CN1305343A - 提高乙酰胆碱水平的方法 - Google Patents
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- CN1305343A CN1305343A CN99807286A CN99807286A CN1305343A CN 1305343 A CN1305343 A CN 1305343A CN 99807286 A CN99807286 A CN 99807286A CN 99807286 A CN99807286 A CN 99807286A CN 1305343 A CN1305343 A CN 1305343A
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Abstract
本发明涉及提高乙酰胆碱水平的方法,包括给予有需要的哺乳动物有效量的一种式Ⅰ化合物和可选的一种AChE抑制物。
Description
本发明涉及药物化学、神经生理学和神经药理学等学科。具体地讲,本发明涉及到通过给予2-芳基-3-芳氧基苯并[b]噻吩来提高乙酰胆碱的水平。
胆碱能神经元构成了中枢神经系统和外周神经系统的主要神经元系统。胆碱能神经元尤其与神经递质乙酰胆碱相联系。在中枢神经系统中,乙酰胆碱是一种神经递质,连同其他地方一道,可以在大脑中的海马和额脑皮层中找到。
大脑中的海马区,特别是那些已知道包含胆碱能神经元的区域,被认为具有与认知、学习和记忆相关的功能。例如丧失认知、学习和记忆功能等症状的退行性疾病和胆碱能神经元丧失相联系。例如,众所周知的,患有阿尔茨海默病的患者海马中的胆碱能神经元水平明显下降。这些胆碱能神经元的逐渐丧失看来像是反映了这些患者的记忆和认知功能的逐渐丧失。人们认为导致这些神经元退变的一个原因是神经递质乙酰胆碱功能的丧失或衰减。若干个潜在的疗法正在进行临床评价,它们被设计用于提高乙酰胆碱的水平。
一个神经元中乙酰胆碱的水平主要由它的生物合成和生物降解之间的平衡所确定。胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)主要负责它的合成,而乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)负责它的降解。提高乙酰胆碱水平的一种治疗策略是根据通过AChE的抑制作用阻断它的降解,例如使用AChE抑制物如水杨酸毒扁豆碱、盐酸他克林、盐酸donepezil等等。尽管临床使用AChE抑制物具有一些令人鼓舞的结果,尤其是在阿尔茨海默病的早期,但这些药剂普遍具有令人不快的副作用,这是因为它们的非特异性的系统作用。目前他克林已被批准用于阿尔茨海默病的早期治疗。(参见“Goodman and Gilman’s,The Pharmaco1ogicalBasis of Therapeutics”,Gilman等人编辑,Pergamon出版社,第八版,第七章,(1990)和其中引用的参考文献)。
另一种提高乙酰胆碱的治疗策略基于上调神经元中的ChAT的水平。已发现激素、雌激素通过上调大鼠海马的ChAT而提高乙酰胆碱的水平(参见“给予雌二醇后大鼠视叶前区中胆碱乙酰转移酶浓度提高的免疫化学证明”Luine等人,Brain Res.,191:273-277,1980,“雌二醇提高雌性大鼠特定的基底前脑核和突出区(Projection Areas)中胆碱乙酰转移酶活性”,Luine,V.,Exp.Neurology,89:484-490,1985,“卵巢类固醇缺乏导致雌性Sprague-Dawley大鼠中可能的学习受损和胆碱能功能受损”,Singh,M.等人,Brain Res.,644:305-312,1994)。因此,现已推测并由初步的临床信息证明经绝后的的妇女经受激素替代治疗后(雌激素加上或不加孕酮),死于阿尔茨海默病的可能性较小或现有的症状应该减轻。
