CN1305944C - 制备可膨胀聚苯乙烯的方法 - Google Patents

制备可膨胀聚苯乙烯的方法 Download PDF

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CN1305944C
CN1305944C CNB038138077A CN03813807A CN1305944C CN 1305944 C CN1305944 C CN 1305944C CN B038138077 A CNB038138077 A CN B038138077A CN 03813807 A CN03813807 A CN 03813807A CN 1305944 C CN1305944 C CN 1305944C
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F-J·蒂特甄
G·埃尔曼
B·施米德
M·劳恩
K·哈恩
J·鲁赫
M·阿尔门德英格
A·达特考
J·霍洛赫
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种制备分子量Mw大于170,000g/mol的可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物的方法,其中包括将温度为至少120℃的含发泡剂的苯乙烯聚合物熔体输送通过带孔模板,所述孔在模出口上的直径最大为1.5mm,并随后将挤出物粒化,还涉及带有0.05-1.5重量%内部水的且分子量Mw大于170,000g/mol的可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物(EPS)。

Description

制备可膨胀聚苯乙烯的方法
本发明涉及一种制备分子量Mw大于170,000g/mol的可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物的方法,其中包括将温度为至少120℃的含发泡剂的苯乙烯聚合物熔体输送通过带孔的模板,所述孔在模出口上的直径最大为1.5mm,并随后将挤出物粒化,还涉及带有0.05-1.5重量%内部水的分子量Mw大于170,000g/mol的可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物(EPS)。
迄今已经知道了通过悬浮聚合制备可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物例如可膨胀聚苯乙烯(EPS)的方法。这些方法的缺点在于产生大量废水而且必须将其除去。必须将聚合物干燥,以除去内部水。此外,悬浮聚合通常得到尺寸分布较宽的珠粒,必须以复杂的方式过筛,以得到不同的珠粒部分。
而且,膨胀型(expanded(例如US3817669)和可膨胀(expandable)的苯乙烯聚合物可以通过挤出法制备(GB-A-1,062,307)。EP-A 668 139描述了一种经济地生产可膨胀聚苯乙烯(EPS)颗粒的方法,其中通过静态混合设备,按照分散、保持和冷却步骤制备含发泡剂的熔体并随后粒化。由于将熔体冷却至高于固化温度几度,所以必须散去大量热量。
WO98/51735描述了含石墨颗粒并且热导率降低的可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物,所述聚合物可以通过悬浮聚合或通过在双螺杆挤出机中挤出而获得。双螺杆挤出机中的高剪切力通常使得所用聚合物的分子量明显下降,和/或使添加剂诸如阻燃剂部分分解。
在可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物(EPS)的发泡过程中获得的泡孔数量和泡沫结构对于获得理想的绝缘性质和良好的泡沫表面是绝对重要的。通过挤出而生产的EPS颗粒通常不能发泡以获得具有理想泡沫结构的泡沫体。
本发明的一个目的在于克服上述缺点并提供一种制备粒径小且粒径分布均匀的可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物颗粒的经济方法,尤其可以将所述颗粒发泡,以得到具有均匀结构且泡孔数目大的泡沫体。
