CN1335756A - 直接数字式血氧计和用来计算氧合值的方法 - Google Patents

直接数字式血氧计和用来计算氧合值的方法 Download PDF

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CN1335756A
CN1335756A CN99813986A CN99813986A CN1335756A CN 1335756 A CN1335756 A CN 1335756A CN 99813986 A CN99813986 A CN 99813986A CN 99813986 A CN99813986 A CN 99813986A CN 1335756 A CN1335756 A CN 1335756A
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迈克尔·T·拉森
詹姆斯·L·里斯
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Abstract

本发明是一种用提高的速度和精度来非侵入测量在血液中的氧饱和的血氧计。该血氧计包括增加器件功能性的多个特征,该器件包括:一个动态范围控制器(62),用来监视来自在胎儿中遇到的低电平信号的输入范围、和对典型或高电平信号的其他用途;不同波长的发光器件(70、80、100),用来滤除噪声,并且提供附加的医疗监视功能;及一种改进的方法,用来计算氧合值而不需要进行波峰和波谷测量。该器件包括:一个传感器单元(20),能附着到病人身上;和一个血氧计(10),根据从传感器接收的信号确定在血液中的氧饱和。该传感器能包括在三个或多个波长中的发光器件以提供附加功能。该检测信号立即转换成一个数字值。

Description

直接数字式血氧计和用来计算氧合值的方法
本发明一般涉及一种用来非侵入测量动脉氧饱和的改进血氧计。更具体地说,本发明涉及用于从由连接到血氧计上的一个传感器器件产生的输入信号形成直接数字信号的改进方法。
在所有血氧计中,从一个直接连接到病人载血组织,如手指或耳垂,上的传感器器件接收输入信号。传感器器件一般包括一个红色LED、一个红外LED、及一个或两个光接收器。来自每个LED的光透过组织,并且光接收器检测通过组织的光量。检测的光包括用于每个带宽的两个分量。一个交流分量表示检测到的脉动血量,而直流分量表示非脉动血量。因此,检查检测光的四个单独分量,以便确定动脉氧饱和:红色直流、红色交流、红外直流及红外交流。检测到的光量然后用来根据如下公式确定在病人血液中的氧饱和:
(IR(AC)/IR(DC))/(Red(AC)/Red(DC))
在传统血氧计中,把传感器输出信号转换成一个模拟电压,并且然后分离成红外和红色分量。一些血氧计进一步分离交流和直流分量。分立的模拟电路然后用来抽样、信号分离、及滤波这些信号。因此,在这些系统中,必须认真匹配模拟分量以减小由在两个电路中的增益或频率响应差别可能造成的误差。而且,因为对于每个模拟输入电路认真匹配硬件的需要、和在添加另外的模拟通道时误差的增大概率,所以传统血氧计一般限于两个模拟输入。
另外,在传统血氧计中采用的模拟电路一般不足以准确地检测低电平信号。因此,这些血氧计一般对于监视胎儿状态、以及用于具有较厚或非常黑皮肤的病人是无效的。而且,在先有技术血氧计中使用的用来测量氧合值的方法严重依赖于脉搏检测和波峰-波谷测量,这些测量对由运动人为噪声造成的变化高度敏感。
本发明通过从至少两个且最好三个不同波长的发光器件接收输入电流信号,并且把这些输入信号直接转换成数字电压值,而不首先转换成模拟电压或分离信号,对在先有技术血氧计中采用的模拟信号处理加以改进。这通过使用一个具有表示大直流信号的足够范围和表示小交流信号的足够分辨率的电荷数字化模数转换器实现。该电荷数字化模数转换器采用一个电流积分器作为前置级,这往往会平均和滤波输入噪声。这是对在往往会放大噪声的传统血氧计中使用的模拟电流电压转换的一种改进。
