CN1238052A - 用于买卖特权交易所自动开盘的方法和装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种基于计算机的系统,用来决定在一个买卖特权交易所内发生贸易的许多系列的买卖特权的开盘价格,以及用来分派在贸易开盘时公共订单的失调。市场做成者从市场做成者终端输入买卖特权系列的当前位置、期望目标位置和市场做成者订单(104)。订单输入系统接收买卖特权系列的公共订单。控制器(2)决定每个买卖特权系列的一个隐含易变率(价格)集,该集合将最大化在开盘时所有买卖特权系列的加权贸易量。然后与开盘价格匹配的相反订单被履行。如果存在未履行公共订单的剩余失调,则未履行公共订单的剩余失调被分派给大量市场做成者的每个人,以便最小化每个市场做成者的期望目标位置和当前位置之间偏差的累计量。本系统适用于买卖特权交易所,该术语包括任何不通过交易所而进行买卖特权交易的机构。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及了一种方法和装置,用于买卖特权交易所的自动开盘或重新开盘,更具体地,涉及了一种方法和装置,用于基本上在一个买卖特权交易所开盘或重新开盘贸易的同时,就可以开盘所有买卖特权系列,并且可以将公共订单的失调优化地分配给市场做成者(market maker)。
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发明背景
目前在美国有五个公平买卖特权交易所,世界上有大约五十个从事买卖特权贸易的交易所。买卖特权可以在许多金融证券上进行贸易,例如,股票、货币、国库券、利率、市场指数、商品等等。
每天早上当一个交易所开盘贸易时,或在贸易日当中基础证券发生贸易中断后重新开盘贸易时,交易所执行一个开盘“轮流”程序来决定每个买卖特权的开盘价格。开盘轮流程序要花费45分钟,在这段时间内基础证券的价格可能会发生很大改变。目前,开盘轮流程序消耗了交易日的很大一部分时间。另外,目前买卖特权交易所在开盘时将公共订单的剩余失调分配给市场做成者的方法,经常会导致不合期望的和低效的分配。
为了更好地解释在买卖特权市场中与贸易的开盘和重新开盘有关的问题,一种关于买卖特权的解释是适宜的。为清楚起见,本专利将讨论在美国交易所发生贸易的公平买卖特权。然而应当意识到,这里的讨论也将适用于(a)在美国和美国以外的交易所进行贸易的其他金融证券的买卖特权,和(b)在美国以外的交易所进行贸易的所有类型的买卖特权。
公平买卖特权是一种证券合同,它传达权利而不是义务,使合同所有者能够在某个给定日期或之前以特定的价格(称为敲定价(strike price))买卖某种特定的股票(称为基础股(underlyings1tock))。
通常,有两种基本类型的买卖特权,称为出售权和购买权。一种美国形式的公平购买权给予它的所有者的权利是:在某个给定日期或之前以敲定价购买100份基础股。一种美国形式的公平出售权给予它的所有者的权利是:在某个给定日期或之前以敲定价出售100份基础股。(在美国一份买卖特权合同通常等同于100股。)对于美国形式的买卖特权,买卖特权的所有者可以在期限之前的任何时间履行该合同。对于欧洲形式的买卖特权,只有在期限之前的最后一个交易日买卖特权才能被履行。
公平买卖特权一般在美国买卖特权交易所中进行贸易,只要存在基础证券的价格机制,任何时间都可进行贸易,例如,大约在美国证券交易所的正常操作时间进行。
买卖特权合同的期限通常是该合同的期限月第三个星期五之后的星期六。因此,该月的第三个星期五就是所有公平买卖特权期限的最后一个贸易日。如果买卖特权的所有者没有在期限之前履行该买卖特权,那么买卖特权期限将不给所有者权利,也不加给发票人义务。(假定对于购买权来说,发票人有义务卖股票,或对于出售权来说,发票人有义务买股票。)
假定PQR公司有公共贸易股票,也有公共贸易买卖特权。该股票通常的买卖特权可能是PQR10月份70购买权。PQR10月份70购买权是一个合同,如果购买者选择履行该权利,它将给合同所有者在10月份的第三个星期六之前购买100份PQR公司股票的权利,每股的价格是$70。
一般而言,每个公平买卖特权有四个期限月。并且对于每个公平买卖特权的每个期限月来说,经常有三个或更多个敲定价。因此,对于一只股票,可能会有至少24个或更多的关于特定基础股的买卖特权贸易。(经常对于一只股票会有60种不同的买卖特权。)例如,PQR公司可能会有以下一些出售权系列在买卖特权交易所发生贸易:
PQR1月份70出售
PQR4月份70出售
PQR7月份70出售
PQR1月份75出售
PQR4月份75出售
PQR7月份75出售
PQR1月份80出售
PQR4月份80出售
PQR7月份80出售
同样存在许多类似的购买权系列。因此很显然对于每只基础股来说,有许多买卖特权系列,每个都有不同的价格。所以,对于每只基础股来说,当买卖特权交易所开盘或重新开盘发生贸易时,这许多买卖特权系列都必须进行标价。
以下的术语经常被买卖特权贸易商使用。一种买卖特权“类型”指出售或购买。买卖特权“类”由具有相同基础证券的买卖特权合同组成。买卖特权“系列”由具有相同敲定价和期限月的买卖特权合同组成。例如,PQR10月份60购买组成一个系列。
权利金(premium)是买卖特权购买者为了购买或出售基础证券的权利而付出的价格。买卖特权合同的权利金通常是在每股份的基础上定价,举例来说,PQR 10月份60购买$5.25--在该例中,权利金是$5.25,所以买卖特权合同的花费将是$525。
