肿瘤细胞上的受体常常同样存在于健康细胞上。因此,抗体标靶措施常常缺乏为了提供输送生物活性剂的最佳方法所需要的特异性或选择性。
还有其它措施已经建议用于输送药物。例如,水溶性聚合物如聚(乙二醇)已经以共价键连接于药物上而形成聚合物-药物结合物(conjugate)。与未结合的或自然的药物相比,此类结合物常常具有改进的水溶性,增强的活体内稳定性,和改进的治疗指数。不幸地,单官能的PEG如单甲氧基PEG只能以每个聚合物链携带一个药物分子,因此缺乏在输送生物活性剂时常常寻求的高度药物携带能力。
因此,在现有技术中仍然需要以治疗有效方式同时输送亲水性和疏水性药物的改进方法。也就是说,需要组合物和药物输送方法,它们有足够的灵活性可用于不仅输送水不溶性药物,而且是可调整的,同样可用于输送亲水性和带电荷的生物活性剂。本发明设法解决在现有技术中的这些和其它需要。
本发明的概述
本发明提供单分子的多分支嵌段共聚物,它包括为共价键连接提供至少三个连接位点的中心核分子,和以共价键连接于中心核分子的每一连接位点上的共聚物分支。各共聚物分支包括以共价键连接于中心核分子的内部多肽链段和以共价键连接于多肽链段的外部亲水性聚合物链段。中心核分子和多肽链段一起构成了内核区域且亲水性聚合物链段构成了亲水性外区域。生物活性剂能够截留在共聚物结构内,优选在嵌段共聚物的内核区域之内。取决于生物活性剂和嵌段共聚物的结构和性能,该截留能够由各种键接或吸引力所引起,如共价键连接或基于共享的疏水性的吸引或电荷吸引。
中心核分子优选是多胺。举例性的多胺包括经醚键连接于小分子量亲水性低聚物如PEG低聚物上的多元醇核的残基,各低聚物具有末端胺基。
多肽链段优选包括疏水性氨基酸残基,带电荷的氨基酸残基,或具有适宜共价键连接于药物分子上的侧挂官能团的氨基酸残基。举例性的氨基酸残基包括甘氨酸,丙氨酸,缬氨酸,亮氨酸,异亮氨酸,蛋氨酸,脯氨酸,苯基丙氨酸,色氨酸,丝氨酸,苏氨酸,天冬酰胺,谷氨酰胺,酪氨酸,半胱氨酸,赖氨酸,精氨酸,组氨酸,天冬氨酸,谷氨酸,和它们的结合物的残基。
该亲水性聚合物链段优选是聚(乙二醇)(“PEG”),任选被封端基团如烷氧基或官能团所终端,官能团例如有羟基,活性酯,活性碳酸酯,缩醛,醛,水合醛,烷基或芳基磺酸盐,卤素,二硫化物,链烯基,丙烯酸酯,甲基丙烯酸酯,丙烯酰胺,活性砜,胺,酰肼,硫醇,羧酸,异氰酸酯,异硫氰酸酯,马来酰亚胺,乙烯基砜,二硫代吡啶,乙烯基吡啶,碘乙酰胺,环氧基,二醛(glyoxal),二酮,甲磺酸盐,甲苯磺酸盐,或三氟乙基磺酸酯(tresylate)。如果需要,该官能团可用于以共价键方式连接药物分子。在一个特定的实施方案中,PEG聚合物链段携带一个标靶结构部分,该结构部分能够引导共聚物到体内特殊位点以使物理方式截留的药物实现靶位释放。标靶结构部分的例子包括蛋白质,抗体,抗体片段,肽,碳水化合物,脂质,低聚核苷酸,DNA,RNA,或分子量低于2,000道尔顿的小分子。
当使用疏水性多肽链段时,嵌段共聚物形成单分子胶束结构,其中中心核心和多肽链段构成疏水性核区域。通过在这一疏水性核区域中截留一个或多个疏水性生物活性剂,疏水性药剂增溶化。用这种方法有可能提供了给药具有疏水性-限制溶解度的以前无法给药的药物的方法。因此,疏水性药剂的改进输送能够通过给药含有本发明的多分支嵌段共聚物(有药物截留在其疏水性核区域内)的药物组合物来实现。
本发明进一步包括,尤其,包含此类嵌段共聚物的药物组合物,该共聚物的制造方法,和使用嵌段共聚物作为例如药物输送媒介物的方法。
附图的简述
已用一般术语描述了本发明,现在请参见附图,其中:
图1是本发明的单分子的多分支嵌段共聚物的总体结构的图解;
图2是具有带电荷的内核区域的单分子的多分支嵌段共聚物的一个实例的结构的图解;
图3是具有以共价键连接于共聚物的多肽链段上的生物活性剂的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物的实例的结构的图解;和
图4说明了在含有本发明的8分支单分子型嵌段共聚物的溶液中几种浓度的顺-二氯化二氨铂的随时间推移的吸收率变化。
发明的详细说明
本发明现在更完全地描述。然而本发明能够以许多不同的形式实施并不应该认为限于这里所述的实施方案;相反地,提供这些实施方案以使这一公开物是彻底的和完全的,并且充分地将本发明的范围表达给本领域中技术人员。
I.定义
应该指出的是,在本说明书和权利要求中使用的单数形式“a”、“an”和“the”包括复数指代物,除非本文另外清楚地指明。因此,例如,对于“药物”的指代包括单种药物以及两种或多种相同或不同的药物,对于“单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物”的指代包括单个单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物和两种或多种相同或不同的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,对于“赋形剂”的指代包括单种赋形剂以及两种或多种相同或不同的赋形剂,等等。
该术语“官能团”、“活性结构部分”、“活化基团”、“反应活性部位”、“化学反应活性基团”和“化学反应活性结构部分”在现有技术领域中和在这里指分子的不同的、可确定的部分或单元。这些术语在化学领域中多少有些是同义的并在这里用于表示分子的发挥一些功能或活性并可与其它分子反应的各个部分。该术语“活性”,当与官能团相结合使用时,在意义上包括容易与在其它分子上的亲电或亲核基团反应的那些官能团,与为了反应而需要强催化剂或非常不切实际的反应条件的那些基团(即,“非反应活性”或“惰性”基团)不同。例如,本领域中技术人员会理解,该术语“活性酯”包括容易与亲核基团如胺反应的那些酯。举例的活性酯包括N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺基酯或1-苯并三唑基酯。典型地,活性酯将在数分钟内与在含水介质中的胺反应,而某些酯,如甲基或乙基酯,为了与亲核基团而需要强催化剂。在这里使用的术语“官能团”包括被保护的官能团。
该术语“被保护的官能团”指防止化学反应活性官能团在某些反应条件下的反应的保护基团或结构部分的存在。保护基团将根据所要保护的化学反应活性基团的类型和所使用的反应条件来变化。例如,如果化学反应活性基团是胺或酰肼,则保护基能够选自叔丁氧基羰基(t-Boc)和9-芴基甲氧基羰基(Fmoc)。如果化学反应活性基团是硫醇,则保护基团能够是邻吡啶基二硫化物(orthopyridyldisulfide)。如果化学反应活性基团是羧酸,如丁酸或丙酸,或羟基,则保护基团能够是苄基或烷基如甲基,乙基,或叔丁基。现有技术中已知的其它保护基团也可用于本发明中,参见例如Greene,T.W.等人,PROTECTIVE GROUPS IN ORGANICSYNTHESIS,第三版,John Wiley & Sons,New York,NY(1999)。
该术语“连接键(linkage)”和“连接基(linker)”在这里用于指原子,原子基团或通常由于化学反应所形成的键。本发明的连接基典型地经由一个或多个共价键连接相邻的结构部分如两个聚合物链段。水解稳定的连接键是在水中充分稳定的并且在有用的pH例如生理pH下在相当长的时间内,也许甚至在长时期内,不与水发生任何显著程度的反应的连接键。水解不稳定的或可降解的连接键是在水中或在包括例如血液、血浆或其它生理性液体在内的水溶液中可降解的连接键。酶催不稳定的或可降解的连接键包括能够由一种或多种酶降解的那些连接键。
该术语“烷基”指典型地具有约1-约12个碳原子长度,优选约1-约6个原子长度的烃链,并且包括直链和支链。该烃链可以是饱和或不饱和的。
“环烷基”指饱和或不饱和环烃链,包括桥连的、稠合的或螺环状化合物,优选包括3-约12个碳原子,更优选3-约8个碳原子。
该术语“取代的烷基”或“取代的环烷基”指被一个或多个互不干扰的取代基取代的烷基或环烷基,此类取代基例如是,但不限于,C3-8环烷基,例如,环丙基,环丁基等;乙炔;氰基;烷氧基,例如,甲氧基,乙氧基等;低级链烷酰基氧基,例如,乙酰氧基;羟基;羧基;氨基;低级烷基氨基,例如,甲基氨基;酮;卤素,例如氯或溴;苯基;取代的苯基等。
“烷氧基”指-O-R基团,其中R是烷基或取代的烷基,优选C1-6烷基(例如,甲氧基或乙氧基)。
“芳基”指一个或多个芳族环,每一个环具有5或6个在核上的碳原子。多个芳基环可以是稠合的,如在萘基中或是未稠合的,如在联苯基中。芳基环也可以与一个或多个环烃,杂芳基或杂环稠合或不稠合。
“取代的芳基”是有一个或多个不干扰的基团作为取代基的芳基。对于在苯基环上的取代,取代基可以是任何取向(即,邻,间或对)。
“杂芳基”是含有1至4个杂原子(优选硫、氧、氮或它们的结合)的芳基,该杂芳基任选在碳或氮原子上被C1-6烷基,-CF3,苯基,苄基,或噻吩基取代,或在杂芳基中的碳原子与氧原子一起形成羰基,或该杂芳基任选与苯基环稠合。杂芳基环也可以与一个或多个环烃,杂环,芳基,或杂芳基环稠合。杂芳基包括,但不限于,具有一个杂原子的5员杂芳基(例如,噻吩,吡咯,呋喃);在1,2或1,3位上具有两个杂原子5员杂芳基(例如,噁唑,吡唑,咪唑,噻唑,嘌呤);具有三个杂原子5员杂芳基(例如,三唑,噻二唑);具有3个杂原子的5-员杂芳基;具有一个杂原子的6员杂芳基(例如,吡啶,喹啉,异喹啉,菲,5,6-环庚烯并吡啶);具有两个杂原子的6员杂芳基(例如,哒嗪,噌啉,酞嗪,吡嗪,嘧啶,喹唑啉);具有三个杂原子的6员杂芳基(例如,1,3,5-三嗪);和具有四个杂原子的6员杂芳基。
“取代的杂芳基”是有一个或多个不干扰的基团作为取代基的杂芳基。
“杂环”或“杂环的”意指具有5-12个原子、优选5-7个原子的一个或多个环,有或者没有不饱和度或芳族属性和具有不是碳的至少一个在环上的原子。优选的杂原子包括硫,氧,和氮。多环可以是稠合的,与在喹啉或苯并呋喃中一样。
