CN1441655A - 治疗椎骨体的系统和方法 - Google Patents

治疗椎骨体的系统和方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1441655A
CN1441655A CN01812817A CN01812817A CN1441655A CN 1441655 A CN1441655 A CN 1441655A CN 01812817 A CN01812817 A CN 01812817A CN 01812817 A CN01812817 A CN 01812817A CN 1441655 A CN1441655 A CN 1441655A
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China
Prior art keywords
cavity
plunger
sectional area
bone
basically
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Granted
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CN01812817A
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CN1251651C (zh
Inventor
罗伯特·M·斯克里布纳
迈克尔·M·雷奥
马克·A·莱利
瑞安·M·鲍彻
保罗·M·桑德
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Medtronic Spear LLC
Medtronic Spine LLC
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Kyphon Inc
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Abstract

一种填充结构,包括一第一空腔部分和一第二空腔部分,该第一空腔部分设有一第一横截面积(615),该第二空腔部分设有一小于第一横截面积的第二横截面积(620)。该第二空腔部分与第一空腔部分相连通。该第一空腔部分包括一用于接收流入填充结构中的材料的入口,而第二空腔部分包括一用于排出来自于填充结构的材料的出口。一第一柱塞(705),其尺寸为可穿过第一空腔部分却不能穿过第二空腔部分。一第二柱塞(755),其尺寸为可穿过第一柱塞的内孔并插入第二空腔部分。使用时,第一柱塞通过第二空腔部分向着出口排出存留在第一空腔部分中的材料,而第二柱塞可通过出口排出存留在第二空腔部分中的材料。

Description

治疗椎骨体的系统和方法
相关申请
本申请是申请号为09/134323、申请日为1998年8月14日、名称为用于把材料放入骨中的系统和方法的未决美国专利申请的部分继续申请。本申请还要求申请号为60/218237、申请日为2000年7月14日的临时申请的优先权。
发明领域
本发明一般地来说涉及人体和其它动物中患病骨的治疗方法。
发明背景
大家都知道在松质骨中使用一种被称作“气囊”的可膨胀结构。例如,美国专利US4969888和US5108404中就公开了在松质骨中使用可膨胀结构的装置和方法,这种装置和方法可用于固定人体和动物骨的骨折或者其它骨质疏松和非骨质疏松等症状。
作为固定骨折过程的一部分,可把骨粘合剂或者其它治疗性混合物注入目标骨,修复和/或增生目标骨。一些公司提供了骨粘合剂注射装置。这些装置类似于家庭用堵缝枪。一般来说,这种注射装置设有手枪形的本体,该本体支撑住容纳有骨粘合剂的腔室。粘合剂一般为两部分,而且必须在一混合器中混合,再输送到用于注射的腔室。
一旦混合之后,而且在固化之前,粘合剂呈流动的、粘稠的流体状态,类似于糖浆或者粘稠、稀薄的糊状薄饼。该注射装置设有一柱塞,可由一手动扳柄或者螺旋机构驱动该柱塞,用于把粘稠的骨粘合剂穿过适当的喷嘴推出腔室前部,并注入骨内部,进行治疗。
一旦注入到目标骨,粘合剂就经历一大约为6至8分钟的固化周期。固化的同时,粘合剂从粘稠的流体状态到油灰状的粘稠状态,最终是坚硬的刚性块。
发明概述
本发明在各方面都是提供把粘合剂和其它流动流体注入骨的更好控制。而且,本发明很便于将高粘性的填充材料注入骨,既可以注入在骨内形成的空腔,也可以直接注入骨。
本发明的特征和优点可从下面的说明书、附图以及附属权利要求书中得到体现。
附图简要说明
图1是人体脊柱的侧视图;
图2是一人体椎骨体的代表性的冠向示意图,它是脱开的部分而且是其中的一段,是图1所示脊柱的一部分;
图3是几个椎骨体的侧视图,它是脱开的部分而且是其中的一段,是图1所示脊柱的一部分。
图4是一工具的平面示意图,该工具的远端设有一可膨胀结构,使用时,该可膨胀结构压紧松质骨,图中该结构处于萎陷状态;
图5是设在图4所示工具上的可膨胀结构的放大侧视图;
图6是图2所示椎骨体的一冠向示意图,其中所设置的图4和5所示的一个工具在萎陷状态下穿过了后外侧入口;
图7是图6所示椎骨体和工具的冠向示意图,其中处于膨胀状态的工具压紧松质骨并形成一空腔;
图8是图6和7所示椎骨体的冠向示意图,其中在形成空腔之后拔出了工具;
图9A是图8所示椎骨体的冠向示意图,其中空腔中填满了增强椎骨体的材料;
图9B表示填充椎骨体内部空腔的一种替代方法;
图9C表示图9B所示的椎骨体,其中的空腔大约填充了一半材料;
图9D表示图9B所示的椎骨体,其中的空腔基本上填满了材料;