一旦输入电流转换成一个数字电压值,则沿相同的数字硬件路径处理所有的输入信号,而不是沿由传统方法要求的分立模拟硬件路径。该系统消除了匹配模拟硬件元件的需要,并因此进一步减小潜在误差。而且,一旦信号被数字化,一个微处理器就能进行由传统血氧计要求的所有信号处理、信号分离、和滤波步骤。在模拟信号处理级中的这种减少既增大了速度又提高了血氧计的精度,通过消除昂贵模拟元件降低了成本,并且通过实际消除大量模拟元件减小了血氧计的尺寸。
在本发明的另一个方面,也公开了一种用来分析氧合值而不需要脉搏检测和波峰-波谷测量的方法。该方法包括步骤:在一个时间段上,存储连续、成对的红外和红色数据样本的向量;使用最小二乘法确定红外对红色比值;及确定一种用来从最后氧合计算滤波噪声的噪声量度。该噪声量度基本滤波由运动人为现象,如源:检测器几何形状变化和呼吸噪声,造成的噪声,由此提供一种更准确的氧合值读数。
在另外一种改进中,能把附加的波长添加到血氧计,以改进噪声滤波或者把医疗监视功能添加到血氧计。因为所有的信号转换经单个模数转换器电路都被时分多路复用,所以能把一个第三或另外的波长容易和便宜地添加到传感器和器件。附加波长能用在多种用途中,这些附加波长提高了血氧计的精度或提供了附加监视功能,包括:噪声检测;造血障碍检测和/或测量;及指示剂染料测量。
由于本发明数字电路处理低电平电流输入信号和滤波噪声分量的能力及公开的附加噪声滤波功能,血氧计能用来准确地监视以前难以监视的氧合值,包括胎儿氧合值及黑色和厚皮肤病人的氧合值。在一个具体实施例中,可以优化模数转换器的动态范围,以匹配输入信号范围。
因此本发明的一个目的在于,提供一种用来非侵入测量流体参数的改进方法。
本发明的另一个目的在于,提供一种用来测量动脉血饱和的改进方法。
本发明的另一个目的在于,提供一种由血氧计提供的测量的改进速度和精度。
本发明的另一个目的在于,提供一种输入电流信号的直接模数转换,具有测量大直流信号的足够范围和表示小交流信号的足够分辨率,从而借助于减少的模拟信号处理能进行精确测量。
本发明的另一个目的在于,通过直接把输入电流信号转换成一种数字电压信号提供潜在误差的减小,由此绕过能放大噪声的电流电压转换步骤。
本发明的另一个目的在于,通过沿一条数字硬件路径处理所有信号提供潜在误差的减小,由此消除对匹配模拟元件的需要。
本发明的另一个目的在于,提供一种具有减小数量的电子电路元件的改进血氧计。
本发明的又一个目的在于,通过消除实际较大模拟元件提供血氧计尺寸的减小。
本发明的再一个目的在于,提供一种用来直接把来自不同波长发光器件的至少两个信号转换成数字信号形式的改进方法和系统。
本发明的另一个目的在于,提供一种用来从氧合值计算滤波噪声的改进方法。
本发明的又一个目的在于,提供一种用来计算在多个信号范围级中的氧合值的动态范围控制。
本发明的再一个目的在于,提供一种能够监视大范围病人的改进血氧计。
本发明的另一个目的在于,提供在血氧计中检测多于两个波长的尺寸和成本的减小。
当结合下面描述附图进行时,由所作的如下详细描述,能明白本发明的这些和其他目的和优点、以及其组织和操作方式。
图1表明连接到一个传感器器件上的直接数字血氧计的方块图;和
图2表明传感器器件和连接到一个病人身上的直接数字血氧计。
按照本发明建造的一个直接数字血氧计10的方块图、以及一个外部传感器器件20表示在图1中。直接数字血氧计10包括一个电荷数字化模数转换器30、一个微处理器40、一个数模转换器/LED驱动器50、及一个闪烁EPROM60。为了实现足够的精度,电荷数字化模数转换器30最好把输入模拟信号转换成至少20位的数字信号。
在一个最佳实施例中(见图2),把传感器20附着到载血组合样本上,如病人的手指或耳垂上。这里,传感器20表示成包括三个发光器件70、80、和100及单个光接收器90,但传感器能包括不同波长的两个或多个发光器件及有关的多个光接收器。而且,尽管LED通常用在该类型的电路中,但发光器件能是激光二极管、白色光源、或其他适当器件。然而,为了进行传统的脉搏血氧测量,传感器20包括一个红色LED70和一个红外LED80。
