CN1333866A - 生产富甲烷液体的方法 - Google Patents
生产富甲烷液体的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
公开了一种从加压的富甲烷气体流生产温度在-112℃(-170°F)上、压力足以使该液体保持在或低于其沸点的加压的富甲烷液体流的方法。在该方法中,供给温度低于-155℃(-247°F)的富甲烷液体流并增加它的压力,供给一种待液化的加压的富甲烷气体(12),并以一定的速度引入加压的富甲烷液体流(10),从而生产出温度在-112℃(-170°F)、压力足以使该液体保持在或低于其沸点上的富甲烷液体流。
Description
发明领域
本发明关于从富甲烷气体生产富甲烷液体的方法,尤其是关于从天然气生产加压的液体天然气(PLNG)的方法。
发明背景
近年来,由于天然气清洁的燃烧性能和使用方便而得到了广泛的应用。很多天然气源位于离气体的商用市场距离遥远的地区,有时可用管线将生产出的天然气送到商用市场,而当管线输送不现实时,生产出的天然气常加工成液化天然气(称作为“LNG”)来送到市场上。
LNG工厂的一个重要的特征是要求大量的投资,用来液化天然气的设备通常也是相当昂贵的。液化厂由若干基本系统构成,这些系统包括除去杂质的气体处理、液化、制冷动力设施和储运装载设施。
LNG的制冷系统是很昂贵的,因为液化天然气需要大量制冷。通常天然气蒸气在压力约为4830kPa(700psia)~7600kPa(1100psia)、温度约为20℃(68°F)~40°(104℃)时送到LNG厂,而在大气压力下的天然气成分将通常在温度范围为-165℃(-265°F)和-155℃(-247°F)之间的温度上液化,这大大降低的温度要求进行大量的制冷工作。
近来,人们已建议在-112℃(-170°F)和足以使液体保持和低于沸点温度的压力下来输送天然气。对大多数天气成分而言,在-112℃(-170°F)以上的温度上的天然气压力将约在1380kPa(200psia)和4500kPa(650psia)之间,为使它区别于LNG,这种加压的液态天然气称作为PLNG,它在接近大气压下,在温度约为-162℃(-260°F)上运输。由于PLNG可比大气压力下的传统的LNG的温度高50℃,因此生产PLNG比生产LNG大大减小了所需要的制冷量。在美国专利申请09/099262、09/099590、和09/099589、以及美国临时申请60/079642中均讨论了制造PLNG的方法的例子。从制造和运输PLNG的基本的经济利益来看,一直有需要来改进生产PLNG的方法。
概述
公开了一种从加压的富甲烷气流来生产加压的富甲烷液流的改进的方法,该加压的液流温度在-112℃(-170°F)以上、压力足以使该液体保持在、或处于其沸点以下。在该方法中,供给一种温度约在-155℃(-247°F)的富甲烷液流并增大它的压力。将液化的加压的富甲烷气体以某一速度引到加压的富甲烷液流中,从而生产出温度在-112℃(-170°F)、压力是以使液体保持在或低于它的沸点的富甲烷液流。
在一个优选实施例中,加压的液态天然气(PLNG)是通过提供压力为接近大气压的LNG、并将该LNG泵压到以该方法生产PLNG所要求的压力来生产的。将天然气供到该加工方法中并使压力向上或向下调节,如果需要可调成基本与加压的LNG的压力相同。按照天然气可得到的压力的不同,它的压力可由压缩装置来增大、或由如Joule-Thomson阀或涡轮式膨胀器那样的膨胀装置来降低。然后加压的天然气以某一比例与加压的LNG混合,在该比例上产生的PLNG具有高于-112℃(-170°F)的温度,它的压力足以使所产生的液体保持在或低于液体的沸点的温度。天然气在它与加压的PLNG混合以前可用任何合适的冷却装置来有选择地进行冷却。例如天然气可采用与外部冷却介质的直接的热交换、由降低天然气压的膨胀装置、或由与加压的LNG的热交换来进行冷却。通过加压的LNG和加压的天然气的混合而产生的混合物可有选择地通过一个相分离器,从而除去混合后未液化的残留气体。然后将从分离器抽回的液体通到一个合适的储存装置,在温度约为-112℃(-170°F)和足以使液体保持在或低于沸点温度以下的压力上储存。