图10A至10I是一椎骨体的冠向示意图,表示所采用的工具建立了一后外侧入口,从而可压紧椎骨体中的松质骨,形成一内部空腔,该空腔中可填充增强椎骨体的材料;
图11A是把材料引入在松质骨中形成的空腔内的一工具的侧视图,其喷嘴的轮廓呈阶梯形,可减小整个流体的阻力;
图11B是把材料引入在松质骨中形成的空腔内的一工具的侧视图,其喷嘴的轮廓呈锥形,可减小整个流体的阻力;
图11C是把材料引入在松质骨中形成的空腔内的一工具的侧视图,其喷嘴的轮廓在内部逐渐减小,可减小整个流体的阻力;
图12是一套管和材料引入装置的分解透视图,该图可体现本发明的特征;
图13A是根据本发明的教导而构成的填充结构的一实施例的侧视剖视图;
图13B是图13A所示的填充结构中沿线13B-13B的侧视图;
图14A是根据本发明的教导构成的第一柱塞组件的一实施例的侧视图;
图14B和14C是图14A所示第一柱塞组件的侧视图;
图14D是图14C所示第一柱塞组件中沿线14D-14D的剖视图;
图15是根据本发明的教导所构成的第二柱塞组件的一实施例的侧视图;
图16A至16C是夹持组件的示意图;
图17A至17D是根据本发明的教导所构成的第一柱塞组件的一替代实施例的示意图;
图18是根据本发明的教导所构成的第二柱塞组件的一替代实施例的侧视图;
图19A至19D是根据本发明的教导所构成的第一柱塞组件和填充结构的另外一种替代实施例的示意图。
在不超出本发明的精神实质或必要技术特征的情况下,说明本发明几种形式的实施例。本发明的保护范围由所附权利要求限定,而不是由在先的具体说明限定。因此,落入权利要求等同意义和范围内的所有实施例都包含在权利要求中。最佳实施例的详细说明
该说明书说明治疗骨的新系统和方法。在美国专利号为US4969888和US5108404中基本上公开了使用可膨胀本体治疗骨,该文献的内容在本文参照引用。在下列文献中公开了关于此方面的改进,即申请号为08/188224、申请日为1994年1月26日的美国专利;申请号为08/485394、申请日为1995年6月7日的美国专利;以及申请号为08/659678、申请日为1996年6月5日的美国专利,上述文献在本文中参照引用。还可以理解,如果需要,可利用该新系统和方法治疗骨,却不必使用可膨胀本体。
所说明的新系统和方法是针对治疗椎骨体的。但是,可以理解,这样说明的系统和方法并不局限于仅将它们应用于脊柱。可使用该系统和方法治疗各种类型的骨,包括(但并不局限于)挠骨、肱骨、股骨、胫骨或跟骨。
I.椎骨体
如图1所示,脊柱10包括多个称作椎骨12的形状独特的骨,骶骨14以及尾骨。组成脊柱10的椎骨12的个数依动物的种类不同而不同。在人体中(如图1所示),有24块椎骨12,包括七块颈椎骨18、十二块胸椎骨20和五块腰椎骨22。
如图1所示,如果从侧部看去,脊柱10呈S形曲线。该曲线用于支撑很重的头部。在四足动物中,脊柱的曲线较为简单。
如图1至3所示,每一椎骨12包括一椎骨体26,该椎骨体在椎骨12的前侧(即前部或胸腔)延伸。如图1至3所示,椎骨体26的形状呈椭圆形。如图2和3所示,椎骨体26包括由致密的骨皮质28形成的外部。骨皮质28封闭了松质骨或软骨32(也称作髓骨或小粱骨)的内部容积30。在椎骨体26之间设有一称作椎间盘34的“减振垫”。
在每一椎骨12的后侧(即背侧)设有一称作椎骨孔36的开孔。脊神经节39穿过该椎骨孔36。脊髓38穿过椎管37。
椎弓40环绕椎管37。椎弓40的根42与椎骨体26相邻。棘突44从椎弓40的后部伸出,左右横突46也这样伸出。
II.治疗椎骨体
A.从侧部进入
根据椎骨体内的目标位置、介入的解剖方式以及手术过程所需的复杂性,可从许多不同的方向进入椎骨体。例如,也可穿过根42(经椎弓根)、在根外(椎弓根外),沿椎骨体的任一侧(后外侧),侧部或前部进入体内。另外,可采用封闭的、最小侵入过程或者开放过程使用这种方法。
图4表示一种采用一可膨胀本体防止或治疗椎骨体压迫性骨折或者萎陷的工具48。
工具48包括一分别设有一近端52和一远端54的导管50。远端54载有一结构56,该结构设有一可膨胀外壁58。图4所示的设有外壁58的结构56为萎陷的几何形状。图5所示的结构56处于膨胀状态的几何形状。
如图6所示,萎陷的几何形状可以使结构56插入一目标椎骨体26的内部容积30。可采用各种方式把结构56插入内部容积30。图6示出了穿过侧部入口插入结构56的方法,该结构56穿过椎骨体12的一侧部延伸。
例如,如果压迫性骨折使椎骨体26下陷到根42的平面之下,或者根据医生的偏好而产生的其它原因,就从侧部进入。既可采用封闭的、最小侵入过程或者开放过程从侧部进入。当然,基于介入式解剖方法,本领域的人员都知道,在所有高度的脊柱上治疗椎骨时,侧部介入并不是最佳的介入通道。
导管50包括一内腔管80(参见图4)。腔管80在导管50的近端连接到诸如生理盐水之类的流体压力源上。容有流体的注射器可包括这种压力源。腔管80在压力作用下把流体输送到结构56。于是,如图5和7所示,外壁58膨胀起来。
流体优选是辐射不能透过的,这样当其进入结构56内部时便于显象。例如,为了达到这一目的可使用RenograffnTM。由于流体是辐射不能透过的,因此可以利用荧光镜或者CT显象方法监视结构56的膨胀过程。利用实时MRI时,结构56可充满消毒水、盐水溶液或者蔗糖溶液、任何辐射不能透过的材料。可根据需要采用其它类型的显象方法,采用与工具48相一致的参考标记。替代地,该结构可把辐射不能透过的材料混入结构本身的材料,或者利用辐射不能透过的材料喷涂或者擦涂该结构。
