CN1354357A - Method for measuring flow velocity and sediment content of water flow by electrolyte pulse method - Google Patents
Method for measuring flow velocity and sediment content of water flow by electrolyte pulse method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for measuring water flow velocity and sediment content by an electrolyte pulse method, which is based on solute transport theory, wave motion and conductimetry, combines modern mathematics to establish and solve a transport model of electrolyte pulses in sediment-bearing runoff, analyzes the characteristic quantities of water flow velocity and sediment content in the model, calculates and stores data according to theoretical basis, and manufactures computer software for testing the water flow and sediment content. The invention can be applied to the flow velocity of various liquids with poor conductivity and the content measurement of suspended matters in the liquids, and the measurement speed range is more than zero and less than 50 m/s. The measuring range of the silt content is 0-100%, so that the flow velocity and the moisture content of water flow in porous media such as soil, root systems and the like can also be measured.
Description
One, technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method of measuring flow rate of water flow and sediment charge, further relate to the method that electrolyte pulse method is measured flow rate of water flow and sediment charge.
Two, technical field
China is a severe water and soil erosion, one of country of heavily silt-carrying river, and Sedimentation Problems is quite outstanding.At aspects such as Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering construction, hydrologic observation forecast, engineering water intaking and prognosis of soil erosions, the measurement of water velocity and water body sediment charge is a very important and domestic and international problem of failing fine solution so far.Especially in prognosis of soil erosion, the water of rill and shallow ridges speed is measured, and traditional hydrodynamometer is because volume or error are too big etc. former thereby can't use, and has only with circulation directly and inquires into; Because soil evaporation and the effect of infiltrating make the measurement result confidence level very low.The sampling oven drying method is generally adopted in the measurement of silt content.Promptly get the representative sample of certain volume, pass through pre-service, dry, weigh and ask its silt content.This method is accurate, but operating process is numerous and diverse, wastes time and energy, can not be fast, measure in real time.In view of the importance of through flow velocity and sediment concentration measuring, many in recent decades scholars have done a large amount of work from theoretical and method in this respect, wish to have breakthrough in this respect, so that carry out quantitative examination better.
The measurement of through flow velocity mainly is a velocity distribution of measuring its average velocity and cross section thereof.The mensuration of runoff average velocity is except using classic method, and some scholar attempts to adopt floating method and little velocimeter at present.Floating method is promptly put into runoff with minimum floating body, measures the translational speed of floating body with following the tracks of camera method, tries to achieve after calibrated.Because the lack of standard of the strike of rainfall and erosion rill makes very difficulty of practical operation.Little velocimeter is feasible theoretically, and the in fact any small variation such as the variation of sediment charge all can cause very big influence to measurement result.The mensuration of cross section velocity flow profile is generally used laser method (being called for short LDV), phase Doppler particle analyser (being called for short PDPA) and acoustics doppler flowmeter (being called for short ADV).These methods all are based on (swashing) light or sound wave, and the refraction of different in flow rate water body is formed image with reflection different and differentiate.These use very extensive when the desk research flow field, and have obtained satisfied effect; But can not be used for thin runoff and field survey.Producing new method of testing must be by new theory, and kymatology and quantum mechanics are thought ripple particularly the propagation of probability ripple in flow media can quantitative description that this provides theoretical foundation for us with electrolyte pulse measurement through flow velocity.
