CN1426391A - 作为细胞毒剂的多胺类似物 - Google Patents

作为细胞毒剂的多胺类似物 Download PDF

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CN1426391A
CN1426391A CN01807059A CN01807059A CN1426391A CN 1426391 A CN1426391 A CN 1426391A CN 01807059 A CN01807059 A CN 01807059A CN 01807059 A CN01807059 A CN 01807059A CN 1426391 A CN1426391 A CN 1426391A
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cell
ori
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putrescine
polyamine
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M·R·伯恩斯
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Oridigm Corp
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Oridigm Corp
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Abstract

揭示了新型的细胞毒多胺类似物。这些类似物是治疗需抑制细胞生长和/或增殖的疾病的有效的药物制剂,例如癌症和血管成形术后的损伤。

Description

作为细胞毒剂的多胺类似物
相关申请
本申请涉及提交于99年9月15日的美国专利申请第09/396,523号,在此全文并入以供参考。
发明领域
本发明涉及化学和生物化学领域中作为细胞毒剂的具有药物或农业用途的新型多胺类似物化合物的合成与应用。这些化合物作为药物可单独使用或与其它的细胞毒剂或抗增殖剂结合使用,以治疗不应发生的细胞增殖性疾病,主要是癌症。
发明背景
对腐胺、亚精胺和精胺等多胺类在细胞形成过程中的极其复杂的生物活动所进行的几十年的研究显示,它们在生命活动中扮演了极其重要的角色(Cohen,S.S.,“A Guide to the Polyamines”1998,牛津大学出版社,纽约)。当聚阳离子在生理pH下时,它们与所有的阴离子细胞成分紧密结合并强烈调整它们的生物活动。特殊且强烈的相互作用与DNA和RNA以及与它们相关的染色质蛋白质有关(Tabor,H.等,1,4-丁二胺(腐胺)、亚精胺、和精胺.Ann Rev.Biochem.1976,45,285-306;Matthews,H.R.多胺,染色质结构和转录.BioEssays,1993,15,561-566)。多阳离子多胺类与微管间的特殊反应最近也被揭示出来(Wolff,J.Promotion ofMicrotubule Assembly by Oligocations:Cooperativity between ChargedGroups.Biochemistry,1998,37,10722-10729;Webb,H.K.等,1-(N-Alkylamino)-1l-(N-ethylamino)-4,8-diazaundecanes:Simple syntheticpolyamine analogues that differentially alter tubulinpolymerization.J.Med.Chem.1999 42(8):1415-21)。包括乙酰胆碱酯酶在内的膜结合酶类的变构调节已经查明(Kossorotow,A.等,Regulatory effects ofpolyamines on membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase.Biochem.J.1974,144,21-27)。
关于多胺类参与细胞程序死亡的诱导作用也已有报道。Stefanelli和他的合作者报道称,使用HL60人白血病细胞(Stefanelli,C.等,Spermine causes caspaseactivation in 1eukaemia cells.FEBS Letters,1998,437,233-236)或无细胞模型(Stefanelli,C.等,Spermine triggers the activation of caspase-3 in acell-free model of apoptosis.FEBS Letters,1999,451,95-98)添加精胺导致了细胞程序死亡的诱导。这一过程以线粒体中细胞色素c的释放、dATP依赖的pro-caspase-3的加工以及caspase活化的开始为标志。caspase的活化不会被抗氧化剂或MDL 72527对多胺氧化酶的抑制所阻止。因而这些研究人员假设,多胺类在死亡信息转导方面是一种生理作用。
由于精胺在生理pH下有四个正电荷,可与细胞组分紧密结合,且尽管这种多胺在细胞内的含量很高,的它在细胞中的游离浓度却很低(Marton,L.J.等Polyamines as targets for therapeutic intervention.Annu.Rev.Pharmacol.Toxicol.1995,35,55-91)。因此,精胺可能有损伤探知分子的特征,因为在核酸、膜或其它存储部位损伤之后,它的游离浓度就会迅速升高。这种增加与损伤程度成比例且能向线粒体转导死亡信号。
其它的研究人员探讨了多胺类和多胺类似物的中毒机制。Poulin和他的合作者指出,在过度表达鸟氨酸脱羧酶(ODC)的L1210细胞中,多胺运输的失控将导致亚精胺的致命性积累(Poulin,R.等,Induction of apoptosis by excessivepolyamine accumulation in ornithine decarboxylase-overproducing L1210cells.Biochem.J.1995,311,723-727)。它们揭示这种致命的损伤是由于细胞程序死亡的诱导所致。所观察到的细胞程序死亡过程不是由多胺氧化造成的。Wallace和其合作者发现了在BHK-21/C13细胞中有类似的精胺的非氧化性的致命作用(Brunton,V.G等,Mechanisms of spermine toxicity in baby-hamster kidney(BHK)cells.Biochem.J.1991,280,193-198)。他们同时还指出,MDL 72527可以加剧精胺的毒效。
Packham和Cleveland指出32D.3鼠骨髓细胞中ODC的被动表达可在清除IL-3后导致程序性的细胞死亡(Packham,G.等,Ornithine decarboxylase is amediator of c-myc-included apoptosis.Mol.Cell.Biol.1994,14,5741-5747)。ODC诱导的细胞死亡是剂量依赖模式的,ODC的不可逆抑制剂α-二氟甲基鸟氨酸(DFMO)可有效阻止ODC诱导的细胞死亡。Gerner和他的合作者用ODC过度表达或多胺运输调节机制缺乏的细胞系做了一系列的实验,结果证明,多胺运输系统反馈机制的缺乏将足以诱导细胞程序死亡(Xie,X等,Loss of intracellularputrescine pool-size regulation induces apoptosis.Exp.CellRes.1997,230,386-392)。腐胺水平上严格反馈控制调节机制的缺乏可导致细胞以腐胺剂量依赖的方式经历细胞程序死亡。