外壁58膨胀可使结构56张大,最好压紧内部容积30内部松质骨32(参见图7)和/或使骨皮质产生所需的移位。压紧松质骨32可在椎骨体26内部容积30中形成一空腔60(参见图8)。正如下面将要说明的那样,可把填充材料62安全而容易地引入由压紧的松质骨32形成的空腔60。在一实施例中,结构56膨胀最好形成基本上环绕空腔60的、压紧松质骨的区域。这一区域最好包括一物理隔层,该隔层可限制填充材料62泄露到椎骨体26的外部。在一可替换的实施例中,结构56的膨胀最好把松质骨32压入骨皮质内出现骨折的部位,从而减少填充材料62穿过皮层壁泄露出来分可能性。在另一可替换的实施例中,结构56的膨胀最好使穿过皮层壁的椎骨体中的静脉(例如椎体静脉)变平,从而使填充材料62很少有机会穿过皮层壁中的静脉结构渗到椎骨体的外部。
替代地,结构56的膨胀将压紧松质骨中密度较低和/或功能较弱的部位,很好地增强了其余松质骨的平均密度和/或总强度。
利用结构56压紧松质骨还可向骨皮质上施加内力。替代地,结构56可直接接触骨皮质,从而膨胀和/或操纵结构56以产生骨皮质的移位。因此,结构在椎骨体26内部膨胀有可能抬高或推动断裂和受压的骨,将其推回原来骨折之前的位置或者该位置附近。
最好把结构56膨胀地保留在椎骨体26内部,适当地等待一段时间,例如三至五分钟,使之在椎骨体26内部发生一定程度的凝结。适当地等待一段时间之后,医生就使结构56萎陷并将其取出。如图8所示,一旦取出结构56,所形成的空腔60就可很满意地保留在内部容积30之内。
如图9A所示,医生下一步就把填充材料62注入所形成的空腔60内。填充材料可以包括能在空腔60中抵抗扭力、张力、剪切力和/或压缩力的材料,从而可使所提供的更新后的内部结构可支撑骨皮质28。例如,材料62可包括下列材料:骨粘合剂、同种异体移植物组织、自体移植物组织或者羟磷灰石、合成骨替代品,把这些材料注入空腔60,并及时设定一般的硬化条件。材料62还可包括一种注入空腔60内部的抗压力材料,例如橡胶、聚亚安酯、氰基丙烯酸酯或者硅橡胶。材料62还可包括一种半固体的浆状材料(例如盐水基质中的骨淤浆),这种浆既可以包含在设于空腔60中的多孔纤维结构中,也可以直接注射到空腔60内,以承受空腔60内的压力。替代地,材料62可包括张紧件、钢筋或者其它类型的内部支撑结构,这些结构可很好地承受施加在骨和/或填充材料上的压力、张力、扭力和/或剪切力。
填充材料62还可包括一种药物、或者药物与如上所述的抗压材料的组合。
替代地,填充材料62可包括一种不能承受空腔内的压力、张力、扭力和/或剪切力的骨填充材料。例如,不希望患者在手术之后立即在脊柱内部承受非常大的力,例如当限制患者卧床休息或者戴上支架的情况下,就不需要填充材料62能够立即承受负载。更好是,填充材料62可为骨的生长提供一种骨架,或者可以包括一种有利于或加速骨生长的材料,使骨经过一段时间之后可以愈合。作为另一种替换,填充材料可包括一种由有机或无机材料制成的可再吸收或者部分再吸收的资源,以便治疗各种骨或者相关的非骨疾患,包括(但不局限于)骨质疏松症、癌症、椎间盘退化疾病、心脏病、获得性免疫功能丧失综合症(AIDS)或者糖尿病。在这种方法中,空腔和/或填充材料可包括一种材料源,以便治疗位于被治疗骨之外的疾患。
在一可替换的实施例中,在膨胀之后,可把可膨胀材料56保留在空腔60中。在此结构中,把可流动的填充材料62输送到结构56中,该结构56可用于容纳材料62。填充有材料62的结构56可用于提供对骨皮质28起支撑作用的更新的内部结构。
在此实施例中,结构56可由下列材料制成,即惰性的、耐用的、不能降解的塑料材料,例如聚乙烯和其它聚合物。替代地,结构56可由惰性的、生物可吸收的材料制成,该材料在人体吸收或清除期间可降解。
在另一实施例中,可把填充材料62的本身用作用于结构56的膨胀介质,以压紧松质骨并形成空腔60,从而发挥压紧和内部支撑的作用。替代地,首先利用另一种介质膨胀结构56,以压紧松质骨并形成空腔60,在把膨胀介质从结构56中取出,随后注入填充材料62后,从而提供内部支撑作用。作为另外一种替换,填充材料可包括两部分材料,包括(但并不局限于)可固化的聚合物或藻酸钙。根据需要,可利用一部分填充材料作为膨胀介质,并在形成所需体积的空腔之后,把第二部分材料加入。
结构56可由渗透性的、半渗透性的或者多孔材料制成,这样可穿过结构56的壁输送包含在填充材料62中的药物,使其与松质骨接触。根据需要,该材料可包括一层可穿透该材料进行渗透和/或颗粒传输的薄膜,或者该材料可包括一种可穿透该材料吸入和/或扩散药物的材料。替代地,通过在结构56的壁上建立压差可穿过多孔壁的材料输送药物。
作为另一种替代方案,为了实现各种目的,这些目的包括(但不局限于)流体/细胞质分析、骨质增生、骨髓采集、和/或基因治疗(包括基因替换治疗),可透过材料使取自于患者体内的流体、细胞和/或其它材料流入和/或抽入所述结构。
III.用于形成骨入口的工具
在典型的双向治疗过程中,患者躺在手术台上。根据医生的偏好,患者可躺下面向手术台,或者侧躺下,或者有一倾斜角度。
A.使用手持工具
对于每一次进入,(参见图10A),医生都要把脊柱针头组件70插入患者背部的软组织ST。在应用辐射学或者CT监视下,医生将脊柱针头组件70穿过软组织下插,并插入目标椎骨体26。手术期间,医生还可使用定向工具引导脊柱针头组件70和后续工具的行进。在此结构方式中,可穿过软组织插入用于定向引导的基准探针,并将其植入目标椎骨体的表面。可使用非铁质材料制成的工具和标签监视整个手术过程,这些非铁质材料例如是:塑料或纤维合成物,例如美国专利US5782764和US5744958中公开的那些材料,该专利的内容都在本文参照引用,还适用于计算机改进的、整个房间的MRI环境。
医生一般通过组件70加入局部麻醉剂,例如利多卡因。在某些情况下,医生可能喜欢其它麻醉方式。