我们已经发现,这一目的可以通过开头描述的方法,并且通过带有0.05-1.5重量%内部水的分子量Mw大于170,000g/mol的可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物(EPS)而实现。
已发现,分子量Mw小于170,000g/mol的苯乙烯聚合物在粒化过程中产生聚合物磨耗。可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物优选具有的分子量在190,000-400,000g/mol,特别优选在220,000-300,000g/mol的范围内。由于剪切引起的分子量降低和/或温度的作用,可膨胀聚苯乙烯的分子量一般比所用聚苯乙烯的分子量低约10,000g/mol。
为了获得非常小的颗粒,模出口之后的模口膨胀应当尽可能低。已经发现,模口膨胀本身受苯乙烯聚合物的分子量分布的影响。因此,可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物应当具有的分子量分布是:多分散度之比Mw/Mn最多是3.5,特别优选在1.5-2.8的范围内,非常优选在1.8-2.6的范围内。
所用苯乙烯聚合物优选是透明聚苯乙烯(GPPS)、高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)、阴离子聚合的聚苯乙烯或高抗冲聚苯乙烯(A-IPS)、苯乙烯-α-甲基苯乙烯共聚物、丙烯腈-丁二烯苯乙烯聚合物(ABS)、苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物(SAN)、丙烯腈-苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯共聚物(ASA)、甲基丙烯酸酯-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(MBS)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(MABS)聚合物或其混合物,或其与聚亚苯基醚(PPE)的混合物。
为了提高机械性能或热稳定性,在适合使用相容剂的情况下,上述苯乙烯聚合物可以与热塑性聚合物,诸如聚酰胺类(PA),聚烯烃例如聚丙烯(PP)或聚乙烯(PE),聚丙烯酸酯例如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA),聚碳酸酯(PC),聚酯诸如聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)或聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT),聚醚砜(PES),聚醚酮或聚醚硫化物(PES)或其混合物混合,基于聚合物熔体计,一般所述热塑性聚合物的总含量最多是30重量%,优选在1-10重量%的范围内。在上述含量范围内的混合物还可以是与例如疏水改性或官能化的聚合物或低聚物、橡胶,诸如聚丙烯酸酯或聚二烯类,例如苯乙烯-丁二烯嵌段共聚物或可生物降解的脂族或脂族/芳族共聚酯类的混合物。
含上述热塑性聚合物的循环聚合物,尤其是苯乙烯聚合物和可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物(EPS)还可以与含量基本上不影响其性能、通常最多30重量%、特别是1-10重量%的苯乙烯聚合物熔体混合。
基于含发泡剂的苯乙烯聚合物熔体计,含发泡剂的苯乙烯聚合物熔体一般含有均匀分布的一种或多种发泡剂,其总量是2-10%。适合的发泡剂是EPS中常用的物理发泡剂,诸如2-7个碳原子的脂族烃、醇、酮、醚或卤代烃。优选异丁烷、正丁烷、异戊烷和正戊烷。
为了改善发泡能力,可以将精细分散的内部水滴引入苯乙烯聚合物基体。例如,可以通过向熔化的苯乙烯聚合物基质中加入水而实现。优选在引入发泡剂之前进行这种添加。可以使用捏合设备或静态混合器实现水的均匀分布。
按照这样的方式选择水的加入量:使可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物(EPS)的膨胀能力α(定义为发泡之前的堆积密度/发泡之后的堆积密度)最多为125。基于苯乙烯聚合物计,一般0.05-1.5重量%的水是足量的。
