CN1270659A - 可变速风轮机发电机 - Google Patents
可变速风轮机发电机 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1270659A CN1270659A CN98809277A CN98809277A CN1270659A CN 1270659 A CN1270659 A CN 1270659A CN 98809277 A CN98809277 A CN 98809277A CN 98809277 A CN98809277 A CN 98809277A CN 1270659 A CN1270659 A CN 1270659A
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- generator
- speed
- torque
- power
- controller
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors
- F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
- F03D7/0276—Controlling wind motors the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling rotor speed, e.g. variable speed
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors
- F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
- F03D7/022—Adjusting aerodynamic properties of the blades
- F03D7/0224—Adjusting blade pitch
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors
- F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
- F03D7/0272—Controlling wind motors the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor by measures acting on the electrical generator
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors
- F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
- F03D7/04—Automatic control; Regulation
- F03D7/042—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller
- F03D7/043—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller characterised by the type of control logic
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors
- F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
- F03D7/04—Automatic control; Regulation
- F03D7/042—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller
- F03D7/043—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller characterised by the type of control logic
- F03D7/044—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller characterised by the type of control logic with PID control
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
- F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
- F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
- H02P9/007—Control circuits for doubly fed generators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
- H02P9/04—Control effected upon non-electric prime mover and dependent upon electric output value of the generator
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
- H02P9/14—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field
- H02P9/26—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices
- H02P9/30—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices using semiconductor devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
- H02P9/42—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output to obtain desired frequency without varying speed of the generator
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
- F05B2240/00—Components
- F05B2240/20—Rotors
- F05B2240/21—Rotors for wind turbines
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
- F05B2270/00—Control
- F05B2270/10—Purpose of the control system
- F05B2270/103—Purpose of the control system to affect the output of the engine
- F05B2270/1032—Torque
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
- F05B2270/00—Control
- F05B2270/10—Purpose of the control system
- F05B2270/20—Purpose of the control system to optimise the performance of a machine
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
- F05B2270/00—Control
- F05B2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
- F05B2270/327—Rotor or generator speeds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P2101/00—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators
- H02P2101/15—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators for wind-driven turbines
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
- Wind Motors (AREA)
- Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
Abstract
Description
发电机速度RPM | 电功率(kW) |
7508008509009501000105011001150120012501300135014001450150015501600 | -177-177135167203247287335388450507575647743750750750750 |
电压 | 速率度/秒 |
-8.25-7.90-7.55-7.20-6.85-6.50-6.15-5.80-5.45-5.10-4.75-4.40-4.05-3.41-3.12-2.88-2.67-2.3401.96-1 450.001.832.332.713.123.463.794.084.254.454.654.855.055.255.455.655.856.056.256.456.65 | -20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-09-08-07-06-05-04-03-02-01000102030405060708091011121314151617181920 |
Claims (56)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/907,513 | 1997-08-08 | ||