Yanagawa和它的合作者发现了肝细胞生长因子(HGF)的抗增殖作用,包括通过提高ODC活性而使细胞内多胺水平提高的细胞程序死亡的诱导(Yanagawa,K等,Theantiproliferative effect of HGF on hepatoma cells involves induction ofapoptosis with increase in intracellular polyamine concentrationlevels.Oncol.Rep.1998,5,185-190)。添加ODC抑制剂DFMO能降低多胺类水平并抑制HGF的程序死亡效应。向细胞添加外源多胺类可使细胞程序死亡效应的抑制重新逆转。上述报道证明,当多胺库浓度的调节机制缺乏时有明显的细胞程序死亡效应。同时还证明这些效应是通过非氧化机制发生的。
以N1,N11-二乙基去甲精胺(BE-3,3,3,也叫做DENSPM)为代表的一系列经修饰的精胺类似物被证实可强力诱导多胺代谢酶亚精胺/精胺N1-乙酰转移酶(SSAT),并能部分通过氧化机制发挥作用(Casero,R.A.等,Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase-the turning point in polyamine metabolism.FASEBJ.1993,7,653-661)。Porter和他的合作者研究了对这一系列类似物的细胞应答并比较了它们的细胞毒性、SSAT的诱导作用和对细胞周期的影响(Kramer,D.L.等,Effects of novel spermine analogues on cell cycle progression and apoptosisin MALME-3M human melanoma cells.Cancer Res.1997,57,5521-5527)。他们的结论是,细胞毒性不可能与这些类似物诱导的SSAT的水平有关,其中可能还有其它的机制。当类似物的结构有微小变化时,就会使细胞周期的作用产生很大的变化。
Hu和Pegg用相关的类似物证实,多胺运输装置对多胺类似物吸收的失控可快速诱导细胞程序死亡(Hu,R-H.等,Rapid induction of apoptosis by deregulateduptake of polyamine analogues.Biochem.J.1997,328,307-316)。
据查,某些二苄基腐胺类似物对人类和啮齿动物的癌细胞系有抗增殖功效。Frydman等描述了1,3-二丙胺、腐胺和尸胺的N1,Nx-二苄基类似物抗三种鳞状细胞癌系(SCC-38、SCC-4Y和SCC-13Y)和一种小鼠肝癌细胞系(H-4-II-E)的细胞毒性(Aizencang,G.等,Antiproliferative effects of N1,N4-dibenzylputrescine inhuman and rodent tumor cells.Cellular and MolecularBiology,1998,44(4),615-625和美国专利第5,677,350号)。据查,当腐胺和尸胺的N1,Nx-二苄基类似物的IC50值在100至300μM之间时可以抗这些细胞系。这些研究者描述了细胞经历程序性细胞死亡时的典型特征:形成液泡、尺寸减小、台盼蓝染色变化以及粘附性改变。
Frydman等人也证明,当用特别的多胺氧化酶抑制剂共培养时,N1,N4-二(丁-2,3-间二烯基)丁二胺(MDL 72527)可使类似物的活性增加五倍。尽管发现[1,4-14C]-腐胺的摄取可适度抑制(对N1,N4-二苄基腐胺Kiapp=6.5+/-1.7μM,对比腐胺Kiapp=5.2+/-O.6μM),但即便是超过N1,N4-二苄基腐胺10倍量的腐胺也不会消除它抑制细胞生长的作用。在药物治疗72小时后测得细胞内多胺类水平有适度减少。与目的在于排除多胺的治疗手段所得到的降低相比,多胺水平的这种降低是微不足道的(参见美国专利第6,172,261 B1号)。
用N1,N4-二苄基腐胺进行的体内抗增殖研究(美国专利第5,677,350号),结果显示这些类似物有很大的前途。这些研究显示治疗肿瘤的重量相对对照肿瘤有明显的降低。用大鼠肝细胞瘤H-4-II-E细胞(10×106细胞)或人黑色素瘤II-B-Mel-J(5×106细胞)对四周龄的裸鼠进行皮下接种并让其发育15至24天。在饮用水中施用O.15%的N1,N4-二苄基腐胺超过10周,结果显示动物没有中毒现象。结合这些实验进行了一些关键性观察。如前所述,在用N1,N4-二苄基腐胺治疗后没有出现肝脏或肾脏的损伤。在对照动物中观察到的肺癌的转移在治疗的动物中没有出现。更重要的是,受治疗动物中肿瘤的生长以6或7倍的系数受到强烈抑制。进一步的研究显示,与对照动物相比,受治疗动物肿瘤中的多胺水平没有明显的改变。
最近的报道为在MDL 72527存在时观察到的细胞毒性的增加做了解释(Dai,H.等,The polyamine oxidase inhibitor MDL-72,527 selectively induces apoptosisof transformed hematopoietic cells through lysosometropic effects.CancerResearch,1999,59,4944-4954)。据以前的报道,这种化合物是相对无毒性的有选择性的多胺氧化酶(PA0)抑制剂,可在转化的造血细胞中诱导细胞程序死亡。值得注意的是,这种化合物对初级骨髓祖细胞是无毒的。这种化合物的细胞特征所显示的特点与上面提到的的二苄基腐胺类似物极为类似。尽管这种化合物可降低腐胺和亚精胺的水平(它同时也可增加N1-乙酰亚精胺的水平),预期这些效应是以这种化合物作为PAO抑制剂的作用为基础的。这种化合物的细胞毒效应不会因和外源腐胺或亚精胺共培养而被阻止。这些效应也不会因鸟氨酸脱羧酶(ODC)--限制速度的多胺生物合成酶--的过度表达或抑制而受到影响。作为有明显特征的ODC的专一性抑制剂,DFMO会造成MDL 72527吸收的增加并导致更大的细胞毒性,但是用腐胺/DFMO/MDL 72527处理与单独用MDL 72527处理的效果是相同的。
总之,这些报道显示,通过消耗细胞内的腐胺水平,N1,N4-二苄基腐胺和其它相似的类似物都是没有细胞毒性的。专一且有效的PAO抑制剂能提高它们的活性这一事实说明,多胺氧化酶介导的机制是不起作用的。除了关于这一机制的有限的知识外,这些化合物还显示出对一些不同的癌细胞系的适度的IC50值。他们同时证明了在细胞程序死亡机制中各种化合物的特征。N1,N4-二苄基腐胺在小鼠异种移植抗癌模型中大有前途。这种化合物是口服有效的,甚至在40天的治疗后也没有显示出中毒现象。此外,这些化合物的优点在于它们很容易合成,且并不昂贵。
在细胞程序死亡途径中,线粒体显然扮演了重要的角色。目前被普遍接受的是线粒体膜电位的降低是细胞程序死亡早期的普遍现象(Mignotte,B.等,Mitochondria and apoptosis.Eur.J.Biochem.1998,252,1-15)。线粒体对许多刺激发生反应而向细胞质释放细胞色素c从而参与细胞程序死亡的早期步骤。最近的文献报道表明,包括一些有临床前景的药剂在内的许多分子都可通过从线粒体中释放细胞色素c而诱导细胞程序死亡。关于这种释放的机制的一个明确机制是,线粒体内膜膨胀后外膜/基质破裂。带有正电荷的细胞色素c蛋白质从线粒体中释放与细胞程序死亡的诱导是紧密关联的(Green,D.R.等,Mitochondria andApoptosis.Science,1998,281,1309-1312)。被释放的细胞色素c启动了一个复杂的途径,并最终导致了caspase-3的激活。
Tamanoi和他的合作者证实,一组有四种不同结构的法尼基转移酶抑制剂诱导了v-K-ras-转化的普通大鼠肾细胞中细胞色素c从线粒体中的释放(Suzuki,N.等,Farnesyltransferase inhibitors induce cytochrome c release and caspase 3activation preferentially in transformed cells.Proc.Natl.Acad,Sci.USA,1998,95,15356-115361)。他们指出,这种释放可导致caspase-3的激活,且与普通细胞相比最好是在转化细胞中观察。
