CN1226312A - 以可变流量从空气生产气体的方法及设备 - Google Patents

以可变流量从空气生产气体的方法及设备 Download PDF

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CN1226312A
CN1226312A CN97196742A CN97196742A CN1226312A CN 1226312 A CN1226312 A CN 1226312A CN 97196742 A CN97196742 A CN 97196742A CN 97196742 A CN97196742 A CN 97196742A CN 1226312 A CN1226312 A CN 1226312A
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CN1145004C (zh
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贝纳德·达雷多
阿兰·吉亚尔德
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Abstract

该设备用于制造一定压力的氧气,它一方面包括一个触发器,例如液氧/液态空气触发器,用来满足相对长期的需求峰值和短期的、幅度小的需求峰值,另一方面包括一个将氧气压缩到高于生产压力的回路(13,30),该回路通向一个辅助容器(15),该辅助容器用来至少部分满足短期且幅度大的需求峰值。

Description

以可变流量从空气生产气体的方法及设备
本发明涉及一种在权利要求1前序部分中描述的通过空气蒸馏生产气体、尤其是氧气的方法。
本发明尤其用于在一定压力下以可变流量生产氧气。
在这里，压力是指绝对压力，流量是体积摩尔流量。
申请人的专利EP-A-0422974中描述了一种称为“触发型方法”的方法，用于以可变流量生产气态氧气。提及的第二种流体是待蒸馏空气，它可以可变流量被冷凝。
在该已知方法中，很容易看出，为使蒸馏器里供给流量与排放流量保持稳定，必须使空气流量沿着与氧气需求量变化相同的方向变化。如果氧气在一定压力下产生，使空气冷凝，再蒸发液氧，则空气需靠一附加升压泵增加压力，当氧气需求量改变时，必须同时显著改变加压的流量与经主压缩机压缩的流量。
因此，在该已知方法里，压缩机、可能还有升压泵，相对于要生产的额定氧气流量，尺寸上要留有显著的余量。另外，在它们运行的大部分时间里，通过的流量与其能力相比要小得多，效率也相应降低。
还有人提出把待生产的气态气体储存在高于生产压力的辅助容器或“缓冲器”里。然而，这种方法不能令人满意，因为它需要一个很大的缓冲器来储存，以满足持续时间长的需求峰值。而且，以缓冲器的压力生产所有的气体的耗能量大。
本发明的目的在于可在特别有效和经济的条件下以可变流量由空气生产气体。
为此，本发明的主题是前面所述的方法，其特征即权利要求1的特征部分。
该方法可包括权利要求2至11中的一项或若干项特征。
本发明还涉及实施该方法的一种设备。这种设备在权利要求12中描述。
该设备可包括权利要求13至16中的一项或若干项特征。
下面参照附图描述本发明的一个实施例。附图中：
-图1简略地示出了根据本发明在一定压力下以可变流量生成氧气的一种设备。
-图2为热交换曲线图，示出了在生产压力下液氧的蒸发。
-图3和图4简略示出了该设备的两种变型。
图1示出的设备主要包括一可变流量的空气主压缩机1、例如动叶片离心式压气机，吸附式净化器2，热交换器3，冷却涡轮4，空气蒸馏器5、本身由一双柱构成并包括一个中压柱6和它上面的低压柱7及蒸发器-冷凝器8，液氧储存罐10，液化空气储存罐11，两个泵12、13，升压机14，以及辅助容器或缓冲器15。该设备可在约15巴的压力下，经由生产管道16，制造出可变流量的气态氧气。
为描述该设备的运行，首先假定生产管道16里的气态氧需求量一定，且等于额定生产量，即约为压缩机1压缩的额定空气流量的20％。
需处理的额定流量的空气，被压缩机1压缩到6巴，又在空气冷却器或水冷却器17里冷却到室温，经过净化器2的净化，然后分为两支，每支的流量均恒定。
第一支流在热交换器3的通道19内被冷却；一部分气流离开热交换器，经过部分冷却，在涡轮4里减压至1巴，再经过管道20流进低压柱7里，温度已接近其露点；其余气流在6巴的压力下继续冷却，直至快接近其露点，然后经过管道21进入中压柱6底部。
第二支流在升压泵14里，压力增至后面确定的冷凝高压，又在热交换器的通道22里被冷却、液化，在减压阀23里降压至6巴后，以液态储存在储存罐11里。恒定流量的液化空气由储存罐的底部排出并分为两支。第一支压力为6巴，经过管线24送往中压柱，第二支在减压阀25里降压至1巴后，注入低压柱7。