然而,用雌激素治疗具有令人不快的副作用,包括向子宫作用,可能提高乳腺癌发生、肿胀、月经恢复等,这些限制了患者的顺应性。因此,存在寻找新的改进的治疗干涉的机会,以提高乙酰胆碱的水平。
R1和R3独立地是氢、甲基、苯甲酰基、取代的苯甲酰基或C(O)-(C1-C6烷基);
R2选自:吡咯烷-1-基、哌啶-1-基和六亚甲基亚胺-1-基;其中R2基团可选地为N-氧化物;和可选的一种胆碱酯酶抑制物。
另外,本发明涉及提高哺乳动物大脑的额脑皮层和/或海马区中乙酰胆碱水平的方法,包括给予有需要的哺乳动物有效量的一种式Ⅰ化合物或其药用酸加成盐或其溶剂化物、和一种可选的胆碱酯酶抑制物。
而且,本发明涉及这样的方法:即抑制由于哺乳动物大脑额脑皮层和海马区中缺乏胆碱乙酰转移酶和/或乙酰胆碱而引起的病征或有害影响,所述方法包括给予有需要的哺乳动物有效量的一种式Ⅰ化合物或其药用酸加成盐或其溶剂化物、和一种可选的胆碱酯酶抑制物。
此外,该方法涉及一种药用制剂,它包含一种式Ⅰ化合物或其药用酸加成盐或其溶剂化物、一种乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)抑制物以及一种药用载体、稀释剂或赋形剂。
本发明涉及这样的发现,即一组选择的2-芳基-3-芳氧基苯并[b]噻吩,即式Ⅰ化合物,可用于上调节ChAT,因此而可用于提高包含乙酰胆碱和ChAT的神经元的乙酰胆碱水平。
本发明的所有方法的一个最佳实施方案在于待给予式Ⅰ化合物的哺乳动物是人,特别是女性,更特别是缺乏雌激素的女性。然而男性也考虑在“哺乳动物”一词内,特别是缺乏睾酮的男性。
本发明的另一个最佳实例是由于大脑额脑皮层和海马区中的胆碱乙酰转移酶和/或乙酰胆碱水平下降而引起的病征是阿尔茨海默病。
而且,本发明的所有方法的另一个最佳实例是使用一种式Ⅰ化合物的药用酸加成盐,其中R1是氢,R3是甲基,R2是吡咯烷-1-基。更优选该盐是盐酸盐。这种更优选的化合物称为2-(4-甲氧基苯基)-3-(4-[2-(吡咯烷-1-基)乙氧基]苯氧基-6-羟基苯并[b]噻吩盐酸盐。
本发明的所有方法的一个甚至更优选的实例是使用一种式Ⅰ化合物的药用酸加成盐,其中R1是氢,R3是甲基,R2是哌啶-1-基。最优选该盐是盐酸盐。这种最优选的化合物称为2-(4-羟基苯基)-3-(4-[2-(哌啶-l-基)乙氧基]苯氧基)-6-羟基苯并[b]噻吩盐酸盐。
本发明设想可选地使用目前已知的AChE抑制物,如水杨酸毒扁豆碱、盐酸他克林、盐酸donepezil等等,除此之外还有以后发现的AChE抑制物。
在此使用的“有效量”一词是指一种式Ⅰ化合物的量,该量能够上调哺乳动物的ChAT,和/或提高大脑的额脑皮层和海马区的乙酰胆碱水平,和/或抑制由于胆碱乙酰转移酶或乙酰减少而引起的病征或有害影响。当式Ⅰ化合物和AChE抑制物共同给予时,“有效量”也是指能够抑制AchE的这种药剂的量。
“雌激素缺乏”一词是指一种病征,即或是自然发生的或是临床引起的妇女不能产生充足的雌情激素以维持依赖于雌激素的功能,比如月经、骨质稳态、神经元功能、心血管状态等。这种雌激素缺乏的病征起源于绝经和外科的或化学卵巢切除术,包括它的功能上的等同原因,比如,用GnRH激动剂或拮抗剂ICI182780等等的药物疗法,但不限于此。
在抑制由于大脑额脑皮层和/或海马区中ChAT和/或乙酰胆碱缺乏而引起的病征或有害影响方面,“抑制”一词包含它的一般公认的意思,即禁止、阻止、缓和、减轻、减慢、停止或逆转ChAT和乙酰胆碱减少及疾病的后遗症(即由所述事件引起的症状)的进程和严重性。