医生操纵脊柱针头组件70穿过椎骨体26的侧部刺入骨皮质28和松质骨32。插入的深度最好是椎骨体26的60%至95%。
医生手持针笔72,抽出脊柱针头组件70的探针74。如图10B所示,医生随后穿过针笔72滑动导向针组件76,将其插入松质骨32。现在医生就可取出针笔72,把所使用的导向针组件76留在松质骨32中。
如图10C所示,医生下面就首先可在导向针组件76的远端上滑动塞闭结构78。医生可将塞闭结构78连接在一手柄80上,这样可便于操作塞闭结构78。
医生在患者的背部做一个很小的切口。医生旋转手柄80,同时在手柄80上施加纵向的力。于是,塞闭结构78转动,并穿过切口插入软组织。医生还可以轻轻地拍打手柄80,或者向手柄80上施加合适的附助纵向力,沿导向针组件76穿过软组织推进塞闭结构78,向下到达骨皮质的入口处。医生还可以使用适当的击打工具拍打手柄80,把塞闭结构78推入椎骨体26的一侧,将其固定就位。
图10C所示的塞闭结构78的外径通常很适合建立侧部入口。但是,如果需要入口穿过椎骨体26上的更窄的部位如根42(称作经椎弓根入口),就要减小塞闭结构78的外径。减小塞闭结构78的外径可调节对根42的破坏或损坏。可以理解,所公开的方法和装置特别适合用于通过改变结果而连接其它进入通道,例如:根、椎弓根外、后外侧和前部入口。
医生随后可继续把手柄80滑出塞闭结构78,并在导向针组件76上,进一步地,是在塞闭结构78上滑动套管结构84。如果需要,医生还可以把手柄80连接到套管结构84上,进行适当的旋转,并施加纵向的力,穿过软组织转动并推进塞闭结构78上的套管结构84。当套管结构84与骨皮质28接触时,医生就使用击打工具适当地拍打手柄80,将端部表面推入椎骨体26的侧部,将其固定就位。
现在,医生就可拔出塞闭结构78,将其滑出导向针组件76,把导向针组件76和套管结构84留在原位。如果使用外径减小的塞闭结构78,医生还可抽出内部的对中套筒(未示出)。
如图10D示,医生首先穿过套管结构84在导向针组件76的远端上滑动钻头结构88,直到钻头结构88的机加工或切割外缘90和骨皮质28接触在一起。之后,医生就把钻头结构88连接到手柄80上。
在X射线(或者另外一种外部显象系统)的引导下,医生在手柄80上施加旋转和纵向力,转动并推进针头结构88的机加工外缘90,通过骨皮质28打开侧部通道PLA,进入松质骨32。钻开的通道PLA最好不要延伸过椎骨体26的95%。
有关松质骨中的腔室构成的进一步细节(相对于椎骨体的轴线不对称),可从专利号为US5972018、名称为“用于体内某部位的可膨胀非对称结构(Expandable Asymmetric Structure for Deployment inInterior Body Regions)”文件中得到,其内容在本文中参照引用。
一旦在松质骨32中形成通道PLA,如图10E所示,医生就取出钻头结构88和导向针组件76,只把套管结构84留在原处。保持住由钻头结构88钻出的通道PLA。这样就形成了到达松质骨32的皮下侧部入口。
如果需要,可使用其它工具制作到达目标骨的皮下入口,例如采用申请号为US09/421635、申请日为1999年10月19日、名称为进入体内某部位的手动工具的未决美国专利申请中所述的工具,该申请文件的内容在本文参照引用。
B.填充空腔
一旦形成了空腔64,医生就将注射器112充满所需容积的填充材料,预先制备好了一次注射量的填充材料。如果使用的可膨胀结构56具有预先形成的形状,就会知道所形成的空腔容积。医生由此可知材料62的所需容积,针对椎骨体26中形成的每一空腔,将所需容积的材料62放入注射器112。
医生把喷嘴114安装在填充后的注射器112上。之后,医生继续通过相关的套管结构84收缩并取出可膨胀结构,并利用材料62填充相关的空腔。
为了填充空腔,医生通过相连的套管结构将喷嘴114插入空腔一段距离,例如,利用外部标记116或者利用实时荧光镜或X射线或MRI显象进行导向。医生操作注射器112,使材料62通过喷嘴114流出,并进入空腔部分。如图10H所示,喷嘴114的内径可以是均匀的,其远端的尺寸的粗细有利于插入椎骨体。但是,为了减小整个流动阻力,喷嘴114的内径(如图11A所示)可以是从其近端部分118的较大直径到其远端120附近的较小直径的阶梯。这样降低了喷嘴114的平均内径,从而减小了整个流动阻力。流动阻力减小可使更粘稠的材料输送到椎骨体。与粘稠度较小的材料相比,粘稠度较大的材料可能从骨渗出的更少,因此粘稠度较大的材料更适用。
除图11A所示的实施例之外,也可能有其它各种结构可构成直径减小的喷嘴或者用于把材料引入骨的工具。例如,如图11B所示,工具160的内部导管162从较大的内径到较小的内径,逐渐地形成为锥形。或者是,如图11C所示,工具164的内部导管166从较大的内径到较小的内径呈阶梯形。相连的套管结构168(参见图11C)还可包括一直径减小的通道,该通道的尺寸较小,可容纳直径减小的工具,并具有较小的流动阻力,可填充通过套管结构输送的材料。
直径减小的工具还可用于有关的椎骨成形术过程中,即在压力下把粘合剂注入椎骨体,而不必预先形成空腔。
填充材料62可包含预定量的辐射不能透过的材料,例如钡或钨,能够充分地对材料62流入空腔部分进行显象。辐射不能透过的材料的含量(以重量计)优选至少为10%,更好是至少为20%,最好是至少为30%。医生因而可观察到空腔的填充过程。
在材料62填充空腔部分时,医生从空腔部分拔出喷嘴114,并使其进入套管结构84。套管结构84使材料在管道内流向空腔部分。材料连续地流入空腔部分。
