CN102345966A - 减少二氧化碳排放物的系统和方法 - Google Patents

减少二氧化碳排放物的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN102345966A
CN102345966A CN2011102635763A CN201110263576A CN102345966A CN 102345966 A CN102345966 A CN 102345966A CN 2011102635763 A CN2011102635763 A CN 2011102635763A CN 201110263576 A CN201110263576 A CN 201110263576A CN 102345966 A CN102345966 A CN 102345966A
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light hydrocarbon
air
turbine
hydrocarbon gas
gas
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小里查德·约内斯
帕特里克·B·沃德
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BP Corp North America Inc
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Abstract

本发明提供了减少二氧化碳排放物的系统和方法，用于提供制冷剂压缩用的能量和轻质烃气体液化过程用的共用电能，所述方法包括：(a)在独立冷却器中冷却空气流至约20℃以下的温度以形成冷却的进入空气流；(b)从所述独立冷却器提供冷却的进入空气流到多个轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机；(c)在由所述多个轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机驱动的多个压缩机中压缩制冷剂，所述涡轮机通过冷却的进入空气流和燃料气流供以燃料，且涡轮机产生高温废气流；(d)通过与废气流进行换热产生高温高压蒸汽；(e)利用来自(d)的蒸汽驱动蒸汽涡轮机以产生机械能；和(f)利用来自(e)的机械能驱动发电机以产生电能，用于轻质烃气体液化过程中。

Description

减少二氧化碳排放物的系统和方法
本发明专利申请是基于2003年9月29日提交的发明名称为“减少二氧化碳排放物的系统和方法，用于提供制冷剂压缩用的能量和利用注入到涡轮机的冷却空气的轻质烃气体液化过程用的电能”的中国专利申请03823351.7号的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及通过如下系统和方法生产液化的轻质烃气体，所述系统和方法可更有效地生产液化气产物并减少向大气中排放的二氧化碳(CO2)。
背景技术
近些年，在附近很少有或没有天然气市场的偏远地区，液化天然气和其他轻质烃气体持续引起人们的注意。位于这些偏远地区的天然气只有在通过管道或者别的方式运输到市场上才有市场价值。在很多情况下，建造运输这些天然气的管道是不可行的。因此，在很多情况下，认为现场液化天然气以便通过油船运输到市场上是合适的。
已知多种液化天然气的过程。在大多数这些过程中，必须在液化前，处理天然气以除去酸性气体，并且以其他方式处理天然气以除去水和比约C3重的烃。已知的天然气冷却过程包括使用多纯组分制冷剂、多组分制冷剂或者它们的组合的过程。利用一个或多个制冷剂部分等的制冷过程可以被使用。已知多种这样的过程，它们可以用于本发明。所有这些过程通常要求在一定压力下制成可用的被压缩的制冷剂，所以在冷却时它可以液化，然后汽化以产生液化天然气时需要的制冷。
很多这些过程是很耗能的，并且要求大量能量输入以压缩制冷剂，使其重复循环通过制冷区，以得到至少部分地液化天然气等所必需的制冷。而且，在处理天然气以从其中除去酸性气体或水、或除去较重的烃后，在很多情况下需要大量能量来重新压缩天然气。所有这些过程典型地要求大量的电能和机械能，并导致向大气中排放大量二氧化碳(CO2)。