US08/907,513 US6137187A (en) | 1997-08-08 | 1997-08-08 | Variable speed wind turbine generator |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN1270659A true CN1270659A (zh) | 2000-10-18 |
CN1120297C CN1120297C (zh) | 2003-09-03 |
Family
ID=25424228
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN98809277A Expired - Fee Related CN1120297C (zh) | 1997-08-08 | 1998-08-07 | 可变速风轮机发电机及其控制方法 |
Country Status (16)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6137187A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1007844B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2001512804A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100667232B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1120297C (zh) |
AR (1) | AR015148A1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU737762B2 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR9811873A (zh) |
CA (2) | CA2571368C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69824965T2 (zh) |
DK (1) | DK1007844T3 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2224426T3 (zh) |
NO (1) | NO20000626L (zh) |
PL (1) | PL196763B1 (zh) |
TR (1) | TR200000904T2 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1999007996A1 (zh) |
Cited By (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101252334B (zh) * | 2008-03-06 | 2010-04-14 | 江阴远景能源科技有限公司 | 变速恒频风力发电机动态最优能量捕获方法 |
CN1732617B (zh) * | 2002-12-27 | 2010-04-28 | 株式会社安川电机 | 发电系统及其控制方法 |
CN101813066A (zh) * | 2009-12-30 | 2010-08-25 | 上海汇益控制系统股份有限公司 | 风力发电机的直驱式容积控制变桨系统 |
CN101860038A (zh) * | 2009-01-23 | 2010-10-13 | 通用电气公司 | 用于控制并网发电系统的系统和方法 |
CN101039090B (zh) * | 2004-01-08 | 2010-10-13 | 株式会社日立制作所 | 风力发电系统及其控制方法 |
CN101900081A (zh) * | 2009-05-28 | 2010-12-01 | 通用电气公司 | 在电动机超温条件下操作风力涡轮机 |
CN101203674B (zh) * | 2005-06-21 | 2012-05-16 | 再生动力系统股份公司 | 用于调节风力发电设备转子转速的方法与系统 |
CN102570957A (zh) * | 2010-11-17 | 2012-07-11 | Abb公司 | 双馈发电机的控制方法以及变频器 |
CN102684389A (zh) * | 2011-02-25 | 2012-09-19 | 西门子公司 | 带有发电机的风力涡轮机 |
CN101520022B (zh) * | 2008-02-26 | 2013-03-20 | 诺德克斯能源有限公司 | 用于风力发电站的至少一个转子叶片的叶片调整角度的控制器 |
CN103397983A (zh) * | 2013-07-18 | 2013-11-20 | 上海交通大学 | 变速风机有功功率控制和转速控制方法 |
CN103939288A (zh) * | 2013-01-22 | 2014-07-23 | 通用电气公司 | 风力发电机和用于调整风力发电机中转子叶片桨距角的方法 |
CN101999040B (zh) * | 2007-12-14 | 2015-06-03 | 森维安欧洲股份公司 | 带有电网故障识别的风能设备所用的控制装置 |
CN105337299A (zh) * | 2014-05-30 | 2016-02-17 | 通用电气公司 | 用于控制连接到弱电网上的功率发生系统的系统和方法 |
US9444379B2 (en) | 2011-07-29 | 2016-09-13 | National Sun Yat-Sen University | Wind power excitation synchronous generation system having maximum power determining unit and control method thereof |
TWI632292B (zh) * | 2014-07-07 | 2018-08-11 | 日立製作所股份有限公司 | Wind power system |
CN108626070A (zh) * | 2017-03-15 | 2018-10-09 | 北京金风科创风电设备有限公司 | 风力发电机组的制动控制方法和系统 |
CN112983737A (zh) * | 2021-03-04 | 2021-06-18 | 中国大唐集团科学技术研究院有限公司华中电力试验研究院 | 一种基于功率模糊控制的风力发电机组变桨控制方法 |
Families Citing this family (162)
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AU2004220762B2 (en) * | 1997-08-08 | 2007-11-22 | General Electric Company | Variable speed wind turbine generator |
US6420795B1 (en) * | 1998-08-08 | 2002-07-16 | Zond Energy Systems, Inc. | Variable speed wind turbine generator |
US6600240B2 (en) * | 1997-08-08 | 2003-07-29 | General Electric Company | Variable speed wind turbine generator |
DE19756777B4 (de) * | 1997-12-19 | 2005-07-21 | Wobben, Aloys, Dipl.-Ing. | Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Windenergieanlage sowie Windenergieanlage |
EP1045988B1 (en) * | 1998-01-14 | 2002-06-19 | Dancontrol Engineering A/S | Detecting and controlling oscillations in a wind turbine |
US9506405B2 (en) | 1998-04-03 | 2016-11-29 | Rockwell Collins Control Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus and method for controlling power generation system |
US6171055B1 (en) * | 1998-04-03 | 2001-01-09 | Aurora Flight Sciences Corporation | Single lever power controller for manned and unmanned aircraft |
NL1009543C2 (nl) * | 1998-07-02 | 2000-01-07 | Lagerwey Windturbine B V | Inrichting voor het omzetten van windenergie in elektrische energie. |
US6617705B1 (en) * | 1998-10-28 | 2003-09-09 | Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. | Protection arrangement for natural energy power generation systems |
US6324403B1 (en) * | 1998-11-05 | 2001-11-27 | Lucent Technologies, Inc. | Dynamic reduction of telephone call congestion |
SE514934C2 (sv) * | 1999-09-06 | 2001-05-21 | Abb Ab | Anläggning för generering av elektrisk effekt med hjälp av vindkraftspark samt förfarande för drift av en sådan anlägning. |
