CN1306879C - Aquatic seedling breeding microcapsule and its production method - Google Patents
Aquatic seedling breeding microcapsule and its production method Download PDFInfo
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- CN1306879C CN1306879C CNB031152872A CN03115287A CN1306879C CN 1306879 C CN1306879 C CN 1306879C CN B031152872 A CNB031152872 A CN B031152872A CN 03115287 A CN03115287 A CN 03115287A CN 1306879 C CN1306879 C CN 1306879C
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- gelatin
- fatty acid
- omega
- arabic gum
- microcapsules
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- CYQFCXCEBYINGO-IAGOWNOFSA-N delta1-THC Chemical compound C1=C(C)CC[C@H]2C(C)(C)OC3=CC(CCCCC)=CC(O)=C3[C@@H]21 CYQFCXCEBYINGO-IAGOWNOFSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 235000020660 omega-3 fatty acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 229940012843 omega-3 fatty acid Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 30
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- 239000001785 acacia senegal l. willd gum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
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- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 30
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- WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-tocopherol Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC1CCC2C(C)C(O)C(C)C(C)C2O1 WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 6
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- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 claims description 5
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- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 13-cis retinol Natural products OCC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZZZCUOFIHGPKAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-erythro-ascorbic acid Natural products OCC1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O ZZZCUOFIHGPKAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-BOOMUCAASA-N Vitamin A Natural products OC/C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-BOOMUCAASA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930003270 Vitamin B Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930003268 Vitamin C Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N all-trans-retinol Chemical compound OC\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019155 vitamin A Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011719 vitamin A Substances 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000011720 vitamin B Substances 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000011718 vitamin C Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940045997 vitamin a Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930003316 Vitamin D Natural products 0.000 claims 2
- QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-XFEUOLMDSA-N Vitamin D3 Natural products C1(/[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)=C/C=C1\C[C@@H](O)CCC1=C QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-XFEUOLMDSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000002366 mineral element Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 235000019166 vitamin D Nutrition 0.000 claims 2
- 239000011710 vitamin D Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 235000011389 fruit/vegetable juice Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000968 intestinal effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
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- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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- Fodder In General (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention discloses an aquatic seedling breeding microcapsule. The present invention is characterized in that the aquatic seedling breeding microcapsule is composed of the following components by weight percentage: 50 to 80% of larva powder, 1 to 5% of omega3 fatty acid, 8 to 25% of fish meal, 3 to 5% of premixing material and 10 to 25% of gelatin and arabic gum. In the present invention, the microcapsule with isostatic nutrition is prepared by imago dry powder through reasonably replenishing omega3 fatty acid and fish meal without antibiotics or an exuviation element by using gelatin and arabic gum as coating materials. Prepared microcapsule bait is difficult to dissolve in water but is easy to digest and absorb by intestinal juice. The present invention has high effect, no antibiotics, no chemical medicine and no environmental pollution.
Description
Technical field:
The present invention relates to technical field of feed, specifically a kind of opening material and preparation method thereof of growing seedlings that is mainly used in aquatic products.
Background technology:
Aquatic products and livestock and poultry difference are having relatively high expectations to protein content in the feed, fish meal generally accounts for the 25-50% of prescription even more in the opening material of growing seedlings of aquatic products of the prior art, and fish meal shortage day by day, price is higher, and is difficult to reach the feeding effect of expection; About the record of the salt pan biology-halogen worm history in existing more than 200 year so far, but the developmental research to the halogen worm is the bioscience of a youth, up to twentieth century five, the sixties, the scientist of the U.S. and Norway just successively finds the value of halogen worm, opened up the approach that uses halogen worm's ovum and the various aquatic animal seeds of larvae cultivation, but because the kind factor affecting such as (as both sexes and parthenogenetic reproductions) that the halogen worm's ovum is cultivated processing technology and ovum, in the seedling raising process of aquatic products since the hatching after chorion and halogen worm larva mixed in together, seed has eaten that chorion causes indigestion easily and unhealthful, and secondly chorion is deposited in nursery pond and has polluted water quality.