“杂原子”指在烃类似物化合物中的任何非碳原子。实例包括氧,硫,氮,磷,砷,硅,硒,碲,锡,和硼。
“取代的杂环”是具有从不干扰的取代基形成的一个或多个侧链的杂环。
“不干扰的取代基”是得到稳定化合物的那些基团。合适的不干扰的取代基或基团包括,但不限于,卤素,C1-10烷基,C2-20链烯基,C2-10炔基,C1-10烷氧基,C7-12芳烷基,C7-12烷芳基,C3-10环烷基,C3-10环链烯基,苯基,取代的苯基,甲苯基,二甲苯基,联苯基,C2-12烷氧基烷基,C7-12烷氧基芳基,C7-12芳氧基烷基,C6-12氧基芳基,C1-6烷基亚磺酰基,C1-10烷基磺酰基,-(CH2)m″-O-(C1-10烷基),其中(m″)是1-8,芳基,取代的芳基,取代的烷氧基,氟烷基,杂环基团,取代的杂环基,硝基烷基,-NO2,-CN,-NRC(O)-(C1-10烷基),-C(O)-(C1-10烷基),C2-10硫代烷基,-C(O)O-(C1-10烷基),-OH,-SO2,=S,-COOH,-NR,羰基,-C(O)-(C1-10烷基)-CF3,-C(O)-CF3,-C(O)NR2,-(C1-10烷基)-S-(C6-12芳基),-C(O)-(C6-12芳基),-(CH2)m″-O-(CH2)m″-O-(C1-10烷基),其中各(m″)独立地选自1-8,-C(O)NR,-C(S)NR,-SO2NR,-NRC(O)NR,-NRC(S)NR,它们的盐,等。在这里使用的各R独立地选自H,未取代的烷基,取代的烷基,未取代的芳基,取代的芳基,芳烷基,和烷芳基。
术语“药物”,“生物活性分子”,“生物活性结构部分”,“生物活性剂”,“活性剂”等在这里可以互换使用,并指能够影响生物有机体的任何物理或生化特性的任何物质,此类有机体包括但不限于病毒,细菌,真菌,植物,动物,和人。尤其,在这里使用的“生物活性分子”包括预计用于人或其它动物的疾病的诊断,医治,缓解,治疗或预防,或另外增强人或动物的身体或精神健康的任何物质。生物活性分子的例子包括,但不限于,肽,蛋白质,酶,小分子药物(例如,非肽药物),染料,脂质,核苷,低聚核苷酸,多核苷酸,核酸,细胞,病毒,脂质体,微粒和胶束。适合为本发明所使用的生物活性剂的类型包括,但不限于,抗生素,杀真菌剂,抗病毒剂,消炎药,抗肿瘤药,心血管药,抗忧虑药,激素,生长因子,甾族试剂等。
“聚烯烃醇”指包括烯烃聚合物骨架如聚乙烯的聚合物,且有多个侧挂羟基连接于聚合物骨架上。举例性的聚烯烃醇是聚乙烯醇。
在这里使用的“非肽”指基本上不含经由肽键连接的氨基酸的结构。因此,例如,当非肽用于表示聚合物骨架时,聚合物骨架基本上不含经由肽键连接的氨基酸。然而,聚合物骨架可以包括少量的沿着骨架长度方向的肽键,例如不超过约1个肽键/约50个单体单元。
“多肽”或“聚(氨基酸)”是指包括了通过沿着α碳骨架的酰胺键连接的一系列氨基酸残基的任何分子。肽侧链的改性也可以采用,还有糖基化,羟基化等。另外,其它非肽分子,包括脂质和小的药物分子,可以连接于多肽上。该多肽可以包括氨基酸残基的任何结合物或序列。
“氨基酸”指同时含有碱性胺基和酸性羧基的有机酸。该术语包括必需的和非必需的氨基酸并且既是天然的和又是合成或改性的氨基酸。最普通的氨基酸以它们的全名或以三个字母或单个字母缩写在这里列出:甘氨酸(Gly,G);丙氨酸(Ala,A);缬氨酸(Val,V);亮氨酸(Leu,L);异亮氨酸(Ile,I);蛋氨酸(Met,M);脯氨酸(Pro,P);苯基丙氨酸(Phe,F);色氨酸(Trp,W);丝氨酸(Ser,S);苏氨酸(Thr,T);天冬酰胺(Asn,N);谷氨酰胺(Gln,Q);酪氨酸(Tyr,Y);半胱氨酸(Cys,C);赖氨酸(Lys,K);精氨酸(Arg,R);组氨酸(His,H);天冬氨酸(Asp,D);和谷氨酸(Glu,E)。对于氨基酸的表述是无需考虑绝对构型的并且该叙述包括L或D形式的氨基酸。
“残基”是指一个分子在与一个或多个分子反应后所剩余的部分。例如,在多肽链中的氨基酸残基是氨基酸在与相邻的氨基酸残基形成肽键之后所剩余的部分。
“疏水性”指在辛醇中比在水中具有更大溶解度的,典型地在辛醇中具有大得多的溶解度的分子。相反地,“亲水性”指在水中比在辛醇中具有更大溶解度的分子。
“低聚物”指包括2-约20个单体单元,优选2-约10个单体单元的短单体链。
“单分子”指以共价键结合在单个分子结构中的整个分子,而不是依赖于与在传统胶束中一样的其它非共价键键接或吸引力。
术语“患者”指遭受或倾向于一种症状的活有机体,该症状能够通过药物的给药来防止或治疗,并且既包括人和又包括动物。
“任选的”或“任选地”指后面描述的事件可以发生或不发生,因此该叙述包括事件发生的情况和事件不发生的情况。
II.
单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物
本发明提供单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,它具有由中心核分子(有多肽链段以共价键连接于其上)确定的内核区域和由以共价键连接于每一多肽聚合物链段上的亲水性聚合物链段所确定的外部亲水性区域。因此,多分支结构的每一分支是一种嵌段共聚物,它包括内部(即接近或邻近于中心核分子)多肽聚合物链段和外部(即远离中心核分子)亲水性聚合物链段。
本发明的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物特别适合于生物活性分子在内核区域之内的包封或截留。在这里使用的“包封”或“截留”是指药物分子在共聚物的内核区域内的物理围限,不论通过共价键连接,电荷相互作用,金属-酸配合物,范德华力,或其它吸引或键合力。
单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物典型地具有约5,000Da到约120,000Da,优选约10,000Da到约100,000Da,以及更优选约20,000Da到约80,000Da的总数均分子量。本发明嵌段共聚物的一般结构的图解示于图1。
外部亲水性聚合物链段优选是聚(乙二醇),虽然其它亲水性聚合物链段也可以使用。在某些实施方案中,能够将共聚物结构引导至身体内的特定位点的标靶结构部分可以连接到一个或多个亲水性聚合物链段上以使所截留药物实现靶释放。
多肽聚合物链段作为单分子型多分支结构的内核区域的一部分可以在设计和调节多分支结构的药物输送性能上提供巨大的灵活性。在药物与单分子型多分支结构多分支结构的核区域之间的相互作用能够大大地影响药物荷载和药物释放特性。在本发明中,取决于多肽聚合物链段的结构,单分子型多分支结构的内核区域能够是疏水性的,带电荷的,适合以共价键连接到药物分子上,或它们的任何结合。
疏水性核区域
多肽能够显示出宽范围的疏水性。当使用疏水性多肽时,可以相信该多分支嵌段共聚物在水溶液中用作单分子型胶束,该胶束结构包括被亲水性外区域包围的中心疏水性核区域。结果,在这一实施方案中,本发明的多分支嵌段共聚物能够通过将疏水性生物活性剂包封或物理截留在多分支嵌段共聚物结构的疏水性核区域之内来提高疏水性生物活性剂的水溶性。多肽的具体结构和因此它的疏水性能够根据需要来进行调节,以使对于特定药物分子的亲合性最大化。
与普通的线性胶束结构相比,本发明的多分支嵌段共聚物的单分子性质导致了对浓度的低敏感性,使得本发明的嵌段共聚物不太可能在不希望的快速速率下释放所截留的药物分子。本发明的多分支嵌段共聚物是以共价键键接的分子单元而不是单个分子的聚集体。结果,由于形成胶束用材料的不足够浓度所导致的在活体内结构的不希望有的拆散将可以在这里描述的多分支嵌段共聚物的情况下加以避免。然而,通过在聚合物链段内包括一个或多个水解不稳定的连接键,多分支嵌段共聚物的有意的拆散能够在活体内发生。不同于与分子的聚集体有关的自发的浓度依赖性拆散,具有一个或多个水解不稳定的连接键的本发明多分支嵌段共聚物理想地根据水解速率以可预见的方式随时间推移而拆散。此外,因为无需活性剂的化学改性以获得溶解度的提高,所以共聚物降低所截留药物的功效的可能性大大地降低。
虽然不希望受任何特殊理论的束缚,但是可以相信疏水性多肽的疏水性和尺寸影响多分支嵌段共聚物的药物荷载和药物释放特性。一般可以相信,较大的疏水性多肽链段和从具有较大疏水性的氨基酸形成的疏水性多肽链段将导致在溶液中更高的药物荷载和更缓慢的药物释放曲线。相反地,较小疏水性多肽链段和从具有较低疏水性的氨基酸形成的疏水性多肽链段将导致减少的药物荷载和更快速的药物释放。通过使用常规实验,本领域中的技术人员能够测定对于任何给定的药物的合适多肽链段组成和尺寸。例如,一系列的含有药物的多分支嵌段共聚物能够按照在这里的讨论来制备,每一种具有不同尺寸的多肽链段。在给药于患者之后具有最大功效的多分支嵌段共聚物应该具有合适尺寸的多肽链段。类似的方法可用于测定合适的多肽链段含量(即,存在于多肽链段中的氨基酸残基)。然而,这里,对在多肽链段中有不同氨基酸残基的一系列含有药物的多分支嵌段共聚物进行试验。
带电荷的核区域
在另一个实施方案中,在含水介质中携带电荷的亲水性生物活性剂能够通过选择具有相反电荷的多肽链段而截留在本发明的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物的内核区域之内。相反的电荷导致在多分支结构的核区域与药物之间的吸引作用。例如,如果具有正电荷的内核区域需要截留带负电荷的活性剂,则多肽链段能够由带正电荷的氨基酸残基形成,优选在生理pH下或接近pH(即,约7.4的pH)。赖氨酸(具有约10.0的pK)和精氨酸(具有约12.0的pK)在生理pH下或接近生理pH下带正电荷。其它氨基酸也可以带正电荷,取决于环境的pH。例如,组氨酸的咪唑环能够带正电荷。
如果具有负电荷的内核区域是携带正电荷的活性剂所需要的,则多肽链段能够由带负电荷的氨基酸残基形成,优选在生理pH下或接近pH(即,约7.4的pH)。谷氨酸和天冬氨酸(两者具有约4.4的pK)在生理pH或接近生理pH下是带负电荷的。取决于环境的pH,其它氨基酸如半胱氨酸也可以提供负电荷。