一个买卖特权可能是“入钱”、“持平”或“出钱”的。如果基础股票价高于敲定价,那么购买权是入钱的,即购买权的所有者有权利以一个比较低的价格购买股票,该价格比他在公开市场上购买该股票必须付出的价格低。如果基础股票价低于敲定价,那么出售权是入钱的。当敲定价大致等于目前市场上的基础证券价时,那么买卖特权是持平的。如果基础股票价低于敲定价,那么购买权是出钱的,如果基础股票价高于敲定价,那么出售权是出钱的。
买卖特权合同的固有价值是买卖特权的权利金的入钱部分。买卖特权合同的时间价值是买卖特权的总权利金中超过它固有价值的部分--就是购买者愿意为一份买卖特权付出的总数,它超过了固有价值,购买者希望在期限之前由于基础股价的利好变化而使它的价值上升。因此,一份出钱买卖特权的权利金全部由时间价值组成。据此,一份买卖特权合同的权利金(买卖特权的总价格)是它的固有价值加上它的时间价值。
在不常见的市场情况下,可能会发生一份深度入钱的买卖特权的市场权利金实际上比它的固有价值还低。这种情况可能是由于基础证券的不充分流动而造成的,这会诱发买卖特权市场做成者们购买这些和它们的理论价值相比打了折扣价格的合同。(这种现象不会对本发明的应用造成有害影响。)
有五个可计量的因素影响买卖特权的价格。这些因素是:
*基础证券价格
*买卖特权的敲定价
*离期限的时间
*基础证券的易变率
*当前的“无风险”利率
把这五个因素输入到理论上的买卖特权价格模型,举例来说,输入到Black-Scholes模型或Cox-Ross-Rubenstein模型,人们可以决定理论上合理的买卖特权价值。买卖特权商利用该理论上的买卖特权价值作为指导价。并且,当给定一个买卖特权的当前市场价值,人们可以利用理论上的买卖特权价格模型来得到该基础股的隐含易变率。
还有其它一些不可计量的因素影响买卖特权的价格,例如:
*市场参与者对未来易变率的估计
*对该基础股未来表现的估计
*买卖特权和基础股的供给和需求
*买卖特权的市场深度
理论上的买卖特权价格模型所产生的价值,反映了买卖特权对五个可计量因素中一个发生变化时的灵敏度。这些灵敏度分别用希腊字母表示为:delta,gamma,theta,rho和vega。Delta是当基础证券的价格发生一个单位改变时买卖特权理论价值的改变率的计量单位。因此,delta是当基础股价格发生小变化时买卖特权价格预期发生变化的理论量。同样的,它提供了买卖特权位置相对于基础证券中位置的等同位置风险的一个局部计量单位。Delta可以表示为一个百分数,例如63%(或省去百分号简单地表示为“63”。)每份买卖特权合同都有自己唯一的理论delta值,它由上述的五个计量因素决定。
Gamma是当基础证券的价格发生一个单位改变时买卖特权delta值的改变率的计量单位。Gamma表示当基础股价格发生$1改变时买卖特权delta值理论上应发生的改变量。当买卖特权是持平时Gamma值最大。随着基础股价格偏离买卖特权敲定价(不论哪个方向),该买卖特权的gamma值会降低。Gamma提供了delta关于基础股价格的改变率的一个局部计量单位。
Theta是当离买卖特权的期限日期发生一个单位改变时买卖特权理论值的改变率的计量单位。Vega是当基础证券的易变率发生一个单位改变时买卖特权理论值的改变率的计量单位。Rho是当无风险利率发生一个单位改变时买卖特权理论值的改变率的计量单位。
Delta和Gamma是那些从事买卖特权贸易商使用的主要计量单位。例如,某个贸易商拥有一个有价证券组合,它的delta绝对值和gamma绝对值都很大,则该贸易商处在一个量大的位置,该位置对基础股价格的变动很灵敏,因此,该贸易商有高风险。
易变率是股票价格波动的计量单位。算术上,易变率是按年计算的股票每天价格改变的标准偏差。给定其它四个计量因素的值,则隐含的易变率使得买卖特权的理论权利金和市场权利金值相匹配。
应该意识到,买卖特权贸易是一件很复杂的事,特别是在于一个买卖特权交易所中列出的不同买卖特权合同数、它们之间的相互关系、以及它们与基础股之间的关系。每个系列都会有不同的权利金、deltas、gammas和公共订单供给/需求特征。另外,买卖特权可以在股票指数上发生贸易,例如S&P500指数,这也增加了情况的复杂度。
美国买卖特权市场通常是利用一种“公开叫价”的贸易方法进行操作的,此时参与竞争的场内经纪人,他们代表公共订单,和为自己帐户进行贸易的市场做成者们在交易场地作买卖双方的报价。通常,贸易发生在某个专柜--交易所内的一个特定场所,它是为特定的买卖特权类而设计的。市场做成者是交易场地内的交易成员,他或她为自己的帐户而购买和出售买卖特权,有义务进行买卖方的报价,并保持公正有序的市场。场内经纪人是交易场地内的贸易商,他或她执行公共贸易订单。
在一个买卖特权交易所开盘(或重新开盘)时,交易所实施一个轮流程序来决定每个买卖特权的开盘价格。应该意识到,在开盘或重新开盘时,会有许多不成比例的公共购买者和出售者,他们会出现在每个系列的任一特定开盘价上。有许多系列要开盘;目前,每个系列的开盘价通过轮流来决定。对于每个系列,市场做成者们考虑了公共订单的供给和需求后,发出他们的买方报价和卖方报价的信号,汇集在一起后就形成了那个系列的协议开盘价。所有与该价格相匹配的公共订单贸易被履行,在这个阶段一般会有不匹配订单的剩余失调。在一个买卖特权类上的所有系列的开盘要花费45分钟,在这段时间内基础证券的价格可能会发生很大变化,从而导致各系列的价格差异。