Debatin和他的合作者证实桦木酸(一种黑色素瘤特异的细胞毒性剂)可通过从线粒体向胞质溶胶中释放细胞色素c和细胞程序死亡诱导因子(AIF)而启动CD95(APO-1/Fas)非依赖性的和p53非依赖性的细胞程序死亡(Fulda,S.等,Activation of mitochondria and release of mitochondrial apoptogenic factorsby betulinic acid.J.Biol.Chem.1998,273,33942-33948)。这种药物诱导的细胞程序死亡(通过线粒体的直接作用)并不涉及两种普通的对抗性机制这一事实说明,桦木酸可能避开某些形式的药物抵抗力(Fulda,S.等,Betulinic acid triggersCD95(APO-1/Fas)-and p53-independent apoptosis via activation of caspases inneuroectodermal tumors.Cancer Res.1997,57,4956-4963)。
目前正处在转移性乳腺癌和卵巢癌第三阶段实验的另一种辅助性药剂-lonidamine(1-[(2,4-二氯苄基)甲基]-1H-吲唑-3-羧酸)也可不依赖于p53的状况而直接作用于线粒体的透性转移孔洞(Ravagnan,L.等,Lonidamine triggersapoptosis via a direct,Bcl-2-inhibited effect on the mitochondrialpermeability transition pore.Oncogene 1999,18,2537-2546)。
早期普遍的细胞程序死亡事件中,线粒体膜电位的降低可能是通过在线粒体内膜上打开孔洞而发生的。这些孔洞允许分子量小于1500Da的化合物通过膜,其中有一些与细胞程序死亡的诱导是直接关联的。
引用上面这些论文并无意于承认上述任何一点是相关先有技术。对这些论文日期的叙述或内容的表示都是以申请人可获得的信息为基础的,并且没有获得任何修改这些论文的日期或内容的许可。
发明概述
本发明涉及多胺类似物的合成与生长抑制性质,以及将它们用作药物、农业或环境方面有效的药剂。类似物最好是精胺、亚精胺和腐胺的衍生物,比如二苄基腐胺衍生物。
本发明的类似物包括精胺、亚精胺和腐胺的衍生物,以及在它们的一个或两个末端氮原子位点(α和ω)发生取代的类似物。优选的是两个位点都被取代的类似物。可以由相同或不同的化学部分取代。另外,类似物可以沿着多胺主链,在一个或多个内部氮和/或碳位点被低分子量的化学部分取代。
一个优选的实施方案是,可用作抗癌化学治疗的有药用功效的高细胞毒性类似物。这种类似物抵抗癌细胞的IC50在微摩尔或亚微摩尔的范围内。优选的有这种活性的化合物包括这里所描述的化合物1313和1327。另一类优选的化合物还包括两个末端氮原子被同样的取代基取代的精胺类似物。
优选的取代基是能提高细胞毒性或能增强对细胞生长、增殖、转移或肿瘤的抑制作用的结构。这类另外的取代基包括氮丙啶基团和其它各种脂肪族、芳香族、混合的脂肪族-芳香族、或杂环性多环结构。
具体的说,本发明的多胺类似物或衍生物包括一种细胞毒的并有如下结构式
                         R1-X-R2其中,
R1和R2是独立的H或是选自直链或支链C1-10的脂肪族、脂环族、单环或多环的芳香族、单环或多环的芳基取代脂肪族、脂肪族取代的单环或多环芳香族、单环或多环的杂环、单环或多环的杂环取代的脂肪族和脂肪族取代的芳香族,以及它们的卤化形式;
X是有两个末端氨基的多胺、-(CH2)3-NH-、或-CH2-Ph-CH2-。
较好的是,多胺是线性的或选自精胺、亚精胺、或腐胺。R1和R2可以是相同或不同的且最好不要同时是未被取代的苄基部分,卤化部分包括那些被氟、氯、溴、碘取代的物质。
此外,X是-(CH2)3-NH-或-CH2-Ph-CH2-,其中“Ph”代表苯基部分,R1和R2如上所述。
双取代的多胺类似物,较好的是含有报告子基团,也可以被用作鉴定或生化探针。
一旦细胞毒的多胺类似物被确定,通过与其它多胺类似物进行结构与功能的比较就可以很容易地将其进一步优化以提高效用。这种提高的实施例包括(但不限于)提高细胞毒性、增强代谢稳定性、提高专一性、容易操作与施用、不会混入细胞多胺库以及降低副作用。
本发明也涉及含有一种多胺类似物的组合物。较好的是,这种组合物是能有效治疗需要抑制细胞生长或增殖的疾病或症状的药物制剂,其中含有上述组合物以及药学上可接受的赋形剂。这种药物组合物还可含有另外的细胞毒的化合物或多胺合成抑制剂,比如DFMO。其它的化合物包括上述药物组合物和一种或多种额外的对治疗所述疾病或症状有效的药剂。
本发明还提供了一种抑制细胞生长或增殖的方法,包括使细胞与本发明的类似物接触。这种方法包括向个体施用有效剂量的上述药物组合物,以对所述个体进行与不应发生的细胞增殖相关的疾病或症状的治疗。这种不应发生的细胞的增殖可能与免疫系统细胞、vascular neontima细胞、癌细胞的增殖有关,或与不应发生的的血管生成有关。上述被治疗的优选疾病包括癌症或血管成形术后的损伤。
因此本发明的类似物(单独使用或与其它药剂结合)可以被用来治疗癌症或有不应发生的细胞增殖的其它疾病,包括血管生成和损伤后的细胞生长。最好是通过抑制细胞生长或通过诱导细胞程序死亡来进行此类治疗行为。这样,它们就可以通过细胞生长抑制或细胞毒的机制进行。本发明的类似物(单独使用或与其它药剂结合)也可以被用来治疗高血压、骨质疏松、阿尔茨海默病、局部缺血、自身免疫病、精神病、抑郁症、中风、心血管疾病、过敏症、哮喘、移植过程中的组织排异反应、微生物或寄生虫以及包括真菌类在内的植物性病原体的传染。本发明的类似物也可作为有效的抗腹泻剂、抗蠕动剂、抗痉挛剂、抗病毒剂、抗银屑癣剂和杀虫剂。
本发明也涉及一系列用在诊断组合物中的多胺类似物。同时描述了合成这种化合物的方法。
附图简述
图1A显示了制造本发明范围内的多胺类似物的反应流程。
图1B显示了单个非对称的双取代类似物的合成。
图2显示了多胺类似物Ori 1313和Ori 1327的结构。
图3是含有本发明优选的多胺类似物的表格,其中类似物的通用结构显示在表的顶端。包括类似物(或“Ori”)1313和1327。除有特别说明外,所有的结构都是从腐胺(1,4-丁二胺)中衍生得到的。
图4是含有本发明额外的多胺类似物的表格。
图5A和5B显示了ORI 1313(-■-)和ORI 1327(-◆-)抗肿瘤细胞系的细胞毒性(参见本文实施例1)。
图6A和6B显示了ORI 1313和ORI 1327细胞毒性的时序(参见这里的实施例II)。
图7A-7C显示了使用多胺类似物ORI 1313和ORI 1327的细胞程序死亡的诱导。
图8A和8B显示了使用多胺类似物ORI 1313和ORI 1327对表达MDR-1的癌细胞的细胞毒性。
图9显示了多胺类似物ORI 1313和ORI 1327不会改变细胞的多胺水平。
图10显示了含有caspase-3的多胺类似物ORI 1313的细胞毒性(参见本文实施例VI)。
图11是含有本发明多胺类似物(包括卤化的类似物)的表格。
图12显示了本发明额外的对称的多胺类似物,包括卤化的类似物。
图13的图例证明了小鼠中用ORI 1313处理的异种移植的A375人黑色素瘤的肿瘤生长的抑制。
发明详述
本发明人设计了可同时在体内和体外显示细胞毒性的各种新型多胺类似物化合物。这类组合物对许多疾病都是有效的药物,尤其是癌症。它们也可以作为新型药物的一种组分和(例如)多胺合成抑制剂如DFMO(可抑制鸟氨酸脱羧酶)或其它各种细胞毒剂一起使用。本发明的化合物基于它的细胞毒性可用在通常需要抑制细胞生长的疾病或症状中,也可用于农业和环境方面。
本发明者发现许多化学基团都可以附着在多胺上以使其具有细胞生长和/或增殖抑制剂的优越性状。