在发泡时,带有至少90%内部水的可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物(EPS)以适合的泡孔数目和均匀的泡沫结构发泡,其中内部水是直径在0.5-15μm范围内的内部水滴形式。
本发明的可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物颗粒(EPS)一般具有至多700g/l的堆积密度。
苯乙烯聚合物熔体还可以包括一起加入或分别加入的添加剂、成核剂、增塑剂、阻燃剂、可溶性和不溶性无机和/或有机染料和颜料,例如IR吸收剂,诸如碳黑、石墨或氧化铝粉末。染料和颜料的加入量一般在0.01-30重量%,优选在1-5重量%的范围内。为了在苯乙烯聚合物中获得均匀和微分散的颜料分布,尤其是在极性颜料的情况下,使用分散剂,例如有机硅烷或马来酸酐接枝的苯乙烯聚合物,以及通过以低剪切速度,例如低于30/秒,混合、通过辅助挤出机或通过静态混合器而掺入材料。优选的增塑剂是基于苯乙烯聚合物计0.05-10重量%的矿物油、低聚苯乙烯聚合物和邻苯二甲酸酯。
分子量较大的苯乙烯聚合物使得能够在140-300℃、优选160-240℃的温度范围内将含发泡剂的苯乙烯聚合物熔体输送通过带孔模板。不需要冷却至玻璃化转变温度的范围内。
将模板加热到至少为含发泡剂的聚苯乙烯熔体的温度。模板的温度优选比含发泡剂的聚苯乙烯熔体的温度高20-100℃。因此,防止了聚合物沉积在模板上,并确保粒化过程不含盐。
为了获得可市场化的颗粒尺寸,模出口上的模孔直径(D)应当在0.2-1.5mm的范围内,优选在0.3-1.2mm的范围内,特别优选在0.3-0.8mm的范围内。因此,甚至在模口膨胀之后,也能够将颗粒尺寸具体设定为小于2mm,特别是在0.4-0.9mm的范围内。
除了分子量分布之外,模口膨胀还受到模几何形状的影响。适合的模几何形状的例子见图1所示。长度(L)表示直径最多对应于模出口直径(D)的模区域。模板优选具有L/D比至少是2的孔。L/D优选在3-10的范围内。
一般而言,模板的模入口处的孔的直径(E)应当是模出口处直径(D)的至少两倍。
在一个实施方案中,模板具有圆锥形入口并且入口角度α小于180°,优选在30-120°范围内的孔。在另一实施方案中,模板具有圆锥形出口并且出口角度β小于90°,优选在15-45°范围内的孔。为了生产特定粒径分布的苯乙烯聚合物,模板可以带有不同出口直径(D)的孔。模板几何形状的各种实施方案可以互相结合。
一种特别优选用于制备分子量Mw大于170,000g/mol的可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)将苯乙烯单体以及如果需要的可共聚单体聚合,
b)将得到的苯乙烯聚合物熔体脱气,
c)在至少150℃的温度下,通过静态或动态混合器,将发泡剂以及如果需要的添加剂混入苯乙烯聚合物熔体,
d)将含发泡剂的苯乙烯聚合物熔体冷却为至少120℃,
e)通过带孔的模板出料,所述孔在模出口上的直径最多为1.5mm,以及
f)将含发泡剂的熔体粒化。
在步骤f)中可以在1-10巴的压力下,于水下在模板后方直接进行粒化。
步骤a)中的聚合以及步骤b)中的脱气直接提供了用于在步骤c)中被发泡剂浸渍的聚合物熔体,并且不需要熔化苯乙烯聚合物。这样不仅在成本上更为有效,而且还得到了苯乙烯单体含量较低的可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物(EPS),这是因为避免了挤出机均化部分中的机械剪切作用-所述作用通常导致聚合物破裂而产生单体。为了保持苯乙烯单体含量低,特别是低于500ppm,将引入该方法所有后续步骤中的机械能和热能的量最小化也是有利的。因此,特别优选在步骤c)-e)中,将剪切速度保持为低于30/秒,并将温度保持为低于260℃,以及将停留时间缩短到1-10分钟,优选2-5分钟的范围内。特别优选在整个过程中专门使用静态混合器。聚合物熔体可以经压力泵,例如齿轮泵输送和排放。
另一种减少苯乙烯单体含量和/或残余溶剂诸如乙苯的量的方法在于,通过夹带剂,诸如水、氮气或二氧化碳,在步骤b)中提供高水平的脱气,或者通过阴离子路径进行聚合步骤a)。苯乙烯的阴离子聚合不仅得到苯乙烯单体含量低的苯乙烯聚合物,而且苯乙烯低聚物的含量也非常低。