Summary of the invention:
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of Aquatic product seedling microcapsule and its preparation method that is of high nutritive value and is easily digested by seed.
The technical solution of the utility model is achieved in that the aquatic fry growing microcapsules, it is characterized in that: the component of described aquatic fry growing microcapsules and percentage by weight are artemia powder 50-80%, omega-3 fatty acid 1-5%, fish meal 8-25%, gelatin and Arabic gum 10-25%.
The aquatic fry growing microcapsules is characterized in that: the component of described aquatic fry growing microcapsules and percentage by weight are artemia powder 50-80%, omega-3 fatty acid 1-5%, fish meal 8-25%, premix 3-5%, gelatin and Arabic gum 10-25%.
The production method of aquatic fry growing microcapsules is characterized in that, the production method of described production fry growing material may further comprise the steps:
A. after drying, to 50-300 μ m and measure, standby by ultramicro grinding with artemia imago;
B. the also little 50-300 μ m that is crushed to of fish meal measures, and is standby;
C. fish oil adds micro-antioxidant vitamin E by supercritical CO 2 extraction high concentration omega-3 fatty acid;
D. gelatin and Arabic gum measure back water dissolving and carry out homogeneous;
E. be that artemia powder 50-80%, omega-3 fatty acid 1-5%, fish meal 8-25%, gelatin and Arabic gum 10-25% mix, stir homogeneous with percentage by weight;
F. after above-mentioned mixing slurry being passed through the homogenizer homogeneous, pump into spray dryer, EAT is 180-200 ℃, and leaving air temp is 70-80 ℃;
G. it is the microcapsules of 80-800 μ m that screening after cooling off, grading system become particle diameter, carries out metering packing again.
The production method of aquatic fry growing microcapsules is characterized in that, the production method of described production fry growing material may further comprise the steps:
A. after drying,, standby by ultramicro grinding to 50-300 μ m metering with artemia imago;
B. the also little 50-300 μ m that is crushed to of fish meal or other animal albumen powder and premix measures, and is standby;
C. fish oil adds micro-antioxidant vitamin E by supercritical CO 2 extraction high concentration omega-3 fatty acid;
D. gelatin and Arabic gum measure back water dissolving and carry out homogeneous;
E. be that artemia powder 50-80%, omega-3 fatty acid 1-5%, fish meal 8-25%, premix 3-5%, gelatin and Arabic gum 10-25% mix, stir homogeneous with percentage by weight;
F. after above-mentioned mixing slurry being passed through the homogenizer homogeneous, pump into spray dryer, EAT is 180-200 ℃, and leaving air temp is 70-80 ℃;
G. it is the microcapsules of 80-800 μ m that screening after cooling off, grading system become particle diameter, carries out metering packing again.
The artemia resource of China is abundant, the output of artemia imago is big, amino acid in the adult dry powder, nutrition and shrimps such as lipid, crab, the seawater fish is very approaching, the present invention adopts adult dry powder, reasonably replenish ω 3 unrighted acids and fish meal, not added with antibiotic and shell element, and adopt gelatin and Arabic gum as capsulating material, make microcapsules balanced in nutrition, make the microencapsulated diets of making not soluble in water, and easily digested and assimilated by intestinal juice, be a kind of high benefit, antibiotic-free, no chemicals, pollution-free green environment-friendly type aquatic fry growing opening fuel.
Description of drawings:
Fig. 1 is a production method block diagram of the present invention
The specific embodiment:
The invention will be further described and provide embodiment below in conjunction with drawings and Examples.
