CN1225666A - 颗粒排放量得到减少的合成柴油 - Google Patents

颗粒排放量得到减少的合成柴油 Download PDF

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CN1225666A
CN1225666A CN97196573A CN97196573A CN1225666A CN 1225666 A CN1225666 A CN 1225666A CN 97196573 A CN97196573 A CN 97196573A CN 97196573 A CN97196573 A CN 97196573A CN 1225666 A CN1225666 A CN 1225666A
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CN1086412C (zh
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R·J·威腾布林克
R·F·保曼
D·F·瑞安
P·J·比罗威茨
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ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Co
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Abstract

通过分离轻质馏分,例如C5-C15,优选C7-C14馏分由费托合成蜡制备柴油发动机燃料,轻质馏分含有至少80+%(重量)正构链烷烃,不多于5000ppm呈氧形式的醇,少于10%(重量)烯烃,2倍的芳族化合物和非常少量的硫和氮。

Description

颗粒排放量得到减少的合成柴油
本发明涉及运输燃料及其制备方法。更确切地说,本发明涉及用于柴油发动机并具有出人意料的低颗粒排放特征的燃料。
政府和联邦管理局已经认识到燃料对柴油排放物的潜在影响,并且燃料的规格目前已成为排放物控制立法的一部分。在美国和欧洲进行的研究都断定颗粒排放物通常随硫含量、芳族化合物含量和十六烷值而变化。因此,美国环保局已将柴油燃料硫含量限定为0.05%(重量)以及最低十六烷值限定为40。另外,加利福尼亚州限制芳族化合物含量最大为10%(体积)。对于低排放汽车,替换的燃料开始起更重要的作用。因此,对有效的清洁燃烧燃料,特别是具有低颗粒排放物的燃料的研究仍在进行。
根据本发明,由费-托合成法,优选经过精心设计的非转移法得到的用于柴油发动机的燃料在柴油发动机中燃烧时可产生出人意料低的颗粒排放物。该燃料的特征在于含有基本上正构链烷烃,即80+%正构链烷烃,优选85+%正构链烷烃,更优选90+%正构链烷烃,最优选98+%正构链烷烃。该燃料的初沸点可以在约90°F(32℃)-约215°F(101℃)范围,90%馏出(标准的15/5蒸馏试验)可以在约480°F(249℃)-约600°F(315℃)范围。然而,优选的是,该燃料的初沸点在约180°F-约200°F(82℃-93℃)范围,90%馏出在约480°F-约520°F(249℃-271℃)范围。该燃料的碳原子数范围为C5-C25,优选主要地为C5-15,更优选90+%为C5-C15,更优选主要地为C7-C14,最优选90+%为C7-C14。该燃料含有少量的醇,例如呈氧形式的不多于约5000wppm,优选500-5000wppm;少量的烯烃,例如少于10%(重量)烯烃,优选少于5%(重量)烯烃,更优选少于2%(重量)烯烃;痕量的芳族化合物,例如少于约0.05%(重量),不含硫,例如少于约0.001%(重量)S,不含氮,例如少于约0.001%(重量)N。该燃料的十六烷值为至少60,优选至少约65,更优选至少约70,最优选至少约72。该燃料具有好的润滑性,即用BOCLE试验测定时,其润滑性好于具有相同碳原子数范围的加氢处理燃料,和具有好的氧化稳定性。用作燃料的物料是通过回收由费-托烃合成法制得的冷分离器液体的至少一部分而制备的,并且可不经过进一步处理就可使用,不过加入添加剂该物料也可以使用,因为该物料作为柴油燃料的掺和料具有非常高的十六烷值。
图1显示了得到本发明燃料的简化工艺流程。
图2显示了使用普通的美国低硫柴油燃料(2-D参考燃料)作为基线,3种不同柴油燃料的对比结果;燃料A是加利福尼亚参考燃料(CARB合格的);燃料B是本发明燃料,燃料C是全馏程费-托合成柴油燃料,其是含有≥80%(重量)链烷烃,沸点在250-700°F范围的C5-C25物料。纵坐标是相对于普通美国柴油燃料的排放物,用百分数(%)表示。