ES2248113T3 (es) * | 1999-09-13 | 2006-03-16 | Aloys Wobben | Procedimiento para la regulacion de la potencia reactiva, asi como disposistivo para la generacion de energia electrica en una red electrica. |
DK199901436A (da) * | 1999-10-07 | 2001-04-08 | Vestas Wind System As | Vindenergianlæg |
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US6380639B1 (en) * | 2000-05-11 | 2002-04-30 | Bombardier Inc. | System, method and apparatus for power regulation |
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US6731019B2 (en) * | 2000-08-07 | 2004-05-04 | Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus and method for optimizing the power transfer produced by a wave energy converter (WEC) |
DE10046322A1 (de) * | 2000-09-19 | 2002-04-11 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zum Ermitteln einer Kenngröße |
FR2821391B1 (fr) * | 2001-02-23 | 2003-06-27 | Jeumont Ind | Procede et dispositif de regulation d'une installation de production d'energie electrique comportant une eolienne |
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DE10136974A1 (de) * | 2001-04-24 | 2002-11-21 | Aloys Wobben | Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Windenergieanlage |
US6448735B1 (en) | 2001-04-26 | 2002-09-10 | Abb Automation Inc. | Controller for a wound rotor slip ring induction machine |
FR2826524B1 (fr) * | 2001-06-20 | 2003-11-28 | Vergnet | Systeme d'alimentation de reseau electrique et procede de commande du systeme |
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US6703718B2 (en) | 2001-10-12 | 2004-03-09 | David Gregory Calley | Wind turbine controller |
US6771903B1 (en) * | 2001-12-14 | 2004-08-03 | General Electric Company | Fiber optic safety system for wind turbines |
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US7015595B2 (en) * | 2002-02-11 | 2006-03-21 | Vestas Wind Systems A/S | Variable speed wind turbine having a passive grid side rectifier with scalar power control and dependent pitch control |
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DE10232423A1 (de) * | 2002-07-17 | 2004-01-29 | Ge Wind Energy Gmbh | Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Windenergieanlage und Windenergieanlage zum Ausführen derartiger Verfahren |
EP1540811B1 (de) * | 2002-09-10 | 2010-12-01 | DeWind Co. | Betriebsverfahren für windenergieanlage mit übersynchroner kaskade |
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CN102570957B (zh) * | 2010-11-17 | 2014-10-29 | Abb公司 | 双馈发电机的控制方法以及变频器 |
CN102684389B (zh) * | 2011-02-25 | 2016-08-03 | 西门子公司 | 带有发电机的风力涡轮机 |
CN102684389A (zh) * | 2011-02-25 | 2012-09-19 | 西门子公司 | 带有发电机的风力涡轮机 |
US9444379B2 (en) | 2011-07-29 | 2016-09-13 | National Sun Yat-Sen University | Wind power excitation synchronous generation system having maximum power determining unit and control method thereof |
CN103939288A (zh) * | 2013-01-22 | 2014-07-23 | 通用电气公司 | 风力发电机和用于调整风力发电机中转子叶片桨距角的方法 |
CN103397983B (zh) * | 2013-07-18 | 2015-10-14 | 上海交通大学 | 变速风机有功功率控制和转速控制方法 |
CN103397983A (zh) * | 2013-07-18 | 2013-11-20 | 上海交通大学 | 变速风机有功功率控制和转速控制方法 |
CN105337299A (zh) * | 2014-05-30 | 2016-02-17 | 通用电气公司 | 用于控制连接到弱电网上的功率发生系统的系统和方法 |
TWI632292B (zh) * | 2014-07-07 | 2018-08-11 | 日立製作所股份有限公司 | Wind power system |
CN108626070A (zh) * | 2017-03-15 | 2018-10-09 | 北京金风科创风电设备有限公司 | 风力发电机组的制动控制方法和系统 |
CN108626070B (zh) * | 2017-03-15 | 2020-07-14 | 北京金风科创风电设备有限公司 | 风力发电机组的制动控制方法和系统 |
CN112983737A (zh) * | 2021-03-04 | 2021-06-18 | 中国大唐集团科学技术研究院有限公司华中电力试验研究院 | 一种基于功率模糊控制的风力发电机组变桨控制方法 |
CN112983737B (zh) * | 2021-03-04 | 2022-04-01 | 中国大唐集团科学技术研究院有限公司华中电力试验研究院 | 一种基于功率模糊控制的风力发电机组变桨控制方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2001512804A (ja) | 2001-08-28 |
WO1999007996A1 (en) | 1999-02-18 |
DE69824965T2 (de) | 2005-08-25 |
PL338639A1 (en) | 2000-11-06 |
PL196763B1 (pl) | 2008-01-31 |
CA2571368C (en) | 2011-04-19 |
CA2300201C (en) | 2007-03-20 |
AU737762B2 (en) | 2001-08-30 |
AU9016198A (en) | 1999-03-01 |
KR100667232B1 (ko) | 2007-01-17 |
DK1007844T3 (da) | 2004-11-15 |
AR015148A1 (es) | 2001-04-18 |
EP1007844A4 (en) | 2001-05-23 |
CN1120297C (zh) | 2003-09-03 |
TR200000904T2 (tr) | 2000-11-21 |
EP1007844A1 (en) | 2000-06-14 |
NO20000626D0 (no) | 2000-02-08 |
NO20000626L (no) | 2000-04-10 |
US6137187A (en) | 2000-10-24 |
DE69824965D1 (de) | 2004-08-12 |
ES2224426T3 (es) | 2005-03-01 |
CA2571368A1 (en) | 1999-02-18 |
EP1007844B1 (en) | 2004-07-07 |
KR20010052057A (ko) | 2001-06-25 |
BR9811873A (pt) | 2002-01-02 |
CA2300201A1 (en) | 1999-02-18 |
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