The measurement of silt content at present mainly contains five kinds of methods.The one, vibratory drilling method: utilize the vibration principle, inquire into silt content according to the cycle difference of resonance rod in water.This stability of instrument is relatively poor, and zero point drift is serious; When surveying low sand-carrying capacity, temperature influence is bigger.The 2nd, photoelectric method: utilize theoretical and absorption and the scattering process of light in medium of Bear, inquire into silt content by dullness.This method is because widely distributed property of sand grain and flowability make it be difficult to use.The 3rd, gamma-rays method:, measure the thickness of silt in the certain thickness water body according to water and husky to the common principle that absorbs of gamma-rays.When water is static, or water velocity is little, can suppose that perhaps this method was feasible when water velocity was consistent with the silt flowing velocity.The 4th, supercritical ultrasonics technology: supercritical ultrasonics technology is divided into supersonic reflection method and ultrasonic attenuation method.The former is according to the proportional relationship of the hyperacoustic volume reflection and the grains of sand, thus the mensuration silt content.The latter considers the divergence factor of medium to hyperacoustic scattering, absorption and ultrasound wave self, utilizes the decay of its energy of sensor to calculate silt content.All narrower (the 0-3kg/m of scope that both measure
3).The 5th, laser method: its principle is still utilizes the decay of light in medium, just adopt laser to have the spatial coherence and the temporal coherence of height, particularly, the influence of extraneous drift or disturbance is reduced, thereby improved testing efficiency and precision with the combining and fibre-optic application of computing machine.But this equipment is not only heavy, huge, and cost is higher, and the common problem that is difficult to widely-used these measuring methods is: be not suitable for the measurement of thin runoff silt content in the slope soil erosion process, and cost is very high, is subjected to ectocine big.
Three, summary of the invention
Take a broad view of above method, measure thin runoff flow velocity and silt content and must adopt new theory, design accuracy is higher, and volume is less and can be used for the equipment that directly reads fast of thin layer, hyper-concentration flow.According to the modern physics theory, when probability ripple (as electrolyte pulse) was propagated in medium, ripple is strong to be changed and the speed of medium itself, the characteristic and the conduction distance dependent of medium.Electrolyte pulse has emission, receives simply, is subjected to external interference little, changes from theoretical speech according to it and not only can also calculate the flow velocity of water body simultaneously in the hope of silt content.Situation from impulse method is used in other field flows as the steam of measuring in the axis, the infiltration rate of soil moisture etc., and effect is better; This project if can obtain a grant, and adds our continuous exploration, is to measure when might realize thin runoff flow velocity and silt content fully.This method will produce far-reaching influence to soil erosion quantitative examination and others.
The objective of the invention is, based on Solute Transport Theory, kymatology, conduction,, utilize the electrolyte pulse transport model in conjunction with modern mathematics, measure particularly thin water velocity of current and sediment charge, provide a kind of electrolyte pulse method to measure the method for flow rate of water flow and sediment charge.And, make the instrument of measuring footpath flow velocity and silt content in conjunction with the indoor and outdoor experiment.
To achieve these goals, the technical scheme that the present invention takes is: research will be based on Solute Transport Theory, kymatology, conduction, set up and find the solution the transport model of electrolyte pulse in containing husky runoff in conjunction with modern mathematics, the characteristic quantity of water velocity and sediment charge in the analytical model, and, make computer software by current and sediment charge test with the calculating and the data-storing of theoretical foundation.
A lot of similarities have been moved with moisture in solute transfer and the soil aperture in electrolyte pulse measurement through flow velocity and sediment charge and the thermal pulse mensuration plant, but thermal pulse is subjected to Temperature Influence bigger, electrolyte pulse can overcome the defective of this respect, decay is very slow in water simultaneously, only need prevent the influence of underlying surface.Suppose that the dynamics disperse of electrolyte in flowing water is divided into diffusion and two parts of disperse, then the response function of electrolyte pulse is only relevant with conduction distance, through flow velocity and silt content.Obtain electrolyte diffusivity equation in current, just can be in the hope of water velocity and coefficient of diffusion.After with different silt contents coefficient of diffusion being demarcated, just can obtain silt content by coefficient of diffusion.If further the flow velocity of supposition current has homogeneity in vertical direction, just can carry out one-dimensional equation and find the solution.