电荷吸引作用截留生物活性分子对于截留DNA、RNA或低聚核苷酸是特别理想的。截留的药物以持续和延长的方式从带电荷的内核区域中释放。本发明的嵌段共聚物的带电荷的核实例的图解示于图2中。其中氨基酸残基携带负电荷的多肽链段的区域是用负(“-”)符号描绘的。
适合共价键连接到药物的核区域
在又一个实施方案中,通过以共价键将生物活性剂连接到在多肽链内间隔分布的侧挂官能团上,该生物活性剂能够以共价键连接到本发明多分支嵌段共聚物的内核区域中。例如,由许多不同的氨基酸,如天冬氨酸和谷氨酸形成的多肽包括在它们的侧链上的侧挂羧酸基团。这些酸基能够容易地与例如携带胺基的生物活性剂反应,由此经由酰胺键将生物活性剂连接到多肽链上。另外,包括含胺的赖氨酸残基的多肽链段能够与携带羧酸基团的生物活性剂反应,由此形成酰胺键。药物分子共价键连接到本发明嵌段共聚物上的图解示于图3中。
如果需要,在多肽和生物活性剂之间的连接键能够是可降解的连接键,如酯键,碳酸酯键,亚胺键,腙键,缩醛键,或原酯键。如此,嵌段共聚物能够主要用作前体药物,通过可降解的连接键在溶液中的水解释放该药物分子。
在任何以上实施方案中,与线性嵌段共聚物相比,本发明的多分支嵌段共聚物可通过将药物掩蔽在内核区域内来更好地防止药物分子发生酶催降解。同样,在引入了标靶结构部分的实施方案中,该标靶结构部分能够比线性嵌段共聚物更有效地使用。在本申请中,连接于仅仅几个共聚物分支上的标靶结构部分能够有效地输送被截留在多分支结构的核区域内的许多药物分子,由此,相对于仅仅有一个或两个药物结构部分以共价键连接于其上面的标靶的线性聚合物,提高了所输送药物“有效载荷”。
可以相信,多分支嵌段共聚物的分支的数量对于具有疏水性或带电荷的核区域的共聚物实例的药物荷载和药物释放特性有影响。一般,较少数量共聚物分支的存在会导致降低的药物荷载和更快速的药物释放。具有非常大数量的分支的共聚物的使用也能够降低药物荷载,归因于密度的显著增长和与之伴随的在共聚物结构的核区域内孔隙空间的减少。然而,具有较高数量的分支的共聚物不太可能具有取决于浓度的药物释放特性。鉴于上述情况,嵌段共聚物的分支数量的最佳范围能够在确定之后使得对于任何特定的疏水性药物可获得所需的药物荷载和药物释放特性。本领域中的普通技术人员能够通过常规实验确定在任何给定的情形下多少数量的分支是合适的。例如,本领域中的技术人员能够制备一系列的有不同数量分支的含有药物的多分支嵌段共聚物,监测在该系列中每一种共聚物在注入患者体内之后的功效,和随后鉴定与在具有最佳功效的共聚物中分支的数量相关的合适数量的分支。然而,在大多数的实施方案中,分支的数量是在3到约25范围内,和因此能够是3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24或25。然而,优选的是,在这里所述的多分支嵌段共聚物中分支的数量是至少5,更优选至少约8,和最优选至少约10。
该多肽和亲水性聚合物链段优选不是“高度支化的”或树枝状属性,如描述在US专利No.5,830,986中的树枝形聚合物,其中支化的化合物在很多相继的层中连接于中心核。相反,两种聚合物链段优选在性质上是基本上线型的,如在图1中所描绘。然而,在任一聚合物链段中的一些支化可以存在。例如,包括连接于赖氨酸连接基上的两个聚合物骨架的支化聚(乙二醇)聚合物能够用作该亲水性聚合物。
虽然在所附实验部分中多分支嵌段共聚物的特定例子对于每一共聚物分支采用相同的嵌段共聚物结构,但是有可能在同一多分支结构内采用不同的共聚物结构。换句话说,本发明包括其中一个以上的多肽/亲水性聚合物结合物连接于同一核分子上的实施方案。
A.中心核
中心核分子从提供与所需共聚物分支数量相等的数量的聚合物连接位点的分子派生而来。“连接位点”是指能够与另一个分子如氨基酸反应形成共价键的官能团。优选,中心核分子是具有至少三个携带氨基的末端基的多胺的残基。“多胺”是指含有可作为将共聚物分支连接于核分子上的连接位点的多个末端氨基的支化分子。多胺核的使用是优选的,因为核的氨基容易与氨基酸的羧酸基团反应形成酰胺键。然而,具有可连接于共聚物分支上的其它官能团的核分子也可以使用。
在利用多胺核的实施方案中,氨基的数量将决定了在多分支结构中共聚物分支的数量。优选,该多胺包括3到约25个氨基。在各种实施方案中,该多胺包括至少约5个氨基,至少约8个氨基,或至少约10个氨基。
该核分子典型地具有约250Da到约15,000Da,优选约500Da到约10,000Da,和更优选约1,000Da到约5,000Da的总数均分子量。因此,核分子的举例性的总数平均分子量包括下列:约250Da;约300Da;约350Da;约400Da;约450Da;约500Da;约550Da;约600Da;约650Da;约700Da;约750Da;约800Da;约850Da;约900Da;约950Da;约1,000Da;约1,500Da;约2,000Da;约2,500Da;约3,000Da;约3,500Da;约4,000Da;约4,500Da;约5,000Da;约5,500Da;约6,000Da;约6,500Da;约7,000Da;约7,500Da;约8,000Da;约8,500Da;约9,000Da;约9,500Da;约10,000Da;约10,500Da;约11,000Da;约11,500Da;约12,000Da;约12,500Da;约13,000Da;约13,500Da;约14,000Da;约14,500Da;和约15,000Da。在所附实验部分中举例的实施方案中,多胺核分子的分子量是大约2,000Da。
在优选的实施方案中,多胺核分子是由携带氨基的小分子量亲水性低聚物以共价键连接于多元醇核上所形成的。在这一实施方案中,中心核分子包括具有供聚合物连接用的至少三个羟基的多元醇的残基。“多元醇”是包括多个可用羟基的分子。取决于所需数量的共聚物分支,多元醇典型地包括约3到约25个羟基,优选至少5个,更优选至少约8个,和最优选至少约10个。多元醇可以包括其它受保护的或未保护的官能团,同样没有脱离本发明。虽然在羟基之间的间距将因多元醇而异,但是典型地在各羟基之间有约1到约20个原子碳原子,优选1到约5个。优选的多元醇包括甘油,还原糖如山梨糖醇,季戊四醇,和甘油低聚物,如六甘油。例如,环糊精如羟丙基-β-环糊精,它具有21个可用的羟基,能够形成21-分支嵌段共聚物。所选择的具体多元醇将取决于在多分支共聚物结构中共聚物分支的所需数量,其中在多元醇中的羟基数目将对应于共聚物分支的总数。
当以共价键将小分子量亲水性低聚物连接到核分子上时,各亲水性低聚物应该具有足够小的分子量以避免显著地影响多分支结构的内核区域的疏水性大小。典型地,使用具有约88Da到约1,000Da,优选约100Da到约1,000Da,更优选约100Da到约500Da的分子量的乙二醇低聚物链。在一个实施方案中,该乙二醇低聚物具有约200到约300Da的数均分子量。
低聚物链段能够通过使用具有适合与多元醇的可用羟基反应的官能团的低聚物来容易地连接于多元醇核上。例如,在一端上具有甲磺酸酯基团和在另一末端上具有氨基的双官能的乙二醇低聚物能够与多元醇反应,在该乙二醇低聚物和该多元醇之间形成酯键。乙二醇低聚物的氨基则用于与氨基反应形成共聚物分支的多肽链段。另外地,乙二醇低聚物能够直接聚合成多元醇核,如在例如US专利No.6,046,305中所述,随后将PEG低聚物的端基衍生化以形成氨基。
优选的多胺中心核分子的一般结构显示如下。
A′(-O-PEGo-NH2)n
式I
其中:
A′是多元醇,如甘油,山梨糖醇,季戊四醇,甘油低聚物,或含有多元醇的环糊精,例如,羟丙基-β-环糊精的残基;
PEGo是具有约100Da到约1,000Da的分子量的PEG低聚物;和
(n)是3到约25,并用于表示连接到中心核分子上的(-O-PEGo-NH2)结构部分。
根据式I的多胺结构是从NOF Corporation(Tokyo,Japan)获得的商品多分支乙二醇制备的或能够通过使用如上所述的商购试剂来容易地制备。
也适合用作中心核的是支化多胺,如如上所述的那些,但不存在乙二醇组分。
B.多肽链段
该多肽应该一般是无毒的和生物相容性的,意思指由于它被建议用于生命组织(例如,给药于患者)所带来的益处胜过由临床医生例如大夫所评价的任何有害效果。在优选实施方案中,多肽链段包括氨基酸的残基,氨基酸例如有甘氨酸,丙氨酸,缬氨酸,亮氨酸,异亮氨酸,蛋氨酸,脯氨酸,苯基丙氨酸,色氨酸,丝氨酸,苏氨酸,天冬酰胺,谷氨酰胺,酪氨酸,半胱氨酸,赖氨酸,精氨酸,组氨酸,天冬氨酸,谷氨酸,或它们的结合物。增强多肽链段的疏水性质的特别优选的氨基酸选自缬氨酸,亮氨酸,异亮氨酸,苯基丙氨酸,色氨酸,酪氨酸,蛋氨酸,和半胱氨酸。如果带电荷的内核区域是所想望的,则多肽优选包括带电荷的或可以带电荷的氨基酸如精氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸或它们的结合物的残基。
嵌段共聚物的多肽链段典型地具有约100Da约20,000Da,优选约500Da到约10,000Da的数均分子量。例如,具有约100Da,约200Da,约300Da,约500Da,约800Da,约1,000Da,约2,000Da,约3,000Da,约4,000Da,和约5,000Da的分子量的多肽链段可用于本发明中。
当使用多胺核时,多肽链段典型地由酰胺键连接于中心核分子上。该多肽也优选由酰胺键连接于亲水性聚合物链段上。在优选实施方案中,多肽链段具有下面的结构:
(-C(O)-CHR-NH-)m
通式II
其中:
R是氢,烷基(例如,C1-6烷基),其中烷基链的一个或多个碳原子能够任选被杂原子(例如,O,S或N)所替代,或取代的烷基;和
(m)是大约3到约100,优选约3到约50,和更优选约3到约30。
