CN1488042A - 用于发电机的液动轴向滑动轴承 - Google Patents

用于发电机的液动轴向滑动轴承 Download PDF

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CN1488042A
CN1488042A CNA028040457A CN02804045A CN1488042A CN 1488042 A CN1488042 A CN 1488042A CN A028040457 A CNA028040457 A CN A028040457A CN 02804045 A CN02804045 A CN 02804045A CN 1488042 A CN1488042 A CN 1488042A
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C����ϣ���˹
C·马希厄克斯
A���Ѷ�˹��
A·G·A·费尔斯特
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
    • F01D25/16—Arrangement of bearings; Supporting or mounting bearings in casings
    • F01D25/166—Sliding contact bearing
    • F01D25/168—Sliding contact bearing for axial load mainly
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C17/00—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C17/04—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement for axial load only
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/20—Sliding surface consisting mainly of plastics
    • F16C33/201—Composition of the plastic
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/60—Properties or characteristics given to material by treatment or manufacturing
    • F05D2300/603—Composites; e.g. fibre-reinforced
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2208/00—Plastics; Synthetic resins, e.g. rubbers
    • F16C2208/02—Plastics; Synthetic resins, e.g. rubbers comprising fillers, fibres
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2208/00—Plastics; Synthetic resins, e.g. rubbers
    • F16C2208/80—Thermosetting resins
    • F16C2208/86—Epoxy resins
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2300/00—Application independent of particular apparatuses
    • F16C2300/10—Application independent of particular apparatuses related to size
    • F16C2300/14—Large applications, e.g. bearings having an inner diameter exceeding 500 mm
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2380/00—Electrical apparatus
    • F16C2380/26—Dynamo-electric machines or combinations therewith, e.g. electro-motors and generators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/10—Construction relative to lubrication
    • F16C33/1025—Construction relative to lubrication with liquid, e.g. oil, as lubricant
    • F16C33/106—Details of distribution or circulation inside the bearings, e.g. details of the bearing surfaces to affect flow or pressure of the liquid
    • F16C33/108—Details of distribution or circulation inside the bearings, e.g. details of the bearing surfaces to affect flow or pressure of the liquid with a plurality of elements forming the bearing surfaces, e.g. bearing pads

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
  • Magnetic Bearings And Hydrostatic Bearings (AREA)
  • Rolling Contact Bearings (AREA)
  • Hydraulic Turbines (AREA)
  • Motor Or Generator Frames (AREA)

Abstract

用于优选由水轮机驱动的发电机(10)的液动轴向滑动轴承(26)，它有一个转子(12)、一个与转子(12)的轴(20)一起旋转的座圈(30)以及一个不随转子(12)的轴(20)一起转动的并支撑在轴承箱(24)上的轴承段(32)，其特征在于，该座圈(30)基本上是由内埋有加强纤维的塑料基体组成的。