当在一相同基础证券上开盘多个买卖特权系列时,在该系列上公共订单的买方报价和卖方报价的变化也会引起开盘价格与理论价格的差异,该理论价格对应于所有系列上单一的隐含易变率。举例来说,某个特定系列购买订单的大量失调可能会引起该系列比其它系列在开盘时有更高的隐含易变率。在开盘时公共买方报价和卖方报价之间的失调必须由市场做成者作调整。同样如上所述,在开盘的循环时间内基础证券价格的变动也会导致该系列开盘价格的显著失调。例如,如果基础股票或指数价格下降得很快,一个迟开盘的买入本来在开盘轮流开始时是入钱的,可能实际上会以一个比早先开盘买入时低的价格开盘,结果成了持平开盘。
在某些交易所,当一个系列开盘时,它不能马上进行贸易,直到开盘轮流结束时才可以。因为开盘轮流要占用时间,所以某个特定系列正常的贸易将被延迟相当一段时间。
因此总的来说,买卖特权交易所目前使用的开盘方法占用了一段不适当的时间,并导致相关系列之间价格的矛盾。
买卖特权交易所目前使用的开盘方法还存在其它问题,例如,公共订单中剩余失调分派给市场做成者的机制。市场做成者作为一个群体,有义务在开盘价上平衡公共订单的剩余失调。目前完成该目标的方法是round-robin分派方法,它将剩余合同分派给每个市场做成者。这种分派方法经常会导致不合需要的和低效的分配。例如,一个空头市场做成者可能希望是买卖特权合同的购买者,而另一个多头市场做成者可能想增长他的多头位置。每个市场做成者都有开盘时自己当前的位置和在开盘后自己的期望目标位置。在分配公共订单的剩余额时,目前方法未做满足这些期望的尝试。因为每个市场做成者都有唯一的期望,所以目前分派公共订单剩余额的round-robin方法不能改善每个市场做成者相对于他们期望位置来说的实际位置,甚至可能使情况更糟。
因此,买卖特权交易所的贸易需要一种开盘方法,它使得一个买卖特权市场能同时开盘,并能考虑到公共订单的供给与需求,以及考虑到在不同系列之间价格的一致。最期望的是,需要一种开盘方法能同时决定所有系列的开盘价格,其中所达到的开盘价格由下列项合理组成:(a)相对于隐含易变率来说在所有系列上都一致的开盘价格和(b)迎合公共订单供给和需求变化的开盘价格。进一步,开盘时需要一种分配方法,它在市场做成者中分派剩余公共订单的失调时,能优化每个市场做成者相对于期望位置来说的实际位置。
发明概述
本发明是一种用计算机实现的方法和系统,提供买卖特权交易所中贸易的自动同时开盘。如某一系列公共订单供给和需求的失调使开盘隐含易变率发生变化时,本发明对该变化有一定程度的适应性,同时提供给市场做成者最优的分派来抵销剩余失调。
这里所用的术语“开盘”也包括“重新开盘”。据此,本发明可应用于买卖特权交易所在贸易日中断贸易后的重新开盘贸易。当消费者在一个或多个买卖特权系列中请求买入市场时,即需求买入时,本发明还可方便贸易。
本发明决定每个买卖特权系列的开盘价,以便买卖特权交易所内的所有买卖特权系列能同时开盘。
本发明允许所有买卖特权系列都能同时以某一个价格开盘,该价格:
Ⅰ合理地与隐含易变率的单一值相符合(或在更一般的情形,与一个隐含易变率的连接集相符合,该集合对应于预先决定的隐含易变率关于敲定价的偏离关系);
Ⅱ优化了所有系列的贸易量(或加权贸易计量);和
Ⅲ使得买卖特权市场做成者能平衡每个系列公共订单中供给和需求的变动,它是在一个能为市场做成者提供动机的价格上进行的。
第一方面的特性(Ⅰ)避免了在开盘时隐含易变率的总体不一致性,但仍允许一定范围内市场需求的变动。第二方面的特性(Ⅱ)适合了交易所的总目的,即尽可能最大程度满足所有参与者的期望。
第三方面的特性(Ⅲ)对目前在开盘时将市场做成者分派到要求位置的方法作了改善。每个市场做成者开盘时都有自己的当前位置(用delta和gamma指定)和开盘后自己的期望目标位置(用delta和gamma指定)。期望目标位置可能依赖于在开盘时决定的隐含易变率的绝对值和相对值。这些当前位置和目标位置会影响市场做成者参与不同系列公共订单的失调纠正表现。因此,依据本发明的原理,公共订单的分派能在所有市场做成者中进行优化。
本发明分两个阶段进行。第一阶段,本发明先决定一个合理一致的隐含易变率集,它将最大化在开盘时所有系列上的加权贸易量。完成第一阶段后,一般在每个系列的公共订单上都会有剩余失调,它们在购买者和出售者之间不匹配。这些剩余失调需要通过分派相反位置给市场做成者来进行抵销。因此在第二阶段,本发明根据第一阶段的结论,将剩余公共订单分派给市场做成者,以便最小化每个市场做成者开盘后的期望目标位置和实际位置之间偏差的累计量。
在本发明的代表性实施例中,第一阶段可以用公式表示为一个优化问题。在一个极端,权利金的隐含易变率被决定,以便所有系列的隐含易变率绝对一致。在另一个极端,每个单独系列的权利金易变率被决定,以满足市场的供给和需求。本发明计算一个开盘隐含易变率的集合,它是两个极端的一个合理折衷。从这些隐含易变率的值可以决定每个买卖特权系列的对应价格。本发明还能使交易所(或其它实体)决定在这两个位置之间的折衷点。可替选的,该折衷点也可在开盘时通过一系列预定变量和/或在一定范围内需要的降低来从市场得到。
应该意识到,利用适当的计算机硬件和软件,所有系列的开盘易变率和价格基本上都能同时决定。
开盘价格和对应的易变率一旦用本发明决定后,就可输出给市场做成者(如需要也可输出给其它感兴趣的团体),用来帮助市场做成者决定他们开盘后的期望目标位置。