最近，已经认识到向大气中排放CO2对大气是有害的。因此，认为在这样的过程中应该减少CO2的排放量是适当的。这些过程典型地在那些有大量廉价燃料的地区进行。因此，几乎没有关于限制CO2排放到空气中的关注，因为将燃烧废气流简单地排放到大气中比限制消耗燃料量更方便和经济，这是由于这些燃料在液化地点以很少成本或不需要成本就能容易地得到。如本领域中技术人员所知，烃燃料(特别是轻质烃气体)通过轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机等已经广泛地用于生产电能和机械能。
最近，很明显希望为轻质烃气体液化过程提供一种用于提供压缩制冷剂和电能的系统和方法，其中产生较小量的CO2排放物，且其中能现场生产用于该过程的机械能和电能。
在很多情况下，特别是对于航空派生型(aeroderivative)的涡轮机如General Electric Company的涡轮机型号PGT16/LM1600、PGT25/LM2500、LM6000和PGT225+/LM2500+HSPT，由于周围空气在温度、湿气等方面变化，产生了高达15％的功率损耗。大功率损耗显著地降低在轻质烃气体液化过程中产生的轻质烃气体的量。为了避免该功率损耗，不断努力对该系统和方法进行改进。
发明内容
根据本发明，一种减少二氧化碳排放物的方法提供了制冷剂压缩用的能量和轻质烃气体液化过程用的共用电能，该方法包括：a)冷却空气流至约20℃以下的温度以形成冷却的空气流；b)提供至少部分冷却的进入空气流到多个轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机；c)在由多个轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机驱动的多个压缩机中压缩制冷剂，该涡轮机以冷却的进入空气流和燃气流作为燃料，且该涡轮机产生高温的废气流；d)通过与废气流进行换热以产生高温高压蒸汽；e)利用来自d)的蒸汽驱动蒸汽涡轮机以产生机械能；f)利用来自e)的机械能驱动发电机产生电能，用于轻质烃气体液化过程中。
本发明还包括一种减少二氧化碳排放物的系统，提供制冷剂压缩用的能量和轻质烃气体液化过程用的共用电能，该系统包括：a)空气冷却器，具有空气入口和至少一个冷却空气出口；b)多个轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机，每个涡轮机包括空气压缩机，该压缩机具有冷却空气入口和压缩空气出口，所述冷却空气入口与空气冷却器的冷却空气出口流体连通，所述压缩空气出口与具有燃料入口和高温高压燃烧气体出口的燃烧区流体连通，所述燃烧气体出口与涡轮机的燃烧气体入口流体连通以驱动涡轮机，该涡轮机具有低压高温废气出口；c)由涡轮机驱动的制冷剂压缩机，具有低压制冷剂入口和高压制冷剂出口，制冷剂压缩机轴连接到涡轮机；d)换热器，具有水或低压蒸汽入口、和蒸汽出口、和高温低压废气入口(其与低压高温废气出口流体连通)、和低压低温废气出口，所以低压高温废气在通过时与水或低压蒸汽换热以产生蒸汽和低温低压废气；e)蒸汽涡轮机，其与换热器的蒸汽出口流体连通；f)轴连接到蒸汽涡轮机的发电机，这样由蒸汽涡轮机产生的机械能用于驱动发电机并产生电能；和g)线路，其与高压制冷剂出口和轻质烃气体液化过程流体连通。
附图说明
图1示意性地显示了一种减少二氧化碳排放物的系统。
在附图讨论中，整个过程中相同的标号表示相同或者类似的组件。此外，为了获得所示流通而需要的许多泵、阀、和其他本领域技术人员已知的设备为了简化而没有示出。
具体实施方式