Description

用于发电机的液动轴向滑动轴承
技术领域
本发明涉及一种如权利要求1的前序部分所述的用于发电机的液动轴向滑动轴承。
背景技术
在大型发电机发电时，轴承被视为一个关键的位置。轴承的失效会导致发电机停止发电。在轴的径向轴承旁边的轴向轴承承受较大载荷，这里主要是指垂直运转的发电机，例如水轮机发电用发电机。采用磁轴承作为轴向轴承是一种很完善但昂贵的可行方案。其它可行方案是采用滚动轴承的结构。然而这种轴承因其尺寸大且各个部件连接时对成型精确度要求相对较高而不适用于几米直径的情况。
液动轴向滑动轴承通常的结构是把座圈固定在转子轴上一起旋转。该座圈沿轴向对着轴承箱，起到支撑着转子的作用。座圈在轴承箱内轴承段上面的润滑剂膜上滑动。
根据EP 1058368A2，图3，轴的支承采用了液动滑动轴承，它被制成轴向支承轴承或支承和导向相结合的轴承。该轴承结构是借助一个具有承受能力的液动润滑介质膜来保障的，液动润滑介质膜由润滑间隙里的楔形轮廓形成。在使用这种大型发电机发电时，所用座圈直径为约2m-6m。在高转数运转时，液动轴向滑动轴承会达到相当高的温度，而座圈必须能够经受住这个高温。
此外，润滑间隙内如此之大的液动压可致使邻近的金属表面出现永久变形。因此，这种液动轴向滑动轴承的座圈必须具有高刚度、高强度以及高耐热性。迄今为止，座圈都是由钢制成的。若在轴承段涂覆一滑动金属层如巴氏合金或聚四氟乙稀(PTFE)涂层，则即使液动轴向滑动轴承的润滑作用局部失效，轴承也不会马上出现故障。然而，由于钢的热膨胀系数大，在轴承内的高温条件下，会导致座圈变形(表面或轴结构的弯曲)。座圈直径越大，问题也越严重。座圈由于这种不可预见的变形会使液动轴向轴承内部出现严重磨损，甚至损坏。鉴于管理费用和更换各组成部件的停顿时间相当长，由此也就降低了发电机的经济性。此外，例如发电用大型发电机的钢制座圈的重量已经给运输和现场安装过程带来了麻烦。
发明内容
本发明的任务是，提供一种上述类型的液动轴向滑动轴承，其使用寿命长、负载能力高且安装简单，因此，该发电机在安装和运行时是经济的。
如权利要求1的前序部分所述的液动轴向滑动轴承完成了这个任务，其中，座圈基本上是由内嵌有加强纤维的塑料基体组成的。因此，该轴向滑动轴承具有较长的使用寿命。由于纤维加强塑料比钢的膨胀系数小，所以座圈几乎不会发生变形。这就防止了由于钢制座圈变形过大而导致的损坏。此外，由纤维加强塑料制成的座圈比钢制座圈重量轻，运输和安装简单得多，价格也便宜得多。此外，与钢制座圈相比，可以实现该轴承的更大型结构。
在纤维加强塑料中使用连续纤维是有利的，因为这样一来，不仅使材料可以获得合理的刚性，而且也可获得较小的膨胀系数。
座圈以由至少4层纤维加强塑料构成的层压品的形式制成，每层均有单向取向的纤维，这些层的纤维取向夹角为0°-90°，这样可以进一步减小座圈的热膨胀。
作为塑料基体，选择一种环氧树脂基体以保证耐热性。
因为碳纤维具有负的热膨胀系数，因此以碳纤维为加强纤维是很有利的。碳纤维被层层埋入环氧树脂中，材料几乎没有热膨胀并能获得高的比刚度。
根据每一液动轴向滑动轴承的要求，座圈中的纤维含量为50体积％-70体积％是很有利的，这是因为座圈的强度和刚度是随纤维含量的增加而提高的。
附图说明
以下，依据附图所示的优选实施例对本发明主题进行详细说明，其中：
图1为液动轴向滑动轴承的截面图，轴承中具有一种如本发明所述的复合材料座圈；
图2为本发明座圈的截面图；
图3为由八层相互叠加在一起的座圈的示范性分解图。
具体实施方式
图中所用符号和它们的意义一起列在符号表中。图中相同的部件基本上使用相同的符号。所述实施方式为本发明主题的例子，它们没有限制作用。
图1为一垂直放置的、借助一个未示出的水轮机驱动的发电机10的示意图。所示发电机10的转子12在转子轮辋16的边缘具有发电机磁极14。转子轮辋16通过一个转子轮毂18与转子轴连接。转子轴可以是一体的，或如图所示，由一上轴部20和一下轴部22制成。转子轮毂18通过发电机10的上轴部20与下轴部22连接，下轴部通向图中未示出的水轮机。水轮机的下轴部22沿轴向设置在一个轴承箱24上。在轴承箱24和转子12之间设置一液动轴向滑动轴承26。液动轴向滑动轴承26由一纤维加强塑料基体构成的旋转座圈30和一个固定不动的轴承段32组成。轴承段32的构成方式如下：即在运行时，在座圈30和轴承段32之间可以形成一个楔形的润滑膜。通常，轴承段32为单独个体，它可以围绕轴承箱24外壳壁36上的倾斜点34自由旋转，如图中双箭头所示。采用这种方式，就可以实现对润滑间隙的最佳调节。液动轴向滑动轴承26借助一润滑剂28(主要是机油)运转。油平面超过在座圈30和轴承段32之间的润滑间隙的高度。也可以给各个轴承段32分别供油。
图2是沿着旋转轴线38的截面图，它表示一个由纤维加强塑料制成的座圈30的优选实施例。座圈30是由许多纤维加强塑料薄层40制成的层压品，其中，所述纤维是在薄层40内内具有单向取向的连续碳纤维。这些纤维嵌在环氧树脂基体中。在薄层40之间，碳纤维的取向角是可变的。为使座圈30达到必要的厚度，多次重复角度顺序[[0°/-45°/45°/90°]对称]n(指数“n”)是有利的。
图3以分解视图示出了按照给定的角度顺序的一系列八个层40。用这种对称的薄层，使座圈的变形相互抵消。当然可以改变所示的纤维取向角。
座圈可以简单并有利地通过这样的方式制成，即预制预浸带的压热浸出法。可以容易地用钻孔或车削的方法在座圈中央制出一个孔42，让轴20/22从孔中穿过。必要时可铣削表面，使得座圈30的上表面获得所需结构，以改善润滑剂的分布。
根据液动轴向滑动轴承的要求，纤维可以采用碳纤维、玻璃纤维和聚酰胺纤维。也可以选择其它耐热塑料来代替环氧树脂基体，例如Rhodeftal聚氨基亚酰胺化合物(由Vantico公司提供)。需要时，可以在座圈涂上涂层，由于其优良的粘附性能，优选塑料涂层。
当然，不仅是座圈，轴也可由同样由纤维加强塑料制成。这样可以进一步减轻重量。
发电机总体结构的其它优点在于，液动轴向滑动轴承与一径向导向轴承相结合。由此，座圈既用于轴向滑动轴承，也可用于导向轴承。在这种情况下，座圈的小变形改善了径向轴承的运行状况。
符号表
10发电机
12转子
14发电机磁极
16转子轮辋
18转子轮毂
20上轴部
22下轴部
24轴承箱
26液动轴向滑动轴承
28润滑剂
30座圈
32轴承段
34倾斜点
35外壳壁
38旋转轴线
40薄层
42孔