蒸发器-冷凝器8通过冷凝大约相等流量的中压柱6顶部的氮气，使恒定流量的液氧在低压柱7内被汽化。“富裕流体”(富氧空气)从中压柱流出，经过减压阀26降压至1巴后，注入低压柱的中间高度；“贫乏流体”(几乎为纯氮气)从中压柱6顶部流出，经过减压阀27降压至1巴后，流进低压柱顶部。
恒定流量的液氧，大约为入口空气流量的20％，经过管道28，进入储存罐10。相同恒定流量的液氧从该储存罐底部流出，分成恒定流量的两支：
-第一支流较大，例如占整个流量的80％，在泵12里被压缩至15巴，然后在热交换器的通道29里被汽化，进入生产管道16；
-第二支流在泵30里被压缩到一个很高的压力，例如30巴，然后在热交换器的通道30里被汽化，进入生产管道15。
容器15通过安装有膨胀与流量调节阀34的管道33与生产管道16相连，和前述的第二支流的流量相等的恒定流量在阀34里膨胀后，从容器15送入生产管道16。
此外，从低压柱顶部流出的恒定流量的不纯氮气在热交换器的通道31里被加热，作为废气经管道32排出。
该设备包括一台升压机14，用于使过度压缩的空气经过热交换器的通道22被冷凝后，可同时使氧气在15巴和30巴的压力下汽化。
为此，过度压缩空气时所需的压力被作为在15巴的气压下氧气汽化时的“伴随”压力。该压力是这样一种压力，空气液化曲线的弯曲处G靠近15巴下氧气汽化曲线的平直区段P，如图2所示，在该图上，纵坐标表示热交换量Q，横坐标代表温度t。
在该压力下，所述弯曲G所处温度低于30巴下氧气汽化时曲线的平直区段P′，也如图2曲线图中所示，但根据文献FR-A-2674011，如果设备同时排出一种液体产品(在该例中为液氧或液氮)，这种情况完全可能发生。
在图2中，点A代表涡轮4的入口温度，选择该温度以便在热交换器的热端可获得约几度的最小温差。
作为例子，过度压缩空气可有约40巴的压力。
所有通往双柱5及从其中引出的管道都装有确保恒定流量的装置(图中未示出)。因此，当气态氧气的需求量变化时，所述双柱无需调节。另外，在30巴压力下，氧气汽化流量仍保持恒定。
当氧气需求量增加时，有下述几种情况：
(1)如果需求峰值限制在预定的范围内，比如约为额定流量的120％，借助泵12，从储存罐10可流出相应的液氧附加流量，即增加泵12的泵速，通过管道22里被升压机14过度压缩的空气的冷凝，在管道29的生产压力下将其汽化。
这符合液氧/液态空气触发方法的常规操作：液氧液位在储存罐10里降低，而在储存罐11里则升高。
(2)如果需求峰值的范围高于所述预定值，需区别以下两种情况：
(a)如果需求峰值持续时间短，高于前面所述的预定值的必需的附加氧气流量，从容器15流出，通过增加阀门34的打开度，在阀门34中膨胀后被送至生产管道16。
比如，对160％额定流量的需求峰值，20％的额外流量由泵12供给，剩余的40％由容器15供给。
(b)但是，当附加的流量从容器15流出时，容器15的压力会降低。于是，如果需求峰值持续时间特别长，相对于额定流量来说，附加的氧气流量必须由一些外部装置、例如一个辅助储氧罐供给。
需注意的是，本发明还可应用于以下的情况：氧气在约1巴的压力下产生，而且氧气的需求量总是高于所确定的最小值。等于该最小值的气态氧气流量可直接从低压柱7底部经过管道35流出，如图1中的点划线所示，然后在热交换器里被加热。这种变型可容许储存罐11与12里的容量降低。同样，液氧和/或气态氮和/或液态氮可以通过双柱，经过管道36和/或37和/或38来同时生产，这也在图1中以点划线示出。
本发明的其它变型也可考虑。
这样，在图3所示的变型中，没有泵13。附加氧气流以气态经过管道39，从低压柱7的容器流出，在管道30里低压下加热，再在辅助压缩机40里经一定压力压缩，最后进入容器15里面。
同样作为变型，用来汽化两支氧气流中至少一支的流体是氮气。尤其在图4所示的变型中，大约在1巴的压力下生产氧气，主流的汽化通过双柱里的蒸发器8进行。于是，该主流以气态经过管道41，从低压柱7的容器流出，再在管道29里被加热。于是，泵12的出口与柱的容器相连接，它靠重力作用供给储存罐10。
在这种情况下，可变流量的氧气汽化引起中压柱6里液氮流量的变化。为此，管道38连接氮储存罐42，该储存罐底部连着泵43，以将可变流量的液氮送回中压柱6的顶部。
该变型的方法是氧/氮触发方法，恒定液位的储存罐11可取消。
如果把图3和图4的变型结合起来，在热交换器3里就不再有氧气汽化。因此，部件14、22、23、11、24及25就被取消，所有进入的空气在压缩机1中被压缩至6巴，然后送至通道19。