“上调ChAT”一词是指提高ChAT的酶活,即促进胆碱转变为乙酰胆碱。这一促进作用包括提高ChAT和胆碱反应的效率和/或速率,和/或增加作用位点上ChAT的量。酶存在的量的提高可以归因于基因调节或所述酶形成的其它合成步骤和/或酶失活和代谢的下降。
这里所述的化合物的描述所使用的一般术语给出了它们的通常意思。比如,“C1-C6烷基”是指1至6个碳原子的直链、支链或环状脂族链,包括甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、环丙基、n-丁基、戊基、己基等等。
“取代的苯甲酰基”一词是指含有1至5个取代基的苯甲酰基,此取代基独立选自C1-C4烷基、C1-C4烷氧基、羟基、硝基、氯、氟或三(氯或氟)甲基。
在这里作为形容词的“药用的”一词的意思是对接受者基本上无毒性及基本上无害的。
在“药用制剂”中“药用”一词还指载体、溶剂、赋形剂和盐必须与制剂的活性成分(式Ⅰ化合物)相容。
“酸加成盐”一词是指式Ⅰ化合物的一种盐,它是由式Ⅰ化合物和无机酸或有机酸反应而制备的。药用酸加成盐的例子可参见于例如Berge,S.M,Bighley,LD.和Monkhouse,D.C.,J.Pharm.Sci.,66:1,1977。
“溶剂化物”代表一种聚集体,它包含1个或多个分子的所述溶质(如式Ⅰ化合物)和1个或多个分子的药用溶剂,如水、乙醇等等。
其中R和/或R3是氢或甲基的式Ⅰ化合物,可以按照已知的步骤制备,例如那些美国专利第5,510,357、5,723,474和5,731,342号中描述的步骤,其中每个专利的内容均通过引用结合到本文中。为羧酸酯的式Ⅰ化合物(R1和/或R3是C(O)-(C1-C6烷基)、苯甲酰基或取代的苯甲酰基),可以由R和/或R3为氢的式Ⅰ化合物基本上按照美国专利第5,393,763号中描述的方法制备,所述专利的内容通过引用结合到本文中。
本发明的药用酸加成盐通常由式Ⅰ化合物和等摩尔或过量的酸反应而形成的。所述反应物一般在互(溶剂如乙醚、四氢呋喃、甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、苯等等)中混合。所述盐通常在约1小时至约10天内从溶液中沉淀出来,并可以采用过滤法或其他普通方法分离出来。
常用于形成酸加成盐的酸是:无机酸如盐酸、氢溴酸、氢碘酸、硫酸、磷酸等等;有机酸如对甲苯磺酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、乙二酸、对溴苯磺酸、碳酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、苯甲酸、醋酸等等。
毒扁豆碱水杨酸盐、盐酸他克林、盐酸donepezil和其它AChE抑制物可以从商业上获得。
药用制剂可以按照本领域已知的步骤制备。例如,一种式Ⅰ化合物和可选的一种AChE抑制物可以和赋形剂、稀释剂或载体配制成片剂、胶囊等等。这样,一种式Ⅰ化合物和一种AChE抑制物可以一起配制和给予。一种式Ⅰ化合物和一种AChE抑制物也可以分开给予。
适用于制剂的赋形剂、稀释剂和载体的例子包括:以下的填充剂和膨胀剂,如淀粉、糖、甘露糖醇和硅衍生物;粘合剂如羧甲基纤维素和其它纤维素衍生物、藻酸盐、明胶和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;保湿剂如甘油;崩解剂如琼脂、碳酸钙和碳酸氢钠;用于延迟溶解的试剂如石蜡;吸收作用促进剂如季铵化合物;表面活性剂如十六烷醇、甘油单硬脂酸酯;吸附性载体如瓷土和膨润土;润滑剂如滑石、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁和固态聚乙二醇。最后的药物形式根据所采用的赋形剂类型可以是丸剂、片剂、粉剂、锭剂、糖浆药剂、喷雾剂、香囊、扁囊剂、酏剂、悬浮剂、乳剂、软膏剂、栓剂、无菌注射剂或无菌包装粉剂。
