CN1559089A - 光电传感器 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提出了一种光电探测器,它包含了适当掺杂用于聚集光致电荷的半导体材料区域(2),其被耦合在地电压(4)和传感节点(16)之间,其中传感节点(16)连接到一个在入口处含有电容(8)的电压传感电路,其中还设置有能够将传感节点(16)从电压传感电路上断开的装置(9),用于进行时间采样并保持在电压传感电路的上述电容(8)上的电压信号,以及其中上述电容(8)和一个非线性电压跨导元件相连接,所述元件适用于避免电压传感电路的饱和。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种光电传感器,线传感器或由上述传感器组成的图像传感器,以及一种一般的根据独立权利要求的前序部分的光检测方法。
背景技术
对于现有CMOS(互补金属氧化物半导体)技术中的(二维)图像传感器,广泛应用在需要入射光强变化很大的图像(高动态成像)中。如果需要得到快速运动景象的图像,为了防止图像的运动变形,所有的图像点必须同时曝光。因为CMOS技术中传感器的图像数据一般必须顺序读取,图像数据在被读取之前,需要本地存储靠近像素光电探测器的图像数据。这种本地存储不是完全精确的,而存储的信号仍会被所希望的曝光时间之后(后曝光)入射在探测器上的光信号所影响。这会引起数据丢失,尤其在相比起读取时间,需要非常短的曝光时间来防止在获取亮度很高的景象时信号的饱和。此时后曝光可能导致探测器输出的饱和,尤其对于最后读出的数据。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的在于提供一种光电探测器,能够将图像信息本地存储在探测器阵列中,同时防止后曝光引起的饱和而导致的数据丢失。
权利要求1中描述的光电探测器能实现该目的,通过使用包含适当掺杂的用于聚集光致电荷的半导体材料的一个区域的光电探测器,其被耦合在地电压和传感节点之间,其中传感节点连到一个在入口处含有电容的电压传感电路,其中还设置有用于将传感节点从电压传感电路上断开的装置,以进行时间采样并保持在电压传感电路的上述电容上的电压信号,以及其中上述电容和一个非线性电压跨导元件相连接,所述元件适用于避免电压传感电路的饱和。
因此本发明的关键在于和电压传感电路入口的电容相连接的非线性电压跨导元件可以在探测器的曝光/积分时间之后影响在上述电容两端测得的电压,从而由后曝光效应导致的所测电压畸变不会引起实际信息以及曝光时间内获得信息的丢失/混淆。因此非线性电压跨导元件会导致电压传感电路入口的电容两端的电压的非线性特性,而非线性的效应是所测电压不会降到饱和电平以下,从而防止电压的不同初始值的混淆。
依据本发明的一个优选实施例,光电探测器还包含一个并联到半导体材料区域的电容,在地电压和传感节点之间耦合。
依据另一个优选实施例,光电探测器的特征在于适当掺杂用于聚集光致电荷的半导体材料区域是一个光电二极管,并且光电二极管的传感节点借助于一个晶体管,最好是MOS晶体管与电压传感电路连接或从该电路断开。
另一个优选实施例的特征在于非线性电压跨导元件是由晶体管实现,最好是MOS晶体管,其栅极在合适的电位。最好是能将晶体管的栅极和源极相连。同样也可将晶体管的栅极连到外部控制信号。另外,外部控制信号可随时间改变。
至于非线性电压跨导元件,也可用晶体管或二极管实现,其另外一端连到合适的固定的或随时间改变的电位上。
光电探测器的特征在于适当掺杂用于聚集光致电荷的半导体材料区域,特别是光电二极管,能对入射光强产生非线性响应。
依据本发明的另一个优选实施例,使用非线性元件用于复位存储节点或存储节点和二极管。
本发明的其他优选实施例由从属于主权利要求的其他权利要求来描述。
另外本发明涉及1维或2维阵列,最好是呈线性传感器或图像传感器的形式,至少部分包括上述的光电探测器。
具体实施方式
在常规的CMOS图像传感器中,对于每个像点,光电探测器,一般是光电二极管2,和传感电路相连(见图1)。为了存储曝光后光电探测器的信号,直至像点被读出,光电探测器由开关9(M1),一般是MOS晶体管,从读取电路上断开。如果探测器2断开,它的输出电压存储在和读取电路(存储节点10)相连的寄生电容8内。一般的存储节点10用遮光罩覆盖来防止后曝光。标准处理技术中使用的遮光技术不能完全遮掩存储节点。另外由于实际光电探测器区域2的不良开关特性和外部电荷产生,探测器的信号仍会影响存储节点10上的电压值。尽管,如果信号值要存在存储节点10内的时间比曝光时间长,且当传感器2在高光强下曝光时,存储节点10上的电压可能会超过或低于电压传感电路的入口电平,并有饱和的危险。
此处所作的所有描述都用N-MOS设备表示,但本领域技术人员很容易理解本发明使用P-MOS设备也可以工作。
为了防止存储节点在极端照明条件和较长存储时间下的饱和,本发明的传感器包含了一个和存储节点10连接的非线性响应元件11(见图2)。该非线性元件11最好是MOS晶体管12,它的栅极13和固定的或外部控制的电位Vcontrol相连(见图3)。或者可选地,非线性元件可以是一个简单的二极管15(见图4),或其他工作原理类似的任意非线性电路。见图5的优选实施例,单独的MOS连到光电二极管2上,为了使光电二极管2对存储节点10的影响最小,在曝光后立即将光电二极管电平固定在复位电平。还可使用MOS晶体管M3来产生光电二极管响应的非线性compression。更多细节参看WO01/46655,文献WO 01/46655的全部内容明确公开了晶体管M3的特定用途,对传感节点16做出响应,尤其是非线性状态,以及考虑M3具有本文献中包括的装置(11,12,M2)时结合WO 01/46655的公开。
曝光过程中光电探测器2通过MOS晶体管M1连接到存储节点10。根据入射光强,光电探测器2和存储节点10的电位偏离其初始电位。积分完成后,对MOS晶体管M1的栅极施加一个电平以使晶体管截止,从而把存储节点10从光电探测器2上断开。最终的信号值存储在存储节点10的寄生电容8上Cstorage。存储时间内,开关M1产生的漏电流和通过遮光罩照明产生的电流之和使存储节点10的电位偏离其初始电位。公式1将存储节点10上的电压描述为后曝光电流(Ileak+Ishield)和存储时间的函数。VExposure表示存储节点10从光电探测器2上断开后存储节点10的电位。
公式1