如图10H所示,可环绕套管结构84设置一垫圈122,密封住入口通道PLA。垫圈122用于防止材料从套管结构84周围泄露出来。
医生操作注射器112,驱使材料62穿过喷嘴114首先进入空腔部分,之后进入套管结构84。一般来说,在注射器注射过程结束时,材料62将从空腔延伸出,并占据套管结构84大约40%至50%的空间。替代地,医生可利用注射器112的材料62填充喷嘴114的导管和/或套管结构84,之后,再利用填塞结构124驱使材料从导管进入椎骨体。
当所需容积的材料62从注射器112受到驱动时,医生就从套管结构84拔出喷嘴114。医生可首先转动注射器112和喷嘴114,将占据套管结构84空间的、喷出的材料62的团,在喷嘴144中把材料62击碎变松。
如图10I所示,医生下一步穿过套管结构84推进填塞结构124。填塞结构124的远端接触到套管结构84中剩余容积的材料62。推进填塞结构124从套管结构84中逐渐排出更多的剩余材料62,迫使其进入空腔部分。在套管结构84中由于填塞结构124的推进而驱使材料62流入空腔部分,这样可用于均匀地分布和压紧空腔部分内部的材料62,进入其它空腔和/或骨内部的开孔,并进入骨折的断裂线,而不必使用太高的压力。
使用注射器112、喷嘴114和填塞结构124,在利用材料62填充空腔部分时,可使医生进行准确地控制。医生可根据遇到的特定局部生理情况,立即调整容积和传输量。应用由注射器112和填塞结构124施加的均匀低压,可使医生以实际上的即时方式对填充容积和流动阻力状况作出反应。可大大减少过渡填充和材料62泄露到空腔部分外部的机会。
而且,在较高的注射压力下,填塞结构124还能很好地控制材料62的注射量。例如,图12表示包括直径减小的喷嘴180和探针182的材料注射结构500。探针182尺寸设计得可穿过直径减小的喷嘴180。接下来,喷嘴180的尺寸设计得可穿过套管结构184。至于材料的强度,可由基本上呈刚性的金属材料(例如不锈钢)或者高强度的塑料制成喷嘴180。
探针182包括一手柄192,当探针182完全插入喷嘴180中时,该手柄位于喷嘴近端的连接器186上。当设置好手柄时,探针182的远端和喷嘴180对齐。探针182位于喷嘴180内部时,可很恰当地封闭住内部钻孔。
使用时,喷嘴180可连接到注射器104并通过套管结构184插入形成于骨内部的材料接收空腔(未示出)中。把注射器104中的材料62注入可很适当地穿入骨中的喷嘴180。当把足够量的材料62注入骨和/或喷嘴180内时,可从喷嘴180中拔出注射器104。
之后,把探针182插入喷嘴180,并通过喷嘴推进,恰当地挤压材料62,并将其推出喷嘴180。在一种公开的实施例中,探针182的直径大约为0.118英寸。探针182的横截面积大约为0.010936平方英寸,而喷嘴180理想地包含大约1.5毫升的填充材料。在一替换的实施例中,探针182的直径大约为0.136英寸。
可使用与组合柱塞结构183类似的喷嘴180和探针182,将填充材料62通过套管结构184推入骨。例如,当填充材料62位于套管结构184中时,把柱塞结构183插入套管184将会很理想地排出材料62,压迫材料62从套管184的远端进入骨。在一实施例中,柱塞结构183的直径大约为0.143英寸。当柱塞结构183穿过套管184推进时,就会理想地排出套管184中的填充材料62。因此,柱塞结构183起到一种正向推移的“活塞”或“泵”的作用,可使医生准确地测量注入骨中的填充材料62的精确数量。
如果填充材料非常粘稠,通过输送系统泵送时,这样的材料一般具有很大的阻力。一般来说,填充材料必须穿过系统的距离越长,由于材料的粘度以及与内壁的摩擦损失这样的因素而产生的压力损失越大。为了计算这些损失,现有的输送系统一般很有力地压动填充材料,通常达到几千磅的压力。这样对于输送系统不但需要更强力的泵和坚固的连接,而且系统通常还不能配送数量非常精确的填充材料。而且,如果填充材料长时间地硬化,系统就必须产生甚至更大的压力,以克服材料流动阻力的增加。
所公开的系统和方法避免和/或降低了对用于输送填充材料的注射系统的复杂性和高压的要求。由于公开的柱塞结构183穿过套管184在皮下移动,并把填充材料62推出套管184的远端,因此,在填充材料注入骨时,由柱塞结构183推动的填充材料的数量(以及套管184中的填充材料62的总数量)连续降低。这样在注射期间,就理想地减小了对柱塞结构的移动的产生的阻力。而且,由于由柱塞结构183推动的材料的数量减小了,固化填充材料时流动阻力的增加就不需要增加注射压力了。另外,由于柱塞结构183在套管184内部移动,而且能经过皮肤穿过注射部位,因此在填充材料推出套管并进入骨之前,只需要把填充材料泵送一小段长度,就能进一步降低对非常高压的要求。如果需要注射辅助填充材料,可把柱塞结构从套管拔出,把辅助填充材料引入套管,并重复这一过程。这样,本装置就可在进行良好控制的情况下,很顺利地注射即便是非常粘稠的材料。而且,通过改变套管、喷嘴和探针的直径,可在填充材料62中生成大范围的压力。如果需要,在椎骨成形术过程中,可类似地使用所公开的装置通过脊柱针组件把填充材料直接注入骨,或者用于填充在骨内形成的空腔。
如果需要,医生使用材料62填满空腔之后,还可以选择继续把辅助材料62注入椎骨体。根据骨内局部情况的不同,这种辅助材料只是增加空腔的容积(通过进一步地压紧松质骨),或者将其注入空腔周围的压缩和/或未压缩的松质骨,这样可用于进一步地压缩松质骨和/或进一步地增加椎骨体的压缩强度。
当医生对材料62充分地分布在空腔部分的内部很满意时,就可从套管结构84拔出填塞结构124。医生优选地首先扭动填塞结构124,利索地断开与材料62的接触。
一旦采用上述方法填满和塞满空腔,就拔出套管结构84并缝合切口部位。