The present invention is the production method of aquatic fry growing microcapsules, it is characterized in that, described production
The production method of fry growing material may further comprise the steps:
A. after drying, with artemia imago by ultramicro grinding to 50-300 μ m and count
Amount, standby;
B. the also little 50-300 μ m that is crushed to of fish meal measures, and is standby;
C. fish oil adds micro-antioxidant vitamin E by supercritical CO 2 extraction high concentration omega-3 fatty acid;
D. gelatin and Arabic gum metering back water dissolves and carries out homogeneous, and the ratio of water and glue is 1-5: 1;
E. be that artemia powder 50-80%, omega-3 fatty acid 1-5%, fish meal 8-25%, gelatin and Arabic gum 10-25% mix, stir homogeneous with percentage by weight;
F. after above-mentioned mixing slurry being passed through the homogenizer homogeneous, pump into spray dryer, EAT is 180-200 ℃, and leaving air temp is 70-80 ℃;
G. it is the microcapsules of 80-800 μ m that screening after cooling off, grading system become particle diameter, carries out metering packing again.
Gelatin and Arabic gum are with 3-5 in the enforcement: 1 compound proportioning forms the compound adhesive dressing, the omega-3 fatty acid of high concentration is omega-3 fatty acid content 〉=55%, the antioxidant vitamin E of trace accounts for the 0.005-0.02% of omega-3 fatty acid percentage by weight, premix is vitamin A, B, C and copper, iron, zinc, two or more combinations in the phosphorus, it promptly can be the combination of a kind of vitamin and a kind of trace element, it also can be the combination of two kinds of vitamins or multivitamin and a kind of trace element, or the combination of two kinds of trace elements or various trace elements and a kind of vitamin, or the combination of multivitamin and various trace elements, μ m represents fineness unit's micron, about by the production technology of supercritical CO 2 extraction omega-3 fatty acid existing other people apply for a patent and be considered as prior art, do not specify at this.
Each nutrition that the present invention can guarantee the microcapsules fry growing material more comprehensively, every nutritive index particularly the content of amino acid, unrighted acid more near the demand of shrimp, crab and seawater fish; The compound adhesive dressing material that the compound proportioning of gelatin and Arabic gum forms is tight, is difficult for dissolving fast when feeding, and does not destroy water quality, helps the protection of water quality; Omega-3 fatty acid is a unrighted acid, guaranteed unrighted acid not oxidation in high temperature and long term storage after adding antioxidant vitamin E, otherwise unrighted acid can become saturated fatty acid, and is ineffective.
Provide embodiment below
Embodiment 1
A, halogen worm dry product 60kg through ultramicro grinding to 50 μ m;
B, white fish meal 8kg, premix 3kg through ultramicro grinding to 50 μ m;
C, fish oil 10kg, by supercritical CO 2 extraction omega-3 fatty acid, omega-3 fatty acid content is 55%; The 1kg omega-3 fatty acid is added 10g antioxidant vitamin E;
D, gelatin 10kg, Arabic gum 2kg are dissolved in the water standby;
E, the 1kg omega-3 fatty acid that is added with vitamin E in c, the step joined in the 8kg white fish meal of ultramicro grinding to the 60kg halogen worm dry product of 50 μ m and ultramicro grinding to 50 μ m, the 3kg premix stir, homogeneous;
Obtain mixing slurry behind compound mixing in the composite glue solution of f, will be dissolved in the water gelatin 10kg and Arabic gum 2kg and e, the step, stirring, the homogeneous, again this mixing pump is gone into spray dryer and carry out drying, air intake is 180 ℃ of temperature, and leaving air temp is 70 ℃;
It is the microcapsules of 100 μ m that g, the screening of cooling back, grading system become particle diameter, carries out metering packing again.
Embodiment 2
A, halogen worm dry product 45kg through ultramicro grinding to 60 μ m;
B, fish meal 10kg through ultramicro grinding to 60 μ m;
C, fish oil 15kg, by supercritical CO 2 extraction omega-3 fatty acid, omega-3 fatty acid content is 56%; It is standby that the 2kg omega-3 fatty acid is added the 22g vitamin E;
D, gelatin 12kg and Arabic gum 3kg are dissolved in the water;
E, with the omega-3 fatty acid that is added with the 2kg of vitamin E in c, the step join ultramicro grinding to the 45kg halogen worm dry product of 60um and ultramicro grinding to the 10kg fish meal of 60um, middle stirring, homogeneous;
Obtain mixing slurry behind f, compound mixing, stirring, the homogeneous with in the composite glue solution of the 12kg gelatin that is dissolved in the water and 3kg Arabic gum and e, the step, again this mixing pump is gone into spray dryer and carry out drying, air intake is 190 ℃ of temperature, and leaving air temp is 75 ℃;
It is the microcapsules of 300 μ m that g, the screening of cooling back, grading system become particle diameter, carries out metering packing again.