在本发明的代表性实施例中,第二阶段可以视作一个后继的优化问题,它最小化了市场做成者开盘后期望目标位置和实际位置之间偏差的累计量,同时受所有公共订单的失调都必须被抵销的约束。依据本发明,第二阶段问题可以作为一个具有线性等式约束的二次方程式整数编程问题来求解。
在第二阶段,每个市场做成者将自己开盘前的当前delta和gamma位置和开盘后期望的delta和gamma位置作为输入。(如果需要,其它的计量值如theta、rho和vega也可以作为目标变量。)公共订单可依据对第二阶段优化问题的解答来分派给市场做成者。
第一阶段和第二阶段是互相独立的,每一个都可以不依赖另一个而实施。例如,一个交易所可以仅实施第一阶段来决定每个买卖特权的开盘价格,而利用目前分派剩余合同的robin-robin方法将剩余公共订单的失调分派给每个市场做成者。可替选的,一个交易所也可以仅实施第二阶段,仍利用目前的开盘轮流程序来决定每个买卖特权的开盘价格,但利用本发明来将剩余公共订单的失调分派给市场做成者。通过扩展,本发明还可用来实现在周期性或事件驱动的买入市场组织中的贸易(后一种情况不应和购买权类型混淆)。
还应该意识到,本发明的原理可用在任何市场的开盘贸易,只要是在该市场能从一种基础证券得到多个值的多种证券。例如,本发明经改动可用于期货市场贸易的开盘。本发明经改动还可用于债券(用利率代替隐含易变率。)因此恰当地说,这里用到的术语“买卖特权”包括期货、债券和证券,它们都是从一种基础证券或参数得到它们的值的。
附图简述
图1是本发明整个系统的框图。
图2概述了本发明的输入和输出。
图3A和3B表示与例1相关的值。
图4A和4B表示例1中的权利金和round-robin分派方法误差图表。
图5A和5B表示与例2相关的值。
图6A和6B表示例2中的权利金和round-robin分派方法误差图表。
发明详述
参考附图,先看图1,这是一个依据本发明代表性实施例的总体结构框图。中央控制器2控制本发明的开盘和分派过程。与控制器2相连的是许多市场做成者终端4-10,它们可以向控制器2提供信息和从控制器2接收信息。与控制器2相连的还有一个或多个输入/输出设备12,交易所可以用该设备向控制器2提供信息,对控制器2的操作进行控制,和从控制器2接收信息。
关于公共订单的信息可以从订单输入系统14输入到控制器2。该订单输入系统14可包含通常的买卖特权订单输入终端,或举例来说可包含如PCT申请号PCT/US96/07265所述的订单输入终端,它是1996年4月26日提出申请,题目为“利用关于价格发现特性的满意度特征图的交叉网络”,它完整而清楚地被包括在本发明中作为参考。
在市场做成者终端4-10,市场做成者可输入他们的订单,他们的当前位置,即他们在第一阶段得到的位置,和他们的期望目标位置,即他们期望在开盘后所处的位置。当前位置和期望目标位置可以用deltas和gammas的形式输入。
在第一阶段,控制器2决定一个隐含易变率集合,它在开盘时会最大化所有买卖特权系列上抵销公共订单的加权量。
在决定了隐含易变率集合后,第二阶段中控制器2利用每个市场做成者的当前位置和期望目标位置,将任何剩余公共订单分派给每个市场做成者,以便最小化在分派后每个市场做成者的期望目标位置和实际位置之间偏差的累计量。
对于有大贸易量的交易所来说,控制器2最好选用能做数千兆浮点运算的计算机,例如以目前的技术而言可选用IBM的SP2计算机。存储设备3与控制器2相连。存储设备3可包含一数据库,用来存储从市场做成者接收到的信息和由控制器2处理得到的结果。从市场做成者接收的信息可以文件的形式接收,并以文件的形式存储在存储设备3中。
通常,交易所中的每个市场做成者都将访问某个市场做成者终端,例如4-10中的一个。市场做成者终端4-10可以是高能个人计算机或工作站或手提无绳输入终端。市场做成者终端4-10可与控制器2通信。例如,市场做成者终端可通过一局域网(LAN)或广域网(WAN),经由无绳通信协议或因特网与控制器2连接。每个市场做成者终端包括一个或多个输入/输出设备,输入订单、当前和期望位置,显示输出,例如开盘时的易变率和分派给市场做成者的公共订单。
依据本发明,控制器2解决了两个优化问题。出于解释的目的,本发明的操作可考虑分为两个阶段,每阶段涉及一个不同的优化问题。
图2概述了本发明每个阶段的输入和输出。在第一阶段,公共订单(102)经由订单输入系统14输入给控制器2,市场做成者订单(104)经由市场做成者终端(4-10)输入给控制器2。第一阶段的输出是每个系列的价格集(隐含易变率)(106)。所有发生在该价格的贸易被履行,通常在该阶段会有不匹配订单的剩余失调。在第二阶段,每个市场做成者经由市场做成者终端(4-10)输入自己的实际和期望位置(108)。本发明的输入可以是从每个市场做成者那来的两个deltas和gammas集合的形式。(可替选的,每个市场做成者可输入该信息作为在delta和gamma上期望的改变。)如果本发明没有进行第一阶段,剩余公共订单(110)也必须输入到控制器2,例如,可经由订单输入系统14。第二阶段的输出是将剩余公共订单分派给市场做成者(112)。
第一阶段优化
第一阶段决定一个合理一致的隐含易变率集合(它通常合并了隐含易变率关于敲定价的偏差),它在开盘时会最大化所有买卖特权系列上抵销公共订单的相互满意加权量。这里“合理一致”是指单个系列的隐含易变率的一些变动可用来调节公共订单的失调(即对于购买失调有一更高的隐含易变率和对于出售失调有一更低的隐含易变率)。
