CN1685188A - 提供制冷剂压缩用能量和轻质烃气体液化过程用电能的减少二氧化碳排放物的系统和方法 - Google Patents

提供制冷剂压缩用能量和轻质烃气体液化过程用电能的减少二氧化碳排放物的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN1685188A
CN1685188A CNA038233525A CN03823352A CN1685188A CN 1685188 A CN1685188 A CN 1685188A CN A038233525 A CNA038233525 A CN A038233525A CN 03823352 A CN03823352 A CN 03823352A CN 1685188 A CN1685188 A CN 1685188A
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light hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon gas
turbo machine
liquefaction process
electric energy
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CN100520260C (zh
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小里查德·约内斯
帕特里克·B·沃德
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BP Corp North America Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
    • C10L3/06—Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04
    • C10L3/10—Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas
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    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
    • C10L3/06—Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04
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    • C10L3/102—Removal of contaminants of acid contaminants
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    • F01K23/00—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
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    • F01K23/06—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
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    • F02C6/18—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use using the waste heat of gas-turbine plants outside the plants themselves, e.g. gas-turbine power heat plants
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    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
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    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
    • F25J1/0269—Arrangement of liquefaction units or equipments fulfilling the same process step, e.g. multiple "trains" concept
    • F25J1/027—Inter-connecting multiple hot equipments upstream of the cold box
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    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0281—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc. characterised by the type of prime driver, e.g. hot gas expander