R烷基链的优选取代基包括芳基,取代的芳基,杂芳基,取代的杂芳基,和官能团,如硫醇,胺,羧酸,羧酸的酯,等等。正如所指出的那样,沿着多肽骨架间隔分布的侧挂官能团能够用于以共价键将生物活性剂连接于多肽链段上。举例性的官能团包括羟基,活性酯(例如N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺基酯或1-苯并三唑基酯),活性碳酸酯(例如N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺基碳酸酯和1-苯并三唑基碳酸酯),缩醛,醛,水合醛,链烯基,丙烯酸酯,甲基丙烯酸酯,丙烯酰胺,活性砜,胺,酰肼,硫醇,羧酸,异氰酸酯,异硫氰酸酯,马来酰亚胺,乙烯基砜,二硫代吡啶,乙烯基吡啶,碘乙酰胺,环氧基,二醛,二酮,甲磺酸酯,甲苯磺酸酯,或三氟乙基磺酸酯(tresylate)。
多肽链段典型地是酶催可降解的。可降解的多肽的使用使得多分支嵌段共聚物在活体内随时间推移发生降解,因此增加了共聚物的肾清除率。另外,多肽的降解提供了这些聚合物的辅助特征,即,控制所截留药物的释放速率的能力。
C.亲水性聚合物
该亲水性聚合物链段能够包括任何亲水性聚合物和本发明在这方面不受限制。与多肽一样,亲水性聚合物应该一般是无毒的和生物相容性的。优选地,聚(乙二醇)(“PEG”)用作亲水性聚合物链段。该术语PEG包括其线性、支化或多分支形式中的任何一种的聚(乙二醇),其中包括烷氧基PEG,双官能的PEG,分岔的PEG,支化的PEG,侧挂的PEG,或具有可降解的连接键的PEG,它们在下面更完全地描述。
在它的最简单形式,PEG具有通式
-CH2CH2O-(CH2CH2O)n″-CH2CH2-OH
通式III
其中(n″)是约2-约4,000,典型地约10-约4,000,和更典型地约20到约500。
虽然PEG聚合物骨架的数均分子量能够变化,但是具有约100Da到约20,000Da,优选约500Da到约10,000Da的数均分子量的PEG特别可用作亲水性聚合物链段。例如,具有约100Da,约200Da,约300Da,约500Da,约800Da,约1,000Da,约2,000Da,约3,000Da,约4,000Da,约5,000Da,约6,000Da,约7,000Da,约8,000Da,约9,000Da,约10,000Da,约11,000Da,约12,000Da,约13,000Da,约14,000Da,约15,000Da,约16,000Da,约17,000Da,约18,000Da,约19,000Da,和约20,000Da的分子量的PEG聚合物链段可用于本发明中。
在用于本发明中的一种形式中,游离的或未键接的PEG是在一端被羟基终端的线性聚合物:
HO-CH2CH2O-(CH2CH2O)n″-CH2CH2-OH
通式IV
其中(n”)的定义与对于通式结构式III所提供的相同。
以上聚合物,α-,ω-二羟基聚(乙二醇)能够以简单形式表示为HO-PEG-OH,其中应当理解,-PEG-符号表示以上结构式III的结构。
用于本发明中的另一类型PEG是甲氧基-PEG-OH,更简单地,mPEG,其中一个端基是相对惰性的甲氧基,而另一个端基是发生容易的化学改性的羟基。mPEG的结构在下面给出。
CH3O-CH2CH2O(CH2CH2O)n″-CH2CH2-OH
通式V
其中(n”)的定义与对于通式结构式III所提供的相同。
多分支或支化PEG分子,如在US专利No.5,932,462中描述的那些,它以全部内容被引入这里供参考,也可以用作该PEG聚合物。例如,亲水性PEG链段能够具有以下结构:
通式VI
其中:
polya和polyb是PEG骨架,如甲氧基聚(乙二醇);
R″是非反应活性结构部分,如H,甲基或PEG骨架;和
P和Q是非反应活性的连接键。在优选的实施方案中,该支化PEG聚合物是甲氧基聚(乙二醇)二取代的赖氨酸。
换之,该PEG聚合物可以包括分岔PEG。分岔PEG的例子是由PEG-YCHZ2表示,其中Y是连接基团和Z是由所定义长度的原子链连接于CH的活化端基。国际申请No.PCT/US99/05333,它的内容被引入这里供参考,公开了能够用于本发明中的各种分岔PEG结构。将Z官能团连接于支化碳原子上的原子链用作系绳(tethering)基团并可以包括,例如,烷基链,醚键,酯键,酰胺键,或它们的结合物。
PEG聚合物可以包括侧挂PEG分子,后者具有沿着PEG骨架长度而不是在PEG链的末端上以共价键连接的反应活性基团如羧基。侧挂反应活性基团能够直接或通过连接用结构部分如亚烷基连接于PEG骨架上。
除了PEG的上述形式之外,该聚合物也能够以在聚合物骨架(包括上述聚合物中的任何一种)中一个或多个弱的或可降解的连接键来制备。例如,PEG能够以发生水解的在聚合物骨架中的酯键来制备。正如所示,这一水解会导致聚合物分裂成较低分子量的片段:
其它水解方式可降解的连接键,可用作在聚合物骨架内的可降解的连接键,包括碳酸酯连接键;例如从胺和醛的反应得到的亚胺连接键(参见,例如,Ouchi等人(1997)Polymer Preprints 38(1):582-3,它被引入这里供参考);例如通过醇与磷酸基团反应形成的磷酸酯连接键;典型地通过在酰肼和醛之间的反应形成的腙连接键;典型地通过在醛和醇之间的反应形成的缩醛键;例如通过在甲酸酯和醇之间的反应形成的原酯键;和例如通过在低聚核苷酸的亚磷酰胺基团(例如在聚合物的末端上)与5’羟基之间的反应形成的低聚核苷酸连接键。
本领域中的技术人员应该理解,术语聚(乙二醇)或PEG表示或包括全部以上形式的PEG。
许多其它聚合物也适合于本发明。非肽的和水溶性的,具有2到约300个端基的聚合物骨架特别可用于本发明中。合适聚合物的例子包括,但不限于,其它聚(亚烷基二醇),乙二醇和丙二醇的共聚物,聚(烯醇),聚(乙烯基吡硌烷酮),聚(羟烷基甲基丙烯酰胺),聚(甲基丙烯酸羟烷基酯),聚(糖类),聚(α-羟基酸),聚(乙烯醇),聚磷腈,聚噁唑啉,聚(N-丙烯酰基吗啉),如在US专利No.5,629,384中所述,它以全部内容被引入这里供参考,以及它们的共聚物,三元共聚物,和它们的混合物。这些聚合物可以是线性,或可以是任何上述形式(例如,支化,分岔,等)。
本领域中的普通技术人员将会认识到,亲水性聚合物骨架的前面列举决不是穷举但仅仅是举例而已,并且考虑具有所述质量的所有聚合物材料。
标靶结构部分或药物分子能够任选地以共价键连接于亲水性聚合物链段上。在这里使用的“标靶结构部分”包括能够结合于特定的受体,配体,组织类型或任何这些的组分上或另外对它们显示出亲合性的任何化学结构部分。标靶结构部分在共聚物结构上的加成能够将共聚物引导至身体内的特定位点,以使物理方式截留的药物实现靶释放。例如,某些结构部分已知对于羟磷灰石表面(即,磷酸钙),如骨,显示出亲合性。举例性的羟磷灰石-标靶结构部分包括四环素,calcein,双膦酸盐,如4-氨基-1-羟基丁烷-1,1-二膦酸,它的双四丁基铵盐(AHBDP)或衍生物,聚天冬氨酸,聚谷氨酸,和氨基磷酸糖。另外的标靶结构部分包括蛋白质,抗体,抗体片段,肽,碳水化合物,脂质,低聚核苷酸,DNA,RNA,或分子量低于2,000道尔顿的小分子。在优选的实施方案中,该标靶结构部分是单-叶酸或anti-EGFr Fab。叶酸对于抗癌剂的标靶输送是尤其优选的,后者通过连接于这里所述的多分支共聚物输送载体上。叶酸,作为标靶剂,可用于标靶那些过表达叶酸盐受体的肿瘤。属于这一类型的举例性的肿瘤包括卵巢癌,和实体瘤如头和颈部肿瘤,肺癌和结肠直肠癌。因此,本发明的多分支嵌段共聚物,当连接于叶酸上时,对于可用于防治任何上述癌症的抗癌剂的输送是特别优选的。
该PEG聚合物链段可以进一步包括以共价键连接于PEG分子上(如在PEG链段的远离与多肽连接的点的那一末端上)的一个或多个封端基团或官能团。封端基团典型地是相对惰性的基团,如烷氧基(例如甲氧基或乙氧基)或苄氧基。在一个实施方案中,一个或多个该PEG聚合物链段携带能够与标靶结构部分或药物分子反应的官能团,这样该分子能够连接于PEG聚合物上。举例性的官能团包括羟基,活性酯(例如N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺基酯或1-苯并三唑基酯),活性碳酸酯(例如N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺基碳酸酯和1-苯并三唑基碳酸酯),缩醛(在这里使用的术语“缩醛”同样包括酮缩醇),醛,水合醛,链烯基,丙烯酸酯,甲基丙烯酸酯,丙烯酰胺,活性砜,胺,酰肼,硫醇,羧酸,异氰酸酯,异硫氰酸酯,马来酰亚胺,乙烯基砜,二硫代吡啶,乙烯基吡啶,碘乙酰胺,环氧基,二醛,二酮,甲磺酸酯,甲苯磺酸酯,和三氟乙基磺酸酯(tresylate)。
本发明聚合物骨架的末端官能团的特定例子包括:N-琥珀酰亚胺基碳酸酯(参见,例如US专利No5,281,698,和5,468,478);胺(参见,例如,Buckmann等人(1981)Makromol.Chem.182:1379,和Zalipsky等人(1983)Eur.Polym.J.19:1177);酰肼(参见,例如,Andresz等人(1978)Makromol.Chem.179:301);琥珀酰亚胺基丙酸酯和琥珀酰亚胺基丁酸酯(参见,例如,Olson等人,Poly(ethylene glycol)Chemistry & Biological Applications,pp170-181,Harris & ZalipskyEds.,ACS,Washington,DC,1997,和US专利No.5,672,662);琥珀酰亚胺基琥珀酸酯(参见例如Abuchowski等人(1984)CancerBiochem.Biophys.7:175,和Joppich等人(1979)Makromol.Chem.180:1381);琥珀酰亚胺基酯(参见例如US专利No.4,670,417);苯并三唑碳酸酯(参见例如US专利No.5,650,234);缩水甘油基醚(参见例如Pitha等人(1979)Eur.J.Biochem.
94:11,和Elling等人(1991)Biotech.Appl.Biochem.