在一个极端,本发明允许每个系列独立开盘,利用单独依赖于每个系列供给和需求的价格要求,而不考虑任何导致隐含易变率的不一致。一种方法利用单独价格要求使每个系列独立开盘,它在PCT申请号PCT/US96/07265,1996年4月26日提出申请,题目是“利用关于价格发现特性的满意度特征图的交叉网络”中作了描述。利用该方法,控制器2将决定一开盘价格,它最大化基于公共供给和需求的相互满意加权量,即决定哪个隐含易变率会最大化在每个单独系列中的加权量。可替选的,如果不采用该方法,开盘价格将通过哪个会最大化贸易量来决定。
如果允许每个系列单独开盘,利用单独依赖于每个系列供给和需求的价格要求,将使市场做成者以对他们最有利的价格(即低买高卖)来抵销公共订单的失调,但可能导致各系列隐含易变率的很大差异和/或较低的贸易量。
在另一个极端,本发明坚持单个隐含易变率的绝对一致(或一个隐含易变率集,它满足易变率对于敲定价的规定偏差),而不考虑任何公共订单的相应失调。这将排除在单个系列中公共订单的价格差异,但可能需要市场做成者以对他们较不利的价格来抵销大量的买卖失调。
理想的情况,本发明能在这两个极端之间控制操作点,以便在这两冲突的期望间提供一个折衷解决。
为此,假设规定的隐含易变率偏差关系是已知的,以便对于任何给定的与特定敲定价相应的隐含易变率来说,所有其它敲定价的“适当”隐含易变率可被计算出来。这使得在该系列有一致预期的开盘隐含易变率,由此来测定公共订单引起的偏差。假定σ是表示这样一个一致的隐含易变率集的向量。在另一个极端,假定σ’是隐含易变率的另一向量,它最大化了每个单独系列各自的加权贸易量。假定λi是一参数,0≤λi≤1。对于第i个买卖特权系列,本发明将开盘时隐含易变率定义为一个σ的函数
σ i=(1-λi)σi+λiσi (1)
当参数λ从0到1变化时,它可使开盘时的隐含易变率,从最大化每个单独系列加权贸易量的一个极端向各个系列隐含易变率的强制一致的另一极端变化。
该参数可在所有系列上同样设定(例如由交易所设定),或在开盘时通过许多可能的变量从市场得到。例如,假定μ和ω分别是向量σ’的平均和标准误差。那么可用下式给出λi (2)
其中tanh(x)是双曲正切函数。随着σi’大大偏离μ,该式中的λi将趋于0,于是式(1)的结果为将第ⅰ个买卖特权系列的开盘隐含易变率“推向”σi’,当后一变量是单独系列隐含易变率集合的边界时。(式(2)中的参数‘a’控制λi在0-1之间的变化率,λi是其余部分的一个函数。)
最后一步决定式(1)中的(坐标)值σj,相应的值δi最大化所有买卖特权系列的总加权贸易量。对于这些特定的易变率值,每个系列的对应价格也就被决定,且高于或低于该价格的两个最近的贸易增量被确定。在公共订单中,如果在两个价格增量中存在相应的购买者剩余失调,则控制器2将开盘价格设定为两个中高的那一个,反之亦然,对于两个价格上出售失调的情况是一样的。如果在两个价格增量之间失调从买者向卖者转换,控制器2把在那个系列上获利的较高相互满意加权量选择作为开盘价格。(在不合理情况下,在任何系列上不存在公共购买(出售)订单可用来建立开盘价格,本发明可选择刚好比所有系列上最小(最大)隐含易变率低(高)的代表价格,它们对应于所有限定出售(购买)订单的统一满意值。)
另一种选择λi方法的目的是,在抵销公共订单失调处理过程中最大化市场做成者的潜在利润,它可能允许与一致的隐含易变率集有一定限度的偏差。控制器2在可能的开盘隐含易变率集范围内决定每个一致的隐含易变率集σ。对于在该集合中的每个σj,控制器2决定该系列相应公共订单失调的边界(买或卖)。对于购买失调,控制器2给价格Pj一个价格增量,它对应于σj,并在每个价格Pj+k上计算剩余购买失调与价格偏差(Pj+k-Pj)的乘积,该乘积表示市场做成者在价格Pj+k卖出和在价格Pj解开他们的空头位置时的潜在利润。对于出售失调也是类似的程序,逐步下调价格。在每个系列,控制器2找出潜在利润会最大的那个价格,它可能在交易所指定的允许与Pj有最大偏差的范围内。然后控制器2由以上程序选取开盘价格集,最大化所有系列上的加权贸易量。于是与这些价格对应的δi值可计算得到。
一旦δi值由上面的一个程序决定,它们将替代下面等式(3)-(10)中的变元σ。对交易所的买卖特权,这些开盘易变率可在将公共订单失调分派给市场做成者的第二阶段优化之前,输出给市场做成者(或其他感兴趣者)。这将给市场做成者更多的信息来决定他们的delta和gamma值,详述如下。
第二阶段优化
上一步之后,通常在每个系列的公共订单上会有剩余失调,它们在买者和卖者之间不匹配。依据交易所规则,这些公共订单的剩余失调必须通过分派相反位置给市场做成者来抵销。
开盘时市场做成者的分派问题可用公式表示为一个优化问题,即最小化市场做成者在开盘后的期望目标位置和实际位置之间偏差的累计量,受该系列上所有公共订单的失调都必须抵销的约束。为此,定义以下变量:
N 在一个基础证券上买卖特权系列的数目(购买权和出售权合并)
K 在一个买卖特权类上市场做成者的数目
Di (σ)以隐含易变率σ(对更多的购买者为正整数,对更多的出售者为负整数)表示系列i的公共订单的失调规模(用合同数目)
xj (σ)以隐含易变率σ表示开盘前第j个市场做成者的delta位置
以隐含易变率σ表示开盘后第j个市场做成者期望的delta位置