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种减少二氧化碳排放物的系统和方法，以提供制冷剂压缩用的能量和轻质烃气体液化过程用的共用电能。

Description

提供制冷剂压缩用能量和轻质烃气体液化 过程用电能的减少二氧化碳排放物的系统和方法
相关申请
本申请有权并据此要求在2002年9月30日提出的美国临时申请序列号60/414,806的优先权。
发明领域
本发明涉及一种减少二氧化碳排放物的方法，用于提供制冷剂压缩用的能量和轻质烃气体液化过程用的共用电能。
本发明还包括一种减少二氧化碳排放物的系统，用于提供制冷剂压缩用的能量和轻质烃气体液化过程用的共用电能。
典型地，轻质烃气体是天然气，其可以被处理以至少部分除去酸性气体，脱水，并且从其中除去至少部分比约C3重的烃气体。
背景技术
近些年，在附近很少有或没有天然气市场的偏远地区，液化天然气或者其他轻质烃气体持续引起人们的注意。位于这些偏远地区的天然气只有在通过管道或者别的方式运输到市场上才有市场价值。在很多情况下，建造运输这种天然气的管道是不可行的。因此，在很多情况下，认为现场液化天然气以便通过油船运到市场上是合适的。
已知多种液化天然气的过程。在大多数这些过程中，必须在天然气液化前处理天然气，以除去酸性气体、水和比约C3重的烃。已知的制冷过程包括如下工艺，其使用多纯组分制冷剂、多组分制冷剂、或者它们的组合。利用一个或多个制冷剂部分等的制冷过程可以被使用。已知多种这样的方法，它们可以用于本发明。所有这些过程通常要求在一定的压力下制成可用的被压缩的制冷剂，所以在冷却后它可以被液化，然后汽化以产生天然气液化所需的制冷。
大多数这样的过程是高耗能的，要求大量能量输入以压缩制冷剂，从而重复循环通过制冷区，以产生至少部分地液化天然气等所必需的制冷。而且，在处理天然气以从其中除去酸性气体和水、或者除去较重的烃后，在很多情况下重新压缩天然气需要大量能量。所有这些过程典型地要求大量的电能和机械能，并导致向大气中排放大量二氧化碳(CO2)。
最近，已经认识到向大气中排放CO2对大气是有害的。因此，认为在这样的过程中应该减少CO2的排放量是适当的。典型地，这些过程在那些有大量廉价燃料的地方进行。因此，几乎没有关于限制CO2排放到空气中的关注，因为简单地排放燃烧废气流至大气中比限制燃料的消耗量更方便和经济，这是因为这些燃料在液化地区以很小的成本或不需要成本就能容易地得到。如本领域中技术人员所知，烃燃料(特别是轻质烃气体)通过轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机等已经广泛地用于产生电能和机械能。
最近，很明显需要为轻质烃气体液化过程提供一种用于提供压缩制冷剂和电能的系统和方法，其中产生减少的CO2排放物，且其中能现场产生用于该过程的机械能和电能。
发明概述
本发明包括一种减少二氧化碳排放物的方法，其提供用于制冷剂压缩的能量和用于轻质烃气体液化过程的共用电能，该方法包括：a)在制冷剂压缩机中压缩制冷剂，该制冷剂压缩机由至少一个轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机至少部分地驱动，以产生压缩的制冷剂，该涡轮机产生高温废气流；b)通过与废气流的换热从水或低压蒸汽中生成高温高压蒸汽；c)利用来自b)中的蒸汽驱动蒸汽涡轮机以产生机械能；d)利用来自c)中的机械能驱动发电机以产生电能，用于轻质烃气体液化过程。
本发明还包括一种减少二氧化碳排放物的系统，提供制冷剂压缩用的能量和轻质烃气体液化过程用的共用电能，该系统包括：a)制冷剂压缩机，具有低压气态制冷剂入口和高压制冷剂出口，并且轴连接于轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机，该涡轮机具有高温废气出口；b)换热器，具有水或低压蒸汽入口、蒸汽出口、高温废气入口和低温废气出口，其中高温废气入口和高温废气出口流体连通，因此高温废气在通过时与水或低压蒸汽换热以产生蒸汽；c)由蒸汽驱动的发电机，产生用于轻质烃气体液化过程中的电能；d)线路，与高压制冷剂出口和轻质烃气体液化过程的被压缩制冷剂入口流体连通。
附图说明
该图是系统的示意图，该系统为轻质烃气体液化过程提供制冷剂压缩用的能量和共用电能，并减少了进入大气的二氧化碳排放物。
优选实施方案描述
在附图说明中，整个过程中用相同的标号表示相同或者类似的组件。应理解，本领域技术人员熟知的和达到所示流动所需的许多压缩机、阀、电动机和其他装置为了简化而没有示出。
在图中示出了涡轮机10和10′，它们经轴12和12′轴连接于压缩机14和14′。压缩机14和14′可以是轴向式、离心式或类似的压缩机，用于压缩来自天然气液化设备64的新鲜的或用过的制冷剂。用过的制冷剂通过线路48和50从设备64中回收，并且分别引导到涡轮机14和14′。或者，用过的制冷剂可以经单独线路返回并传输到一个或两个涡轮机。液化天然气(LNG)经线路70被回收，并且被传输以存储在LNG存储和排出设备72，从设备72中蒸发气流74被回收并且传输到设备64。
本文使用的术语“压缩机”是指单级压缩机、或者具有或者不具有级间冷却或者带有液体分离的级间冷却的多级压缩机。压缩机可以是轴向式、离心式或类似的压缩机。