本发明优选的一个方面是,这些类似物在治疗人黑色素瘤上是具有优越性的。在美国和世界上许多国家人黑色素瘤都是一个正在扩大的健康问题。因臭氧层破坏而造成的太阳辐射加剧使这一疾病成为老龄化人口和将来各代的一个严重的健康问题。恶性黑色素瘤被认为是一种化学疗法难以控制的肿瘤,且通常使用的抗癌药物不能改变转移性疾病的预后情况(Serrone,L.等,The chemoresistance of humanmalignant melanoma:an update.Melanoma Res.1999,9,51-58)。据发现,本发明的多胺类似物的一些优选的实施方案显示了对黑色素瘤细胞系有显著的选择性。定义
这里使用的“多胺”包括自然产生的多胺类,比如腐胺、精胺或亚精胺、以及其它自然产生的多胺类,比如caldopentamine、homocaldopentamine、N4-二氨丙基去甲亚精胺、热五胺(thermopentamine)、N4-二氨丙基亚精胺、caldohexamine、人热六胺(homothermohexamine)、以及homocaldohexamine、尸胺、氨丙基尸胺、高亚精胺、caldine(去甲亚精胺)、7-羟基亚精胺、thermine(去甲精胺)、热精胺、canavalmine、氨丙基高亚精胺、和氨戊基去甲亚精胺。
这一术语也包括较长的线性多胺类、支链多胺类以及类似的含有2-10个氮原子的多胺类。氮原子通常沿着线性链被2-6个碳原子分隔开。这一定义还包括多胺衍生物或类似物,其碱性多胺链的碳原子或末端或内部氮原子上共价结合了一定数量的任何功能基团。这包括N1-单取代的多胺类似物以及α碳原子取代次级氮和氮的酰化以降低多胺氧化酶的降解。多胺类的选择性主要单取代是已知的(Krapcho,A.P.等,Mono-protected diamines.N-tert-butoxylcarbonyl-α,ω-alkanediamines from α,ω-alkanediamines.Syn.Comm.1990,20,2559-2564;Blagbrough,I.S.等,Practical Synthesis of unsymmeterical polyamineamides.Tetrahedron Lett.1998,39,439-442)。或者,甲基基团可以被α引入精胺的末端氨基基团(Lakanen,J.R.等,J.Med.Chem.35:724-734,1992)。
内部碳被烷基化的各种多胺类似物也很容易合成。根据Hunber,H.等,J.Biol.Chem.271:27556-27563,1994可以合成5-羧基精胺、四叔丁氧羰基-5-羧基精胺和它的酸性氯化物。除去叔丁氧羰基后可以用各种亲核试剂与所得酸性氯化物反应以制备羧基-取代的多胺类似物。或者,羧基中间体可以被还原成可用来合成许多其它类似物的中间体。
“报告子部分”是构成探针一个部分的化学部分,它使探针可被探测出(或是直接,或是(例如)通过酶的放大)并使探针得以定位。报告子可被探测出,或是因为它自身能发射出可探测的信号,或是通过它与可探测的报告子特别伴侣的亲和特性,或与报告子结合、或是与报告子反应。
这里公开的各种多胺类似物化合物是通过可区分的数字组合而确定的(使用单独的四个阿拉伯数字的组合或与“ORI”或“Ori”结合使用)。无论使用何种标识方案,标号仅代表所含化合物的实际分子结构,且不会在所述化合物上强加任何限制。多胺类似物的结构与合成
本发明的多胺类似物通常是现有多胺类或新型多胺类的取代无或衍生物形式。较好的类似物是精胺、亚精胺和腐胺的衍生物。更好的是,类似物在下述多胺的至少一个或两个末端(α和ω)氮原子位点发生了取代,最好是在两个位点都有取代。最优选的是,类似物抗肿瘤细胞的IC50在微摩尔范围(包括从1至约600、1至约300、1至约200、1至约100、1至约50、1至约20、1至约15、1至约10、1至约9、1至约8、1至约7、1至约6、1至约5、1至约4、1至约3和1至约2μM)和亚微摩尔范围(包括从约0.01约至1、约0.1至1、约0.2至1、约0.3至1、约0.4至1、约0.5至1、约0.6至1、约0.7至1、约0.8至1、约0.9至1μM)。
图1A所示是制备线性链上两个末端氨基被3、4或5个碳原子隔开的被取代的多胺的典型反应流程1。这一反应是典型的直接合成方法,并且能在一个反应器中完成。示范的有四个碳原子的多胺反应物是腐胺。使用腐胺得到的反应产物是N1,N4-二苄基腐胺。这一反应以后,多胺类似物很容易通过柱层析法或结晶法纯化。
类似的反应可以用精胺、亚精胺和其它多胺类来进行,以获得本发明的多胺类似物。这种额外的反应在本技术领域已为人熟知,并包括一些合适的步骤以保护像精胺和亚精胺之类的大型多胺类结构内的功能基团。
除了所提到的示范性的芳香性乙醛外,通过使用醛类可以很方便地修饰图1A中的反应流程以制得细胞毒的多胺类似物。因而用这种含有环状或脂肪族部分、以及它们的取代形式在内的醛类进行反应可以用来制备本发明的额外的类似物。环状部分显然可以是同环类或杂环类,还可以是芳香性或芳基,可用在制造本发明的类似物。脂肪族部分显然可含有一个或多个非碳的杂原子。
环状部分的例子包括多环和多单环基团以及与多环主要基团中不同环状结构结合的键或直链基团。共价结合环状结构的这类基团的例子包括酰胺、磺胺、醚、硫醚、酯、-C-C-和-C-N-和-N-N-等键。环状结构也可以被个别地取代。
杂环部分的实例包括(但不限于)吡咯烷基、哌啶基、吡嗪基、吗啉基、联苯、呋喃基、吡咯基、1,2-吡唑基、咪唑基、1H,1,2,3-三唑基、1H-1,2,3,4-四唑基、噻唑基、噁唑基、1,3,4-噻二唑基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、1,2-二嗪基、1,4-二嗪基、1,3,5-三嗪基、二苯并呋喃基、吖啶基、2,1,3-苯并二噻唑、异喹啉基、喹啉基、苯并呋喃基、异苯并呋喃基、1,3-苯并二嗪基、吩嗪基、吩噁嗪基、吩噻嗪基、吡喃、色烯基、氧杂蒽基、中氮茚基、异吲哚基、吲哚基、嘌呤基、酞嗪基、1,5-二氮杂萘基、奎噁啉基、奎唑啉基、肉啉基、蝶啉基、咔唑基、β-咔啉基、菲啶基、吖啶基、萘嵌间二氮杂苯基、菲咯啉基、异噻唑基、furazanyl、二氢吲哚基、异二氢吲哚基、奎宁环基和生物素基。
芳香性部分的实例包括(但不限于)苯基萘基、1,2-或1,3-联苯、茚基、苊烯基、蒽基、菲基、苯撑基(phenylenyl)、三苯撑基芘基、和二苯甲撑基。
脂肪族部分的实例包括(但不限于)直链、支链和环状烃类,C2-10烷烃类,含1-3不饱和基的C3-10烯烃类,含1-3不饱和基的C3-10炔烃类,支链的C3-10烷烃类、烯烃类和炔烃类,多环脂肪烃类以及类固醇样环状系,包括C3-8环烷基、金刚烷基、樟脑烯基和胆甾烯基。
另外,反应中使用的与图1A中所列举类似的多胺反应物可以沿着线性主链在一个或多个内部氮和/碳位点被低分子量的化学部分衍生。这类部分的实例可在下表中找到:
  卤素         环己基         乙氧基         丙基酯
  甲基         环庚烷         丙氧基         异丙基酯
  乙基         环辛基         硫代基         氰基
  丙基         环壬烷         甲硫基         异氰酸根合
 异丙基        环癸烷         乙硫基         三氟甲基
 丁基          己基           丙硫基         三氯甲基
 异丁基        2-己基         丁硫基         三溴甲基
 叔丁基        3-己基         异丙硫基       叠氮基
 戊基          烯丙基         硝基           乙酰氧基
 2-戊基        乙烯基         氨基           羧酰胺
 3-戊基        乙炔           乙酰胺         N-甲羧酰胺
 新戊基        丙炔基         甲酰胺         N,N-二甲羧酰胺
 环戊基        高丙炔基       羧基           N-乙羧酰胺