13:354);氧羰基咪唑(参见例如,Beauchamp等人(1983)Anal.Biochem.131:25,和Tondelli等人(1985)J.Controlled Release
1:251);对-硝基苯基碳酸酯(参见例如Veronese等人(1985)Appl.Biochem.Biotech.
ll:141,和Sartore等人(1991)Appl.Biochem.Biotech.
27:45);醛(参见例如Harris等人(1984)J.Polym.Sci.Chem.Ed.
22:341,和US专利No.5,824,784,和5,252,714);马来酰亚胺(参见例如Goodson等人(1990)Biol/Technology
8:343,Romani等人(1984)Chemistry ofPeptides and Proteins 2:29),和Kogan(1992)Synthetic Comm.
22:2417);邻吡啶基-二硫化物(参见例如Woghiren等人(1993)Bioconj.Chem.
4:314);acrylol(参见例如Sawhney等人(1993)Macromolecules
26:581);和乙烯基砜(参见例如US专利No.5,900,461)。所有上述参考文献被引入这里供参考。
D.举例性的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物结构
现在描述本发明的嵌段共聚物的更具体的结构实例。下面示出的具体结构是仅仅作为举例性的结构给出的,不认为限制本发明的范围。
在一个实施方案中,本发明的嵌段共聚物具有以下结构:
A(-O-B-L1-C)m′-(L2-D-E)n′
通式VII
其中:
A是包括多元醇如甘油,山梨糖醇,季戊四醇,甘油低聚物,或含有环糊精的多元醇如羟丙基-β-环糊精的残基的中心核分子;
O是氧;
B是亲水性低聚物,如PEG低聚物;
C是多肽链段;
D是亲水性聚合物链段,如PEG聚合物;
E是封端基团(例如,烷氧基)或官能团(例如,羟基,活性酯,等等);
L1和L2是连接键,如酰胺键;
(m′)是3-约25和用于表示连接到中心核分子上的(-O-B-L1-C)结构部分的数量;
(n′)是2-约25和用于表示连接到(m′)数量的(-O-B-L1-C)结构部分上的(L2-D-E结构部分的数量,各(-O-B-L1-C)结构部分携带单个(L2-D-E)结构部分;和
(n′)≤(m′)。
包括标靶结构部分的优选实例具有以下结构:
(T-D-L2-C-L1-B-O-)pA(-O-B-L1-C-L2-D-E)k
通式VIII
其中:
各A,O,B,C,D,E,L1和L2独立地与以上对于结构式VII所述相同;
T是标靶结构部分;
(p)是至少1或更大的正整数并表示连接于中心核分子上的(T-D-L2-C-L1-B-O-)结构部分的数量;
(k)是至少1或更大的正整数并表示连接于中心核分子上的(-O-B-L1-C-L2-D-E)结构部分的数量;和
(k)和(p)的总和是3到约25。在一个实施方案中,(p)是1到约5,优选1到约3,以及(k)和(p)的总和是大约6到约21,优选约8到约15。
下面的通式IX是根据本发明制备的举例性单分子型8-分支多肽-PEG嵌段共聚物。
通式IX
其中:
各POLYPEPTIDB(多肽)是多肽链段,优选由天冬氨酸,谷氨酸或赖氨酸的残基形成的多肽;和
各PEG是聚(乙二醇),优选包括如以上所述的封端基或官能团。在通式IX中多肽的特别优选的结构示于以下:
聚(天冬氨酸) 聚(谷氨酸) 聚(赖氨酸)
其中(m)如以上对于结构式II所定义。
E.生物活性剂
在本发明的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物内携带的生物活性结构部分或药物可以是能够以物理方式截留在嵌段共聚物结构内的任何生物活性剂。截留或包封的药物可以以本身使用或以可药用的盐形式使用。如果使用,药物化合物的盐应该在药理学和药物学两方面都是可接受的,但是非药物学方面可接受的盐可方便地用于制备游离的活性化合物而不从本发明的范围中排除。在药理学和药物学上可接受的盐能够通过药物与有机或无机酸的反应来制备,使用在文献中详细描述的标准方法。有用的盐的例子包括,但不限于,从下列酸制备的那些:盐酸,氢溴酸,硫酸,硝酸,磷酸,马来酸,乙酸,水杨酸,对甲苯磺酸,酒石酸,柠檬酸,甲烷磺酸,甲酸,丙二酸,琥珀酸,萘-2-磺酸和苯磺酸,等等。同样,药物学上可接受的盐能够作为碱金属或碱土金属盐制得,如羧酸基团的钠,钾,或钙盐。
可以包封在包括疏水性核区域的实例中的多分支嵌段共聚物之内的疏水性药物分子的例子包括,但不限于,枞酸,醋葡内酯,二氢苊,硝苄香豆素,乙酰苯磺酰环己脲,乙酰汞辛酚,acetoxolone,乙酰基洋地黄毒苷,二溴乙炔,二氯乙炔,乙酰水杨酸,土木香内酯,艾氏剂,alexitol钠,丙烯除虫菊酯,烯丙雌烯醇,烯丙基硫化物,阿普唑仑,双(乙酰水杨酸)铝,氨布醋胺,aminochlothenoxazin,氨鲁米特,戊基氯,雄烯二醇,茴三硫,anilazine,蒽地酚,抗霉素A,除疟霉素,偶砷乙酸,亚细亚皂苷,asternizole,aurodox,金硫醋苯胺,8-氮鸟嘌呤,偶氮苯,黄芩黄素,秘鲁香脂,塔鲁香脂,燕麦灵,baxtrobin,苄吲酸,地巴唑,苄氟噻嗪,benomyl,苄星(benzathine),苯雌酚,苄替派,benzoxiquinone,苄甲苯丙胺,苯硫噻嗪,苯甲酸苄酯,肉桂酸苄酯,铋溴邻二酚,治草醚(bifenox),乐杀螨,除虫菊酯,没药醇,比沙可啶,双(氯苯氧基)甲烷,碱式没食子酸碘铋,碱式没食子酸铋,鞣酸铋,双酚A,硫氯酚,冰片基,溴异戊酸酯,冰片基氯,异戊酸冰片酯,水杨酸冰片酯,溴鼠隆(brodifacoum),溴鼠胺(bromethalin),溴羟喹啉,丁苯羟酸,布他米酯,正丁巴比妥,丁硫啶(buthiobate),丁羟茴醚,丁羟甲苯,碘硬脂酸钙,糖二酸钙,硬脂酸钙,卡泊酸,克菌丹,卡马西平,氯醛尿烷,三硫磷,卡巴醌,胡萝卜素,香芹酚,吐根酚碱,脑磷酯,晁模酸(chaulmoogric acid),鹅脱氧胆酸,甲壳质,氯丹,伐草克(chlorfenac),杀螨醇(chlorfenethol),四氯二氰苯,氯烯雌醚,氯丙硫蒽,二氯甲羟喹(chlorquinaldol),延痛心,西洛他唑,辛可尼丁,柠檬醛,环双苯氧酸(clinofibrate),氯苯芬嗪,氯苯丁酯,氯氟苯脲,氯硝甘油,二氯二甲吡啶酚,氯苯茚二酮,氯噁唑仑,香豆磷,皮质酮,cournachlor,库马磷,coumithoate乙酸间甲苯酯,杀鼠嘧啶,克芦磷酯,杀菌威(cuprobam),氰甲丙嗪,环扁桃酯,环戊芬加拿大麻甙,环孢菌素A,cypermethril,氨苯砜,地磷氨酰胺,溴氰菊酯,乙酸去氧皮甾酮,去羟米松,吗散痛,双醋胺偶氮甲苯(diacetazoto),氯亚磷(dialifor),麝酚砜,decapthon,dichlofluani,二氯芬,二氯磺胺,三氯杀螨醇(dicofol),地快乐除草剂(dicryl),双香豆素,双烯雌酚,己烯雌酚,二苯酰胺吡唑,dihydrocodeinone enol乙酸盐,双氢麦角胺,二氢吗啡,二氢速甾醇,甲己烯雌酚,二甲炔睾酮,二恶磷,diphenane,N-(1,2-二苯基乙基)烟酰胺,3,4-二-[1-甲基6-硝基-3-吲哚基]-1H-吡咯-2,5-二酮(MNIPD),双醋氧苯酸,氯甲苯二磺胺,二硫二氰蒽醌,二苯咪唑啉酮,敌菌酮(drazoxolon),多晶型磷灰石(durapatite),克瘟散(edifenphos),大黄素(emodin),苯乙氨茴酸,抑草蓬(erbon),麦角异柯宁碱,赤鲜醇四硝酸酯,红霉素硬脂酸酯,雌三醇,乙基罂粟碱,乙炔睾酮,双香豆素乙酯,乙基氢化叩卜林(ethylhydrocupreine),乙基孟烷羧酰胺(ethyl menthane carboxamide),丁香酚,优库平,exalamide,胺酯苯巴比妥,苯丙酰胺酯,苯硫哒唑,苯戊醇,杀螟松,非诺贝特,苯喹唑酮,倍硫磷,戊烯保泰松,菲里平(flilpin),绵马酸,氟喹氨苯酯,氟茴哌丁酮,氟甲喹,氟考丁酯,氟烃甲基睾酮,三氟乙醚,氟太唑仑,烟曲霉素,5-糠基(furftiryl)-5-异丙基巴比土酸,fusaftmgine,苯胺喹啉,果开康,导眠能,氨磺丁唑,灰黄霉素,愈创木酚碳酸酯,愈创木酚磷酸酯,氯氟舒松,血卟啉,六氯酚,己烷雌酚,双辛氢啶,环己烯巴比妥,双氢氯噻嗪,氢可酮,异丁普生,艾地苯醌,吲哚美辛,烟酸肌醇酯,碘苯酰氨酸,碘醋胺酸,胆影酸,碘漫酸,胺碘苯丙酸,握克丁,isonoxin,2-异戊酰二氢化茚-1,3-二酮,交沙霉素,11-ketoprogesterone,月桂氮䓬酮,3-O-lauroylpyridoxol双乙酸酯,利多卡因,林丹,亚麻酸,三碘甲腺氨酸,鲁斯霉素,代森锰(mancozeb),扁桃酸,异戊基酯,氯苯咪吲哚,甲苯咪唑,美海洛林,甲铋喹,硫胂密胺,苯丙氨酸氮芥,亚硫酸氢钠甲萘醌,戊酸薄荷酯,甲苯噁酮,甲苯丁胺,甲妥因,甲丙卡因,美雄诺龙,美雌醇,二甲硫蒽,麦角苄酯,烯丁硫比妥,甲雄烯二醇,安眠酮,甲基胆蒽,哌甲酯,17-甲基睾丸酮,三甲苯心安,米那普林,金硫乙酸钙,萘酞磷,萘哌地尔,萘,2-乳酸萘酯,2-(2-萘氧基)乙醇,萘基水杨酸酯,naproxen,烯丙新戊巴比妥,nemadectin,氯硝柳胺,烟氯苯丁酯,二烟酰吗啡,硝呋喹酸,硝呋酚酰肼,二胺硝吖啶,硝甲酚汞,诺加霉素,去甲安定,乙诺酮,三烯炔诺酮,奥他维林,夹竹桃苷,油酸,去甲羟安定,噁唑仑,沃克拉丁,oxwthazaine,羟氢可待酮,羟甲睾酮,双醋酚丁,紫杉醇,paraherquamide,对硫磷,匹莫林,硝酸季戊四醇酯,戊基苯酚,羟哌氯丙嗪,苯卡巴胺(phencarbamide),屈米通,2-苯基-6-氯苯酚,phenthnethylbarbituric酸,苯妥英,伏杀磷,O-酞磺胺噻唑,叶绿醌,picadex,哌法宁,吡酮洛芬,哌普唑林,吡扎地尔,丁酸特戊酰氧甲酯,普拉贝脲,普劳诺托,聚普瑞锌,多噻嗪,丙磺舒,黄体酮,普美孕酮,丙泮尼地,可螨特(propargite),苯胺灵(propham),普罗喹宗,丙硫异烟胺,乙胺嘧啶,嘧硫磷,扑蛲喹,槲皮素,奎勃龙,quizalofo-乙基,雷复尼特,瑞西那明,罗西维林,皮蝇磷,萨伦(salen),猩红,西卡宁,西玛三嗪(simazine),西美曲特,辛伐他汀,索布佐生,solan,螺内酯,角鲨烯,二氢睾酮,硫糖铝,磺胺苯,磺胺胍诺,柳氮磺吡啶,亚砜,舒必利,琥布宗,他布比妥,特麦角脲(terguide),睾酮,四溴邻甲酚,粉防己碱,氨硫脲,硫秋水仙碱,硫辛酸,三硫喹噁啉,硫利达嗪,塞仑,麝酚异戊胺酯,噻昔达唑,噻克索酮,生育酚,托西拉酯,托萘酯,三氟生,三氟柳,曲帕拉醇,熊果酸,缬氨霉素,维拉帕米,长春碱,维生素A,维生素D,维生素E,联苯丁酸,赛拉嗪,扎托洛芬,和玉米赤霉烯酮。
能够截留在具有带电荷的内核区域的多分支嵌段共聚物实例内的带电荷的生物活性剂的例子包括顺铂,利多卡因和它的类似物,托特罗定,米托蒽醌,和imatinib(Gleevec)。