如果材料62是粘合剂,最终要在空腔64内部硬化成坚硬状态。从而提高椎骨体承受负载的能力。
图9B至9D表示填充在椎骨体中形成的空腔60的一种可替换的方法。在此实施例中,已经通过提供进入在其内形成的空腔60的入口而穿过椎骨体的根42插入了套管结构84。把喷嘴180推入椎骨体,喷嘴180的远端恰当地设置在空腔60的前侧附近。把填充材料62通过喷嘴180慢慢地注入空腔60。如图9C所示,当连续地注入填充材料62时,可把喷嘴180向空腔60的中心抽动。最好是,抽出喷嘴180时,使喷嘴180的远端基本上保持与填充材料60增长的块体接触。一旦把喷嘴180设置在空腔60的中心附近,就通过喷嘴180注入辅助填充材料62,基本上填满空腔60。之后,从空腔60中拔出喷嘴。
如果需要,可把喷嘴连接到容纳填充材料的注射器104(参见图12)。在一实施例中,注射器104容纳的填充材料的数量等于在椎骨体内形成的空腔60的容积,此时,喷嘴容有另外的1.5毫升的填充材料。在此实施例中,空腔60开始时填充从注射器104排出的填充材料。一旦排尽,就从喷嘴180拔出注射器104,把探针182插入喷嘴180,并利用探针182把喷嘴180内部剩余的填充材料推入椎骨体。最好是,把来自于喷嘴180的辅助填充材料向外渗入松质骨,压紧另外的松质骨和/或稍微增加空腔60的大小。
所公开的方法可很好地确保空腔内完全填满填充材料。由于患者在所公开的手术过程中经常是前侧向下躺着,因此空腔的前部通常是空腔的最低部位。首先用填充材料填满空腔的前部,之后填充空腔的后部,空腔内部的流体和/或悬浮固体被填充材料适当地移动并移向空腔的后部,从后部流出套管。用这种方式,避免了淤积空腔内部的流体和/或填充材料,并且能够确保完全恰当地填充椎骨体。
如果需要,可在注入椎骨体之前,使填充材料硬化和/或固化。例如,在一实施例中,填充材料包括骨粘合剂,在注入空腔之前可使这种粘合剂固化成胶水或类似油泥的状态。在此实施例中,当粘合剂开始排出喷嘴时,其稠度最好类似于牙膏。
所选择的材料62还可以是在传统方法中所收集的自体移植或同种异体移植骨移植组织,例如可以呈软膏形式(参见Dick的“Use oftheAcetabular Reamer to Harvest Autogenic Bone Graft Material:A SimpleMethod for Producing Bone Paste”, Archives of Orthoopaedic and Traumatic Surgerv(1986),105:235-238)、或者呈药丸形式(参见Bhan等的“Percutaneous Bone Grafting for Nonuion and Delayed Union ofFractures of the Tibial Shift”, International orthopaedics(STCOT)(1993) 17:310-312)。替代地,可采用骨移植收集器(Bone Graft Harvester)得到骨移植组织,这种装置可从Spinetech购买得到。利用漏斗,把软膏形或者药丸形的移植组织材料装入套管结构84。之后,采用上面所介绍的方法把填塞结构124推入套管结构84,把软膏形或药丸形移植组织材料推出套管结构84,再推入空腔部分。
所选择的材料62可包括从珊瑚上采集的颗粒状骨材料,例如可从Interpore购买到的Proosteon碳酸钙颗粒。利用漏斗把这种颗粒装入套管结构84,再利用填塞结构124推入空腔。
所选择的材料62还可包括悬浮在甘油中的去除矿物质的骨基质(例如从Osteotech购买的Grafton同种异体移植材料),或者从Norian购买的SRS磷酸钙粘合剂。把诸如上面所述的骨粘合剂之类的这些粘稠材料注入注射器112并利用通过套管结构84插入空腔部分的喷嘴114注入空腔。如上所述,使用填塞结构124把剩余的材料从套管结构84推入空腔部分。
所选择的材料62还可呈薄片形式,例如由碳酸钙粉末制成的Collagraft材料和由牛骨制成的胶原质。可把薄片卷成管并用手塞入套管结构84。之后,通过套管结构84推入填塞结构124,推入并压紧空腔部分内的材料。
C.多级注射仪
图13A和13B表示用于把所需量的填充材料引入骨或者其它椎骨体内的填充结构的一实施例。填充结构600包括第一部分605和第二部分610。第一和第二部分605和610最好是采用密封关系连接和/或固定的中空管体,第一部分605的内部与第二部分610的内部采用流体连接。
第一部分605具有第一内部横截面积615,而第二部分610具有第二内部横截面积620。最好是,第一内部横截面积615大于第二内部横截面积620。在所公开的实施例中,第一部分605包括一其内径为0.358英寸长度为2.58英寸的圆柱形、中空管部件,而第二部分610包括一其内径为0.175英寸长度为8.84英寸的圆柱形、中空管部件。
分配开孔640设在第二部分610的远端645。第一柱塞开孔650设在第一部分605的近端。如果需要,可在第一部分605的外部设置一凸缘655。如果还需要,如图13A所示,从第一部分605到第二部分610是以瓶颈或锥形过渡的。
图14A和14B表示适用于与所述的填充结构600一同使用的第一柱塞组件700。第一柱塞组件700包括第一柱塞705,其大小设计得可穿过第一部分605内部。一诸如O形圈之类的密封垫710以现有技术中公知的方式固定在第一柱塞705的远端715。最好是,当第一柱塞705在其内滑动时,密封垫710与第一部分605的内壁滑动地接合,从而密封住第一部分605的近端。最好是,密封垫710包括特氟隆(Teflon)、天然橡胶或者其它类型的密封剂材料。应当指出的是,虽然所公开柱塞的横截面为圆形(参见图14B),然而所使用的柱塞横截面随情况的变化也可以是其它类似的形状,例如三角形或者矩形。