在图1中，所示的涡轮机10、10′、10″和10′″被安置用来提供机械能，以驱动制冷剂压缩机12、12′、12″和12′″，这些压缩机被用来向液化过程提供压缩的制冷剂。涡轮机可以通过轴14、14′、14″和14′″与制冷剂压缩机12、12′、12″和12′″相连，这些压缩机可以是轴向式、离心式、或轴向式或离心式组合压缩机、或类似物。如图所示，应该理解涡轮机不仅包括涡轮机，而且包括向该涡轮机供应压缩空气(典型地，其压力为约350至约800psia)的轴向式、离心式压缩机或类似物。涡轮机也可以轴连接到辅助/起动电动机，其可以用于起动涡轮机、或起动并驱动涡轮机。涡轮机由热燃烧气体发动，所述热燃烧气体包括由线路22和分配线路24导入到涡轮机中的高压空气。应理解线路22包括必需的阀，以便能调节进入每个涡轮机的流、或者能切断通向任意或所有的涡轮机的流。线路22中的空气由制冷单元16供应，该单元冷却进入空气流18至所需的温度。优选地，将空气冷却至低于约20℃、优选约8℃至约15℃、更优选约10℃的温度。在该温度下，水可以从空气中冷凝，并且如图所示，水通过线路20排出。冷却单元16可以是丙烷冷却器、水/乙二醇体系冷却器，或者也可以是本领域已知的通常用于冷却空气的任何其他类型的合适单元，例如使用任意的环境能接受的制冷剂介质的冷却单元。如果需要，该单元也可以使用从液化气的液化过程中得到的制冷剂来冷却空气。
理想地，天然气或者其他轻质烃气体流作为燃料在合适的压力(约350至约800psia)下通过线路26提供给涡轮机，与空气在燃烧区混合，产生高温高压(典型地，温度为约2800°F至约3000°F，压力为约350至约800psi)热燃烧气体，用于驱动涡轮机。应该认为线路28包括必需的阀(未示出)以调节通向任意或所有的涡轮机的流。当涡轮机被供以燃料和运行时，涡轮机驱动制冷剂压缩机12、12′、12″和12′″以产生压缩的制冷剂。压缩的制冷剂典型地分别通过线路42、46、98、100由制冷剂压缩机(压力为约1至约75bar)产生。在各个制冷剂压缩机中压缩的制冷剂可以不同的量压缩至不同压力，可以是不同的制冷剂。这些变化没有在图中示出，但是如果需要，就很容易被该领域的技术人员实现。制冷剂可以在单个点或者不同点、以不同压力传输到液化装置设备54。如图所示，用过的气态制冷剂通过线路68被回收，并分别通过线路74、80、82和86传回到制冷剂压缩机中。虽然示出了四个制冷剂压缩机，但是注意可以使用更多或更少的制冷剂压缩机。
所用的制冷过程的具体类型不认为是本发明的一部分。在所有天然气液化过程中典型地要求大量压缩的制冷剂。在很多的这些过程中，制冷剂可以包括多纯组分制冷剂、多组分制冷剂和它们的组合。这些过程可以使用单个液化区、多个液化区、或它们的变体。所选的具体过程也不认为组成本发明的一部分。
如图所示，回收的用过的制冷剂通过线路68传输回到制冷剂压缩机，从线路74、80、82和86进行分配，或传输回到任意或所有的制冷剂压缩机12、12′、12″和12′″。本领域的技术人员将理解，处理制冷剂用的多种排列是可能的和明显的，这取决于在该一个或多个制冷区中实施的制冷过程类型。
根据本发明，在制冷剂的压缩中利用冷却的进入空气改善了压缩部分的效率，从而取得改善的效率。压缩步骤增加了进入空气的温度，该温度可对可能的压缩设置上限。在将空气引入到涡轮机的空气压缩部分之前冷却空气，这允许空气的更大压缩，由此增加了涡轮机的能量输出，因为空气以初始较低的温度引入。而且冷却器允许空气在近似恒温下装料。当空气与燃料燃烧时，产生了热的高压高温气体，用来驱动涡轮机。从涡轮机中排出的废气是高温低压废气。这些气体可以通过线路30排出。这些气体通过换热器部分32传输，此处可以使用常规的换热方法回收来自废气流的热量。然后可以按需要将冷却的废气流(温度低于约180°F)通过线路33排到大气或类似物中。低温蒸汽或水被用作在换热器32中的换热介质，从而产生高压蒸汽(典型地，压力为约400至约1200psi)，该蒸汽通过线路34被回收，并传输到发电机36。在发电机36中，高压蒸汽被用来驱动涡轮机或类似物以产生电能，所述电能被放在用来运行轻质烃气体液化过程的电网中。通过线路38回收的排出流典型地是在先前被处理以用来产生蒸汽的水、或者是低温低压蒸汽。如果需要，可以通过线路40加入补充水，与循环的水和蒸汽等的混合物一起加入到换热器32中。
通过本发明的过程，通过使用在控制温度下的冷却空气作为涡轮机/空气压缩机系统的进入空气，获得了改善的效率。这允许在空气压缩机允许的最大温度下压缩更大分子数量的空气。空气压缩机和制冷剂压缩机典型地都是轴向式压缩机、离心式压缩机或本领域技术人员已知类型的压缩机。