3.1 one dimension electrolyte pulse conduction model
Silt transports control differential:
In the formula: h is flow depth (m); W is flow width (m); C is sediment charge (g/l or the kg/m in the current
3), u is a water velocity; It is the function of x and t; The coordinate (m) of x under the slope; T is time (s); D
HBe the coefficient of diffusion (m of (electrolyte) silt in water
2/ s).
The inbound traffics Q of current under the controlled condition
0Be constant, that is:
Q
0=hwu=constant (3-2)
If experiment condition can further be controlled, make:
The u=constant then has:
hw＝constant (3-3)
(3) substitution (1) formula is got:
Problem gets boundary condition:
C(0，t)＝C
0δ(t) (3-4a)
C (∞, t)=0 (3-4b) starting condition is:
C (x, 0)=0 (3-4c) uses the Laplace conversion and can get:
The machine simulation just can be in the hope of u and D as calculated by following formula
H
3.2 the acquisition of sediment charge
D by the calculating of (3-5) formula
HThe sediment charge p that has measured, use the following formula match:
In the measurement afterwards, by a=0.185, b=1.426 and D
HAnalog result just can obtain sediment charge;
More than calculating and data-storing are realized by current and sediment charge measurement computer software.
3.3 flow rate of water flow and the brief introduction of sediment charge testing software
This software is mainly realized functions such as electrolyte pulse output control, data acquisition, data processing and output as a result.
The computer software of described current and sediment charge test is made according to the following steps:
Adopting the Visual Basic under the windows 9x/me is developing instrument, and whole software is divided into 5 modules, that is: data acquisition module, data disaply moudle, data computation module, data memory module and error analysis module.
1) data acquisition module
The electric signal of probe is imported computing machine after analog to digital conversion, data acquiring frequency is a third gear, is respectively 100/s (per second is gathered 100 sample values), 1000/S and 5000/S; To making the X-Y scheme of test point electric current and time relationship after the current value normalization of gathering;
2) data disaply moudle
This module comprises three parts, the one, and the demonstration of testing result can be observed measurement result simultaneously and have or not abnormal conditions; The 2nd, analog result shows, compares display simulation result's accuracy with analog result and measured result; The 3rd, result of calculation shows, shows water velocity and the sediment charge and the simulation error of test point.
3) data computation module
1. to formula (5) to time t differentiate, and to make it be zero, obtains peaked time initial value.With this time initial value experimental result is revised;
2. use formula (5) to the correction result least square fitting.Obtain water velocity u and diffusivity D
H
3. calculate sediment charge by formula (6) and empirical parameter.
4) data memory module
1. the preservation of initial interface and parameter, the distance between initial parameter such as test point and the probe, the frequency of employing etc.;
2. image data and analog result are used binary mode (file extent is called xls) and text formatting (file extent is called dat) storage respectively, and the calculating of flow rate of water flow, coefficient of diffusion and sediment charge is stored with text formatting;
5) error analysis module
Compare with analog result and measured result, calculate the standard deviation and the confidence level of analog result.
The present invention can measure flow rate of water flow and sediment charge well simultaneously, and measuring accuracy is very high, and speed is very fast, and is simple and easy to use.
The present invention can be applicable to the flow velocity of the not so good liquid of various electric conductivities and the content measurement of suspended matter wherein, and the measuring speed scope is greater than zero, less than 50m/s.Therefore the sediment charge measurement range is 0-100%, also can measured soil, flow rate of water flow and moisture (moisture=1-solid matter content %) in the porous medium such as root thing root system.
Four, description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the flow rate of water flow of electrolyte pulse method measurement of the present invention and the measurement result comparison diagram of trace method;
Fig. 2 is sediment charge and the oven drying method measurement result comparison diagram that electrolyte pulse method of the present invention is measured;
Fig. 3 is that electrolyte pulse of the present invention is controlled the output unit synoptic diagram automatically;
Fig. 4 is that electrolyte pulse of the present invention is controlled the probe structure figure of output unit system automatically;
Fig. 5 is that electrolyte pulse of the present invention is controlled output unit system architecture work synoptic diagram automatically;
Fig. 6 is a data acquisition process analytic system software flow pattern of the present invention.