 环丙基        羟基           甲基酯         N,N-二乙羧酰胺
 环丁基        甲氧基         乙基酯
这些部分的单取代或多取代形式也包括在本发明中。优选的多胺类似物和衍生物
一个优选的实施方案是,在抗癌化学治疗中有药物功效的高细胞毒的类似物。优选的有这种活性的类似物包括化合物1313和1327,图2中显示了它们的结构。这些类似物比N1,N4-二苄基腐胺更有效,在低克分子浓度时对癌细胞就是细胞毒的,可诱导细胞程序死亡,且被证明在少至一小时的治疗时也是有效的。而且,这些类似物看来可在癌细胞系中诱导细胞程序死亡,且出乎意料地能抑制有多种药物耐受性的癌细胞系的生长。而且,这些类似物在黑色素瘤细胞中抑制细胞生长和增殖方面有特殊的特异性和功效。
本发明另一优选的化合物是具有如图3所述R基团的腐胺类似物(除了“1191”和“1192”类似物)。图3中按字编号列出的类似物都是腐胺的类似物,其中每个指出的R基团都出现在两末端的氮原子位点。所指IC50值是人乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231(“MDA”)和人PC-3前列腺癌细胞系。
本发明的类似物还包括1,3-二氨基丙烷、精胺、亚精胺和其它含有如图3所示R基团的多胺衍生物的类似物。本发明所有的线性多胺类似物(包括腐胺类似物)都含有这类R基团,衍生不必发生在多胺主链的两末端,但要在一端发生。
本发明的其它类似物显示在图4中,可清楚地看出类似物都有如上所述的R1-X-R2结构式。图4的每一个“R1”和“R2”基团都可单独认为是任何多胺(包括,但不限于,1,3-二氨基丙烷、腐胺、精胺和亚精胺)衍生物的部分。
本发明另一类优选的化合物显示在图11和12中。其中,需要相应说明的是化合物1441和1436不含有作为核心的线性多胺。同时,化合物1429在多胺的末端碳原子上含有另一些取代基。化合物1368、1367、1366、1365、1364、1363含有-(CH2)3-NH-作为核心。它们可被看做是不对称的多胺类似物。特别地,化合物1368和1367也可以被用作细胞毒的多胺类似物化合物活动机制的探针。其它不对称多胺类似物包括化合物1318、1317、1316、1310、1303、1302和1301。
本发明优选的类似物化合物包括如图3、4、11和12所示化合物的衍生物,以及那些基于它们的细胞毒特性可作为抗癌、抗病毒、抗微生物、抗细菌、抗寄生虫或抗真菌化学疗法有药物功效的化合物。
含所需活性的化合物的进一步衍生或优化可通过与本发明的其它多胺类似物和衍生物进行结构和功能的比较,以在需优化的化合物中引入其它类似物的特殊结构成分而获得。结构成分的选择应基于预期功能的改进,比如(但不限于)细胞毒性、代谢稳定性、特异性、操作与施用、亲和结合、不混入细胞多胺库以及减少副作用等。
通过引入此类结构成分进行修饰所得的化合物可以是任何结构,包括这里所定义的多胺类似物和衍生结构。不同的是,所得化合物在优化后可以有一个或多个额外的原子或功能基团和/或剔除一个或多个原子或功能基团,所得的化合物可以是在这里所定义的多胺类似物和衍生结构范围内或超过这一限制。分析与诊断用途
本发明的多胺类似物和衍生物可被用作报告子分子以及测定它们与可作为其它药物靶点的细胞因子定位情况的探针。这些因子包括膜、可溶性与不溶性蛋白质类、以及核酸类。药用和治疗用组合物以及应用
本发明的多胺组合物和衍生物,以及它们的药学上可接受的盐类,可以制成药物组合物。本发明化合物的药学上可接受的酸性盐类含有碱性基团,可用本技术领域已知的方法,在存在碱性胺时,用强或中等强度的无毒的无机或有机酸类在适当的条件下合成的。本发明所包括的酸性盐类的例证有马来酸盐、延胡索酸盐、乳酸盐、草酸盐、甲磺酸盐、乙磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐、酒石酸盐、柠檬酸盐、盐酸盐、氢溴化物、硫酸盐、磷酸盐和硝酸盐。另外的可形成合适的盐类的酸包括盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸和磷酸;醋酸、乙醇酸、乳酸、丙酮酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、戊二酸、α-酮戊二酸、α-己酮酸、α-酮异己酸、α-酮异戊酸、延胡索酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、马来酸、羟基马来酸、安息香酸、羟基安息香酸、苯乙酸、肉桂酸、水杨酸和2-苯氧基苯甲酸;以及磺酸类如甲磺酸和2-羟乙基磺酸。还包括像正磷酸一氢钠和硫酸氢钾之类的酸性金属盐。如上所述,本发明的化合物都有细胞毒特性,可用来治疗各种疾病或症状,特别是癌症。这一发明的组合物或是其本身就有活性,或是须在体内转化成活性形式的“前体药物(pro-drug)”。
本发明的化合物,以及它们的药学上可接受的盐类,可以制成便于控制给药量的形式,比如胶囊、浸渍的糯米纸囊剂(impregnated wafers)、片剂或注射剂。可以使用固态或液态的药学上可接受的载体。也可将药物组合物制成缓释剂。
这类组合物可以任选的含有抗氧化剂类、表面活性剂类和/或甘油酯类。抗氧化剂类的实例包括(但不限于)丁基化羟基甲苯(BHT)、维他命E和/或C。甘油酯类的实例包括(但不限于)选自乙酰化或没有取代的甘油一酸酯类;中链甘油三酯类,比如在油类中发现的那些;以及辛己基聚乙二醇-8甘油酯
较好地,本发明的化合物是全身给药的,例如,通过注射或口服给药。使用时,注射可以用任何已知途径进行,较好的是静脉注射、皮下注射、肌肉注射、颅内注射或腹膜内注射。注射剂可以准备成常用的形式,如溶液或者是悬浮液,可溶解的固体形式或液态悬浮液,或者是乳化液。
固体载体包括淀粉、乳糖、二水硫酸钙、石膏粉、蔗糖、滑石粉、明胶、琼脂、果胶、金合欢树胶、硬脂酸镁和硬脂酸。液体载体包括糖浆、花生油、橄榄油、盐水、水、葡萄糖、甘油等。同样,载体或稀释剂可包括延时释放材料(比如硬脂酸甘油酯或二硬脂酸甘油酯),单独使用或和蜡一起使用。当使用液体载体时,制剂可以是糖浆、酏剂、乳剂、软质明胶胶囊、含有液体的胶囊、无菌注射液(例如,溶液),比如针药、或是含水或非水的液态悬浮剂。关于这种药物组合物的概述可以在(例如)Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,Mack出版公司,EastonPennsylvania(Gennaro第18版编于1990年)中找到。
药物制剂都是按药物化学的常规技术制备的,其步骤包括,当需要片剂形式时采用混合、轧碎和压片等方法,或是用合适的方法将成分混合、填充以及溶解以制得口服或非肠道给药所需的产品。也可以制备其它用于局部、皮下、阴道内、鼻内、支气管内、颅内、眼内、耳内和直肠给药的制品。药物组合物还可以含有少量无毒性的辅助性物质,比如润湿剂湿剂或乳化剂、pH缓冲剂等等。
尽管优选的给药途径是全身给药,药物组合物也可以局部或透皮给药,例如,作为软膏、霜剂或凝胶剂;口服;直肠给药,例如,作为栓剂;非肠道给药,通过注射或持续灌注给药;阴道内给药;鼻内给药;支气管内给药;颅内给药;耳内给药;或是眼内给药。
局部使用时,化合物可装进局部使用的赋形剂中,比如油膏或软膏。活性成分的载体可以是可喷射形式或不可喷射的形式。不可喷射的形式(可以是半固体或固体形式)含有本身可局部使用且动力学粘性最好比水大的载体。合适的制剂包括(但不限于)溶液、悬浮液、乳剂、霜剂、软膏、粉剂、擦剂、油膏之类。如果需要的话,这些材料可以灭菌或与辅助剂混合,例如,防腐剂、稳定剂、保湿剂、缓冲剂、或能影响渗透压的盐类等。优选的不可喷射的局部使用的赋形剂包括软膏,比如聚乙二醇-1000(PEG-1000);常用霜剂;凝胶剂;以及矿脂等。
同样适合局部使用的还有可喷射气溶胶制剂,其中的化合物,最好与固态或液态的惰性载体物质相结合,被装进压缩瓶中或与加压的挥发物、通常是气态挥发剂相混合。除了本发明的化合物气溶胶制剂外还可含有溶剂、缓冲剂、表面活性剂、香料、和/或抗氧化剂。