LED70和80由来自微处理器40的数字信号驱动。这些数字信号借助于数模转换器/LED驱动器50转换成模拟电压。来自LED70和80的光透过组织样本,并且由光接收器90检测,光接收器90产生一个振幅与在每个带宽中检测到的光量成比例的模拟电流信号。来自光接收器90的电流信号然后由电荷数字化模数转换器30以20位的分辨率数字化,并且送到微处理器40。借助于在微处理器40中的数字信号处理软件例行程序进行信号分离、环境干扰辨别和消除、及信号滤波。一旦处理了信号,微处理器40就计算比率的值
(IR(AC)/IR(DC))/(Red(AC)/Red(DC))
其中直流分量表示非脉动血液流动,而交流分量指示搏动血液流动。微处理器40然后通过把结果与在闪烁EPROM60中的查阅表中存储的值相比较确定绝对动脉氧饱和。
在一个最佳实施例中,优化模数转换器的动态范围以匹配输入信号范围,由此提供对大范围输入信号的准确监视。为了优化动态范围,初始读光接收器90的输出以确定输入信号的强度。如果信号在正常或较高操作范围中,则把一个动态范围控制器62(图2)切换到电路中以减小信号振幅,防止模数转换器30的饱和。动态范围控制器62最好包括一个在软件控制下的分流器,并且插入在光接收器90与模数转换器30之间。动态范围控制器62把电流输入级减小一个预定量。在其中光接收器90输出是低的情形中(例如,非常黑的皮肤、厚组织地点、和/或反射模式监视),软件检测到低数字化信号强度,并且关掉分流器,使动态范围变窄及有效地升高信号增益。尽管表示了提供一种动态范围控制的一种具体方法,但对于熟悉本专业的普通技术人员显然,动态范围控制能以多种方式提供,包括把低信号放大到期望较高电平,或者减小电荷数字化转换器的电荷积分时间。而且,动态范围控制可以在用于电压输入模数转换器的电流电压转换之后实现。另外,在动态范围控制中可以实施固定或可变减小。
在一些用途中,希望把至少一个附加波长添加到传感器20,以提高血氧计的精度或对血氧计10提供附加医疗监视功能。在这种情况下,把发光器件100添加到传感器20,并且把相关检测器电路添加到光接收器90。因为所有信号转换经单个模数转换器电路30时分多种复用,需要把一个第三或另外波长添加到血氧计10的仅一个附加电路是一个驱动传感器的附加发光器件的驱动器。最好,发光器件70、80、和100由一个时分多路复用数模转换器50驱动,由一个软件驱动门控制。然而,对于熟悉本专业的普通技术人员显然,也能使用脉冲宽度调制(PWM)输出。在传感器20中附加波长的用途包括但不限于:噪声检测;造血障碍检测和/或测量;及指示剂染料测量。
一个噪声基准信号能便于从一个平衡潜在信号源消除噪声。在脉搏血氧测量中,这能通过跟踪在一个波长(例如绿色)处的光吸收实现,该波长不受主要吸收在红色中的不同血红蛋白形式的相对浓度的影响。最后信号是中性的没有噪声,但由于发射器中的变化:检测器几何形状或其他噪声源,表示强度的波动。噪声基准信号能用在对于噪声消除的多种已知数学方法中,包括自适应信号处理。
造血障碍在血红蛋白分子除氧之外与另一个分子结合时发生,并且包括正铁血红蛋白、硫血红蛋白、及碳氧血红蛋白。具有特定临床意义的一种形式是碳氧血红蛋白,一氧化碳与血红蛋白的结合。一氧化碳中毒是发病率和死亡率的显著原因。急性病例常常与在炉火地点的烟吸入有关,而其中病人呈现“感冒”症状的慢性中毒可能隐伏得更深。常规脉搏血氧计不能容易地区分碳氧血红蛋白和氧合血红蛋白,导致一种虚假放心的氧饱和读数。一种已经使用的手段(见美国专利No.4,167,331、5,355,880、及5,412,100)需要选择靠近三个等吸收点的波长(近似为580、650、及800nm)。然而,如果没有精确量化的检测足够(例如,产生警报),则800nm波长(在减小和氧合血红蛋白之间的等吸收)对基本血氧计的添加,足以辨别碳氧血红蛋白的存在。