Five, embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with drawings and Examples.
5.1 instrument is installed
1). pack into flow rate of water flow and sediment charge test block
2). connect various device (equipment connects attached)
3). electrolyte pulse input media and the probe 20cm of being separated by is placed
4). energized begins to measure
5.2 measure
Start flow rate of water flow and sediment charge Survey Software in the computing machine, by " beginning " key, just can be from the test result of flow rate of water flow degree and sediment charge on the screen.
By Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 as can be known: native system can be measured flow rate of water flow and sediment charge well simultaneously, and measuring accuracy is very high, and speed is very fast, and is simple and easy to use.
Native system can be applicable to the flow velocity of the not so good liquid of various electric conductivities and the content measurement of suspended matter wherein, and the measuring speed scope is greater than zero, less than 50m/s.Therefore the sediment charge measurement range is 0-100%, also can measured soil, flow rate of water flow and moisture (moisture=1-solid matter content %) in the porous medium such as root thing root system.
5.3 device explanation
1) electrolyte pulse is controlled output unit automatically
This installs by two retaining valves, autocontrol valve, and the electrolyte pressure vessel, five parts such as adding container are formed.
2) course of work is: when 5 upwards moved automatically, 1 closed, and 2 open, and electrolyte solution is full of in flowing into, and 5 actions are to lower compression then, and 1 opens, and 2 close, and solution is forced out pressure vessel.
3) device characteristic: work is by the control of PC automatic synchronization, and solution flows out smooth and easy clean rapidly, satisfies job requirement.
5.4. data acquisition board
Data acquisition board comprises following several big module: preposition amplification, wave filter, multiway analog switch, mould/number conversion.This device can be monitored the flow rate of thin water flow of ten some positions.Brine stream causes that electricity is led variation between probe when the monitoring point, electric " ten channel separation reorganizers " of leading the independent development of variable signal process provides independently 10V working power to each probe between probe, and electricity between probe is led variation put in order, form 4---20 milliampere standard signal, this signal (10 tunnel) is undertaken can entering computing machine after data acquisition, the A/D conversion by the HY-6070 interface board and carries out data processing.The HY-6070 interface board has 16 road A/D ALT-CH alternate channels, 1 road D/A ALT-CH alternate channel, 8 road I/O passages.10 road probe conduction simulating signals are formed and can be led the variation digital quantity by the direct applied electricity of computing machine by CH1-CH10 data acquisition, A/D conversion, and the automatic titration part of salt solution computing machine titration instruction is carried out through 1 road D/A ALT-CH alternate channel output control titration motor.
5.5. probe
Probe is length 20cm, diameter 2.5mm, good conductivity, rigidity height, resistance to acids and bases, the special metal bar that processes of rustless alloy material.
5.6 power supply box
Power supply box provides ten road stable 10v DC voltage, and each road shields mutually.
5.PC machine
This part is the core of test macro.Utilize higher level lanquage VB to develop a sets of data acquisition process analytic system software.
It is developing instrument that native system adopts the Visual Basic under the windows 9x/me, and whole software is divided into 5 modules, that is: data acquisition module, data disaply moudle, data computation module, data memory module and error analysis module.
1) data acquisition module:
The electric signal of probe is imported computing machine after analog to digital conversion, data acquiring frequency is a third gear, is respectively 100/s (per second is gathered 100 sample values), 1000/S and 5000/S; To making the X-Y scheme of test point electric current and time relationship after the current value normalization of gathering;
2) data disaply moudle:
This module comprises three parts, the one, and the demonstration of testing result can be observed measurement result simultaneously and have or not abnormal conditions; The 2nd, analog result shows, compares display simulation result's accuracy with analog result and measured result; The 3rd, result of calculation shows, shows water velocity and the sediment charge and the simulation error of test point:
3) data computation module:
1. to formula (5) to time t differentiate, and to make it be zero, obtains peaked time initial value.With this time initial value experimental result is revised;
2. use formula (5) to the correction result least square fitting.Obtain water velocity u and diffusivity D
H
3. calculate sediment charge by formula (6) and empirical parameter.