Claims (16)

1．通过空气蒸馏以可变流量生产气体、尤其是氧气的方法，其中，把待生产气体的至少一部分，以第一种流体的形式储存在第一个储存罐(10)里；流量可变的第一种流体从该储存罐里流出，变为气态(在12,29；12,8,29中)，并达到生产压力，此可变流量通过冷凝相应的第二种流体、尤其是待蒸馏的空气被汽化(29；8)；该第二种冷凝流体以第二种流体的形式存放在第二个储存罐(11)里；把该第二种流体以控制流量送入蒸馏器里；所述方法的特征在于，使待生产气体的辅助流量呈气态，且压力高于生产压力，然后在所述一定压力下把它储存在辅助容器(15)里，当达到所述气体的某些需求峰值时，多余气体中的至少一部分在膨胀阀(34)里膨胀至生产压力后，从该辅助容器流出。
2．根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述辅助流量以液态的形式被压缩至一定压力，再在该高压下使压缩的辅助流量汽化，最后让其流入辅助容器(15)。
3．根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，压缩的辅助流量的汽化通过与所述第二种流体进行热交换完成。
4．根据权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述可变流量与所述压缩的辅助流量的汽化是在单一冷凝压力下，通过与所述第二种流体进行热交换完成的。
5．根据权利要求3或4所述的方法，其特征在于，所述的单一冷凝压力使得第二种流体的冷凝温度至少在所述的高压下低于所述气体的汽化温度。
6．根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述冷凝压力下，所述第二种流体的冷凝温度与生产压力下所述气体的汽化温度是一致的。
7．根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述第一种流体以一定流量从蒸馏器(5)流出，所述第二种流体以一定流量从第二个储存罐(11)流到蒸馏器。
8．根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，辅助流量占据了所述第一种流体的小部分，尤其是在额定运转中后者的25％。
9．根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述辅助流量恒定。
10．根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述需求峰值是幅度大于预定值的峰值。
11．根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，直到所述气体的预定额外流量，该额外流量是通过增加所述可变流量而获得的。
12．通过空气蒸馏以可变流量生产气体、尤其是氧气的设备，包括：空气蒸馏器(5)；热交换器(3)，它通过与来自蒸馏器的产物进行热交换来冷却待蒸馏的空气；以第一种流体形式存在的所述气体的第一储存罐(10)；第一装置(12,29；12,8,29)，用来使第一种可变流体流出第一储存罐，并使其以气态在生产压力下运行，所述第一装置包括第二装置(29；8)，所述第二装置可使相应的可变流量通过冷凝相应的第二种流体、尤其是待蒸馏的空气而被汽化；第二种流体的第二储存罐(11)；其特征在于，它包括第三装置(13；30)，可使待生产的辅助气流在高于生产压力的一定压力下以气态运行，然后进入一辅助容器(15)与一个管道(33)，该管道配有膨胀与流量调节阀(34)，并连接该辅助容器和生产管道(16)。
13．根据权利要求12所述的设备，其特征在于，所述第三装置(13；30)包括压缩所述液态辅助流量的泵(13)和汽化该压缩的辅助流量的装置(30)。
14．根据权利要求13所述的设备，其特征在于，所述泵(13)与所述第一储存罐(10)相连。
15．根据权利要求13或14所述的设备，其特征在于，它包括一台升压机(14)，以使所述第二种流体在单一的冷凝压力下，通过与所述可变流量及所述辅助流量进行热交换而运行。
16．根据权利要求12至15中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，它包括使所述恒定流量的第一流体从蒸馏器(5)流出的排放装置(28)，及使所述恒定流量的第二流体从第二储存罐(11)流进蒸馏器的装置。
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