在多肽链段或PEG链段内具有可供共价键连接于药物分子上的官能团的本发明嵌段共聚物的一些实例中,可以使用具有能够与嵌段共聚物的官能团反应的可用官能团的任何药物分子。此类药物分子包括紫杉醇和它的类似物,5-氟尿嘧啶,依托泊苷,喜树碱和它的类似物,维诺利宾和多柔比星。
III.包括多分支嵌段共聚物的药物组合物
在另一个方面,本发明提供兽医用和人医用的药物配制剂或组合物,它包括如上所述的多分支嵌段共聚物和截留在多分支嵌段共聚物内、优选截留在由多肽链段的核分子所确定的内核区域内的至少一种生物活性剂。正如前面所指出,疏水性药物在具有疏水性核的嵌段共聚物结构中的引入使得能够增溶疏水性药物,这能够延长药物在给药给患者之后的循环停留时间。
该药物配制剂能够包括一种或多种药物学上可接受的载体,和任选的任何其它的治疗学成分,稳定剂,等等。该载体必须在与配制剂的其它成分相容并且对它的接受者无过度伤害的意义上是药物学上可接受的。本发明的组合物也可以包括聚合物赋形剂/添加剂或载体,例如,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,衍生化纤维素如羟甲基纤维素,羟乙基纤维素,和羟丙基甲基纤维素,Ficolls(一种聚合糖),羟乙基淀粉(HES),葡萄糖结合剂(例如,环糊精,如2-羟丙基-β-环糊精和磺基丁基醚-β-环糊精),聚乙二醇,和果胶。组合物可以进一步包括稀释剂,缓冲剂,粘结剂,崩解剂,增稠剂,润滑剂,防腐剂(包括抗氧化剂),调味剂,味道掩蔽剂,无机盐(例如,氯化钠),抗微生物剂(例如,苯扎氯铵),增甜剂,抗静电剂,表面活性剂(例如,聚山梨醇酯如“TWEEN 20”和“TWEEN 80”,和pluronics如F68和F88,可以从BASF获得),山梨聚糖,脂质(例如,磷脂如卵磷脂和其它磷脂酰胆碱,磷脂酰乙醇胺,脂肪酸和脂肪酸酯,甾类[例如,胆固醇]),和螯合剂(例如,EDTA,锌和其它此类合适阳离子)。适合用于根据本发明的组合物中的其它药物赋形剂和/或添加剂已列出在“Remington:The Science & Practice of Pharmacy”,第十九版,Williams & Williams(1995),“Physician′s DeskReference”,第52版,Medical Economics,Montvale,NJ(1998),以及“Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients”,第三版,Ed.A.H.Kibbe,Pharmaceutical Press,2000中。
本发明的嵌段共聚物可以配制在组合物中,此类组合物包括适合于口服,经颊,经直肠,体表,经鼻,经眼,或胃肠外(包括腹膜内注射,静脉注射,皮下注射,和肌内注射)给药的那些。嵌段共聚物也可以用于适合吸入的配制剂中。组合物能够方便地以单位剂型存在并能够通过在药物领域中众所周知的任何方法来制备。全部的方法包括将嵌段共聚物和截留在其中的药物与载体相结合的步骤。一般说来,通过将嵌段共聚物/药物配制剂与液体载体相结合形成溶液或悬浮液,或换之通过将嵌段共聚物/药物配制剂与适合形成固体(任选为颗粒状产物)的配制用组分相结合,和任选地将该产物成形或压缩成成形或压缩的输送形式,来制备组合物。本发明的固体配制剂,当呈现颗粒状时,典型地包括粒度为约1纳米到约500微米的颗粒物。一般说来,对于静脉内给药的固体配制剂,颗粒典型地具有约1nm到约10微米的直径。一般,用于吸入的颗粒典型地具有约0.1微米到10微米,优选约1微米到约5微米的直径。
在配制剂中生物活性剂或药物的量将根据所使用的具体药物,它的分子量,和其它因素如剂型,目标患者群体,和其它一些考虑来变化,并且一般可由本领域中技术人员容易地确定。在共聚物配制剂中生物活性剂的量将是为了输送治疗有效量的药物到需要它的患者以实现与药物有关的治疗效果的至少一种所需要的用量。在实践中,这一用量将根据具体的药物,它的活性,需要治疗的症状的严重性,患者群体,配制剂的稳定性等来变化。组合物一般含有约1%重量到约30%重量药物,典型地约2%到约20%重量药物,和更典型地约3%到约15%重量药物,并且也取决于在组合物中所含的赋形剂/添加剂的相对量。更具体地说,组合物将典型地含有下列所截留药物的百分数中的至少大约一种:0.5%,1%,2%,3%,4%,5%,6%,7%,8%,9%,10%,12%,14%,16%,18%,20%,或更多(按重量)。
IV.制造嵌段共聚物的方法
本发明的多分支嵌段共聚物能够通过预先形成的多肽链段以共价键连接于核分子上,随后让预先形成的亲水性聚合物链段以共价键连接于多肽链段的末端而制得。在两个聚合物链段之间和在多肽链段和核分子之间的连接键将取决于所使用的官能团。典型地,该连接键是酰胺键。然而,其它类型的连接键,如氨基甲酸酯,酯,碳酸酯,和缩醛也可以在使用,而没有脱离本发明范围。
换之,多肽或亲水性聚合物链段中的一种或多种能够通过使用例如开环聚合技术直接聚合聚合物的单体单元来制备。例如,为了将多肽连接到多胺核分子上,能够形成氨基酸的N-羧基酸酐并通过在合适溶剂中的开环聚合反应直接聚合成多胺核。合适的溶剂包括二甲基甲酰胺(DMF),四氢呋喃(THF),二噁烷等等。形成氨基酸的N-羧基酸酐的举例性方法在实施例1-3中进行说明。将多肽连接到多胺核上的举例性开环聚合技术在实施例4-5中进行说明。氨基酸试剂,包括具有被保护的β-羧酸基团的氨基酸,可从Sigma-Aldrich Corporation(St.Louis,MO)商购。
在第二个步骤中,第一反应的产物与环氧乙烷在碱如萘钾,氢化钠,钠或钾醇盐或其它强碱存在下进行反应,让聚(乙二醇)链段连接到多肽链段上。对于第二步骤,能够使用溶剂如四氢呋喃,二噁烷或甲苯。
以上方法的结合也能够用于形成本发明的嵌段共聚物。例如,开环聚合反应可用于形成多肽链段,随后是预先形成的PEG聚合物的共价键连接,如在实施例6中所举例说明。典型地,如果氨基酸残基具有沿着多肽链段的α碳链的侧挂官能团,则该官能团以保护的形式存在而多肽连接于中心核分子上和亲水性聚合物连接于多肽链的末端上。其后,任何侧挂官能团能够去保护和用于将该多肽偶联于生物活性剂(参见实施例7-8)。如实施例7中所示,苄基保护基能够从天冬氨酸残基上除去以提供沿着多肽链的游离羧酸基团。该羧酸基团然后能够与生物活性剂如5-氟尿嘧啶反应(如在实施例8中所举例说明),在多肽链段和生物活性剂之间形成共价键。
V.将药物荷载到多分支嵌段共聚物中的方法
有多种方法可用于将生物活性剂或药物截留在本发明的嵌段共聚物的内核区域之内。显然,如上所述,该药物能够通过药物以共价键连接于多肽或PEG链上而被截留。
对于药物荷载依赖于其它吸引或结合力的实施方案,如疏水性或在电荷上的差异,有多种截留药物的方法。为了荷载携带电荷的药物或含有金属如铂的药物,共聚物和药物能够简单地在水溶液中混合以促使在药物与共聚物的多肽链段之间的电荷吸引或金属-酸配位。
有三种荷载疏水性药物的一般方法。在第一种方法,药物和共聚物共同溶于有机溶剂中,然后干燥形成固体产物。固体产物再溶解在水溶液中并过滤除去不溶性颗粒,之后使用。在第二种方法中,该药物悬浮于共聚物的水溶液中并进行超声波处理几个小时以便让药物分子和共聚物结构的疏水性核实现紧密接触。溶液然后过滤除去不溶性颗粒。在第三种方法,药物和聚合物以固体形式混合,加热到约60℃形成熔体。将该熔体搅拌几个小时以促进药物和共聚物的精细混合。在冷却到室温之后,该配制剂即可立即使用,进一步加工,或储存。
VI.使用多分支嵌段共聚物的方法
正如所指出的那样,本发明的多分支嵌段共聚物能够用于将疏水性药物分子增溶在水溶液中或用于截留和保护带电荷的药物分子或任何能够以共价键连接于多肽或PEG链上的药物分子。结果,本发明的共聚物结构能够通过将各种药物截留在共聚物结构内,尤其在共聚物的内核区域之内,并将治疗有效量的多分支嵌段共聚物与截留在其中的生物活性剂给药于哺乳动物,而能够用作药物输送媒介物。
本发明的嵌段共聚物能够作为药物输送媒介物用于对能够截留在共聚物结构内的药物分子有响应的任何症状。因此,本发明的嵌段共聚物能够用于药物配制剂中,后者可用于治疗对在哺乳动物(包括人)体内的截留药物有响应的任何症状。优选的治疗症状是癌症。治疗方法包括对哺乳动物给药治疗有效量的含有多分支嵌段共聚物和截留在多分支嵌段共聚物中的药物的组合物或配制剂。任何具体的配制剂的治疗有效剂量将因药物、因患者而多少有些变化,并取决于诸如患者的症状,嵌段共聚物的装载能力,和输送的途径之类的因素。作为一般建议,约0.5-约20mg/kg体重,优选约1.0-约5.0mg/kg的剂量将具有治疗功效。当与其它药物活性剂一起给药时,甚至更少的嵌段共聚物/药物组合物可以是治疗有效的。
嵌段共聚物/药物组合物可以一天给药一次或若干次。治疗的持续时间可以是每天一次达到两个到三个星期并可以持续几个月或甚至几年的一段时间。每日剂量能够以单个剂量单位或几个更小剂量单位的形式通过一次剂量来给药或通过在一定时间间隔的划分剂量的多次给药来给药。可能的输送途径包括经颊,皮下,经皮,肌内注射,静脉注射,口服,和吸入。
VII.实验
给出下列实施例来说明本发明,但不应该认为限制本发明。实施例1-3举例说明了形成具有苄基-保护的羧酸基团的氨基酸的N-羧基酸酐的方法。实施例4-5举例说明将多肽链连接于多胺核分子上的开环聚合技术。实施例6举例说明将PEG聚合物链段连接于各多肽链上以形成连接于中心多胺核分子上的嵌段共聚物分支的方法。实施例7举例说明了将沿着嵌段共聚物分支的多肽链段间隔分布的侧挂羧酸基团去保护的技术。实施例8举例说明了将生物活性剂结合(conjugate)到嵌段共聚物分支的多肽链段的侧挂羧酸基团上的方法。实施例9举例说明在含金属的药物,顺铂,和聚(天冬氨酸)链段的羧酸基团之间形成金属-酸络合物的方法。实施例10举例说明了生物活性剂从实施例8中形成的结合物上释放的速率。
除非另有说明,否则全部PEG试剂是从Shearwater Corporation ofHuntsville,Alabama商购。全部NMR数据是由Bruker制造的300MHz NMR谱仪得到。
实施例1
L-天冬氨酸β-苄基酯的N-羧基酸酐(NCA)的合成
将L-天冬氨酸β-苄基酯(Sigma-Aldrich)悬浮于225ml的四氢呋喃(THF)中。向该悬浮液中添加大约13g的已溶于25ml THF中的双(三氯甲基)碳酸酯中,然后混合物在50℃搅拌,直到获得溶液为止。溶剂在真空下被除去。将THF逐渐地添加到处于65℃下的固体残留物中,直到该物质完全溶解为止。添加己烷,且溶液逐渐被冷却到-15℃。所得粉末被过滤出来,产物再结晶两次,并在室温下在真空中干燥。1HNMR(DMSO-d6):δ2.98(dxd,-CHCH2COO-),4.69(t,-CHCH2COO-),5.13(s,CH2-C6H5-),7.35(m,芳族H)。
实施例2
L-谷氨酸γ-苄基酯的N-羧基酸酐(NCA)的合成
将25克的L-谷氨酸γ-苄基酯(Sigma-Aldrich)悬浮于250ml的THF中。在该悬浮液中添加大约12.3g的已溶于25ml THF中的双(三氯甲基)碳酸酯。混合物在50℃下搅拌,直到获得透明溶液为止,然后溶剂在真空下被除去。固体残留物从THF/己烷的混合物中重结晶两次,产物在室温下在真空下干燥。1H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ1.94(m,-CHCH2CH2COO-),2.07(m,-CHCH2CH2COO-),4.45(t,-CHCH2CH2COO-),5.1(s,CH2-C6H5-),7.35(m,芳族H)。