作为几种监视过程的部分介绍了指示剂染料,包括染料稀释心输出量估计。例如,美国专利No.5494031公开了为此目的的靛蓝花青绿的使用,具有利用光体积描计术的非侵入浓度测量。通过把基本上800nm波长、以及已知的分析软件或方法添加到脉搏血氧计,及利用脉搏血氧计传感器的红外波长(940nm)作为基准,把一种心输出量估计功能添加到一个脉搏血氧计。
尽管已经描述了采用三个波长的血氧计,但对于熟悉本专业的普通技术人员显然,通过向血氧计添加附加发光器件和有关的软件能同时添加提及特征的两个或多个。
在本发明的实施例中,红外和红色信号数据的向量由微处理器40存储和使用,以确定动脉氧合值。在该实施例中,把动脉氧合值确定为观察到的红色交流值(Robs ac)与观察到的红外交流值(Iobs ac)的比值。通过把观察到的红色信号与预计红色信号相比较确定的噪声量度用来从信号滤除噪声分量,由此得到一个更准确的氧合读数。
下面是用来确定氧合饱和值的步骤。假定对于瞬时理想条件,
         Idc=LP(I)
         lac=I-Idc
         Rdc=LP(R)
         Rac=R-Rdc
其中大写字母用来指示在时间中用适当抽样率相等隔开的L个连续数据样本的向量(I={i1,i2,…,IL)。向量长度能影响I∶R比值计算的稳定性以及以及时和可靠方式检测噪声的能力。试验已经表明临界计时是在最小与最大吸收率之间摆动的时间(由动脉血块的前边缘引起),在血液动力有效脉搏中仅为100-200msec(毫秒)。
ac下标指示一个高通或非偏压脉动分量(强度变化),而dc下标指示一个低通、较长时间段的趋势或偏压(整修强度值)。这里LP()假定具有线性相移,允许通过从原始信号减去低通版本导出高通信号。这种滤波可以在硬件中实现,但在数字血氧计中由软件进行。
给定R和I,已知通过得到红外和红色脉搏振幅的定标比值、采用这里表示为任意函数K的经验导出比例,得到SpO2 Sp O 2 = K ( ( max ( I ac ) - min ( I ac ) ) / I dc ( max ( R ac ) - min ( R ac ) ) / R dc )
其中max()和min()指示信号最大值和最小值。
然而,假定等效LED:检测器几何形状,I和R向量线性相关。一个向量,因此,能表示为其他的简单线性组合(mX+b)。常数差是低通强度或直流值的差,留下由I∶R比值ρ线性相关的高通分量:
           Rac=ρIac
然后用于SpO2的公式可以重写为 Sp O 2 = K ( ( max ( I ac ) - min ( I ac ) ) / I dc ( max ( ρ I ac ) - min ( ρ I ac ) ) / R dc ) = K ( ( max ( I ac ) - min ( I ac ) ) / I dc ρ ( max ( I ac ) - min ( I ac ) ) / R dc )
或仅是
           =K((Rdc/Idc)/ρ)
最小二乘法(LSM)用来通过用下式从信号导出ρ
         ρ=(Iac·Rac)/(Iac·Iac)
其中·这里用来指示两个向量的点乘,在这种情况下产生两个标量的比值。(注意这里假定LP()函数尽管连续地应用在数据上,但导致无偏数据向量Iac和Rac,由于LSM方法实际规定在计算之前从偏置数据除去向量平均值。)如果情况不是这样,则有可能代之以使用(I-μI)和(R-μR)重新计算ρ,并且仍导出I∶R比值,假定向量长度的适当选择。)
SpO2的这种计算独立于脉搏位置和波峰-波谷测量,并且下文将叫做“连续的SpO2计算”。然而,如下面将描述的那样,计算仍取决于脉动事件发生在数据向量范围内的事实。
以上计算在理想条件下确定。因此,为了得到准确的信号,必须考虑在脉搏血氧测量计算中遇到的噪声。在非理想条件下,观察到的强度实际上是
