CN1227889A - 冷却建筑物屋顶下部空间中的空气的方法 - Google Patents

冷却建筑物屋顶下部空间中的空气的方法 Download PDF

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CN1227889A
CN1227889A CN99100334A CN99100334A CN1227889A CN 1227889 A CN1227889 A CN 1227889A CN 99100334 A CN99100334 A CN 99100334A CN 99100334 A CN99100334 A CN 99100334A CN 1227889 A CN1227889 A CN 1227889A
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鲁道夫·斯特凡
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    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
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    • C04B22/02—Elements
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
    • C04B40/0028—Aspects relating to the mixing step of the mortar preparation
    • C04B40/0039—Premixtures of ingredients
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
    • C04B41/50—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials
    • C04B41/502—Water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/60—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only artificial stone
    • C04B41/61—Coating or impregnation
    • C04B41/65—Coating or impregnation with inorganic materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
    • F24F5/0007—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater cooling apparatus specially adapted for use in air-conditioning
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
    • F24F5/0007—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater cooling apparatus specially adapted for use in air-conditioning
    • F24F5/0035—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater cooling apparatus specially adapted for use in air-conditioning using evaporation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
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    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
    • C04B2111/00586—Roofing materials
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    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/54—Free-cooling systems

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Abstract

一种冷却建筑物屋顶下部空间中的空气的方法，包括如下步骤：将水、水泥、铝粉以及选自于由沙子、砾石和类似物组成的群组中的一种材料混合成调匀的混合物；将所述调匀的混合物铺开在所述屋顶上以形成一个多孔的混凝土均匀层；使该层干燥，以及用水浸湿该层。

Description

冷却建筑物屋顶下部空间中的空气的方法
本发明涉及冷却建筑物屋顶下部空间中的空气的方法，所述屋顶是平坦的并且是由非绝热材料组成。
在我们星球的较热区域，尤其是赤道和热带地区，必须显著地降低建筑物内部空间的温度，以使人们即使在一天最热的时间中也能够在建筑物中生活和工作。
有许多种能用于此种目的的空气调节器，但是，它们需要大量的能量，通常是电能，以维持它们全天的运行。
当我们考虑到在世界上的某些地区全年温度都非常高时，是不难想象为了对所有建筑物提供空气调节而带来的巨大能量费用。
也应强调的是，使用上述的空气调节器导致了不应被低估的生态问题。按照它们那样使用大量的电能，无论如何，它们间接地产生了大量的有害物质，并且大大地提高了进入大气的二氧化碳排放物的含量。
因此，本发明的问题是提供一种能解决上述问题的新方法。
根据本发明，通过采用一种冷却建筑物屋顶下部空间中的空气的方法来解决该问题，所述屋顶是平坦的并且是由非绝热材料组成，该方法特征在于它包括如下步骤：
a)将水、水泥、铝粉以及选自于由沙子、砾石和类似物组成的群组中的一种材料混合成调匀的混合物；
b)将所述调匀的混合物铺开在所述屋顶上以形成一个均匀的多孔混凝土层；
c)使所述均匀的多孔混凝土层干燥；以及
d)用水浸湿所述层。
根据本发明的方法采用这种原理，即，液体从它所位于的表面上吸收必要的能量(蒸发热含量)以变成气体状态，从而使该表面冷却。在这种情况下，如果所述表面是一个建筑物的屋顶，该作用足以显著地降低屋顶下部空间的温度，使它们适合居住，而不需要昂贵的空气调节装置。
上述目的的实现不会危及建筑物屋顶覆盖层的强度，因为通过本发明的方法获得的多孔混凝土层具有足够的强度和硬度，即使在厚度只有3cm时，它也能够顺利地承受因为维修或其它原因需要爬上屋顶的任何人的重量。
采用根据本发明的方法，用能够吸收水的均匀的多孔层覆盖非绝热屋顶(由混凝土、钢筋混凝土或类似物组成)是可能的。以与海绵相同的方式，该多孔层随后以一个慢的恒定速度逸出水，以便屋顶被冷却很长时间。在实际中，房屋被建成相当于一个吸热式的冷却装置。由于太阳的辐射使得水从湿混凝土层蒸发，从而实现冷却目的。
覆盖屋顶的均匀混凝土层通过在初始混合物中加入金属铝粉而产生一个起泡反应来形成很多的孔。
根据本发明的方法可以适用于具有非绝热材料平坦屋顶的任何类型的建筑物，并且可用于冷却作为住房、办公室、商店、仓库、医院、学校、宾馆和类似物的建筑物。
根据本发明的方法特别适用于一或二层建筑物的冷却。但是，如果必要的话，它也可以与现有冷却技术结合用于包括二层以上的建筑物。
采用根据本发明的方法，以仅由水的消耗量决定的较低费用来调节建筑物内部空间的空气是可能的；当与采用现有空气调节装置的费用相比，本发明方法的费用是微不足道的。
而且使用根据本发明的方法对于环境也是十分有益的：它不产生任何类型的有毒物质或污染物，并将进入大气的二氧化碳的排放量降低到零。
在本发明的一个特别优选实施例中，水泥和铝粉按照从10∶1到20∶1范围内的重量比混合在一起。屋顶最好覆盖厚度在3到6cm之间的多孔混凝土层。
一旦多孔的混凝土层完全变干后，通过定期地喷洒水使它被水浸湿。
在另一方面，本发明涉及一种由水泥和铝粉按照20∶1到10∶1范围内的重量比组成的预先制备的混合物，以及使用这种预先制备的混合物来实现上述方法。
再在另一方面，本发明涉及使用铝粉制造多孔的混凝土。这种铝粉相对于水泥最好按照1∶10到1∶20范围内的重量比使用。
为了更清楚地解释本发明，通过一个非限定性的实例对本发明的一个优选实施例进行描述。
800公斤(Kg)硅酸盐水泥、54公斤(Kg)铝粉和7.2吨(t)沙子与水混合并被搅拌，直到获得一种具有与现有混凝土相同稠度的调匀混合物。
在混合的过程中，可以观察到混合物起泡。
然后将混合物浇筑在一个8×10m的单层楼房子的平坦钢筋混凝土屋顶上，以形成一个约3.5cm厚的均匀层。一旦它完全干后，多孔的混凝土层被喷洒水两次，在两次之间有3小时的间隔，每次喷洒50升水。
按照这种方式，在多孔混凝土层的温度被测定为60-63℃时，可将房子内部保持在24-26℃的恒定温度。
采用现有技术的冷却装置来实现上述结果，必须装备四个电力冷却装置，每个消耗3kWh；这些电力装置必须保持每天工作6小时。
下面是一个简单的计算，它显示了采用根据本发明的方法来冷却建筑物的内部与普通电力空气调节装置相比所取得的显著费用节约。
采用现有技术冷却的每年费用：
每年的电力消耗：
3kW×6小时×4个装置×365天=26280kW
1kW的费用：                0.20DM
总计：                     5256.00DM
采用本发明的方法冷却的每年费用：
每年水消耗量：0.1m3×365天=36.5m3
1m3水的费用：             2.00DM
总计：                     73.00DM
以上数字清楚表明，使用根据本发明的方法的相关费用大约是使用现有技术的空气调节装置的相关费用的七分之一，而且上述结果是以对环境完全有益的方式获得的，没有有毒的物质或污染物排入大气，并且二氧化碳的排放量为零。