首先,存储节点10随着时间增加从初始电位线性偏离,并随着后曝光电流Ileak和Ishield之和线性变化。开始,与存储节点10相连接的非线性电路11,12,15被配置为不导通电流。非线性电路最好由MOS晶体管12实现,它的栅极13连接到在未经曝光的传感器(Vres)的电压电平加1门限电压(VTH,即Vrel+VTH)和传感电路的饱和电压(Vsat)加1门限电压(VTH,即Vsat+VTH)之间的一个电压。开始,非线性电路(MOS晶体管M2)不允许通过任何电流。一旦存储节点10的电压达到一个低于M2的栅极电压电平的数值,1 VTH,晶体管开始导通。从该时刻开始,存储节点电压不再受公式1限定,而是作为非线性电路的电流电压函数。在优选实施例中是MOS晶体管M2的栅源电压。栅源电压及存储节点10上的电压由公式2描述。典型的后曝光的光电流和漏电流的数量级从毫微微安到毫微安。因此MOS晶体管M2工作在弱倒相模式。
公式2
k是与过程相关的晶体管参数,I0是弱倒相操作的起始漏电流,而VTH是晶体管门限电压。kT/q在常温下大约26mV。
一旦存储节点电位达到非线性元件可以导电的数值,读出的最终数值不仅取决于曝光后的信号,还取决于积分后的后曝光电流和读出时的实际后曝光电流。由于线性元件两端的电压与后曝光电流的相关性,它自身是入射光强的函数,存储节点电位不会完全饱和而是相对于入射光强保持电位。图6示出了对于三个不同的入射光强度,存储节点的电压作为时间的函数。入射光强相对较低时,存储节点不会进入非线性元件导通模式(曲线A)。光强较高时,存储节点电位快速降低,足以进入非线性元件导通模式。最终存储节点电位是后曝光电流的函数(曲线B)。光强更高时,存储节点电位会非常迅速地降到非线性元件能导通的数值。由于更重要的后曝光电流,非线性元件的两端电压比起光强较小时更重要(曲线C)。因此在没有非线性元件的情况下,在读取时,曲线B和C的两个光强不会混淆。点状线是没有非线性元件时的存储节点电压特性。曲线B和C达到电压传感电流的饱和电平Vsat,并因此会混淆,从而引起数据丢失。
附图标记
2 光电二极管
4 地电压线
6 光电二极管电容
8 存储电容
9 存储开关
10 存储节点
11 非线性响应元件
12 MOS晶体管
13 栅极
14 漏极
15 二极管
16 源极
Claims (11)
1.一种光电探测器,包含:
适当掺杂用于聚集光致电荷的半导体材料区域(2),其被耦合在地电压(4)和传感节点(16)之间,
其中传感节点(16)连接到一个在入口处包含电容(8)或寄生电容(8)的电压传感电路,
其中设置有用于将传感节点(16)从电压传感电路上断开的装置,以进行时间采样并保持在电压传感电路的所述电容(8)上的电压信号,
以及
其中所述电容(8)连接到一个非线性电压跨导元件,所述元件适用于避免电压传感电路饱和。
2.如权利要求1中所述的光电探测器,其特征在于一个电容(6)与半导体材料区域并联连接,连接在地电压(4)和传感节点(16)之间。
3.如上述权利要求中任一所述的光电探测器,其特征在于适当掺杂用于聚集光致电荷的半导体材料区域是光电二极管(2),并且光电二极管(2)的传感节点(16)借助于晶体管(M1),最好是MOS晶体管,与电压传感电路连接或从电压传感电路断开。
4.如上述权利要求中任一所述的光电探测器,其特征在于非线性电压跨导元件(11)用晶体管(12,M2)实现,最好是MOS晶体管,其栅极(13)连接到合适电位。
5.如权利要求1至3中任一项和权利要求4中所述的光电探测器,其特征在于晶体管(12,M2)的栅极(13)连接到其源极(16)或其漏极(14)。
6.如权利要求1至3中任一项和权利要求4中所述的光电探测器,其特征在于晶体管(12,M2)的栅极(13)和一个外部控制信号相连。
7.如权利要求1至4中任一所述的光电探测器,其特征在于晶体管(12,M2)的栅极(13)和一个可随时间变化的外部控制信号相连。
8.如权利要求1中所述的光电探测器,其特征在于非线性电压跨导元件(11)用二极管(15)实现,其另一端连到一个固定的或随时间变化的适当的电位。
9.如权利要求1中所述的光电探测器,其特征在于适当掺杂用于聚集光致电荷的半导体材料区域(2),最好是光电二极管(2),和另一个非线性电路或元件(M3)相结合,一起对入射光强产生非线性响应。
10.如上述权利要求任一所述的光电探测器,其特征在于非线性元件(11)用来复位存储节点(10)或存储节点(10)和二极管(15)。
11.1维或2维阵列,最好是呈线传感器或图像传感器的形式,至少部分地包含权利要求1到10中任一项所述的光电探测器。
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PCT/EP2001/011673 WO2003032394A1 (en) | 2001-10-09 | 2001-10-09 | Optoelectronic sensor |
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CN103797330A (zh) * | 2011-08-16 | 2014-05-14 | 莱卡地球系统公开股份有限公司 | 光检测电路 |
CN106935667A (zh) * | 2017-05-05 | 2017-07-07 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | 光电传感器、显示面板及显示装置 |
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US7958769B2 (en) * | 2005-02-14 | 2011-06-14 | Olympus Ndt | Detection of channel saturation in phase-array ultrasonic non-destructive testing |
GB2426575A (en) | 2005-05-27 | 2006-11-29 | Sensl Technologies Ltd | Photon detector using controlled sequences of reset and discharge of a capacitor to sense photons |