            Iobs=I+NI
            Robs=R+NR
其中NI和NR是假定无偏的噪声分量(低频干扰往往不影响使用的较短数据向量。观察到的I∶R比值ρobs由下式定义
       Robs ac=ρobsIobs ac
其中在没有噪声时ρobs=ρ。现在NI和NR可以是无关的或相关的,并且如果是后者,则可以拥有与希望信号分量I和R的I∶R比值ρ相同或不同的比例比值。考虑到相关噪声的最困难情形,拥有与ρ相同的比值的噪声不能从Iobs和Robs实现ρobs的LSM计算,给出ρ=ρobs。然而,假定一种一般情况
        NR=ρNNI
对于ρN≠ρ,必须除去或抵消噪声分量,以便准确地直接由Iobs和Robs计算ρobs并因此计算SpO2
由于SpO2值表示几百万个血红蛋白分子的结合状态,如由诸如分子氧的小泡传输、经循环系统的血液泵送、及经毛细血管床静脉返回之类的较慢过程确定的那样,所以SpO2值的脉搏对脉搏变化较小。
然而,运动人造物往往显得相当突然,招致对在Iobs ac和Robs ac之间的样本对样本关系的非线性影响,及干扰观察到的I∶R比值。因此必须滤除归因于运动人造物的噪声,以得到一种准确的计算。借助于在Robs ac与通过假定一个常数估计ρest(在低噪声条件下从ρobs的最近历史导出)从Iobs ac得到的预计红色信号之间的噪声度量把噪声量化:
           Rpred ac=ρestIobs ac
让Δ()指示希望的噪声度量,
           ν= Δ(Robs ac,Rpred ac)/α
其中α是一个归一化因数(如果没有固有地归一化度量则需要)。度量如此定义,从而如果ρobs=ρ则ν是零,否则为正,并且随着增大观察强度信号的任一个或两个的干扰而增大。
一种距离度量是在对应向量元素之间的平均绝对差值,或者 Δ ( V , W ) = ( Σ j = 1 L | v j - w j | ) / L
这计算简单并且可以递归地获得。然而,这种度量需要对信号期望数值的归一化。这种归一化必须从在低噪声条件下收集的Iobs ac和Robs ac数据得到(指示为Rest ac和Iest ac)。一个例子是两个估计信号的最大振幅,或者 α = ( Σ j = 1 L max ( | r j | , | i j | ) ) / L
对于熟悉本专业的普通技术人员显然,其他的距离度量(包括相关)能应用于把Robs ac与Rpred ac相比较的问题。
通过经验建立一个用于可接收性能的阈值,在与新ρobs相同的时间处计算的噪声度量ν能用来不仅控制SpO2平均而且控制其他脉搏血氧测量处理(如脉搏速率确定)。
如以上指出的那样,连续SpO2计算不需要脉搏计时的确定。然而,由于希望限制向量长度(例如,小于一秒),所以有可能在低心搏率情况下得到不包含脉动事件的数据向量。这些向量将表示较小的动脉吸收影响,这种影响是脉搏血氧测量的基础。因此,在最佳实施例中,一个ECG或其他指示器用来同步化数据收集。
尽管已经表示和描述了最佳实施例,但对于熟悉本专业的技术人员显然,能进行各种变更和修改,而在由下文提供的权利要求书叙述的较宽方面不脱离本发明。

Claims (22)

1.一种用来非侵入测量动脉氧饱和的血氧计,包括:
一个传感器,包括用来以至少三个波长产生光的至少第一、第二和第三发光器件;
至少一个光接收器,用来检测在穿过包含脉动血液供给的组织样本之后的所述光,及用来产生表示所述光的每个波长的吸收的一个模拟电流信号;
一个模数转换器,用来把所述模拟电流信号转换成一个数字电压信号;及
一个处理单元,用来处理所述数字电压信号以计算动脉氧饱和。
2.根据权利要求1所述的血氧计,其中第三波长包括一个不受各种血红蛋白形式的相对浓度影响的波长。
3.根据权利要求1所述的血氧计,其中第三波长提供一个用于来自第一和第二波长的噪声的检测和消除的噪声基准信号。
4.根据权利要求1所述的血氧计,其中第三波长提供一个用于碳氧血红蛋白浓度的检测和/或测量的信号。