附图概述
通过参照下面的详细描述和表示本发明实施例的流程的附图,将可更好理解本发明及其优点。
图1是本发明一个实施例的简略流程图,其中加压的天然气与加压的LNG混合以生产PLNG。
图2是类似于图1实施例的本发明的另一实施例的简略流程图,不同的是在加压的LNG和加压的天然气在混合的产生PLNG之前通过一热交换器。
图3是类似于图1实施例的本发明又一实施例的简略流程图,不同之处是通过混合加压的LNG和加压的天然气而产生的液体混合物通过一个相分离器,从而除去未液化的气体。
这些附图不能包括本发明的其它实施例的范围,其它实施例可具有对这些特殊实施例的正常和预期的修改。为了清楚而简单地进行表示,附图中删去了如阀门、流体混合器和控制系统等的各种所需要的分系统。
本发明的详细描述
本发明的方法生产出一种加压的富甲烷液态产品,该产品的温度高于-112℃(-170°F)、其压力足以使该液体保持在或低于其沸点上,这种液态产品在本说明书中常被称作为PLNG。在本发明的方法中,PLNG是通过将富甲烷液体、最好是接近大气压上的液态天然气(LNG)加压到用本方法生产PLNG产品所要求的压力,并将加压的富甲烷气体、最好是加压的天然气引到加压的富甲烷液体中。加压的富甲烷液体由加压的天然气加热、并由加压的富甲烷液体来液化富甲烷气体,从而生产出温度在-112℃(-170°F)以上、压力足以使液体保持在或低于其沸点的PLNG。
在本说明书中所用到的关于PLNG的术语“沸点”指的是PLNG开始转变成气体时的温度和压力。例如,如果在常温下PLNG保持某个体积,在温度升高时,在PLNG中开始形成气泡的温度就是沸点,类似情况是,如果在常温下PLNG保持某个体积,但压力减小,该开始形成气泡的压力定义为沸点。在该沸点上,液化的气体是饱和的溶液。对大多数天然气成分来说,在温度为-112℃(-170°F)以上的温度上的天然气的沸点压力将约在1380kPa(200psia)和4500kPa(650psia)之间。对具有特殊温度的某种天然气成分而言,本专业技术人员能确定其沸点压力。
现在将参照附图描述本发明的方法。参见图1,来自任何合适的LNG源的LNG供到管线10并通过一个合适的泵20,例如可通过来自LNG厂、静止的储存容器或装在卡车、驳船、火车或船上的一个或多个容器的载体来供给LNG。这种LNG通常具有低于-155℃(-247°F)、更典型的是具有约-162℃(-260°F)的温度,它的压力大约为大气压力,泵20将LNG的压力加到预定量级,该预定量级是由本发明的方法生产PLNG所要求的压力。该PLNG产品的压力足以使液体保持在或低于沸点上。因此PLNG产品的压力将取决于PLNG产品的温度和成分。对于保持或低于其沸点温度和温度在-112℃(-170°F)以上的PLNG来说,通过管线11从泵20排出的液体的压力通常将高于1380kPa(200psia)、更典型的将具有约在2400kPa(350psia)和3800kPa(550psia)之间的压力。
天然气从任何合适的气源供到管线12。适用于本发明方法的天然气可包括从原生油井(伴生气体)或从气井(非伴生气体)中得到的天然气。天然气的成分可有很大变化,这里所用的天然气流包含作为主要成分的甲烷(C1),通常还含有乙烷(C2),较多的碳氢化合物、及少量的污染物如水、二氧化碳、硫化氢、氮气、丁烷、六个或多个碳原子的碳氢化合物、灰尘、硫化铁、蜡或伴生油等。这些污染物的溶解度随着温度、压力和成分的不同而变化。在深冷温度上,CO2、水和其它污染物可形成固体,它们会在传输和储存PLNG的设备上产生流体流动的问题。
如果预计到管线13中的天然气与加压的LNG混合时会形成固体,通过除去这些污染物就可避免这些潜在的问题。