EP1763220A1 (en) | 2005-09-07 | 2007-03-14 | CSEM Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique SA | Solid-state charge sensor with high sensitivity and improved dynamic range |
DE102006016877B4 (de) * | 2006-04-04 | 2010-10-07 | Institut Für Mikroelektronik Stuttgart | Schaltungsanordnung zum Erzeugen eines lichtabhängigen elektrischen Signals |
US8232512B2 (en) * | 2006-04-10 | 2012-07-31 | Avago Technologies Ecbu Ip (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. | Method and apparatus for integrating a quantity of light |
WO2009069085A1 (en) * | 2007-11-28 | 2009-06-04 | Nxp B.V. | Compact and accurate analog memory for cmos imaging pixel detectors |
CN113763870B (zh) * | 2020-06-03 | 2024-06-04 | 原相科技股份有限公司 | 像素电路及像素阵列 |
US11412169B2 (en) * | 2020-06-03 | 2022-08-09 | Pixart Imaging Inc. | Pixel circuit outputting over exposure information and method of calculating real intensity thereof, pixel array having the same |
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JP3576715B2 (ja) * | 1996-09-10 | 2004-10-13 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 光センサ回路 |
US6133563A (en) * | 1997-09-29 | 2000-10-17 | Intel Corporation | Sensor cell having a soft saturation circuit |
KR100266657B1 (ko) * | 1998-01-20 | 2000-10-02 | 김영환 | 이중 리셋 구조를 갖는 모스형 증폭 촬상소자 |
US6933488B2 (en) * | 2000-06-08 | 2005-08-23 | California Institute Of Technology | Variable electronic shutter in CMOS imager with improved anti smearing techniques |
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- 2001-10-09 EP EP01274530A patent/EP1440474A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-10-09 CN CNA018237312A patent/CN1559089A/zh active Pending
- 2001-10-09 JP JP2003535258A patent/JP4036831B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-10-09 WO PCT/EP2001/011673 patent/WO2003032394A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-10-09 US US10/491,999 patent/US20060049337A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-10-09 KR KR10-2004-7005287A patent/KR20040047901A/ko active IP Right Grant
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN103797330A (zh) * | 2011-08-16 | 2014-05-14 | 莱卡地球系统公开股份有限公司 | 光检测电路 |
US9228837B2 (en) | 2011-08-16 | 2016-01-05 | Leica Geosystems Ag | Light detection circuit |
CN103797330B (zh) * | 2011-08-16 | 2016-11-02 | 莱卡地球系统公开股份有限公司 | 光检测电路 |
CN106935667A (zh) * | 2017-05-05 | 2017-07-07 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | 光电传感器、显示面板及显示装置 |
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WO2003032394A1 (en) | 2003-04-17 |
EP1440474A1 (en) | 2004-07-28 |
JP4036831B2 (ja) | 2008-01-23 |
US20060049337A1 (en) | 2006-03-09 |
KR20040047901A (ko) | 2004-06-05 |
JP2005505769A (ja) | 2005-02-24 |
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