虽然图中示出两个涡轮机和两个制冷剂压缩机，应理解，可根据过程中压缩制冷剂的需要而使用或多或少的涡轮机和压缩机。在很多情况下，可以向整个轻质烃气体液化过程中增加作为单元的额外制冷区，以提高产量。在这种情况下，可以容易地增加更多的涡轮机和压缩机。本发明预计，可以按需要增加或减少涡轮机和压缩机，以生产所需量的压缩制冷剂。
压缩机14和14′产生压缩的制冷剂流52和54，该流经线路52和54导入设备64。制冷剂流可以被分开导入或一起导入。而且，在线路52和54中的流可以处于不同压力，并且可以包括所需的不同制冷剂。这样的变化对本领域的技术人员是已知的，在一些制冷过程需要导入两种或多种压缩的制冷剂流，它们可以在相同或不同的压力下在分开的位置导入到制冷区。在本发明中预计，被压缩的制冷剂能够在基本上任意需要的压力(典型地为约1至约75bar)下产生，并且如本领域技术人员所知，所述被压缩的制冷剂在传输到天然气制冷区之前可以通过与空气、水或者类似物进行换热而被冷却。
虽然本发明不限于任何具体的天然气液化过程，但应该指出，被压缩的制冷剂可以进一步在冷却区冷却，此后汽化以产生用于液化天然气的冷制冷剂。经线路66传入设备64中的天然气典型地被处理，以按需要至少部分地除去酸性气体和水。在很多情况下，较重的烃(C3+)也已经典型地被除去。有许多进行这种分离的过程。本发明不限于这些材料中任何一种的任何回收方式，因为它主要涉及一种为制冷剂压缩产生能量和为轻质烃气体液化过程产生共用电能的方法。
涡轮机10和10′典型地包括可以是轴向式压缩机、离心式压缩机、或者类似物的空气压缩部分(未示出)，其中来自线路18和18′的空气被压缩至高压(典型地为约350至约800psia)，然后与通过气体入口20和20′供应的燃料气流在接近于进入涡轮机10和10′的空气压力(典型地为约350至约800psia)下混合。燃料气体和空气燃烧以产生在适合驱动涡轮机10和10′的压力下的热气体流。废气流通过线路22和22′和线路24(典型地为约800至约1600°F)回收，并可以传输到能产生高压蒸汽的换热器26。可以使用任何一种合适的换热器。
可使用多种技术如使用逆流换热器等，以从水或低压蒸汽中生成蒸汽(典型地为约400至约1200psi)。虽然在图中没有示出，但是在用于驱动涡轮机或膨胀器后低压蒸汽能够被重新循环到换热器26，并且被重新加热作为用于循环的高压蒸汽。高压蒸汽通过线路28被回收，并且传输到涡轮机或膨胀器30，在此它可以经轴32提供机械能以驱动发电机34产生电能，该电能被示意性地示出，其通过线路36被回收。虽然如前所述，用过的蒸汽(典型地压力低于约20psi)被表示为通过线路44从过程中排出，但是该蒸汽可以被再循环，以在换热器26中重新加热，因为它包括适于处理以用来产生蒸汽的低压蒸汽或水。
通过线路36产生和回收的电能可以经线路42传输到用于过程的电网，此处电能可以构成用在过程中的一些或所有电能，并且如示出的，通过线路38将传输部分电力以驱动启动/辅助电动机16和16′，该电动机轴连接于或以其他方式连结于涡轮机10和10′。这些辅助电动机在很多情况下是大电动机，用来启动涡轮机10和10′的操作。它们也可以产生大量能量，并且可以在涡轮机已经启动后继续运转。这些电动机产生大量轴能，并且如图所示，它们由过程中产生的电能发动。
在换热器26中换热之后，来自线路24的废气典型地被传输以进行合适处理，并如图所示经线路46排出。
在附图讨论中，在一些情况下术语“轻质烃气体”和“天然气”可以互换使用。最经常被液化的轻质烃气体是天然气，典型地，被液化的天然气主要是甲烷。这是由于除去了较重烃，作为分离流的较重烃可以具有比部分液化天然气流更高的价值，还因为管道规格经常要求的加热值低于包含大量较重烃的液化天然气提供的值。
额外的压缩机马达、泵和类似物(未示出)典型地由电能发动。根据本发明，如图中所示，用于所有或大部分的这些操作的电能可以由产生的电能提供。
与如下过程相比，其中涡轮机的废气流用于其他目的，或者不经热回收就简单地排到大气中，并且其使用通过燃烧化石燃料产生的电能作为主要电力源，利用本发明方法排放到大气中的CO2量减少了高达60％。典型地，减少量可达至少35％。减少量典型地在约40％至约60％的范围。
前述的附图说明描述了本发明的系统和方法。装置及其相互作用已经在上面讨论了。
根据本发明的方法，轻质烃气体过程提供有被压缩的制冷剂，其通过制冷剂压缩机压缩制冷剂而得到，所述压缩机由涡轮机发动，该涡轮机产生升高温废气流，该废气流被用来产生能驱动发电机的在合适压力下的蒸汽，利用该蒸汽产生用于轻质烃气体液化过程的电能。
如前所述，本发明不涉及任何具体轻质烃气体液化过程，但是认为本发明可应用于并且有益于所有这些液化过程，该过程要求被压缩的制冷剂和用于驱动工艺设备等的所选组件的电能。
被压缩的制冷剂所要求的温度和压力可以根据具体制冷过程广泛地变换，所述过程提供有被压缩的制冷剂。相似地，来自涡轮机的废气温度可以在本领域技术人员所知的限度内变化。例如，典型地，涡轮机如Frame 7涡轮机(例如型号MS 7001EA，可以从General ElectricCompany得到)已经可以用于这类应用。如果需要也可以使用其它涡轮机，诸如Frame 5涡轮机(例如型号MS 5002C或MS 5002D)和Frame9涡轮机，都可以从General Electric Company得到。废气温度可以根据所选具体涡轮机而变化。相似地，所产生的蒸汽的压力和温度可以在相当广泛的范围内变化，这是本领域技术人员已知的，同时还提供了驱动膨胀器或涡轮机以产生所需电能的能力。