通过本发明的实施，不仅改善了涡轮机的效率，而且产生于废气的电能导致不需要燃烧额外的化石燃料就可生产电能。因此，所公开的轻质烃气体液化过程的CO2排放物比如下相似过程减少了多达60％，在该相似过程中涡轮机的废气不经热回收就简单地排出，且其中由化石燃料燃烧产生的电力用作运行液化过程的电力的主要来源。根据本发明，CO2排放物最多可以减少60％。典型地，减少量为至少约35％，理想地为约40％至约60％。
根据上述的系统说明已经描述了过程操作。然而，应注意，最常见的液化轻质烃气体是天然气。同样要注意，如本领域技术人员所知，天然气典型地在液化之前被处理，以除去至少大部分酸性气体化合物，按需要除去水、和除去C3+烃气体。较重气体的除去符合一系列的原因。首先，这些气体作为产品比它们作为液化天然气流的部分更有价值。此外，这些较重烃气体可导致如下问题：在液化过程中在不希望的位置冷凝。此外，这些较重烃的存在会增加管道气体的BTU值，使其超过正常规格，所述管道气体来自天然气的液化。这会要求用氮或气体惰性气体进行稀释的不希望的步骤。
还如先前所述，本发明被认为可用于基本上所有的天然气液化过程，所述过程需要压缩制冷剂和电能。如图所示，LNG从设备54经线路70被回收，并传输到LNG存储和排出设备76。蒸发气流84从设备76传输到设备54。如前所述，涡轮机可以用来产生相同类型或不同类型的压缩制冷剂。它们也可以用来产生不同压力和不同体积的压缩制冷剂。此外，虽然图中示出四个涡轮机，但是应理解为可以使用更多或更少的涡轮机。
本发明的主要优点在于，空气冷却单元16是独立的单元。所示的该单元用来为四个涡轮机和压缩机系统提供服务。通过适当地按一定尺寸制造的冷却单元也可为额外的系统提供服务。提供这样的单元以向单个涡轮机或涡轮机/空气压缩机提供冷却空气是不太经济的，但是当该单元可以用于向多个涡轮机单元提供冷却的空气时，它将是经济上有利的。如本领域技术人员所知，当天然气液化过程扩大时，它们典型地以单元形式来扩大。换句话说，加入额外的液化区以及额外的压缩机和涡轮机，从而增加整个过程的产量。利用合适的尺寸，空气冷却单元16可以向大量的涡轮机/空气压缩机单元提供冷却空气。这就使每个单元的效率显著增加，且空气冷却器16的运行成本当分配到大量涡轮机的运行上时是相当低的。通过空气冷却器16提供服务的涡轮机数目越多，使用单个空气冷却器向所有单元提供冷却空气的经济效益就越大。
通过进一步组合该过程与来自热废气的电能的回收，在整个过程中获得极大的效率改进。
尽管本发明已参照某些优选实施方案进行了描述，但是应指出，所述的实施方案是说明性的，而不是限制性的，许多变化和修改在本发明的范围内是可行的。基于对上述优选实施方案的描述的回顾，许多这样的变化和修改被本领域技术人员认为是显而易见和希望的。

Claims (20)

1.一种减少二氧化碳排放物的方法，用于提供制冷剂压缩用的能量和轻质烃气体液化过程用的共用电能，该方法包括：
a)在独立冷却器中冷却空气流至约20℃以下的温度以形成冷却的进入空气流；
b)从所述独立冷却器提供冷却的进入空气流到多个轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机；
c)在由所述多个轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机驱动的多个压缩机中压缩制冷剂，所述涡轮机通过冷却的进入空气流和燃料气流供以燃料，且涡轮机产生高温废气流；
d)通过与废气流进行换热产生高温高压蒸汽；
e)利用来自d)的蒸汽驱动蒸汽涡轮机以产生机械能；和
f)利用来自e)的机械能驱动发电机以产生电能，用于轻质烃气体液化过程中。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中空气流被独立冷却器冷却，用于多个轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中空气被冷却到约8至约15℃的温度。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中独立冷却器通过与流体或表面的换热来冷却空气，所述流体或表面可以独立于轻质烃气体液化过程和轻质烃气体液化过程制冷剂操作。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中冷却的进入空气被压缩并且与燃料气体混合用于燃烧，以给多个涡轮机供应燃料。