本发明的燃料是由费-托合成法得到的。在该方法中,参见图1,将管线1中适当比例的合成气,氢气和一氧化碳,加入到费-托反应器2,优选淤浆反应器中,分别在管线3和4回收产物,通常是700°F+和700°F-馏分。轻质馏分送入热分离器6,500-700°F馏分(热分离器液体)在管线8回收,同时在管线7回收500°F-馏分。将500°F-馏分送入冷分离器9,从分离器9经管线10回收C4-气体,在管线11回收C5-500°F馏分,本发明的燃料就是来自该馏分,通过进一步分馏至达到所需碳原子数范围所要求的程度回收该馏分,即轻质柴油燃料。
管线8中的热分离器的500-700°F馏分可与管线3中的700°F+馏分合并,并且例如通过在反应器中加氢异构化进行进一步加工。费-托液体的处理在文献中是公知的并由其可以得到各种产物。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,由本发明燃料燃烧产生的烃排放量大于基本情况,即燃烧普通的低硫参考柴油燃料,并且可用作催化反应器中NOx还原反应的共还原剂。共还原反应在文献中是已知的;参见例如美国专利5479775,还参见SAE论文950154,950747和952495。
优选的费-托合成法是使用Ⅷ族金属作为催化活性组分,例如钴、钌、镍、铁,优选钌、钴和铁。更优选的是,使用非转移(即几乎没有或没有水气转移能力)催化剂,例如钴或钌或其混合物,优选钴,更优选经过助催化处理的钴,助催化剂是锆或铼,优选铼。这些催化剂是公知的,优选的催化剂描述于美国专利4568663和欧洲专利0266898。
费-托合成法的产物主要是链烷烃。钌催化剂产生了沸点基本在馏出物范围,即C10-C20的链烷烃;而钴催化剂通常产生重质烃,例如C20+,钴是优选的费-托催化金属。然而,钴和钌催化剂都产生了宽范围的液体产物,例如C5-C50
由于使用费-托合成法,所以回收的馏出物基本上无硫和氮。这些杂原子化合物会使费-托催化剂中毒,因此应从费-托合成法的合成气进料中除去这些杂原子化合物。(在任何情况下,在合成气中的含硫和氮化合物的浓度是极低的)。此外,该方法不会产生芳族化合物,或者按照通常的操作,实际上不产生芳族化合物。因为一种建议的制备链烷烃的路径通过烯烃中间体来完成,因此产生了一些烯烃。然而,烯烃的浓度通常是相当低的。
非转移费-托反应是本领域技术人员公知的,其特征是所用的条件最大限度地减少CO2副产物形成。这些条件可通过各种方法达到,包括下列一种或多种方法:在较低的CO分压下操作,即氢与CO的比为至少约1.7/1,优选约1.7/1-约2.5/1,更优选至少约1.9/1,和在1.9/1-约2.3/1范围内,α值为至少约0.88,优选至少约0.91;温度为约175-240℃,优选为220℃,使用的催化剂包括钴或钌作为主要的费-托催化剂。
下面的实施例将说明,但不是限制本发明。实施例1:
在淤浆费-托反应器中将氢和一氧化碳合成气(H2:CO 2.11-2.16)混合物转化成重质链烷烃。处在氧化钛载体上的钴/铼催化剂用于费-托反应。反应在422-428°F,287-289psig条件下进行,进料以12-17.5厘米/秒线速度加入,费-托合成产物的动态α值为0.92。将链烷烃费-托产物分离成三种名义上不同沸点的物流;通过使用粗闪蒸分离。得到的这三种沸点馏分是:1)C5-约500°F,即冷分离器液体;2)约500-约700°F,即热分离器液体;和3)700°F+沸点馏分,即反应器蜡。实施例2:
通过温和的加氢裂化/加氢异构化将实施例1中产生的F-T反应器蜡转化成较低沸点物料,即柴油。F-T反应器蜡和加氢异构化产物的沸点分布列于表1。在加氢裂化/加氢异构化步骤中F-T蜡与氢在下列催化剂上反应,所用的催化剂是载在氧化硅-氧化铝、其中15.5%(重量)是SiO2的共凝胶酸性载体上的钴(CoO,3.2%(重量))和钼(MoO3,15.2%(重量))的双功能催化剂。该催化剂的表面积为266米2/克,孔体积(P.V.H2O)为0.64毫升/克。反应条件列于表2,并足以提供约50%700°F+的转化率,其中700°F+转化率定义为:700°F+转化率=1-(产物中700°F+重量%)/(进料中700°F+重量%]x100
                       表1
      F-T反应器蜡和加氢异构化产物的沸点分布
          F-T反应器蜡      加氢异构化产物IBP-320°F    0.0              8.27320-700°F    29.1             58.57700°F+       70.9             33.16