尽管本发明已参照某些优选实施方案进行了描述，但是应指出，所述的实施方案是说明性的，而不是限制性的，在本发明的范围内许多变化和修改是可行的。基于对上述优选实施方案的描述的回顾，许多这样的变化和修改被本领域技术人员认为是显而易见的且是希望的。

Claims (20)

1.一种减少二氧化碳排放物的方法，用于提供制冷剂压缩用的能量和轻质烃气体液化过程用的共用电能，该方法包括：
a)在制冷剂压缩机中压缩制冷剂，该制冷剂压缩机由至少一个轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机至少部分地驱动以产生压缩的制冷剂，该涡轮机产生高温废气流；
b)通过与废气流的换热从水或低压蒸汽产生高温高压蒸汽；
c)利用来自b)的蒸汽驱动蒸汽涡轮机以产生机械能；和
d)利用来自c)的机械能驱动发电机以产生电能，用于轻质烃气体液化过程。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中使用多个制冷剂压缩机和涡轮机。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中涡轮机以压缩的空气流和轻质烃气体流作为燃料。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法，其中空气流和轻质烃气体流燃烧以产生驱动涡轮机的高温高压的气流。
5.如权利要求3所述的方法，其中压缩的空气流由轴向式压缩机或离心式压缩机产生。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中电能用在轻质烃气体液化过程用的电网上。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中涡轮机由连接到该涡轮机的起动/辅助电动机部分地驱动。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中制冷剂压缩机是轴向式或离心式压缩机。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中与如下的参照装置相比，轻质烃气体液化过程中的二氧化碳物排放物减少了高达约60％，在所述参照装置中废气流用于其他目的，且其中由化石燃料燃烧产生的电能用作电网用电能的主要来源。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中轻质烃气体是天然气。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法，其中至少部分酸性气体和至少部分比约C3重的烃气体已经从天然气中除去。
12.一种减少二氧化碳排放物的方法，用于提供制冷剂压缩用的能量和轻质烃气体液化过程用的共用电能，该方法基本上由以下步骤组成：
a)在制冷剂压缩机中压缩制冷剂，该制冷剂压缩机由至少一个轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机至少部分地驱动以产生压缩的制冷剂，该涡轮机产生高温废气流；
b)通过与废气流的换热从水或低压蒸汽产生高温高压蒸汽；
c)利用来自b)的蒸汽驱动蒸汽涡轮机以产生机械能；和
d)利用来自c)的机械能驱动发电机以产生电能，用于轻质烃气体液化过程。
13.一种减少二氧化碳排放物的系统，提供制冷剂压缩用的能量和轻质烃气体液化过程用的共用电能，该系统包括：
a)制冷剂压缩机，其具有低压气态制冷剂入口和高压制冷剂出口，并且轴连接于轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机，该涡轮机具有高温废气出口；
b)换热器，其具有水或低压蒸汽入口、高压蒸汽出口、高温废气入口和低温废气出口，其中高温废气入口与高温废气出口流体连通，因此高温废气在通过时与水或低压蒸汽换热，产生高压蒸汽；
c)由高压蒸汽驱动的发电机，产生用于轻质烃气体液化过程的电能；和
d)线路，其与高压制冷剂出口和轻质烃气体液化过程的被压缩制冷剂入口流体连通。
14.如权利要求13所述的系统，其中该系统包括多个压缩机、涡轮机、换热器和发电机。
15.如权利要求13所述的系统，其中涡轮机包括高压空气流的入口。
16.如权利要求13所述的系统，其中轴向式压缩机或离心式压缩机连接于涡轮机以产生高压空气流。
17.如权利要求16所述的系统，其中该系统包括燃烧区，其具有高压空气流入口和轻质烃气体入口，其中高压空气流和轻质烃气体流燃烧以产生高压气流。
18.如权利要求13所述的系统，其中低压气态制冷剂从轻质烃气体液化过程的制冷剂排放出口回收，并传输到低压气态制冷剂入口。
19.如权利要求13所述的系统，其中与如下的参照装置相比，轻质烃气体液化过程的二氧化碳排放物减少了高达约60％，在所述参照装置中废气流用于其他目的，且其中由化石燃料燃烧产生的电能用作电网用电能的主要来源。
20.如权利要求13所述的系统，其中该系统包括轴连接于涡轮机的电动机轴，该电动机由发电机产生的电力至少部分地发动。
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EP1549892A1 (en) 2005-07-06
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