对于优选的局部施用的制剂,尤其是对人类,最好在靶区域(例如,皮肤表面、粘膜、眼睛等)施用有效量的化合物。每次的用量通常是从约0.001mg到约1g,这取决于待治疗的面积、症状的严重程度、以及所采用的局部赋形载体的性质。
本发明的组合物可与用来治疗疾病或症状的一种或多种额外化合物结合使用。治疗癌症时,多胺类似物和衍生物可以和抗肿瘤剂,比如有丝分裂抑制剂,例如长春花碱;烷化剂,例如环磷酰胺;叶酸抑制剂,例如氨甲蝶呤、pritrexim或trimetrexate;抗代谢物,例如5-氟尿嘧啶和阿糖胞苷;插入性抗生素,例如阿霉素和博来霉素;酶或酶抑制剂,例如天冬酰胺酶;局部异构酶抑制剂,例如鬼臼亚乙苷;或生物反应修饰剂,例如干扰素。实际上,这里所披露的与多胺类似物和衍生物结合的药物组合物,包括任何已知的用于癌症治疗的药物组合物,都在本发明的范围之内。这类化合物也可以和诸如DFMO一样的多胺合成抑制剂结合施用。
本发明的药物组合物也可以含有一种或多种其它药物,比如象包括抗细菌、抗真菌、抗寄生虫、抗病毒、和抗双孢子球虫等药剂在内的抗感染药物。
本发明化合物的标准单剂量为约1ng至约1g/kg体重。较好的是剂量在约0.01mg至约500mg/kg体重,更好是在约0.1mg至约100mg/kg体重。局部给药时,建议每剂化合物的浓度范围约为0.01-20%的,较好的是1-5%。口服时每天的总药量优选约1-200mg。上述的范围,当然是仅供参考,根据个体的治疗情况其可变范围很大,通常宜由本领域的技术人员对这些推荐值作合理的改变。
使用公认的特殊疾病或症状的体外体系或体内动物模型可以确定治疗疾病或症状的化合物的有效量或剂量。对于癌症,已知有许多技术认可的模型,且可代表广谱的人类肿瘤。对任何人源或非人动物源的大量的癌细胞系进行标准分析可以测定这类化合物对培养物中肿瘤细胞生长的抑制作用。包括动物模型在内的许多进展,在Geran,R.I.等,“Protocols for Screening Chemical Agents and NaturalProducts Against Animal Tumors and Other Biological Systems(第三版)”,Canc.Chemother.Reports,第三部分,3:1-112.中有详细的描述。
现已对本发明作了一般的描述,根据以下的实施例将更容易理解这类内容,除非特别说明,提供这些实施例只是为了阐明而不能理解为是对发明的限制。
                         实施例I
                   腐胺类似物的细胞毒件
ORI 1313和ORI 1327显示了抗SK-MEL-5和MDA细胞系的显著的细胞毒作用(参见图5A和5B,ORI 1327-◆-;ORI 1313-■-)。简而言之,将细胞接种在96孔板中,每孔1500个细胞(SK-MEL-5)或5000个细胞(MDA),并使其附着一天。添加所述类似物并将细胞培养三天,然后用MTS检验法(Promega)评估细胞的生长。纵轴轴以百分数表示未经药物处理的对照组的细胞数。此外,可以看到有抗PC-3细胞的显著活性(参见图4和11)。
这两种药剂在功效方面较N1,N4-二苄基腐胺有显著的提高。所得的抗SK-MEL-5细胞的IC50值对ORI 1313和ORI 1327分别是4.1μM和0.71μM。数据显示,ORI 1313和ORI 1327抗MDA乳腺癌细胞的IC50值分别是12μM和0.65μM。N1,N4-二苄基腐胺抗MDA细胞的IC50值是192μM。这说明ORI 1313和ORI 1327在抗MDA细胞的细胞毒活性功效上分别超过N1,N4-二苄基腐胺16倍和295倍。
1.3-二氨基丙烷的N1,N3-联苯类似物也被测试,并测得其抗MDA细胞的IC50值为28.8μM。
                         实施例II
            肿瘤细胞中多胺类似物细胞毒性的时间过程
即便在治疗仅一小时后多胺类似物在MDA细胞中便显示出明显的细胞毒性(参见图6A和6B)。简而言之,以每孔5000个细胞将MDA-MB-231细胞接种在96孔板中并使其附着一天,添加所述类似物并将细胞按所示的不同时间进行培养。然后洗涤细胞并加入新鲜的无类似物的培养基。三天后,用MTS检验法(Promega)评估细胞生长。纵轴以百分数表示未经药物处理的对照组的细胞数。
这些发现说明,不需要长期消耗多胺类似物就可诱导细胞毒性,并且从培养基中移去药剂也不会使细胞复原或重新生长。这一发现在临床使用这些药剂方面可能有重要的意义。假设相对于普通细胞来说,类似物对肿瘤细胞有足够高的选择性,则与临界浓度的类似物接触相对较短的时间就可诱导肿瘤细胞死亡而不需要再保持类似物的浓度。因此,对使用这些化合物的有效的抗肿瘤疗法而言,不需要高含量维持水平的类似物或是延长治疗时间。
                         实施例III
               细胞毒多胺类似物诱导细胞程序死亡
用荧光激活细胞分选仪(FACS)在用多胺类似物处理的MDA细胞(参见图7A-7C)上进行细胞周期分析。简而言之,在ORI 1313或ORI 1327存在时使MDA-MB-231细胞生长不同的时间,然后用酒精固定并用碘化丙啶染色。用FACS分析细胞,各柱形图的面积说明了DNA的含量和细胞周期的各个阶段:M1,G1;M2,S;M3,G2/M;M4,<2N(程序死亡的细胞)。图7A是未经处理的细胞的结果;7B是用32μM ORI 1313处理48小时的结果;7C用3μM ORI 1327处理11小时的结果。
这一分析显示了用ORI 1313处理后的高细胞程序死亡部分(32μM,处理11小时有21%,处理24小时有49%,处理48小时有30%<2N DNA含量)并显示了用ORI 1327处理后的适度的程序死亡细胞(3μM,处理11小时有15%<2N DNA含量)。这些数据显示该类似物有效地诱导了肿瘤细胞的细胞程序死亡。
                         实施例IV
           细胞毒多胺类似物对MDR肿瘤细胞是细胞毒的
ORI 1313和ORI 1327的一个意想不到的细胞特征是它们对多药物耐受性(MDR)子宫肉瘤细胞系,MES-SA/Dx5(参见图8A和8B)的生长抑制活性。简而言之,以每孔1000个细胞将细胞接种在96孔板中并使其附着一天。添加所述类似物并将细胞培养三天,然后用MTS检验法(Promega)评估细胞的生长。纵轴轴以百分数表示未经药物处理的对照组的细胞数。
MES-SA/Dx5细胞系是通过阿霉素和多药物耐受基因(MDR-1)mRNA的过度表达的筛选而建立的。因而这种细胞对经P-糖蛋白(P-gp)排出的各种药物的敏感性要低得多。参看Harker,W.G.等,Multidrug(pleiotropic)resistance indoxorubicin-selected variants of the human sarcoma cell line MES-SA CancerResearch,1985,45,4091-4096。类似的对亲本细胞系和耐药性细胞系的生长抑制曲线(图8A和8B)明确提示ORI 1313和ORI 1327不是P-gp多药物排出载体的底物。这对包含表达MDR-1的靶细胞的情况特别有利。
                         实施例V
         细胞毒多胺类似物不会改变细胞内的多胺水平
为确定多胺类似物治疗对细胞内多胺水平的影响,在用ORI 1313(32μM)或ORI 1327(3μM)处理11小时后用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)测量细胞内的多胺水平。结果显示,在药物治疗后对多胺水平没有明显的影响(参见图9)。这一结果与本技术领域以前的观测结果是一致的。另外,在治疗的细胞中对SSAT活性的测量显示这种酶没有被诱导(没有显示数据)。