yj (σ)以隐含易变率σ表示开盘前第j个市场做成者的gamma位置
Δi(σ)以隐含易变率σ表示第i系列的delta值
Γi(σ)以隐含易变率σ表示第i系列的gamma值
对于第i系列,假定第j个市场做成者在开始分派时以mij个合同改变他的位置(如果买则为正,如果卖则为负)。他的delta位置改变可由下式给出
δij=100mij·Δi(σ i), (3)
相应gamma位置的改变为
γij=100mij·Γi(σ i) (4)
于是所有系列上第j个市场做成者delta位置的净余改变为 (5)
所有系列上第j个市场做成者gamma位置的相应改变为 (6)
假定 (7)
是第j个市场做成者在开盘后期望delta位置和他实际位置之间的“误差”,则他要在每个系列上分别以mij改变他的位置。类似地,假定 (8)
是第j个市场做成者在开盘后期望gamma位置和他实际位置之间的“误差”,则他要在每个系列上分别以mij改变他的位置。
假定有K个市场做成者,市场做成者分派问题就是找到mij值(i=1,...N;j=1,...,K),以便最小化所有市场做成者的平方和误差 (9)
它受下面的约束 (10)
该约束反映了在每个系列中公共订单失调刚好被市场做成者抵销的要求。本发明可直接改变参数来扩展式(9)中的目标变量,可包括其它与买卖特权有关的希腊字母参数(例如,theta,rho,vega),也可扩展式(10)为包括市场做成者指定的资金交托上的不等式约束。
依据本发明,第二阶段优化问题就是含线性等式约束的二次方程式整数编程问题。为了以矩阵方式重写式子(7)-(10),我们定义 (11) (12)
Δ=[Δ1(
σ1)...ΔN(
σN)]T (13)
Γ=[Γ1(
σ1)...ΓN(
σN)]T (14)
ζ=[
x1-x1...
xk-xk]T (15)
ξ=[
y1-y1...
yk-yk]T (16)
D=[D1(
σ1)...DN(
σN)]T (17)
式子(7)和(8)可以矩阵表示重写为
εΔ=ζ-100(ΔTM)T(18)
εΓ=ξ-100(ΓTM)T(19)
由式子(9)和(10),优化问题变为找出最小值 (20)
它下面的约束
MlK=-D, (21)
其中lk表示K维列向量,它的所有元素项是相同的。利用向量拉格朗日乘数λ,将约束式(21)与对象函数(20)相连,然后对该表达式在Mk(M的行)和λ趋于0时求偏导数,得到关于最优M的下式: (22) (23)
用向量lk r左乘(22)并利用(23),可以得到 (24)
将该式的λ值代入(22)中可导出下面关于M的矩阵方程
XTM=YT, (25)
其中
X=ΔΔT+ΓΓT, (26) (27)
注意到XT和YT都是二阶矩阵,它们的列是向量Δ和Γ的线性组合。因此XT和由此推出的矩阵[XT:YT]具有相同的阶数(=2),式(25)的解存在。
该解可以下面形式表示为
M=
M+V, (28)
其中
是一个二阶矩阵,它的列是向量Δ和Γ的线性组合,V也是一个矩阵,它的列与Δ和Γ正交。因此M可写为
M=[Δ_Γ]A,(29)
其中A是一个2×K矩阵,它代表Δ和Γ的线性组合的系数,包含于矩阵M的列中。从(26)和(29)我们可以得到
XT
M=(ΔΔT+ΓΓT)[Δ_Γ]A
=[|Δ|2Δ+(ΔTΓ)Γ_(ΔTΓ)Δ+|Γ|2Γ]A
=[(Aij|Δ|2+A2jΔTΓ)Δ+(A1jΔTΓ+A2j|Γ|2)Γ](30)
上式中括弧内的项表示一个N×K矩阵的第j列。利用(25),并使(27)和(30)中Δ和Γ的系数相等,我们得到 (31)
A=B-1Z (32)
其中 (33)
从(23)和(28),我们得到
(
M+V)lk=-D (35)
如上所示,经过一些代数运算可得出
Mlk=CD, (36)
其中C是一个N×N的二阶矩阵,由下式给出 (37)
因此,从(35)和(36),我们有下面关于V的约束方程:
Vlk=-(IN+C)D. (38)
其中IN是N维全同矩阵,而在V的定义中隐含下面的正交约束:
ΔTV=0,
ΓTV=0. (39)
它受(38)和(39)的约束。再次利用拉格朗日乘数技术,可以得到下面满足优化的方程组: (41)
其中θ’与Δ和Γ正交。
用lk右乘并利用第二个方程式可得出 (43)
因此 (44)
从(18)、(19)、和(43),理想误差为 (46)
注意到这些表达式的下列含义:A)理想误差对于每个市场做成者来说是一样的,因为误差向量是一个常数乘以单位向量;和B)所有市场做成者理想误差量的总和表示市场做成者期望改变的所有delta(gamma)的总和与所有买卖特权系列上公共订单失调指示的所有delta(gamma)的总和。因此有可能(尽管可能较小)误差会减少到0,如果合计的市场做成者期望刚好抵销了公共订单中合计的delta(gamma)失调。
通常,该优化解不会产生矩阵
元素项的整数值,完成优化过程还要在NK-维空间找出最接近的整数点,该空间处在一个由式子(21)指定的多个N维线性矩阵的交集所定义的子空间中,从而得到如(20)所示的最小方差。胜于利用该彻底的或异乎寻常的查找方法来求解这个相对非实质性的问题,控制器2通过考虑约束方程(21)的特性,可以找到近似最优整数点解,它要求 (47)也就是,矩阵M第i行的和必须等于整数值
通过四舍五入矩阵
的第j行元素项Mj到它们最接近的整数值,可以得到产生近乎最优解的简单程序,然后视需要对四舍五入后的行元素作加一或减一的调整,以便与(44)相适应。举例来说,如果四舍五入后第i行的行和是