5.根据权利要求1所述的血氧计,其中第三波长提供一个用来测量指示剂染料浓度的信号。
6.根据权利要求1所述的血氧计,其中第三波长基本上在800nm的范围内,以提供一个用于非侵入测量靛蓝花青绿浓度的信号。
7.根据权利要求6所述的血氧计,其中用第三传感器波长非侵入测量的靛蓝花青绿浓度用来计算心输出量。
8.根据权利要求1所述的血氧计,其中发光器件是LED。
9.根据权利要求1所述的血氧计,其中发光器件是激光二极管。
10.一种用来非侵入测量动脉氧饱和的血氧计,包括:
一个传感器,包括用来以至少两个波长产生光的至少第一和第二发光器件;
至少一个光接收器,用来检测在穿过包含脉动血液供给的组织样本之后的所述光,及用来产生表示所述光的每个波长的吸收的一个模拟电流信号;
一个动态范围控制器,用来把模拟电流信号的范围调节到一个期望输入范围;
一个模数转换器,用来把所述模拟电流信号转换成一个数字电压信号;及
一个处理单元,用来处理所述数字电压信号以计算动脉氧饱和。
11.根据权利要求10所述的血氧计,其中动态范围控制器包括一个分流器。
12.一种用来非侵入测量动脉氧饱和的方法,包括步骤:
产生至少第一、第二和第三波长的光;
把所述光指向一个包含脉动血液供给的组织样本;
检测在穿过所述组织样本之后的所述光,并且产生一个表示所述光的每个波长的吸收率的模拟电流信号;
然后把所述模拟电流信号转换成一个数字电压信号;
然后处理所述数字电压信号以计算动脉氧饱和。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,进一步包括把至少一个波长用作用来滤除噪声的噪声基准信号的步骤。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法,进一步包括利用至少一个波长来检测碳氧血红蛋白的存在的步骤。
15.根据权利要求12所述的方法,进一步包括使用至少一个波长来提供一种心输出量估计的步骤。
16.根据权利要求12所述的方法,进一步包括提供一种动态范围控制的步骤,当在一个期望输入范围之外时用来调节信号振幅。
17.一种用来计算动脉氧饱和的方法,包括如下步骤:
产生至少第一和第二波长的光;
检测在一个包含脉动血液供给的组织样本处的所述光;
检测在穿过所述组织样本之后的所述光,并且产生一个表示所述光的每个波长的吸收率的模拟电流信号;
然后把所述模拟电流信号转换成一个数字电压信号;
滤波该数字电压信号,以提供一个代表以第一波长吸收的光的脉动分量的第一脉动信号、和一个代表以第二波长吸收的光的脉动分量的第二脉动信号;
抽样该数字电压信号,以提供一个包括代表第一波长的吸收光的数据样本的第一向量;
抽样数字电压信号,以提供一个包括代表第二波长的吸收光的数据样本的第二向量;
计算第一向量与第二向量的比值;及
使用该比值确定动脉氧饱和。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,进一步包括把第一和第二波长的至少一个的预计值与相同波长的一个观察值相比较以确定一个噪声度量的步骤。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,进一步包括用噪声度量滤波数据的步骤。
20.根据权利要求18所述的方法,进一步包括把计算与心脉搏检测信号同步的步骤。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法,其中心脉搏检测信号是ECG。
22.根据权利要求18所述的方法,进一步包括使用一种最小二乘法计算比值的步骤。
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CN1198534C (zh) 2005-04-27
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