为了改善操作性能,可以用甘油酯、抗静电剂或不粘剂(non-stick agent)涂覆所得的可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物颗粒。
实施例:
除非在实施例中特别指出,实施例使用的含发泡剂的聚苯乙烯熔体含有来自BASF Aktiengesellschaft的粘度值VN为98ml/g(Mw=280,000g/mol,多分散度Mw/Mn=3.0)的PS 158K和6重量%正戊烷。
实施例1
以100kg/h的物料通过量,将含发泡剂的聚苯乙烯熔体(6重量%正戊烷)输送通过带300个孔的模板(模出口直径(D)0.4mm,对应于图1的形状A)。熔体温度是160℃。得到的可膨胀聚苯乙烯颗粒具有1.0mm的均匀颗粒直径。测得苯乙烯单体含量是400ppm。
升高熔体温度导致颗粒直径下降。
  熔体温度(℃)   颗粒直径(mm)
  160   1.0
  180   0.8
  200   0.65
实施例2
以100kg/h的物料通过量,将含发泡剂的聚苯乙烯熔体(6重量%正戊烷)输送通过带300个孔的模板(模出口直径(D)0.4mm,对应于图1的形状A)。熔体和模板的温度分别是200℃。得到的可膨胀聚苯乙烯颗粒具有0.65mm的均匀颗粒直径。
  熔体温度(℃)   模板温度(℃)   颗粒直径(mm)
  200   180   0.80
  200   200   0.65
  200   220   0.60
  200   240   0.55
实施例3
以100kg/h的物料通过量,将含发泡剂的聚苯乙烯熔体(6重量%正戊烷)输送通过带300个孔的模板(模出口直径(D)0.4mm,其圆锥形入口角度对应于图1的形状B)。熔体的温度是180℃。
  入口角度(α)   颗粒直径(mm)
  180°   0.8
  90°   0.7
  45°   0.65
  30°   0.60
实施例4
以100kg/h的物料通过量,将含发泡剂的聚苯乙烯熔体(6重量%正戊烷)输送通过带150个孔的模板(模出口直径(D)0.6mm)。熔体温度是180℃。
  根据图1的模形状   颗粒直径(mm)
  B   1.1
  C   0.72
实施例5
以100kg/h的物料通过量,将含发泡剂的聚苯乙烯熔体(6重量%正戊烷)输送通过带150个孔的模板(模出口直径(D)0.6mm,对应于形状A)。熔体的温度是180℃。
  添加剂   颗粒直径(mm)
  无   1.1
  3重量%的矿物油   0.8
  5重量%的对苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯   0.8
  5重量%的低分子量GPPS(Mw=5000)   0.75
实施例6
使用具有实施例1中的性能但多分散度Mw/Mn不同的聚苯乙烯。以100kg/h的物料通过量,将含发泡剂的聚苯乙烯熔体(6重量%正戊烷)输送通过带300个孔的模板(模出口直径(D)0.4mm,对应于图1的形状A)。熔体的温度是180℃。
  Mw/Mn   颗粒直径(mm)
  3   0.8
  2   0.6
  1.5   0.5
实施例7
将0.1重量%水和6重量%的正戊烷加入聚苯乙烯熔体(PS 158K),并以100kg/h的物料通过量,将原料输送通过带300个孔的模板(模出口直径(D)0.4mm,对应于图1的形状A)。熔体的温度是160℃。所得可膨胀聚苯乙烯颗粒具有1.0mm的均匀颗粒直径。在蒸汽流中膨胀所得颗粒,得到在显微镜下评估的带有微孔泡沫结构的泡沫颗粒。孔数目是约4-4.5个孔/mm。超过90%的内部水滴直径为1.5μm。
实施例8
除了向聚合物熔体中加入0.6重量%水之外,重复实施例7。所得可膨胀聚苯乙烯颗粒具有1.0mm的均匀颗粒直径。在蒸汽流中膨胀所得颗粒,得到在显微镜下评估的带有微孔泡沫结构的泡沫颗粒。孔数目是约8-8.5个孔/mm。超过90%的内部水滴直径为10.5μm。
实施例9
分别基于聚合物熔体计,将6重量%正戊烷、作为分散剂的0.3重量%聚苯乙烯-马来酸酐接枝共聚物和0.8重量%金属银色颜料加入聚苯乙烯熔体(PS 158K),并以100kg/h的物料通过量,将原料输送通过带300个孔的模板(模出口直径(D)0.4mm,对应于图1的形状A)。熔体的温度是160℃。所得可膨胀聚苯乙烯颗粒具有1.0mm的均匀颗粒直径。在蒸汽流中膨胀所得颗粒,得到具有均匀泡沫结构的颗粒。