那么对于r>=1的情况,控制器2用舍入时加上的最小部分来确定r行的元素项,然后把它们减下来。对于r<=-1的情况,控制器2执行相反的程序,用舍入时减下的最大部分来加到r行元素项上。这里假定,至多有相对于一个给定系列的最优合同数±1的改变将分派给任何市场做成者。
实例
将公共订单失调分派给市场做成者时,为了举例说明优化分派方法和round-robin分派方法的相对性能,我们考虑下面的例子。假定有10个买卖特权系列,30个市场做成者。10个系列开盘时的Δ、Γ和D值由下列向量给出:
并假定这30个市场做成者的ζ和ξ值如图3A和3B中的图表所示。
用优化分派和round-robin分派时关于ζ和ξ的误差分别如图4A和4B所示。
对于优化分派,每个市场做成者在ζ上的均方根(rms)误差是721,而对于round-robin分派则为4529。每个市场做成者在ξ上的相应rms误差分别是135和544。
并假定这30个市场做成者的ζ和ξ值分别如图5A和5B中的图表所示。用优化分派和round-robin分派时关于ζ和ξ的误差分别如图6A和6B所示。对于优化分派,每个市场做成者在ζ上的rms误差是74,而对于round-robin分派则为5514。每个市场做成者在ξ上的相应rms误差分别是158和527。
这些例子说明,相对于目前技术的round-robin方法,利用本发明的优化分派方法,在市场做成者的均方根目标误差上有较大改善。
本发明代表实施例中的控制器2,可以用一逻辑电路或包含已编码计算指令,如计算机程序的计算机存储器来实现。逻辑电路或计算机存储器的具体功能已在前面作了详细描述。
通常,本发明具有实际应用,它使买卖特权市场基本上同时开盘,它能高效地将剩余公共订单分派给市场做成者。应该意识到,由本发明提出的解决方法不能由个人来人工完成。依据本发明,可以从许多市场做成者终端(可位于许多不同的位置)接收输入,该输入可以电子形式传送并存储在中央单元用于处理。没有人能够实现所需要的通信、计算和优化等过程,以便同时决定许多买卖特权系列中每个的隐含易变率,并高效地分派剩余公共订单。
Claims (36)
1一个用于买卖特权开盘贸易的基于计算机的系统,包含:
大量输入设备,用来从大量市场做成者中的每个接收买卖特权系列的当前位置、期望目标位置和市场做成者订单;
一个订单输入系统,用来接收买卖特权系列的公共订单;和
一个控制器,它与大量输入设备和订单输入系统相连,该控制器包含
(a)决定每个买卖特权系列价格集的装置,它将最大化所有买卖特权系列在开盘时的加权贸易量,
(b)履行所有在该价格集上发生的订单的装置,
(c)决定未履行公共订单剩余失调的装置,和
(d)用于分派的部件,它利用大量市场做成者中每个的当前位置和期望目标位置,将来履行公共订单的剩余失调分派给大量市场做成者中的每个,以便最小化每个市场做成者的期望目标位置和当前位置之间偏差的累计量。
2权利要求1的系统,其中的价格集包含一个隐含的易变率集。
3权利要求1的系统,其中每个买卖特权系列的价格集是同时被决定的。
4权利要求1的系统还包含大量输出设备,它们与控制器相连,并将价格集输出给大量的市场做成者。
5权利要求1的系统,其中决定价格集的装置还包含决定每个系列开盘易变率集的装置,依据一个预定参数,它是在每个系列上价格一致性和每个系列上公共订单需求之间的一个合理折衷。
6权利要求5的系统,其中的参数由买卖特权交易所设定。
7权利要求5的系统,其中的参数是在开盘时的空闲时间内决定的。
8权利要求1的系统,其中大量市场做成者中每个的当前位置将作为delta量和gamma量输入。
9权利要求1的系统,其中大量市场做成者中每个的期望目标位置将作为delta量和gamma量输入。
10一个用来决定大量买卖特权系列开盘价格集的基于计算机的系统,包含:
大量输入设备,用来从大量市场做成者中的每个接收买卖特权系列的订单;
一个订单输入系统,用来接收买卖特权系列的公共订单;和
一个控制器,它与大量输入设备和订单输入系统相连,利用市场做成者订单和公共订单来决定每个买卖特权系列的价格集,这将最大化开盘时所有买卖特权系列的加权贸易量。
11权利要求10的系统,其中的控制器还包含履行在已定价格集上产生的所有公共订单和市场做成者订单的装置。
12权利要求10的系统,其中每个买卖特权系列的价格集是同时被决定的。
13权利要求10的系统还包含大量输出设备,它们与控制器相连,并将价格集输出给大量的市场做成者。
14权利要求10的系统,其中决定价格集的装置还包含决定每个系列开盘易变率集的装置,依据一个预定参数,它是在每个系列上价格一致性和每个系列上公共订单需求之间的一个合理折衷。
15权利要求14的系统,其中的参数由买卖特权交易所设定。
16权利要求14的系统,其中的参数是在开盘时的空闲时间内决定的。
17一个基于计算机的系统,用来在开盘贸易时分派买卖特权中公共订单的失调,包含:
存储器,用来存储代表每个买卖特权系列中公共订单剩余失调的大量订单,它们与上述买卖特权系列相应的开盘价不匹配;
大量输入设备,用来从大量市场做成者中的每个接收当前位置、期望目标位置;和
一个控制器,它与存储器和大量输入设备相连,利用大量市场做成者中每个的当前位置和期望目标位置,将剩余失调的每个公共订单分派给大量市场做成者中的每个,以便最小化每个市场做成者的期望目标位置和当前位置之间偏差的累计量。