Claims (7)

1.一种用于一最好借助水轮机来驱动的发电机(10)的液动轴向滑动轴承，它有一个转子(12)、一个与转子(12)的轴一起旋转的座圈(30)以及至少一个不随转子(12)的轴(20)一起转动的并支承在轴承箱(24)上的轴承段(32)，其特征在于，座圈(30)基本上是由内埋有加强纤维的塑料基体制成的。
2.如权利要求1所述的液动轴向滑动轴承，其特征在于，在该塑料基体中埋有连续的纤维。
3.如权利要求2所述的液动轴向滑动轴承，其特征在于，该塑料基体是环氧树脂基体。
4.如权利要求1-3之一所述的液动轴向滑动轴承，其特征在于，该加强纤维是碳纤维。
5.如权利要求1-4之一所述的液动轴向滑动轴承，其特征在于，在该基体中的纤维含量为50体积％-70体积％。
6.如权利要求1-5之一所述的液动轴向滑动轴承，其特征在于，座圈(30)是由至少四层(40)纤维加强塑料的层压品组成的，所述纤维在每一层(40)中都是单向取向的，这些层的纤维取向角为0°-/90°。
7.如权利要求6的液动轴向滑动轴承，其特征在于，该层压品的层(40)的角度顺序为[[0°/-45°/45°/-90°]对称]n。
CNB028040457A 2001-01-24 2002-01-24 用于发电机的液动轴向滑动轴承 Expired - Fee Related CN100482960C (zh)

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EP01810063A EP1227254A1 (de) 2001-01-24 2001-01-24 Axialgleitlager für einen Generator

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CA (1) CA2435970C (zh)
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CN103249953A (zh) * 2010-12-10 2013-08-14 克柏利股份有限公司 推力轴承装置
CN104736864A (zh) * 2012-10-22 2015-06-24 H.E.F.公司 由复合材料制成且在高动态负载下操作的自润滑铰接组件
CN104736863A (zh) * 2012-10-22 2015-06-24 H.E.F.公司 由复合材料制成且在高动态负载下操作的自润滑连接元件

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EP2006497A1 (de) * 2007-06-21 2008-12-24 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Axiallagerscheibe für einen Turbomaschinenrotor einer Turbomaschine und Turbomaschinenrotor
DE102009034503A1 (de) * 2009-06-30 2011-01-05 Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg Bremssattel einer Scheibenbremse
FR2957995B1 (fr) * 2010-03-29 2012-06-29 Hydromecanique & Frottement Bague autolubrifiante d'articulation destinee a etre montee sur un axe
DE102010063276A1 (de) * 2010-12-16 2012-06-21 Aktiebolaget Skf Axiallagerscheibensegment, Axiallagerscheibe, Antriebswelle und Montageverfahren
CN103363204B (zh) * 2012-03-29 2017-02-22 上海杰事杰新材料(集团)股份有限公司 一种连续纤维增强热塑性树脂缠绕管材
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TWI629419B (zh) * 2012-10-22 2018-07-11 Ｈｅｆ公司 在動態高負荷下操作之自潤性接頭組件

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RU2296250C2 (ru) 2007-03-27
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EP1227254A1 (de) 2002-07-31
US6957917B2 (en) 2005-10-25
JP2004522076A (ja) 2004-07-22
CA2435970A1 (en) 2002-08-01
ES2252433T3 (es) 2006-05-16
CN100482960C (zh) 2009-04-29
BR0206657A (pt) 2004-02-03
US20040066993A1 (en) 2004-04-08
CA2435970C (en) 2010-08-10
EP1354144A1 (de) 2003-10-22
BR0206657B1 (pt) 2010-12-28
WO2002059490A1 (de) 2002-08-01
DE50204856D1 (de) 2005-12-15

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