实施例3
N-ε-Cbz-赖氨酸的N-羧基酸酐的合成
将N-ε-苄氧基羰基-赖氨酸(“N-ε-Cbz-赖氨酸”,50g,Sigma-Aldrich)悬浮于500ml的THF中。在该悬浮液中添加21.2g的已溶于50ml THF中的双(三氯甲基)碳酸酯。反应混合物被加热至50℃,同时进行搅拌。在反应混合物变成透明(约15至45分钟),溶液在50℃下搅拌另一个小时。溶液冷却到室温,过滤和将滤液添加到1,500ml的己烷中。该己烷溶液在-20℃下冷却2-3小时,所得沉淀物通过过滤来收集,进一步通过从THF/己烷中重结晶来提纯。产物在真空下干燥。1H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ1.33(m,-CHCH2CH2CH2CH2COO-),1.68(m,CHCH2CH2CH2CH2COO-),4.42(t,-CHCH2CH2-),5.0(s,CH2-C6H5-),7.31(m,芳族H)。
实施例4
8-分支聚(天冬氨酸盐苄基酯)的合成
8-分支PEG250-胺(0.5g,总MW 2,000,NOF Corporation(东京,日本))在真空中于60℃干燥2小时,然后溶于10ml的无水二甲基甲酰胺(“DMF”)中。向该溶液中添加天冬氨酸苄基酯的N-羧基酸酐(10g)在10ml的DMF中的溶液。混合物在40℃在N2气氛中搅拌一夜。混合物过滤,该滤液被添加到200ml的乙醚中。沉淀物过滤收集,真空干燥。1H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ3.5(m,PEG),δ2.7(dxd,-CHCH2COO-),4.60(t,-CHCH2COO-),5.10(s,CH2-C6H5-),7.3(m,芳族H)。
实施例5
8-分支聚(谷氨酸苄基酯)的合成
8-分支PEG250-胺(0.2g,总MW 2,000,NOF Corporation(东京,日本))用200ml CHCl3共沸干燥,通过在真空下馏出全部溶剂来实现。然后将固体残留物溶于10ml的无水DMF中。向该溶液中添加天冬氨酸苄基酯的N-羧基酸酐(5.56g)在20ml的DMF中的溶液。混合物在40℃下在N2气氛中搅拌一夜。产物用200ml的乙醚沉淀。过滤收集沉淀物,用DMF/乙醚再沉淀,和在真空下干燥。1H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ3.5(m,PEG),2.0(m,-CHCH2CH2COO-),4.45(t,-CHCH2CH2COO-),5.1(s,CH2-C6H5-),7.35(m,芳族H)。
实施例6
8-分支聚(天冬氨酸苄基酯)-PEG5000的合成
将8-分支聚(天冬氨酸苄基酯)(3g,来自实施例4),mPEG5000-CM(3g,MW 5,000Da),二环己基碳二亚胺(“DCC”,1.3g),N,N-二甲基氨基吡啶(“DMAP”,0.3g),和1-羟基苯并三唑(“HOBT”,0.3g)溶于30ml的无水氯仿中。向溶液中添加新蒸镏过的三乙胺(“TEA”,1ml),然后该反应搅拌一夜。溶剂在真空下被除去。在强烈搅拌下向残留物中添加60ml的异丙醇(“IPA”)。过滤收集固体,用乙醚洗涤两次。产物在真空下干燥。1H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ3.5(m,PEG),δ2.7(dxd,-CHCH2COO-),4.60(t,-CHCH2COO-),5.10(s,CH2-C6H5-),7.3(m,芳族H)。
实施例7
8-分支聚(天冬氨酸)-PEG5000的制备
将8-分支聚(天冬氨酸苄基)-PEG5000(4.5g,MW 5,000Da,来自实施例6)溶于0.1N氢氧化钠溶液中,所得溶液在室温下搅拌一个小时。在调节pH到2-3后,溶液对水进行渗析一夜以除去盐,用MWCO 50,000薄膜超滤除去未反应的PEG,用水洗涤一次,然后冻干。1H NMR(D2O-d2):δ3.5(m,PEG),2.6(b,-CHCH2COO-),4.36(b,-CHCH2COO-)。
实施例8
5-氟尿嘧啶(5FU)结合到8-分支聚(天冬氨酸)-PEG
5000
上
5-氟尿嘧啶(“5-FU”,1.51g,Aldrich)溶于10ml的福尔马林(~40%甲醛)中并在60℃下搅拌1小时。溶剂在真空下经过1周被除去。向残留物中添加10ml的蒸镏过的DMF,溶液在-15℃下贮存,直到使用前为止。
8-分支聚(天门冬氨酸)-PEG5000(0.44g,来自实施例7)在50℃下真空干燥一夜,添加20ml的蒸镏过的氯仿。二环己基碳二亚胺1.98g,4-二甲基氨基吡啶0.276g和1-羟基苯并三唑0.153g在圆底烧瓶中在室温下真空干燥一夜,然后添加10ml的蒸镏过的DMF。两溶液都保持在-15℃下,直到使用前为止。将5FU溶液(3ml,3.46mmol)添加到8-分支聚(天门冬氨酸)-PEG5000溶液,随后添加碳二亚胺溶液,然后混合物在-15℃下搅拌5天。样品沉淀在异丙醇中。在过滤之后,样品在苯中冷冻干燥。
1H NMR(DMSO-d6):δ3.5(m,PEG),2.6(b,-CHCH2COO-),4.4(b,-CHCH2COO-),6.67(s,-NCH2O-),8.12(s,在氟尿嘧啶中的CH)。
实施例9
顺-二氯化二氨铂在8-分支聚(天冬氨酸)-PEG
5000
中的引入
将顺-二氯化二氨铂(0.012g,Aldrich)溶于20ml的水中。将8-分支聚(天门冬氨酸)-PEG5000(0.056g,来自实施例7)溶于20ml的水中。溶液被稀释到10mM的天冬氨酸根最终浓度。将顺-二氯化二氨铂溶液添加到共聚物溶液中形成铂与天冬氨酸盐的不同浓度比的三种配制剂。所制备的三种配制剂所具有的铂与天冬氨酸根比率是1∶1(在图4中指定为“1∶1”),1∶1.5(在图4中指定为“1∶1.5”),和1∶2(在图4中指定为“1∶2”)。对于每一种配制剂描绘在249nm下UV吸收率随时间的变化,并示于图4中。如图4中所示,在249nm下的吸收率随着在室温下的诱导时间延长而提高,表明顺-二氯化二氨铂与在8-分支聚(天门冬氨酸)-PEG5000中的聚(天冬氨酸)链段配合。
实施例10
5-氟尿嘧啶(5FU)和8-分支聚(天冬氨酸)-PEG
5000
的结合物的水解
研究
将5-氟尿嘧啶(“5-FU”)和8-分支聚(天门冬氨酸)-PEG5000(来自实施例8)的结合物溶于磷酸盐缓冲液(0.1M,pH7.4)中。溶液在室温和37℃下贮存。在计时的间隔中,溶液由HPLC(Ultrahydrogel 250,Waters)分析。释放50%的5-FU的时间(t1/2)是在室温下的58小时和在37℃下的13小时。
得益于在前面的叙述和相关的表中给出的教导,本发明所属技术领域中的技术人员能够想到本发明的许多改进和其它实施方案。因此,可以理解的是本发明不限于这里所公开的特定实施方案,并且这些改进和其它实施方案被认为包括在所附权利要求的范围内。虽然在这里使用了特定术语,但是它们仅仅在通用和叙述性意义上使用,并且没有限制意义。
Claims (44)
1.可用作药物输送媒介物的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,包括:
提供至少三个能以共价键连接于共聚物分支上的连接位点的中心核分子;和
以共价键连接于所述中心核分子的所述至少三个连接位点中的每一个位点上的共聚物分支,各共聚物分支包括以共价键连接于所述中心核分子的所述连接位点上的内部多肽链段和以共价键连接于所述多肽链段上的外部亲水性聚合物链段。
2.权利要求1的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中所述中心核分子是具有至少三个携带氨基的端基的多胺的残基。
3.权利要求1的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中所述中心核分子包括具有至少三个携带羟基的端基的多元醇的残基。
4.权利要求3的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中多元醇选自甘油,山梨糖醇,季戊四醇,和甘油低聚物。
5.权利要求3的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中多元醇是六甘油。
6.权利要求3的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中该多元醇是羟丙基-β-环糊精。
7.权利要求3的该单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中所述中心核分子进一步包括连接到所述多元醇残基的每一端基上的亲水性低聚物链。
8.权利要求7的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中该亲水性低聚物链是具有约100Da到约5,000Da的分子量的乙二醇低聚物链。
9.权利要求7的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中各亲水性低聚物链通过酰胺键以共价键连接于多肽链段上。
10.权利要求1的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中该多肽链段包括选自甘氨酸,丙氨酸,缬氨酸,亮氨酸,异亮氨酸,蛋氨酸,脯氨酸,苯基丙氨酸,色氨酸,丝氨酸,苏氨酸,天冬酰胺,谷氨酰胺,酪氨酸,半胱氨酸,赖氨酸,精氨酸,组氨酸,天冬氨酸,谷氨酸,和它们的结合物中的氨基酸的残基。
11.权利要求1的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中所述多肽链段包括带电荷的氨基酸的残基。
12.权利要求11的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中带电荷的氨基酸选自精氨酸,赖氨酸,组氨酸,谷氨酸,天冬氨酸,和它们的结合物。
13.权利要求1的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中所述多肽链段包括至少一种携带官能团的氨基酸残基。
14.权利要求13的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中该官能团选自羟基,活性酯,活性碳酸酯,缩醛,醛,水合醛,烷基或芳基磺酸酯,卤化物,二硫化物,链烯基,丙烯酸酯,甲基丙烯酸酯,丙烯酰胺,活性砜,胺,酰肼,硫醇,羧酸,异氰酸酯,异硫氰酸酯,马来酰亚胺,乙烯基砜,二硫代吡啶,乙烯基吡啶,碘乙酰胺,环氧基,二醛,二酮,甲磺酸酯,甲苯磺酸酯,和三氟乙基磺酸酯。