在对本发明的下面的描述中,假定管线12中的天然气流已用一般的和公知的方法进行了适当的处理,去除硫化物和二氧化碳,并用干燥法除去水,从而生产出一种“纯净的、干燥的”天然气流。如果供给的天然气流包含大量的碳氢化合物,它在与加压的LNG混合时会冻结、或如果在PLNG中并不想要这些大量的碳氢化合物,可在该天然气与加压的LNG混合以前、在本发明方法的任何一点上用一般的分离法除去这些碳氢化合物。
天然气供给流12通常在室温下、压力高于1380kPa(200psia)、更典型地是在压力高于4800kPa(700psia)上进入本加工程序,然而天然气可在不同的压力和温度上供给,如果需要可对加工方法进行一致性的修改。例如,如果管线12中的天然气的压力低于管线11中加压的LNG的压力,可用合适的加压装置(未示出)对天然气加压,这类加压装置可包括一个或多个压缩机。在本发明方法的说明书中,假定供到管线12的天然气流的压力至少像管线11中的加压的LNG的压力一样高。
管线12中的加压的天然气最好通过一个流动控制装置21,该控制装置21宜用于控制管线12和13之间的流动和/或降低压力,由于通常供给的天然气的压力高于管线11中的LNG的压力,该流动控制装置21可为涡轮膨胀器、Joule—Thomson阀或两种形式的结合,如Joule-Thomson阀和涡轮膨胀器并联形式,它可同时提供这两种装置中的一个或两个的控制能力。通过采用如Joule—Thomson阀或涡轮膨胀器那样的膨胀装置来膨胀天然气、从而降低它的压力,天然气也受到冷却。冷却天然气是符合要求的,尽管这并不是本方法所要求的步骤,因为在天然气与加压的LNG混合以前降低温度可增加PLNG的产量。
采用图中未示的附加的冷却装置来进一步冷却天然气是符合要求的,当然在本发明的实践中并没有要求这样做。附加的冷却装置可包括一个或多个热交换系统,这些系统由普通的制冷系统或如Joule—Thomson阀或涡轮膨胀器类的膨胀装置来冷却。最佳的冷却系统将取决于制冷冷却的利用率、空间限制、还可能有环境和安全方面的考虑、将生产的PLNG的量等等。在本发明的教导下,一个气体加工专业的技术人员可在考虑到液化方法的操作情况的前提下选择合适的冷却系统。
在管线11中的富甲烷液体和管线13中天然气结合或混合、生产出管线14中的混合的液体流。管线14中的液体导入如静止的储存容器、或如船、驳船、海底容器、铁路罐车或卡车那样的合适的载体上。按照本发明的实践,在储存装置23中的PLNG将具有约-112℃(-170°F)以上的温度,它的压力足以使液体保持或低于其沸点。
图2表示本发明的另一实施例,在本实施例和图1及图3所示的实施例中,相同的数字部分表示同样的加工功能。然而,本专业技术人员将可看到,从一个实施例到另一个的加工设备可在尺寸和处理不同流体流速、温度和成分的能力上发生变化。图2所示的实施例类似于图1所示的实施例,不同之处在于在图2中管线11中的加压的LNG和管线13中的加压气体两者均通到一个普通的热交换器22,从而在加压的LNG和天然气混合(在管线14中)之前加热管线11中的加压的LNG并进一步冷却管线13中的天然气。通过在热交换器22中使加压的LNG冷却天然气,在天然气与加压的LNG混合以前将LNG加热到接近加压的LNG的温度,这将减小供给的天然气成分在较冷的(-162℃)LNG温度上形成固体的可能性。
穿过管线11和/或13的富甲烷流体的流速应进行控制,以生产出所要求温度的PLNG。PLNG的温度是最低为-112℃、并低于其作为最高温度的临界温度。主要是甲烷的天然气在室温下不能通过简单地增加压力而液化,这是因为它具有大量的用作能量的碳氢化合物。甲烷的临界温度是-82.5℃(-116.5°F),这意味着甲烷在低于该温度而不是加压时能液化。由于天然气是液体和气体的混合物,它会在一个温度范围上液化,天然气的临界温度通常约在-85℃(-121°F)和-62℃(-80°F)之间,该临界温度将是PLNG储存容器中的PLNG的理论上的最高温度,但是优选的储存温度将比临界温度低几度,并且它的压力比临界压力要低。