18权利要求17的系统,其中大量市场做成者中每个的当前位置将作为delta量和gamma量输入。
19权利要求17的系统,其中大量市场做成者中每个的期望目标位置将作为delta量和gamma量输入。
20一种计算机实现的方法,用于大量市场做成者的买卖特权开盘贸易,包含:
从大量市场做成者中的每个接收买卖特权系列的当前位置、期望目标位置和市场做成者订单;
接收买卖特权系列的公共订单;和
决定每个买卖特权系列的价格集,以便最大化在开盘时所有系列的加权贸易量;
履行所有在上一步决定的价格集上可发生的订单;
如果有未履行公共订单的剩余失调,则将未履行公共订单的剩余失调分派给大量市场做成者中的每个,以便最小化每个市场做成者的期望目标位置和当前位置之间偏差的累计量。
21权利要求20的方法,其中的价格集包含一个隐含的易变率集。
22权利要求20的方法,其中每个买卖特权系列的价格集是同时被决定的。
23权利要求20的方法还包含输出已决定价格集的步骤。
24权利要求20的方法,其中决定价格集的步骤还包含决定每个系列开盘易变率集的步骤,依据一折衷参数,它是在每个系列上价格一致性和每个系列上公共订单需求之间的一个合理折衷。
25权利要求20的方法还包含买卖特权交易所预先设定折衷参数的步骤。
26权利要求20的方法还包含在开盘时的空闲时间决定折衷参数的方法。
27权利要求20的方法,其中从大量市场做成者中的每个接收当前位置的步骤还包含从大量市场做成者中的每个接收与当前位置对应的delta量和gamma量。
28权利要求20的方法,其中从大量市场做成者中的每个接收期望目标位置的步骤还包含从大量市场做成者中的每个接收与期望目标位置对应的delta量和gamma量。
29一种计算机实现的方法,用来决定发生贸易的大量买卖特权系列的开盘价格集,包含:
从大量市场做成者接收买卖特权系列的订单;
接收买卖特权系列的公共订单;和
决定每个买卖特权系列的价格集,其中的价格集将最大化值开盘时所有买卖特权系列上的加权贸易量。
30权利要求29的方法还包含在已定价格集上履行所有可能的公共订单和市场做成者订单的步骤。
31权利要求29的方法,其中决定每个买卖特权系列价格集的步骤还包含同时决定每个买卖特权系列价格集的步骤。
32权利要求29的方法,其中决定每个买卖特权系列价格集的步骤还包含以下步骤:
提供一个参数;和
决定每个系列的开盘易变率集,依据上面的参数,它是在每个系列上价格一致性和每个系列上公共订单需求之间的一个合理折衷。
33一种计算机实现的方法,用来在买卖特权开盘贸易时分派公共订单的失调,包含:
提供代表每个买卖特权系列中公共订单剩余失调的大量订单,它们与上述买卖特权系列相应的开盘价不匹配;
从大量市场做成者中的每个接收当前位置和期望目标位置;以及
自动将处在剩余失调的每份公共订单分派给大量市场做成者中的每个,以便最小化每个市场做成者的期望目标位置和当前位置之间偏差的累计量。
34权利要求33的方法,从大量市场做成者中的每个接收当前位置的步骤还包含从大量市场做成者中的每个接收与当前位置对应的delta量和gamma量。
35权利要求33的方法,其中从大量市场做成者中的每个接收期望目标位置的步骤还包含从大量市场做成者中的每个接收与期望目标位置对应的delta量和gamma量。
36一种用于买卖特权开盘贸易的计算机实现方法,包含:
从大量市场做成者中的每个接收买卖特权系列的当前位置、期望目标位置和市场做成者订单;
接收买卖特权系列的公共订单;和
同时决定每个买卖特权系列的开盘价格集;
履行所有在上一步决定的价格集上可能的公共订单和市场做成者订单;
如果有未履行公共订单的剩余失调,则在考虑了每个市场做成者的期望目标位置和当前位置后,将未履行公共订单的剩余失调优化地分派给大量市场做成者中的每个。
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US9727916B1 (en) | 1999-12-30 | 2017-08-08 | Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated | Automated trading exchange system having integrated quote risk monitoring and integrated quote modification services |
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CN104574186B (zh) * | 2000-10-06 | 2018-05-08 | 贸易技术国际公司 | 通过显示市场深度和价格的交易 |
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AU733287B2 (en) | 2001-05-10 |
WO1998012659A1 (en) | 1998-03-26 |
PE96598A1 (es) | 1999-01-18 |
CA2264758A1 (en) | 1998-03-26 |
BR9711490A (pt) | 1999-08-24 |
TW349201B (en) | 1999-01-01 |
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