Claims (8)

1．一种冷却建筑物屋顶下部空间中的空气的方法，所述屋顶是平坦的并且是由非绝热材料组成，该方法包括如下步骤：
a)将水、水泥、铝粉以及选自于由沙子、砾石和类似物组成的群组中的一种材料混合成调匀的混合物；
b)将所述调匀的混合物铺开在所述屋顶上以形成一个均匀的多孔混凝土层；
c)使所述层干燥；以及
d)用水浸湿所述均匀的多孔混凝土层。
2．如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述水泥和所述铝粉按照从10∶1到20∶1范围内的重量比混合在一起。
3．如权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述均匀的多孔混凝土层在3到6cm之间。
4．如前面任一项权利要求所述的方法，其特征在于，所述浸湿通过以预定的间隔喷洒水来实现。
5．一种预先制备的混合物，它由水泥和铝粉按照从10∶1到20∶1范围内的重量比组成。
6．使用如权利要求5所述的预先制备的混合物来实现如权利要求1至4所述的方法。
7．使用铝粉来制造多孔的混凝土。
8．使用如权利要求7所述的铝粉，其中，铝粉相对于水泥按照从1∶10到1∶20范围内的重量比来使用。
CN99100334A 1998-01-26 1999-01-26 冷却建筑物屋顶下部空间中的空气的方法 Expired - Fee Related CN1108488C (zh)

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EP98830033A EP0931775B1 (en) 1998-01-26 1998-01-26 Method for cooling air in the under-roof spaces of buildings
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CN1108488C (zh) 2003-05-14
EG21489A (en) 2001-11-28
EP0931775B1 (en) 2001-07-11
TW467990B (en) 2001-12-11
DE69801095T2 (de) 2002-01-24
BR9900142A (pt) 2001-03-20
GR3036831T3 (en) 2002-01-31
AR014489A1 (es) 2001-02-28
EP0931775A1 (en) 1999-07-28
TR199802393A2 (xx) 1999-08-23
ZA99428B (en) 1999-07-21
PT931775E (pt) 2001-10-31
AU1321499A (en) 1999-08-12
SA99200119B1 (ar) 2006-03-08
IL126965A0 (en) 1999-09-22
DE69801095D1 (de) 2001-08-16
CN1480607A (zh) 2004-03-10
ATE203005T1 (de) 2001-07-15
TR199802393A3 (tr) 1999-08-23
AU761232B2 (en) 2003-05-29
IL126965A (en) 2005-12-18
ES2161513T3 (es) 2001-12-01
US6367275B1 (en) 2002-04-09

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