如果通过管线13的天然气的量与通过管线11的加压液体的量相比数量太大,在管线14中得到的混合物将处于其沸点以上,并至少部分混合物将处于气体状态。另一方面,如果通过管线13的天然气量与通过管线11的加压液体相比数量太小,混合流(管线14)的温度将低于-112℃(-170°F)。为了避免在处理和储存PLNG中所用的材料暴露到低于这些材料的设计温度的温度上,要求避免温度低于-112℃(-170°F)。通过采用使设计温度不会大大低于-112℃(-170°F)的材料来制造管子、容器和设备,将可大大节省成本。在美国专利申请09/099649、09/099153和09/099152中均公开了制造、运输和储存PLNG的合适材料的例子。
由于在管线10和11中的LNG的温度约为-162℃,用于管线10、11和泵20的材料必须是适于深冷的材料。本专业技术人员会熟悉适于本发明方法中所用的结构管道、容器和其它设备的材料。
图3表示本发明的又一实施例,它类似于图1所示的实施例,不同之处是在管线14中混合的加压的LNG和加压的天然气通过一个普通的相分离器24,从而除去天然气(管线13)与加压的LNG(管线11)混合后残留的未液化的气体。按照通过管线12供到本方法中的天然气的成分不同,一些气体在与加压的LNG混合后可仍为气态。例如,如果天然气含有大量的沸点比甲烷低的成分、如氮气,这些气体在需要的温度和压力下可能不会完全液化。如果供到管线12的天然气含有氮气,通过管线16从分离器24除去的气体将富含氮气,通过管线15排出的液体将含氮量较小,由该方法生产的从分离器24排出的气流(管线16)用作燃料或进一步加工。从分离器24排出的PLNG送到储存装置23。
在本发明一种应用中,本方法可用最少量的附加设备来生产出比LNG厂的设计能力要多的液态天然气。在本发明的实践中,由普通LNG厂生产的LNG可提供液化天然气所需要的制冷,因此大大增加了可作为一种产品生产的天然气的量。在本发明的另一种应用中,在需要仅有部分LNG供应到普通用途的情况下,其余的LNG可用来供到本发明的方法中。在又一种应用中,由船送到一个重要的终点的部分或所有的LNG可供到本发明的方法中,来生产下一用途的PLNG。
例子
为说明图1中的实施例,采用了模拟质量和能量平衡,其结果如下表所示。
采用称作为HYSYSTM(可从加拿大Calgary的Hyprotech有限公司得到)的市场上可买到的操作模拟程序获得了表中的数据,然而也可采用别的市场可买到的操作模拟程序来得到这些数据,这些程序包括HYSIMTM、PROIITM和ASPEN PLUSTM,这些程序对本专业技术人员来说都是很熟悉的。表中所列的数据可更好地理解图中所示的实施例,然而它们并不构成对本发明的不必要的限制,温度和流速不能被认为是对本发明的限制,它们在此教导下可作各种变化。在这个例子中,流动控制装置21是Joule-Thomson阀。
一个本专业技术人员,特别是得益于本专利的教导的人员将可看到,可对上面公开的特殊方法进行各种修改和变化。例如,按照本发明、按照系统的整个设计和所供气体的成分可采用多种温度和压力。正如上面讨论的,专门公开的实施例和例子不应用于限制本发明的范围,本发明将由下面的权利要求和它们的等效物来确定。
表
相 | 温度 | 压力 | 流速 | 成分,克分子百分数 | |||||||||||
流体流# | 蒸汽/液体 | ℃ | °F | kPa | psia | kgmol/hr | ibmol/hr | C1 | C2 | C3 | iC4 | nC4 | C5 | N2 | CO2 |
10 | L | -161 | -258 | 103 | 14.9 | 4963 | 10940 | 91.1 | 5.9 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