后继的实验显示,与50倍以上浓度的腐胺共同治疗不会妨碍ORI 1313或ORI1327治疗的细胞毒效应。和1mM的DFMO共同治疗不会改变使用ORI 1313或ORI 1327所得的结果。与有效的多胺运输抑制剂----ORI 1202共同治疗(MDA细胞中与所吸收的3H-亚精胺和3H-腐胺相比的Ki值分别为32±15nM和29±9nM,且当与诸如DFMO之类的多胺生物合成抑制剂共用时它可有效消耗细胞内的腐胺和亚精胺),同样不会改变所观测到的ORI 1313或ORI 1327对细胞生长的抑制作用。
有关这些多胺类似物的细胞吸收机制通过它们对3H-腐胺吸收的抑制作用进行了进一步的研究。以前已证实,MDA细胞吸收腐胺的Km值为12.4μM。相对于腐胺,MDA细胞吸收ORI 1313的Kiapp为28.3μM,PC-3细胞的吸收值为24.1μM。相对于腐胺,PC-3细胞吸收ORI 1327的Kiapp为14.3μM。这些结果说明,多胺运输载体是细胞吸收这些类似物的可能模式。不过,由于与50倍以上的腐胺共同治疗、与多胺生物合成抑制剂DFMO共同治疗(以前认为可刺激经多胺运输载体进行的多胺类似物的吸收)以及与多胺运输载体的有效抑制剂ORI 1202共同治疗都不能改变类似物的效力,从而显示类似物能通过其它的吸收机制进入细胞。
由于已知肿瘤细胞对多胺类有较大的需求,且这种较高的需求量可以通过提高多胺类的吸收与生物合成来满足(参见Heston,W.D.W.等,Differential effectof alpha-difluoromethylornithine on the in vivo uptake of C-14 labeledpolyamines and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone)by a rat prostate-derivedtumor.Cancer Res.1984,44,1034-1040;Minchin,R.F.等,Paraquat is notaccumulated in B16 tumor cells by the polyamine transport-system.LifeSci.,1989,45,63-69;McCormack,S.A.等,Putrescine uptake and release bv coloncancer cells.Am.J.Physiol.1989,256,G868-G877);和Dave,C.等,Studies in themechanism of cytotoxicity of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone)in culturedleukemia L1210 cells.Adv.Polyamine Res.1978,1,153-171),ORI 1313和ORI 1327的多胺类似物性质可能会导致它们在肿瘤细胞中选择性积累。Byers和他的合作者显示,具有抗疟疾特性的苄化的精胺类似物的吸收与多胺运输系统是不同的(参见Byers,T.L.等,Bis(benzyl)polyamine analogues are substrates for a mammaliancell transport system which is distinct from the polyamine-transportsystem.Biochem.J.1990,269,35-40)。
                         实施例VI
              caspase-3参与多胺类似物细胞毒性
如图10所示的实验显示了前细胞程序死亡(pro-apoptotic)caspase-3酶参与ORI 1313作用的情况。简而言之,以每孔1000个细胞将PC-3细胞接种在96孔板中并使其附着一天。加入10μM ORI 1313和0、5、或15μM的Z-DEVD-fmk(一种caspase抑制剂)并培养3天。用MTS检验法(Promega)评估细胞的生长。纵轴以百分数表示未经药物处理的对照组的细胞数。
用10μM的ORI 1313单独处理可导致PC-3前列腺癌细胞的生长被抑制46%。当用10μM的ORI 1313和5或15μM的caspase抑制剂Z-DEVD-fmk共同处理时,其生长抑制作用分别减少了19%和10%。这表明caspase酶的抑制作用可降低ORI1313的细胞毒性,提示这种酶在ORI 1313的细胞毒机制中扮演角色。
在另一个实施方案中,在用ORI 1313(30μM)和ORI 1327(2μM)处理了14个小时的PC-3细胞中测量了caspae-3蛋白酶的活性。用阿霉素(5μM)作为阳性对照。用来自Clontech实验室的ApoAlert Caspase-3分析试剂盒监控其蛋白水解活性。未处理的对照细胞被测得每2×106个细胞中有10.2±0.3个单位的caspase-3活性。经阿霉素处理的细胞每2×106个细胞中有13.5±0.2个单位的活性。ORI 1313和ORI 1327显示,每2×106个细胞中有12.7±1.2和11.6±0.8个单位的活性。这些结果肯定了在用ORI 1313或ORI 1327处理后PC-3细胞中caspase-3的活性。多胺类似物浓度以及治疗时间的改变可使caspase的活性进一步增加并超过用阿霉素所观测到的结果。
不必受任何理论的约束,由于本发明的多胺类似物可影响线粒体通透性的转换以及会影响线粒体内膜(可在此诱导细胞色素c的释放),因而参与了细胞程序死亡机制。这是根据最近有关多胺类对线粒体通透性转换的各种作用的一些报道进行比较而得的。如果本发明的多胺类似物通过这一机制而发挥作用,与其它的多胺细胞毒剂相比,这是一种独特的机制。这一机制的实验验证来自:1)用HPLC分析法测量这些药剂的细胞吸收和定位;2)用光散射(light-scattering)法对分离的线粒体测量线粒体的通透性转换作用;3)用Western印迹法分析从分离的线粒体以及整个细胞中释放的细胞色素c;以及4)研究使用这些药剂时细胞程序死亡步骤的诱导时序,并与标准的细胞程序死亡诱导剂相比。这些实验是以已完全明确的文献程序为基础的,并不需要过分的实验方法。
                         实施例VII
           多胺类似物1313和1327对黑色素瘤细胞的选择性
国际癌症协会(NCI)用60-细胞系网(60-cell line screen)评估了ORI 1313和ORI 1327。观察到了意外的结果:ORI 1313可抗8种所测黑色素瘤细胞系中的6种,这与以前在黑色素瘤异种移植的动物模型中使用N1,N4-二苄基腐胺所观测到的结果是一致的(参见Frydman等),并提示至少对各种黑色素瘤细胞系具有明确的选择性。将本发明小组和NCI确定的IC50值相比较,验证了这些数据:ORI 1313,在MDA细胞中为12对2.3μM,在PC-3细胞中为20对11.2μM;ORI 1327,在MDA细胞中为0.65对0.005μM,在PC-3细胞中为0.65对0.81μM。
                         实施例VIII
                 多胺类似物的溶解性及体内毒性
ORI 1313的二盐酸盐在5%的DMSO(二甲基亚砜)中的溶解度至少为40mM。ORI1327的水溶性就有限的多。ORI 1327乳酸盐的最大溶解度为5mM。二盐酸盐更加难溶。用羟丙基-β-环糊精(45%重量/体积,HβC在水中)可使溶解度有明显的提高。用这种方法可以制得40mM的ORI 1327溶液。
评价了关于ORI 1313和ORI 1327的小鼠对药物治疗的耐受性。在BALB/c小鼠中估算了一次腹膜内(i.p.)注射ORI 1313或ORI 1327后的急性毒性。对ORI 1313的耐受量为93mg/kg。186mg/kg的剂量会导致动物死亡(小鼠出现昏睡和皮毛起皱而死亡)。对ORI 1327的耐受量为37mg/kg,75mg/kg的剂量会导致动物死亡。通过连续5天每天进行一次i.p.注射的方法评价慢性毒性。对ORI 1313和ORI 1327的耐受量分别为40mg/kg和7.5mg/kg。80mg/kg和30mg/kg的剂量分别会导致死亡。与前面的体外实验的数据相比,这些数据证明小鼠可以耐受潜伏的有效剂量的这些化合物。连续5天每天进行一次i.p.注射的最大耐受剂量大约是40mg/kg(ORI 1313)和7.5mg/kg(ORI 1327)。