Embodiment 3
A, halogen worm dry product 50kg through ultramicro grinding to 70 μ m;
B, white fish meal 9kg, premix 3.5kg through ultramicro grinding to 70 μ m;
C, fish oil 15kg, by supercritical CO 2 extraction omega-3 fatty acid, omega-3 fatty acid content is 57%; It is standby that the 1.5kg omega-3 fatty acid is added the 10g vitamin E;
D, gelatin 9kg and Arabic gum 2.5kg are dissolved in the 10kg water;
E, the 1kg omega-3 fatty acid that is added with antioxidant vitamin E in c, the step joined in the 8kg white fish meal of ultramicro grinding to the 60kg halogen worm dry product of 50 μ m and ultramicro grinding to 50 μ m, the 3kg premix stir, homogeneous;
Obtain mixing slurry behind compound mixing in f, the composite glue solution that will dissolve 9kg gelatin in the water and 2.5kg Arabic gum and e, the step, stirring, the homogeneous, again this mixing pump is gone into spray dryer and carry out drying, air intake is 200 ℃ of temperature, and leaving air temp is 75 ℃;
It is the microcapsules of 600 μ m that g, the screening of cooling back, grading system become particle diameter, carries out metering packing again.
Claims (6)
1, aquatic fry growing microcapsules, it is characterized in that: the component of described aquatic fry growing microcapsules and percentage by weight are artemia powder 50-80%, omega-3 fatty acid 1-5%, fish meal 8-25%, gelatin and Arabic gum 10-25%, and gelatin and Arabic gum are with 3-5: 1 compound proportioning forms the compound adhesive dressing.
2, aquatic fry growing microcapsules, it is characterized in that: the component of described aquatic fry growing microcapsules and percentage by weight are artemia powder 50-80%, omega-3 fatty acid 1-5%, fish meal 8-25%, premix 3-5%, gelatin and Arabic gum 10-25%, gelatin and Arabic gum are with 3-5: 1 compound proportioning forms the compound adhesive dressing, and premix is two or more the combination in vitamin A, B, C, D, E and mineral element copper, iron, zinc, the phosphorus.
3, the production method of aquatic fry growing microcapsules is characterized in that, the production method of described production fry growing material may further comprise the steps:
A. after drying, to 50-300 μ m and measure, standby by ultramicro grinding with artemia imago;
B. the also little 50-300 μ m that is crushed to of fish meal measures, and is standby;
C. fish oil extracts omega-3 fatty acid by supercritical CO 2, adds antioxidant vitamin E, and antioxidant vitamin E accounts for the 0.005-0.02% of omega-3 fatty acid percentage by weight;
D. gelatin and Arabic gum measure back water dissolving and carry out homogeneous;
E. be that artemia powder 50-80%, omega-3 fatty acid 1-5%, fish meal 8-25%, gelatin and Arabic gum 10-25% mix, stir homogeneous with percentage by weight, gelatin and Arabic gum are with 3-5: 1 compound proportioning forms the compound adhesive dressing;
F. after above-mentioned mixing slurry being passed through the homogenizer homogeneous, pump into spray dryer, EAT is 180-200 ℃, and leaving air temp is 70-80 ℃;
G. it is the microcapsules of 80-800 μ m that screening after cooling off, grading system become particle diameter, carries out metering packing again.