4) data memory module:
1. the preservation of initial interface and parameter, the distance between initial parameter such as test point and the probe, the frequency of employing etc.;
2. image data and analog result are used binary mode (file extent is called xls) and text formatting (file extent is called dat) storage respectively, and the calculating of flow rate of water flow, coefficient of diffusion and sediment charge is stored with text formatting;
5) error analysis module:
Compare with analog result and measured result, calculate the standard deviation and the confidence level of analog result.
Claims (2)
1. electrolyte pulse method is measured the method for flow rate of water flow and sediment charge, carries out according to the following steps:
1) sets up one dimension electrolyte pulse conduction model
Silt transports control differential:
In the formula: h is flow depth (m); W is flow width (m); C is sediment charge (g/l or the kg/m in the current
3), u is a water velocity; It is the function of x and t; The coordinate (m) of x under the slope; T is time (s); D
HBe the coefficient of diffusion (m of (electrolyte) silt in water
2/ s);
The inbound traffics Q of current under the controlled condition
0Be constant, that is:
Q
0=hwu=constant (2)
If experiment condition can further be controlled, make:
The u=constant then has:
Hw=constant (3) gets (3) substitution (1) formula:
Problem gets boundary condition:
C(0，t)＝C
0δ(t) (4a)
C (∞, t)=0 (4b) starting condition is:
C (x, 0)=0 (4c) uses the Laplace conversion and can get:
The machine simulation just can be in the hope of u and D as calculated by following formula
H
2) acquisition of sediment charge
D by the calculating of (5) formula
HThe sediment charge p that has measured, use the following formula match:
In the measurement afterwards, by a=0.185, b=1.426 and D
HAnalog result just can obtain sediment charge;
3), make computer software by current and sediment charge test by the calculating and the data-storing of above theoretical foundation.
2. electrolyte pulse method according to claim 1 is measured the method for flow rate of water flow and sediment charge, it is characterized in that: the computer software of described current and sediment charge test is made according to the following steps:
Adopting the Visual Basic under the windows 9x/me is developing instrument, and whole software is divided into 5 modules, that is: data acquisition module, data disaply moudle, data computation module, data memory module and error analysis module;
1) data acquisition module
The electric signal of probe is imported computing machine after analog to digital conversion, data acquiring frequency is a third gear, is respectively 100/s (per second is gathered 100 sample values), 1000/S and 5000/S; To making the X-Y scheme of test point electric current and time relationship after the current value normalization of gathering;
2) data disaply moudle
This module comprises three parts, the one, and the demonstration of testing result can be observed measurement result simultaneously and have or not abnormal conditions; The 2nd, analog result shows, compares display simulation result's accuracy with analog result and measured result; The 3rd, result of calculation shows, shows water velocity and the sediment charge and the simulation error of test point:
3) data computation module
1. to formula (5) to time t differentiate, and to make it be zero, obtains peaked time initial value.With this time initial value experimental result is revised;
2. use formula (5) to the correction result least square fitting.Obtain water velocity u and diffusivity D
H
3. calculate sediment charge by formula (6) and empirical parameter;
4) data memory module
1. the preservation of initial interface and parameter, the distance between initial parameter such as test point and the probe, the frequency of employing etc.;
2. image data and analog result are used binary mode (file extent is called xls) and text formatting (file extent is called dat) storage respectively, and the calculating of flow rate of water flow, coefficient of diffusion and sediment charge is stored with text formatting;
5) error analysis module
Compare with analog result and measured result, calculate the standard deviation and the confidence level of analog result.