                         实施例IX
         类似物对裸小鼠中异种移植人类肿瘤的细胞毒性
在BALB/c裸小鼠中异种移植的黑色素瘤肿瘤模型中测试了ORI。选择A375人黑色素瘤细胞系是因为在NCI’s 60-细胞系测试中类似物对这种细胞系有良好的活性,且对这种细胞系测定的IC50值较低(ORI 1313,4.1μM)。用两种药物浓度研究异种移植的功效。共设四组小鼠,每组10只。两个治疗组分别接受类似物的最大耐受剂量(MTD)或MTD。阴性对照组用5%的葡萄糖处理。ORI 1313抑制了A375黑色素瘤的生长:在25天时有36%的生长抑制和6.2天的肿瘤生长延迟(参见图13)。对药物的良好耐受最多有7周。治疗7周后可以看到暂时的皮肤溃疡和体重减轻。阳性对照组是用dacarbazine DTIC(用量为连续5天每天一次180mg/kg的i.p.注射)来验证这一肿瘤模型系统。
人异种移植的受体是重20克的雌性BALB/c nu/nu无胸腺鼠。给药方法为i.p.注射,研究期间每天9mM或4mM ORI 1313(当对照肿瘤达到2000mg时停止注射)。给药方式和用药方案可按常规方法进一步优化。连续5天每天进行一次DITC的i.p.注射。当肿瘤尺寸达到5mm×5mm(50mg)时开始治疗。每周测量两次小鼠的重量和肿瘤的尺寸。用卡尺测量肿瘤然后用公式L2×W/2将其换算为mg肿瘤体积。一旦对照组肿瘤达到了2000mg就将对照组与治疗组的小鼠称重、处死并取出肿瘤。再用肿瘤的实际重量按以下公式来计算每种类似物的生长抑制百分值:%生长抑制=(治疗肿瘤的平均重量/对照肿瘤的平均重量×100)-100。
在此全文并入这里引证的所有的参考资料以供参考,无论前面是否已特别并入。这里使用的“一个”和“任何”术语都是包括单数和复数形式。
现在已经全面的描述了本发明,本领域的技术人员应该意识到,在当量参数、浓度和条件的很宽的范围内可以实施同样的操作,这不会违背本发明的精神和范围,且没有不合适的实验。
在描述本发明时结合了一些特别的实施方案,这应理解为能进一步修改。本申请书的意图是,通常以本发明的原理以及这里公开的内容为出发点,包括本发明的任何变化、用途、或修改,归入本发明所属技术领域内已知的或通常的实践,也可将其用于上文中提出的一些关键性要点。
权利要求书
(按照条约第19条的修改)
1.一种含有以下结构的细胞毒多胺类似物:
                         R1-X-R2其中,
R1和R2是独立的H或是选自直链或支链C1-10脂肪族、脂环族、单环或多环的芳香族、单环或多环的芳基取代的脂肪族、脂肪族取代的单环或多环芳香族、单环或多环的杂环、单环或多环的杂环取代的脂肪族和脂肪族取代的芳香族、和它们的卤化形式;
X选自有两个末端氨基的多胺、-(CH2)3-NH-或-CH2-Ph-CH2-,其中R1和R2不会同时是未被取代的苄基部分。
2.根据权利要求1所述的类似物,其中X选自腐胺、亚精胺、或精胺。
3.根据权利要求2所述的类似物,其中X是腐胺。
4.根据权利要求3所述的类似物,其中所述的结构是选自类似物1327、1357、1361、1356、1313、1341、1307、1312、1344、1353、1308、1358、1343、1342、1332、1311、1326、1325、1314、1099、1132、1133、1168、1242、1250、1258、1266、1270、1276、1278、1280、1282、1293、1300、1306、1321、1322、1323、1328、1329、1331、1333、1335、1336、1337、1338、1339、1349、1445、1446、1447、1448、1451、1452、1473、1474、1492、1493、1495、1496、和1497的化合物。
5.根据权利要求3所述的类似物,其中所述的结构是Ori 1313。
6.根据权利要求3所述的类似物,其中所述的结构是Ori 1327。
7.根据权利要求1所述的类似物,其中,X是在碳原子或氮原子上衍生的。
8.一种治疗需抑制细胞生长或增殖的疾病或症状的药物组合物,含有
如权利要求1的多胺类似物,和
药学上可接受的赋形剂。
9.根据权利要求8所述的组合物,还可含有一种或多种对治疗所述疾病或症状有效的另外药剂。
10.有效量的如权利要求1-7任一所述的多胺类似物在制备治疗与不应发生的细胞生长或增殖有关的疾病或症状的药物中的应用。
11.根据权利要求10所述的应用,其中所述的不应发生的细胞生长或增殖是与免疫系统细胞、新内膜血管的细胞、肿瘤细胞的增殖或与不应发生的血管生成有关。
12.根据权利要求11所述的应用,其中所述的疾病或症状是癌症或血管成形术后的损伤。
13.如权利要求8所述的组合物或如权利要求10所述的应用,其中所述的疾病或症状是骨质疏松症或传染性和寄生性的疾病。
14.如权利要求8所述的组合物,它被进一步制成供静脉、皮下、肌内、颅内、腹膜内、局部、口腔、透皮、阴道内、鼻内、支气管内、眼内、耳内或直肠内用药的形式。
15.如权利要求8所述的组合物,它被制成软膏、霜剂、凝胶、溶液、悬浮液、乳剂、粉剂、擦剂或油膏。

Claims (12)

1.一种含有以下结构的细胞毒多胺类似物:
                         R1-X-R2其中,
R1和R2是独立的H或是选自直链或支链C1-10脂肪族、脂环族、单环或多环的芳香族、单环或多环的芳基取代的脂肪族、脂肪族取代的单环或多环芳香族、单环或多环的杂环、单环或多环的杂环取代的脂肪族和脂肪族取代的芳香族、和它们的卤化形式;
X选自有两个末端氨基的多胺、-(CH2)3-NH-或-CH2-Ph-CH2-,其中R1和R2不会同时是未被取代的苄基部分。
2.根据权利要求1所述的类似物,其中X选自腐胺、亚精胺、或精胺。
3.根据权利要求2所述的类似物,其中X是腐胺。
4.根据权利要求3所述的类似物,其中所述的结构是选自类似物1327、1357、1361、1356、1313、1341、1307、1312、1344、1353、1308、1358、1343、1342、1332、1311、1326、1325、1314、1099、1132、1133、1168、1242、1250、1258、1266、1270、1276、1278、1280、1282、1293、1300、1306、1321、1322、1323、1328、1329、1331、1333、1335、1336、1337、1338、1339、1349、1445、1446、1447、1448、1451、1452、1473、1474、1492、1493、1495、1496、和1497的化合物。
5.根据权利要求3所述的类似物,其中所述的结构是Ori 1313。
6.根据权利要求3所述的类似物,其中所述的结构是Ori 1327。
7.根据权利要求2所述的类似物,其中所述腐胺、亚精胺、或精胺可在内部碳原子或氮原子上进一步衍生化。
8.一种治疗需抑制细胞生长或增殖的疾病或症状的药物组合物,含有
如权利要求1的多胺类似物,和
药学上可接受的赋形剂。
9.根据权利要求8所述的组合物,还可含有一种或多种对治疗所述疾病或症状有效的另外药剂。
10.一种在个体中对与不应发生的细胞生长或增殖相关的疾病或症状进行治疗的方法,包括向所述个体施用有效量的如权利要求1的多胺类似物。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述的不应发生的细胞生长或增殖是与免疫系统细胞、vascular neontima细胞、肿瘤细胞的增殖或与不应发生的血管生成有关。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述的疾病或症状是癌症或血管成形术后的损伤。
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