4, the production method of aquatic fry growing microcapsules is characterized in that, the production method of described production fry growing material may further comprise the steps:
A. after drying, to 50-300 μ m and measure, standby by ultramicro grinding with artemia imago;
B. the also little 50-300 μ m that is crushed to of fish meal and premix measures, and is standby;
C. fish oil extracts omega-3 fatty acid by supercritical CO 2, adds antioxidant vitamin E, and antioxidant vitamin E accounts for the 0.005-0.02% of omega-3 fatty acid percentage by weight;
D. gelatin and Arabic gum measure back water dissolving and carry out homogeneous;
E. be that artemia powder 50-80%, omega-3 fatty acid 1-5%, fish meal 8-25%, premix 3-5%, gelatin and Arabic gum 10-25% mix, stir homogeneous with percentage by weight, gelatin and Arabic gum are with 3-5: 1 compound proportioning forms the compound adhesive dressing, and premix is two or more the combination in vitamin A, B, C, D, E and mineral element copper, iron, zinc, the phosphorus.
F. after above-mentioned mixing slurry being passed through the homogenizer homogeneous, pump into spray dryer, EAT is 180-200 ℃, and leaving air temp is 70-80 ℃;
G. it is the microcapsules of 80-800 μ m that screening after cooling off, grading system become particle diameter, carries out metering packing again.
5, by the production method of claim 3 or 4 described aquatic fry growing microcapsules, it is characterized in that: omega-3 fatty acid is omega-3 fatty acid content 〉=55%.
6, by the production method of claim 3 or 4 described aquatic fry growing microcapsules, it is characterized in that: gelatin and the water dissolving of Arabic gum metering back are also carried out homogeneous, and the ratio of water and glue is 1-5: 1.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB031152872A CN1306879C (en) | 2003-01-30 | 2003-01-30 | Aquatic seedling breeding microcapsule and its production method |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB031152872A CN1306879C (en) | 2003-01-30 | 2003-01-30 | Aquatic seedling breeding microcapsule and its production method |
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| CN1520740A CN1520740A (en) | 2004-08-18 |
| CN1306879C true CN1306879C (en) | 2007-03-28 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100441106C (en) * | 2006-04-29 | 2008-12-10 | 南通巴大饲料有限公司 | Multipurpose dressing microcapsule feedstuff and production method |
| CN101569377B (en) * | 2009-05-27 | 2012-04-25 | 厦门市海林生物饲料有限公司 | Shrimp feed and preparation method thereof |
| CN101579038B (en) * | 2009-06-30 | 2012-06-20 | 浙江恒兴饲料有限公司 | Method for producing probiotics-containing aquatic micro-capsule feed |
| CN104996815B (en) * | 2015-07-31 | 2018-10-16 | 广东海洋大学 | A kind of pteria martensii micro-encapsulated diet and preparation method thereof |
| CN105660501B (en) * | 2016-01-11 | 2018-04-24 | 内蒙古科技大学 | A kind of energy self-timing, the fish material capsule quantitatively laid |
| CN107373092A (en) * | 2017-07-21 | 2017-11-24 | 广东越群海洋生物研究开发有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of the terrapin microcapsules opening material of zero starch |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS4910753B1 (en) * | 1969-10-06 | 1974-03-12 | ||
| DE3532074A1 (en) * | 1985-09-09 | 1987-03-12 | Berlin Chemie Veb | RESORPTION AGENT FOR BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PEPTIDES |
| CN1073836A (en) * | 1992-01-04 | 1993-07-07 | 南京市粮食科学研究设计所 | The halogen worm does (powder) production Technology |
| CN1325648A (en) * | 2000-05-26 | 2001-12-12 | 天津长芦汉沽盐场有限责任公司 | Method for drying artemia |
-
2003
- 2003-01-30 CN CNB031152872A patent/CN1306879C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS4910753B1 (en) * | 1969-10-06 | 1974-03-12 | ||
| DE3532074A1 (en) * | 1985-09-09 | 1987-03-12 | Berlin Chemie Veb | RESORPTION AGENT FOR BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PEPTIDES |
| CN1073836A (en) * | 1992-01-04 | 1993-07-07 | 南京市粮食科学研究设计所 | The halogen worm does (powder) production Technology |
| CN1325648A (en) * | 2000-05-26 | 2001-12-12 | 天津长芦汉沽盐场有限责任公司 | Method for drying artemia |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1520740A (en) | 2004-08-18 |
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