另外,式Ⅰ化合物很适宜于配制为缓释剂型的制剂。所述制剂使得它们可能在一段时间内。只在或最好在肠道的特定位置也可以建成释放活性成分这样的制剂需包括包衣、外皮或可由聚合物或蜡制成的保护性基质。
按照本发明,上调ChAT所需要的式Ⅰ化合物的特定剂量和抑制AChE所需要的可选的AChE抑制物的剂量,将取决于被治疗的病征的特定环境。所考虑的问题如剂量、给药路径和给药频率,最好由主治医生决定。一般而言,用于口服或肠胃外给药的式Ⅰ化合物的最小有效量约为1、5、10、15或20mg。最大有效量通常约为800、100、60、50或40mg。最典型的剂量范围为5mg至60mg(由式Ⅰ化合物的游离碱的量来表示)。这样的剂量将给予需要治疗的患者每天1至3次、或者达到以下目的所需的次数:有效地上调ChAT,和/或有效地提高大脑前额脑皮层和/或海马区中乙酰胆碱的水平,和/或有效地抑制由大脑额脑皮层和/或海马区中胆碱乙酰转移酶和/或乙酰胆碱缺乏而引起的病征或有害影响。
给出以下制剂的目的是为了说明,而没有任何限制的意图。这类制剂中的总活性成分占制剂的0.1%至99.9%(重量)。“活性成分”一词的意思是一种式Ⅰ化合物或其药用盐或其溶剂化物、和可选的一种AChE抑制物。最好是,该式Ⅰ化合物是盐酸盐,其中R1是氢,R3是甲基,而R2是吡咯烷-1-基。一种更优选的式Ⅰ化合物制剂是这样的盐酸盐:其R1是氢,R3是甲基而R2是哌啶-1-基。
制剂1明胶胶囊
成分 用量(mg/胶囊)
活性成分 50-600
淀粉NF 0-500
可流动粉末淀粉 0-500
350厘沲流体硅氧烷 0-15
将这些成分混合在一起,经过45目的美国筛网,然后填充入硬明胶胶囊中。
制剂2
片剂
成分 量(mg/片)
活性成分 50-600
淀粉 10-50
微晶纤维素 10-20
聚乙烯吡咯烷酮 5
(10%水溶液)
羧甲基纤维素钠 5
硬脂酸镁 1
滑石 1-5
活性成分、淀粉和纤维素都经过45目美国筛网并完全混合。聚乙烯吡咯烷酮溶液与生成的粉末混合,然后经过14目美国筛网。如此产生的颗粒于50-60℃干燥后经过18目美国筛网。将预先经过60目美国筛网的羧甲基纤维素钠、硬脂酸镁和滑石加入到上述颗粒中并完全混合。在片剂生成器中将这一生成的材料压制成片剂。
制剂3
喷雾剂
成分 重量%
活性成分 0.50
乙醇 29.50
喷射剂22 70.00
(氯二氟甲烷)
将活性成分与乙醇混合,并将该混合物加入到一部分喷射剂22中,冷却至-30℃并转移至填充设备,然后将需要量供给一个不锈钢容器,并用剩余的喷射剂22稀释。然后将一个阀元件安装于容器上。
制剂4
悬浮剂
成分 重量/体积
活性成分 100mg
羧甲基纤维素钠 50mg
糖浆 1.25ml
苯甲酸溶液(0.1M) 0.10ml
香料 适量
着色剂 适量
纯化水加至总体积 5ml
每种悬浮剂每5ml剂量包含100mg的式Ⅰ化合物,它是由下述方法制备的。使活性成分经过45目U.S.筛子后与羧甲基纤维素钠及糖浆混合而形成光滑的糊料。加入已用水稀释的苯甲酸钠溶液、香料和颜料,并将混合物完全搅匀。添加水使整个混合物达到需要的体积。
关于本发明方法的以下证明是为了说明,而没有任何意图限制本发明的范围。
从Harlan获得40只Sprague-Dawley雌性大鼠(体重为300至325g,6月龄)。将这些动物或两侧卵巢切除(OVX)或露置于假的外科手术中,然后在一个星期后装运。到达后,将它们放入金属吊笼中,每笼中放置3或4只一组,且两个星期不限量给与食物和水。室内温度维持在22.2±1.7℃,最小相对湿度为40%。室内光照周期为12小时光明和12小时黑暗。