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中与如下的参照过程相比，轻质烃气体液化过程的二氧化碳排放物减少了高达约60％，在该参照过程中不使用空气冷却，不使用从废气流中回收热量，并且由化石燃料燃烧产生的电能用作轻质烃气体液化过程用的电能的主要来源。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中轻质烃气体是天然气。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法，其中比约C3重的至少部分烃气体和至少部分酸性气体被从天然气中除去。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中独立冷却器为丙烷冷却器或水/乙二醇冷却器。
10.一种减少二氧化碳排放物的方法，用于给轻质烃气体液化过程提供被压缩制冷剂的压缩和共用电能，该方法基本上由以下步骤组成：
a)在独立冷却器中冷却空气流至约20℃以下的温度以形成冷却的空气流；
b)从所述独立冷却器提供冷却的进入空气流到多个轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机；
c)在由多个轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机驱动的多个压缩机中压缩制冷剂，所述涡轮机通过冷却的进入空气流和燃料气流供以燃料，且该涡轮机产生高温废气流；
d)通过与废气流进行换热产生高温高压蒸汽；
e)利用来自d)的蒸汽驱动蒸汽涡轮机以产生机械能；和
f)利用来自e)的机械能驱动发电机以产生电能，用于轻质烃气体液化过程中。
11.一种减少二氧化碳排放物的系统，用于提供制冷剂压缩用的能量和轻质烃气体液化过程的共用电能，该系统包括：
a)独立冷却器，其具有空气入口和至少一个冷却空气出口；
b)多个轻质烃气体燃气涡轮机，各自包括空气压缩机，该压缩机具有空气入口和压缩空气出口，所述空气入口与所述独立冷却器的冷却空气出口流体连通，所述压缩空气出口与具有燃料入口和高温高压燃烧气体出口的燃烧区流体连通，所述燃烧区的燃烧气体出口与涡轮机的燃烧气体入口流体连通以驱动涡轮机，该涡轮机具有低压高温废气出口；
c)由至少一个所述涡轮机驱动的制冷剂压缩机，其具有低压制冷剂入口和高压制冷剂出口，该压缩机轴连接到涡轮机；
d)换热器，其具有水或低压蒸汽入口、蒸汽出口、高温低压废气入口、和低压低温废气出口，所述高温低压废气入口与低压高温废气出口流体连通，使得低压高温废气在通过时与水或低压蒸汽换热，以产生高压蒸汽和低压低温的废气；
e)蒸汽涡轮机，其与换热器的蒸汽出口流体连通；
f)发电机，其轴连接到蒸汽涡轮机，使得由蒸汽涡轮机产生的机械能用于驱动发电机并产生电能；和
g)线路，其与高压制冷剂出口和轻质烃气体液化过程流体连通。
12.如权利要求11所述的系统，其中空气压缩机是轴向式空气压缩机或离心式空气压缩机。
13.如权利要求12所述的系统，其中空气压缩机是多级轴向式空气压缩机或多级离心式空气压缩机。
14.如权利要求11所述的系统，其中与如下参照过程相比，轻质烃气体液化过程的二氧化碳排放物减少了高达约60％，在该参照过程中不使用空气冷却，废气流被排出或者用作其他目的，并且由化石燃料燃烧产生的电力用作轻质烃气体液化过程用的电力的主要来源。
15.如权利要求11所述的系统，其中所述独立冷却器是丙烷或水/乙二醇空气冷却器。
16.如权利要求11所述的系统，其中多个涡轮机中的每一个与所述独立冷却器的冷却空气出口流体连通。
17.如权利要求11所述的系统，其中水或低压蒸汽和低压高温废气以逆流换热的方式通过。
18.如权利要求11所述的系统，其中低压制冷剂从轻质烃气体液化过程传输到低压制冷剂入口。
19.如权利要求18所述的系统，其中电能被传输用于轻质烃气体液化过程的供电网。
20.如权利要求11所述的系统，其中涡轮机可以在不同的选定压力下产生压缩制冷剂。
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