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN 01131826 CN1219207C (en) | 2001-12-18 | 2001-12-18 | Method for measuring flow velocity and sediment content of water flow by electrolyte pulse method |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN 01131826 CN1219207C (en) | 2001-12-18 | 2001-12-18 | Method for measuring flow velocity and sediment content of water flow by electrolyte pulse method |
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| CN1219207C CN1219207C (en) | 2005-09-14 |
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Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101825646A (en) * | 2010-05-07 | 2010-09-08 | 中国农业大学 | Device and method for measuring flow rate of thin water flow by electrolyte tracing |
| CN102680732A (en) * | 2012-05-24 | 2012-09-19 | 中国农业大学 | Method and system for measuring velocity of sheet flow on slope |
| CN105116164A (en) * | 2015-09-29 | 2015-12-02 | 武汉工程大学 | Method of measuring seepage flow velocity by electrolytic polarization |
| CN105651345A (en) * | 2016-01-06 | 2016-06-08 | 上田环境修复股份有限公司 | Runoff measuring method of irregular riverway and side-direction base flow measurement method of riverway underground water |
| CN107764247A (en) * | 2017-11-27 | 2018-03-06 | 董梦宁 | Monitoring sediment instrument and monitoring sediment system |
| CN108181383A (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2018-06-19 | 河海大学常州校区 | A kind of sediment charge detection method based on second harmonic frequency drift |
| CN111366747A (en) * | 2020-03-30 | 2020-07-03 | 中国农业大学 | Method for improving electrolyte tracing and measuring erosion slope water flow velocity |
| CN111473827A (en) * | 2020-05-28 | 2020-07-31 | 宁波大学 | V-shaped sound channel zero drift elimination method |
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2001
- 2001-12-18 CN CN 01131826 patent/CN1219207C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101825646A (en) * | 2010-05-07 | 2010-09-08 | 中国农业大学 | Device and method for measuring flow rate of thin water flow by electrolyte tracing |
| CN101825646B (en) * | 2010-05-07 | 2012-11-07 | 中国农业大学 | Method for measuring flow rate of thin water flow by electrolyte tracing |
| CN102680732A (en) * | 2012-05-24 | 2012-09-19 | 中国农业大学 | Method and system for measuring velocity of sheet flow on slope |
| CN105116164B (en) * | 2015-09-29 | 2018-06-08 | 武汉工程大学 | A kind of method that electrolytic polarization measures seepage velocity |
| CN105116164A (en) * | 2015-09-29 | 2015-12-02 | 武汉工程大学 | Method of measuring seepage flow velocity by electrolytic polarization |
| CN105651345A (en) * | 2016-01-06 | 2016-06-08 | 上田环境修复股份有限公司 | Runoff measuring method of irregular riverway and side-direction base flow measurement method of riverway underground water |
| CN107764247A (en) * | 2017-11-27 | 2018-03-06 | 董梦宁 | Monitoring sediment instrument and monitoring sediment system |
| CN107764247B (en) * | 2017-11-27 | 2023-09-08 | 董梦宁 | Sediment monitor and sediment monitoring system |
| CN108181383A (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2018-06-19 | 河海大学常州校区 | A kind of sediment charge detection method based on second harmonic frequency drift |
| CN108181383B (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2019-11-26 | 河海大学常州校区 | A kind of sediment content detection method based on second harmonic frequency drift |
| CN111366747A (en) * | 2020-03-30 | 2020-07-03 | 中国农业大学 | Method for improving electrolyte tracing and measuring erosion slope water flow velocity |
| CN111473827A (en) * | 2020-05-28 | 2020-07-31 | 宁波大学 | V-shaped sound channel zero drift elimination method |
| CN111473827B (en) * | 2020-05-28 | 2022-04-01 | 宁波大学 | V-shaped sound channel zero drift elimination method |
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