实施例10
除了加入0.8重量%金属金色颜料和作为分散剂的0.3重量%有机硅烷之外,重复实施例9。所得可膨胀聚苯乙烯颗粒具有1.0mm的均匀颗粒直径,并且在蒸汽流中膨胀所得颗粒,得到具有均匀泡沫结构的颗粒。
实施例11
以300kg/h的物料通过量,通过带有油加热可调压缩杆的启动阀(启动熔体压力是约180巴),将含发泡剂的聚合物熔体(粘度值VN是74mg/g,平均分子量Mw是190,000g/mol,多分散度Mw/Mn是3.0,并带有6重量%正戊烷)输送通过带300个孔的模板,模出口的孔直径是0.6mm。所得可膨胀聚苯乙烯颗粒具有较窄的粒径分布,80%的颗粒直径在0.62-0.8mm范围内。测得的残余单体含量是325ppm。

Claims (19)

1.一种制备分子量Mw大于170,000g/mol的可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物的方法,其中包括将温度为140-300℃的含发泡剂的苯乙烯聚合物熔体输送通过带孔的模板,所述孔在模出口上的直径最大为1.5mm,并随后将挤出物粒化。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物具有的分子量Mw在190,000-400,000g/mol的范围内。
3.权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物具有多分散度Mw/Mn最多3.5的分子量分布。
4.权利要求1或2的方法,其中所用苯乙烯聚合物是透明聚苯乙烯(GPPS)、高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯聚合物(ABS)、苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物(SAN)、或其混合物,或其与聚亚苯基醚(PPE)的混合物。
5.权利要求1或2的方法,其中含发泡剂的苯乙烯聚合物熔体包括2-10重量%的选自2-7个碳原子的脂族烃、醇、酮、醚或卤代烃的一种或多种发泡剂。
6.权利要求1或2的方法,其中基于苯乙烯聚合物计,含发泡剂的苯乙烯聚合物熔体含有0.05-10重量%范围内的增塑剂。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中增塑剂是矿物油、低聚苯乙烯聚合物和邻苯二甲酸酯。
8.权利要求1或2的方法,其中在160-240℃的温度范围内,将含发泡剂的苯乙烯聚合物熔体输送通过模板。
9.权利要求1或2的方法,其中将模板至少加热到含发泡剂的聚苯乙烯熔体的温度。
10.权利要求1或2的方法,其中在模出口的模孔直径(D)在0.2-1.2mm范围内。
11.权利要求1或2的方法,其中模板具有L/D之比至少为2的孔,其中长度(L)表示直径最多对应于模出口直径(D)的模区域。
12.权利要求1或2的方法,其中模板的模入口处的孔的直径(E)至少是模出口处直径(D)的两倍。
13.权利要求1或2的方法,其中模板具有入口角度α小于180°的圆锥形入口的孔。
14.权利要求1或2的方法,其中模板具有出口角度β小于90°的圆锥形出口的孔。
15.权利要求1或2的方法,其中模板具有出口直径(D)不同的孔。
16.权利要求1或2的方法,其中基于苯乙烯聚合物计,含发泡剂的苯乙烯聚合物熔体含有0.05-1.5重量%水。
17.一种制备分子量Mw大于170,000g/mol的可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)将苯乙烯单体以及非必要的可共聚单体聚合,
b)将得到的苯乙烯聚合物熔体脱气,
c)在至少150℃的温度下,通过静态或动态混合器,将发泡剂以及非必要的添加剂混入苯乙烯聚合物熔体,
d)将含发泡剂的苯乙烯聚合物熔体冷却为140-300℃的温度,
e)通过带孔的模板出料,所述孔在模出口上的直径最多为1.5mm,和
f)将含发泡剂的熔体粒化。
18.权利要求16的方法,其中在1-10巴的压力范围内,于水下在模板之后直接进行步骤f)。
19.通过权利要求17的方法得到的可膨胀苯乙烯聚合物(EPS),其包含最多500ppm的苯乙烯单体。
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