15.权利要求1的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中该外部亲水性聚合物链段包括聚(乙二醇)。
16.权利要求1的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中各多肽链段具有约100Da到约20,000Da的分子量。
17.权利要求16的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中各多肽链段具有约500Da到约10,000Da的分子量。
18.权利要求1的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中该外部亲水性聚合物链段具有约100Da到约20,000Da的分子量。
19.权利要求18的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中该外部亲水性聚合物链段具有约500Da到约10,000Da的分子量。
20.权利要求1的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中该单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物具有约10,000Da到约200,000Da的总分子量。
21.权利要求20的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中该单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物具有约20,000Da到约80,000Da的总分子量。
22.权利要求1的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中所述中心核分子具有至少四个能够以共价键连接于共聚物分支上的连接位点。
23.权利要求1的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中所述中心核分子具有至少八个能够以共价键连接于共聚物分支上的连接位点。
24.权利要求1的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中所述中心核分子具有3-约25个能够以共价键连接于共聚物分支上的连接位点。
25.权利要求1的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中至少一种标靶结构部分以共价键连接于至少一亲水性聚合物链段上。
26.权利要求25的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中该标靶结构部分选自蛋白质,抗体,抗体片段,肽,碳水化合物,脂质,低聚核苷酸,DNA,RNA,和分子量低于2,000Da的小分子。
27.权利要求25的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中标靶结构部分是单叶酸或anti-EGFr Fab。
28.权利要求1的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中至少一种封端基团或官能团以共价键连接于至少一亲水性聚合物链段上。
29.权利要求28的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中该封端基团或官能团选自烷氧基,羟基,活性酯,活性碳酸酯,缩醛,醛,水合醛,烷基或芳基磺酸酯,卤化物,二硫化物,链烯基,丙烯酸酯,甲基丙烯酸酯,丙烯酰胺,活性砜,胺,酰肼,硫醇,羧酸,异氰酸酯,异硫氰酸酯,马来酰亚胺,乙烯基砜,二硫代吡啶,乙烯基吡啶,碘乙酰胺,环氧基,二醛,二酮,甲磺酸酯,甲苯磺酸酯,或三氟乙基磺酸酯。
30.权利要求1的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,具有以下结构:
A(-O-B-L1-C)m′-(L2-D-E)n′
其中:
A是包括多元醇的残基的中心核分子,
O是氧,
B是亲水性低聚物,
C是多肽链段,
D是亲水性聚合物链段,
E是封端基团或官能团,
L1和L2是连接键,
(m′)是3-约25,
(n′)是2-约25,和(n′)≤(m′)。
31.权利要求30的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中各E是烷氧基。
32.权利要求30的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中各E是羟基。
33.权利要求30的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中各E选自烷氧基,羟基,活性酯,活性碳酸酯,缩醛,醛,水合醛,烷基或芳基磺酸酯,卤化物,二硫化物,链烯基,丙烯酸酯,甲基丙烯酸酯,丙烯酰胺,活性砜,胺,酰肼,硫醇,羧酸,异氰酸酯,异硫氰酸酯,马来酰亚胺,乙烯基砜,二硫代吡啶,乙烯基吡啶,碘乙酰胺,环氧基,二醛,二酮,甲磺酸酯,甲苯磺酸酯,或三氟乙基磺酸酯。
34.权利要求30的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中A是选自甘油,山梨糖醇,季戊四醇,羟丙基-β-环糊精,和甘油低聚物中的多元醇的残基。
35.权利要求30的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中D包括聚(乙二醇)。
36.权利要求30的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中C包括选自甘氨酸,丙氨酸,缬氨酸,亮氨酸,异亮氨酸,蛋氨酸,脯氨酸,苯基丙氨酸,色氨酸,丝氨酸,苏氨酸,天冬酰胺,谷氨酰胺,酪氨酸,半胱氨酸,赖氨酸,精氨酸,组氨酸,天冬氨酸,谷氨酸,和它们的结合物中的氨基酸的残基。
37.权利要求30的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中C的至少一种氨基酸残基携带官能团。
38.权利要求30的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,其中B是乙二醇低聚物。
39.权利要求1的单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,具有以下结构:
(T-D-L2-C-L1-B-O-)pA(-O-B-L1-C-L2-D-E)k
其中:
A是包括多元醇的残基的中心核分子,
O是氧,
B是亲水性低聚物,
C是多肽链段,
D是亲水性聚合物链段,
E是封端基团或官能团,
T是标靶结构部分,
L1和L2是连接键,
(p)是至少1,
(k)是至少1,以及(p)和(k)的总和是3-约25。
40.药物组合物,包括:
单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物,它包括具有至少三个能以共价键连接于共聚物分支上的连接位点的中心核分子和以共价键连接于所述中心核分子的所述至少三个连接位点中的每一个上的共聚物分支,各共聚物分支包括以共价键连接于所述中心核分子的所述连接位点上的内部多肽链段和以共价键连接于所述多肽链段上的外部亲水性聚合物链段,其中该中心核分子和该多肽链段确定内核区域而该多肽链段确定疏水性外区域;和
截留在单分子型多分支嵌段共聚物的内部区域内的生物活性剂。
41.根据权利要求40的药物组合物,其中该多肽链段包括一种或多种带电荷的氨基酸残基,和其中截留在内核区域内的生物活性剂带有与该一种或多种带电荷的氨基酸残基的电荷相反的电荷。
42.根据权利要求40的药物组合物,其中该生物活性剂以共价键连接于多肽链段的氨基酸残基上。
43.根据权利要求40的药物组合物,其中内核区域和生物活性剂都是疏水性的。
44.根据权利要求40的药物组合物,进一步包括药物学上可接受的载体。
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Cited By (4)
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CN102215875B (zh) * | 2008-10-16 | 2014-08-06 | 凯瑟琳·科根·法瑞纳斯 | 持续药物递送系统 |
CN104109240A (zh) * | 2014-07-13 | 2014-10-22 | 成都市绿科华通科技有限公司 | 一种可作为药物载体的多孔聚乙二醇的制备方法 |
CN104530438A (zh) * | 2014-12-11 | 2015-04-22 | 华南理工大学 | 基于胆固醇修饰的pH响应多肽聚合物及制备方法和应用 |
CN104530438B (zh) * | 2014-12-11 | 2017-06-06 | 华南理工大学 | 基于胆固醇修饰的pH响应多肽聚合物及制备方法和应用 |
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JP2006512462A (ja) | 2006-04-13 |
KR20050091050A (ko) | 2005-09-14 |
MXPA05007146A (es) | 2005-09-21 |
WO2004060977A1 (en) | 2004-07-22 |
AU2003300380B2 (en) | 2008-11-06 |
EP1581583B1 (en) | 2010-03-24 |
AU2003300380A1 (en) | 2004-07-29 |
DE60331860D1 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
CA2508015A1 (en) | 2004-07-22 |
CA2508015C (en) | 2012-04-03 |
EP1581583A1 (en) | 2005-10-05 |
US7976834B2 (en) | 2011-07-12 |
CN100349963C (zh) | 2007-11-21 |
US20110237747A1 (en) | 2011-09-29 |
ATE461961T1 (de) | 2010-04-15 |
KR101045504B1 (ko) | 2011-06-30 |
US20040161403A1 (en) | 2004-08-19 |
US8323632B2 (en) | 2012-12-04 |
JP4490291B2 (ja) | 2010-06-23 |
US7316811B2 (en) | 2008-01-08 |
US20080069902A1 (en) | 2008-03-20 |
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