11 | L | 159 | -254 | 2930 | 415 | 4963 | 10940 | 91.1 | 5.9 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
12 | V | 38 | 100 | 4137 | 600 | 1877 | 4137 | 91.1 | 5.9 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
13 | V | 32 | 89 | 2930 | 415 | 1877 | 4137 | 91.1 | 5.9 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
14 | L | -94 | -137 | 2930 | 415 | 6840 | 15077 | 91.1 | 5.9 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
Claims (13)
1.一种从加压的富甲烷气体生产温度在-112℃(-170℃F)以上的加压的富甲烷液体产品的方法,包括下列步骤:
(a)供给温度低于-155℃(-247°F)的富甲烷液体并加压该富甲烷液体;和
(b)供给加压的富甲烷气体并将它在某一速度上引入加压的富甲烷液体,从而生产出一种温度在-112℃(-170°F)以上,压力足以使它保持或低于其沸点的加压的富甲烷液体产品。
2.如权利要求1的方法,其中步骤(a)的加压的富甲烷液体的压力基本与加压的富甲烷气体的压力相等。
3.如权利要求1的方法,其中供到本方法中的加压的富甲烷气体的压力超过步骤(a)的加压的富甲烷液体的压力,该方法进一步包括,在将加压的富甲烷气体引入到步骤(a)中的加压的富甲烷液体中之前,将加压的富甲烷气体的压力降低到大约与步骤(a)的加压的富甲烷液体的压力相同。
4.如权利要求1的方法,其中步骤(a)的富甲烷液体是处于或接近大气温度的LNG。
5.如权利要求1的方法,其中加压的富甲烷气体是天然气。
6.如权利要求1的方法,其中加压的富甲烷气体和加压的富甲烷液体通过一个热交换器,从而加热加压的富甲烷液体并冷却富甲烷气体。
7.如权利要求1的方法,还包括在加压的富甲烷气体引入加压的富甲烷液体之前冷却富甲烷气体的附加步骤。
8.如权利要求7的方法,其中加压的富甲烷气体是通过膨胀该加压的富甲烷气体、使它的压力降到大约等于加压的富甲烷液体的压力来冷却的。
9.如权利要求7的方法,其中加压的富甲烷气体由冷却装置中的直接的热交换来冷却的。
10.如权利要求1的方法,还包括在预处理步骤中的除去加压的富甲烷气体中的气体成分的步骤,这些成分在温度为-112℃(-170°F)和压力足以使该液体保持在或低于沸点温度的加压的富甲烷液体产品的温度上会形成固体。
11.如权利要求1的方法,还包括将加压的富甲烷产品流通过一个相分离器、从而产生一个气体流和液体流的附加步骤,通过由分离器产生的液体流送到储存装置。
12.如权利要求11的方法,还包括将液体储存在温度在-112℃(-170°F)以上和压力基本为沸点压力上的储存装置中的附加步骤。
13.一种液化加压的天然气流以产生温度在-112℃(-170°F),压力基本在其沸点上的加压的液态天然气流的方法,包括下列步骤:
(a)供给温度低于约-155℃(-247°F)的富甲烷液体流;
(b)将该富甲烷液体流加压到预定的压力;
(c)膨胀该富甲烷气体流以使其压力降到大致与该预定压力相同;和
(d)将足够量的膨胀后的富甲烷气流与加压的富甲烷的液体流混合以液化膨胀的气体流,并生产出温度在-112℃(-170°F)以上、压力足以使该液体保持在其沸点上或低于沸点的富甲烷产品流。
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