每天采用皮下注射或口腔管饲法给予这些动物或者载体中3mg/kg/天的化合物Ⅰ(2-(4-羟基苯基)-3-(4-[2-(哌啶-1-基)乙氧基]苯氧基)-6-羟基苯并[b]噻吩盐酸盐),其中所述载体包含10%环状糊精、0.03mg/kg/天或0.3mg/kg/天的苯甲酸雌二醇;或者盐载体对照。治疗这些动物3天或10天。每种给药方式有20只动物。以合适的时间间隔,处死这些动物并解剖出它们的大脑。将大脑中的特定部分匀浆并分析。将来自海马和额脑皮层的匀浆加工处理,并通过乙酰胆碱生物合成的放射性标记分析确定ChAT的活性。这一步可以在Schoepp等,J.Neural Transmiss.,78:183-193,1989中找到,其内容通过引用结合到本文中。
正如预期的那样,在OVX动物中,ChAT水平相对于假操作对照组的水平下降50%以上(p<0.001)。相比之下,接受化合物Ⅰ或苯甲酸雌二醇的动物相对于OVX对照组ChAT水平显著提高,与假的对照组的区别不明显。
这样,本发明提供与记忆、学习和认知功能丧失有关的综合征的治疗和预防的方法,这些综合征常见于雌激素缺乏的妇女,尤其是经绝后的妇女。这种综合征的一个例子是阿尔茨海默型老年痴呆症。如伴随与给予本发明的化合物相关的、诸如记忆丧失减少的有益效应在长期给予后变得明显。例如,患有阿尔茨海默病的经绝后的妇女在经过2-12个月给予2-(4-羟苯基)-3-(4-[2-(哌啶-1-基)乙氧基]苯氧基)-6-羟基苯并[b]噻吩盐酸盐之后,可以期望证明她们的疾病有所改善。
本发明的方法也可以预防形式使用。例如采用标准测试评估一组近绝经期或经绝后的妇女的认知和记忆功能。建立这些基线水平后,在1-5年中,给予这些妇女以2-(4-羟苯基)-3-(4-[2-(哌啶-1-基)乙氧基]苯氧基)-6-羟基苯并[b]噻吩盐酸盐。时间终了时,重新以标准测试评估认知和记忆功能,表明相对于在相同时间内给予安慰剂的对照组患者,这些功能的丧失减少了。
Claims (16)
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一条的用途,其中哺乳动物是女性。
5.根据权利要求4的用途,其中所述女性缺乏雌激素。
6.根据权利要求5的用途,其中所述式Ⅰ化合物是一种药用酸加成盐,R1是氢,R3是甲基,R2是哌啶-1-基。
7.根据权利要求6的用途,其中所述式Ⅰ化合物是盐酸盐。
8.根据权利要求5的用途,其中所述式Ⅰ化合物是药用酸加成盐,R1是氢,R3是甲基,R2是吡咯烷-1-基。
9.根据权利要求8的用途,其中所述式Ⅰ化合物是盐酸盐。
10.根据权利要求3的用途,其中所述哺乳动物是人类,所抑制的病征是阿尔茨海默病。
11.根据权利要求10的用途,其中所述人类是缺乏雌激素的女性。
12.根据权利要求11的用途,其中所述式Ⅰ化合物是药用酸加成盐,R1是氢,R3是甲基,R2是哌啶-1-基。
13.根据权利要求12的用途,其中所述式Ⅰ化合物是盐酸盐。
14.根据权利要求2或3的用途,其中所述乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)抑制物选自水杨酸毒扁豆碱、盐酸他克林和盐酸donepezil。
16.根据权利要求15的制剂,其中所述乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)抑制物选自水杨酸毒扁豆碱、盐酸他克林和盐酸donepezil。
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