如果需要,可在第一柱塞705的远端设置一柱塞凸缘725。最好是,在第一柱塞700的远端到达靠近或邻接第一部分605远端的所需位置时,柱塞凸缘725邻接和/或接触凸缘655。第一柱塞组件700进一步包括一穿过第一柱塞705纵向延伸的第二柱塞开孔720。最好是,第二柱塞开孔720的横截面积大小和形状小于或者接近于第二内横截面积620的大小和形状。在所公开的实施例中,第一柱塞组件700长2.62英寸,第一柱塞705的外径为0.357英寸,而第二柱塞开孔720的内径为0.115英寸。
图15表示适用于与第一柱塞组件700和填充结构600一同使用的第二柱塞组件750。第二柱塞组件750包括一第二柱塞755和固定在第二柱塞755近端的圆柄760。第二柱塞755的大小最好可穿过第二柱塞开孔755和第二部分610。在一实施例中,第二柱塞组件进一步包括一凹槽765。最好有一定位夹持件800(参见图16A至16C)可松开地把第二柱塞组件750固定在第二柱塞开孔755内部。在所公开的实施例中,第二柱塞组件750为11.8英寸长,第二柱塞755的外径为0.113英寸,凹槽765距离第二柱塞755的远端大约2.62英寸设置。
对于材料的强度,填充结构600的各种部件可包括基本上呈刚性的金属、塑料或者陶瓷材料,例如不锈钢或者高强度的塑料。在所公开的实施例中,填充结构600和第二柱塞组件包括303号不锈钢,而第一柱塞组件包括Delrin塑料(从Dupont公司可购买到)。
当需要注入填充材料时,用诸如骨粘合剂或PMMA之类的填充材料(未示出)填满填充结构600。第二柱塞组件750利用定位夹持件800固定在第一柱塞组件内部。之后,把第一柱塞705的远端715插入第一柱塞开孔650。
当推进第一柱塞705通过填充结构600的第一部分605时,柱塞705推动第一部分605中的填充材料,随后通过分配开孔640把第二部分610中的材料压出。设置第二柱塞755可防止大量的填充材料穿过第二柱塞开孔755,最好利用定位夹持件800把第二柱塞固定在原位。当远端715到达第一部分605的远端时,最好是基本上所有的填充材料都从第一部分605排入第二部分610和/或排出分配开孔640。
之后,松开定位夹持件800,穿过第一部分605的远端推进第二柱塞755,并将其推入第二部分610。最好是,第二柱塞755的横截面形状和大小类似于第二部分610的横截面620的形状和大小,从而在推动第二柱塞755时,第二柱塞755可以基本上排出第二部分610中的所有填充材料。最好是,一旦第二柱塞755的远端到达分配开孔640,第一和第二部分605和610内部的所有填充材料都基本上从填充结构600分送出去。
利用不同横截面积的第一、第二部分以及第一、第二柱塞排出填充材料,本发明可从单个的填充结构中很方便地分送相当数量的填充材料。由于在分送过程中,PMMA和各种其它类型的填充材料的粘度一般都随时间的推移而增加,因此投送填充材料随时间推移而逐渐困难。利用较大横截面积的柱塞开始填充操作时,如果填充材料粘度较低,本发明就能够投送大量的填充材料。但是,由于填充材料的固化,变得更加粘稠,因此即便在非常粘稠的情况下,减小第二柱塞的横截面积也能够连续投送更粘稠的填充材料。但是,由于第二部分的横截面积减小了,其减小的轮廓可很好地穿过套管和/或软组织推入填充结构的远端,使其直接进入目标椎骨体,同时仍然能够提供足够容量的填充材料,完成增生和/或修复目标骨的目的。而且,由于在分送操作期间,虽然不需要再次填充和/或切断工具,但是在此过程中,仍然宁可将其保留在原位并投放所有所需量的骨填充材料,因此大大降低了空气滞留在椎骨体和/或粘合剂块体中的可能性。
本发明还极大地方便了医生能够从容积较大、压力较低的粘合剂流动状态转换到容积较小、压力较高的粘合剂流动状态。推压第一柱塞时,把粘合剂注入椎骨体,医生可以判断出需要控制更严格、压力更高和/或容积更低的流动粘合剂。替代地,粘合剂可固化或硬化到这掉的程度,即非常困难和/或不可能进一步移动第一柱塞。本发明的一实施例可使医生即便在第一柱塞的远端不靠近或邻接第一部分的远端时,也可把第二柱塞推入第二部分。一旦第二柱塞穿过了第一部分中的粘合剂并进入第二部分,就可从第二部分排出粘合剂。由于第二柱塞和第二部分的横截面积减小了(与第一柱塞和第一部分相比较),因此更容易把第二柱塞穿过第一部分中的粘合剂推入,而且更容易在较高的压力和/或较低的容积下从第2部分投送粘合剂。
可使用所公开的填充结构穿过套管把填充材料引入在骨内部形成的空腔,或者将其与椎骨成形术一起使用,把填充材料直接引入椎骨体,而不必事前形成空腔。如果不要求和/或不需要事前形成的空腔,而且使用椎骨成形术,填充结构就能够在其远端设置针头点,或者极大地降低第二部分的直径,使该结构的通道穿过脊柱针头组件的导管。替代地,填充结构的一个或多个部分包括可购买到的脊柱针头组件(例如从Becton Dickinson & Co.,Franklin Lakes,NJ,07417购买的第508627号骨髓活组织检查针头(Bone Marrow Biopsy Needle))。如果需要,可提供大小和长度改变的一个或多个柱塞组件,容纳不同的脊柱针组件。
如果需要,填充结构中可预先装入填充材料,穿透软组织并插入椎骨体,用于注入填充材料,快速而容易地拔出,而不需要在操作期间更换工具。例如,当把椎骨体的端板压到可膨胀结构不能安全地插入椎骨体内部和/或不能在其内膨胀的位置时,就在压力下通过针头把骨粘合剂直接注入椎骨体中的松质骨(没有形成空腔)。骨粘合剂渗入松质骨。
为了减小对填充材料的流动阻力,如图11A、11B、或11C所示,填充结构设有增大的内部直径。流动阻力减小可能使用更粘稠的粘合剂,从而进一步减小粘合剂从椎骨体挤出的可能性。
图17A至17D以及图18表示根据本发明的教导,而提供的一种填充结构的替换实施例。由于本实施例的许多特征类似于上述的实施例,因此采用相似的参考标记表示类似的部件。在此实施例中,第一柱塞组件700A进一步包括一位于组件700A远端715A内部的横截面增加的端部开孔850。该端部开孔850与第二柱塞755上的横截面增加的柱塞端部855相对应。
使用填充结构600A期间,在推入第一柱塞705A的同时,柱塞端部855位于端部开孔850内部,可理想地防止第二柱塞750A随填充材料压力的增加而沿轴向移动。如果需要,可使用夹持件(未示出)把第二柱塞固定到第一柱塞上。一旦把第一柱塞705A推入其所需的位置,就可从凹槽765A中取出夹持件(未示出),而且如上所述推动第二柱塞750A。
图19A至19D表示根据本发明的教导而提供的另一种替代实施例所述的填充结构600B。由于本实施例的许多特征类似于上述的实施例,因此采用相似的参考标记表示类似的部件。在此实施例中,第一柱塞组件700B包括一位于组件700B远端715处的单向阀900。单向阀900可在推动第一柱塞705B时,很理想地防止填充材料穿过第二柱塞开孔755B。一旦把第一柱塞组件700B推入其所需的位置,而且推动第二柱塞组件穿过第二柱塞开孔,单向阀900就可使第二柱塞通过如上所述的第一和第二部分。
本发明的特征表述在下面的权利要求中。

Claims (18)

1.一种用于把材料引入骨中的系统,包括:
包括第一空腔部分和第二空腔部分的填充结构,所述第一空腔部分设有第一横截面积,所述第二空腔部分设有小于第一横截面积的第二横截面积,所述第二空腔部分与第一空腔部分相连通,所述第一空腔部分包括一用于接收流入填充结构中的材料的入口,而第二空腔部分包括一用于从填充结构排出材料的出口;
第一柱塞,其尺寸为可穿过第一空腔部分却不能穿过第二空腔部分,所述第一柱塞包括一内孔;
以及第二柱塞,其尺寸为可穿过第一柱塞的内孔并插入第二空腔部分;
从而可使第一柱塞通过第二空腔部分向着出口排出存留在第一空腔部分中的材料,而第二柱塞通过出口排出存留在第二空腔部分中的材料。
2.一种用于把材料引入骨中的系统,包括:
填充结构,包括:第一基本上中空的部分,所述第一基本上中空的部分设有第一近端、第一远端、第一内部横截面积和第一内部容积;和第二基本上中空的部分,所述第二基本上中空的部分设有第二近端、第二远端、第二内部横截面积和第二内部容积;
所述第一基本上中空的部分与所述第二基本上中空的部分流体连通;
所述第一内部容积大于所述第二内部容积;
所述第一内部横截面积大于所述第二内部横截面积;
以及第一柱塞装置,其尺寸为可穿过所述第一内部横截面。
3.如权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述第一柱塞装置太大而不能穿过所述第二内部横截面。
4.如权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述第一内部横截面积沿所述第一基本上中空的部分的纵轴线基本上保持不变。
5.如权利要求3所述的系统,其中进一步包括一尺寸为可穿过所述第二横截面的第二柱塞装置。
6.如权利要求5所述的系统,其中所述第二柱塞装置的尺寸为可穿过一导管,所述导管延伸通过所述第一柱塞装置。
7.如权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述第一内部容积大于4立方厘米。
8.如权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述第一内部容积小于5立方厘米。
9.如权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述第二内部容积大于3立方厘米。
10.如权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述第二内部容积小于4立方厘米。
11.如权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述第一内部横截面积在整个所述第一基本上中空的部分上基本保持不变。
12.如权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述第二内部横截面积在整个所述第二基本上中空的部分上基本保持不变。
13.如权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述第一内部横截面积在整个所述第一基本上中空的部分上发生变化。
14.如权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述第二内部横截面积在整个所述第二基本上中空的部分上发生变化。
15.如权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述第一柱塞装置进一步包括设于所述第一柱塞装置的远端附近的密封垫。
16.如权利要求15所述的系统,其中所述密封垫包括特氟隆。
17.如权利要求15所述的系统,其中所述密封垫包括天然橡胶。
18.如权利要求15所述的系统,其中所述密封垫包括O形密封垫。
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