                           表2
                   加氢异构化反应条件温度,°F(℃)                690(365)H2分压,psig(纯的)          725H2处理气体比率,SCF/B       2500LHSV,v/v/h                   0.6-0.7目标700°F+转化率,重量%     50实施例3
然后评价实施例2的320-700°F沸程的柴油燃料和实施例1的粗未加氢处理的冷分离器液体以确定柴油燃料对新式重型柴油发动机排放物所产生的影响。为了进行对比,将F-T燃料与普通美国低硫柴油燃料(2-D)和CARB鉴定的加利福尼亚柴油燃料(CR)对比。四种燃料的详细性能列于表3。在确定为1991型底特律柴油公司系列60的CARB许可的“试验台”上评价这些燃料。发动机的重要特征列于表4。发动机安装在可瞬变的试验室中,该发动机的额定功率在1800rpm下为330马力,它设计使用空气一空气中间冷凝器;然而,对于功率计试验工作,使用具有水一空气热交换器的试验室中间冷凝器,无需使用辅助发动机冷却系统。
                          表3
                     柴油燃料分析
项目    ASTM方  2-D参考  CR加利福  F-T柴油燃  F-T冷分离器
          法      燃料   尼亚参考  料(C)(实施 燃料(B)(实施
                         燃料(A)     例2)         例1)十六烷值     D613     45.5    50.2       74.0         >74.0十六烷指数   D976     47.5    46.7       77.2           63.7馏程1BP,°F  D86
                  376     410        382            15910%沸点,            438     446        448            236
°F50%沸点,            501     488        546            332
°F90%沸点,            587     556        620            428
°FEP,°F              651     652        640            488°API比重   D287      36.0    36.6       51.2           62.0总硫,%  D2622     0.033   0.0345     0.000          0.000
 烃     D1319组成:芳族化合            31.9    8.7        0.26(a)        0.01(a)物,体积%链烷烃              68.1    91.3       99.74          99.99
萘烯烃                                 0闪点,°F   D93     157      180    140    <100粘度,cSt   D455    2.63    2.79    2.66   0.87(a)为了得到高的精确度,如上述D1319那样进行SFC分析。
                         表4
           1991型DDC系列60重型发动机的特征发动机构型和排量    6缸,11.1L,130mm内径x139mm冲程吸气                涡轮增压,后冷却(空气一空气)排放物控制          电子控制燃料注入和定时(DDEC-Ⅱ)额定功率            用108磅/小时燃料在1800rpm下为330马力峰值转矩            用93磅/小时燃料在1200rpm下为1270磅-英尺注入                直接注入,电子控制单元注入器最大限制排气                在额定条件下2.9英寸Hg进气                在额定条件下20英寸H2O低怠速              600rpm
在热起动瞬时周期中测定调节的排放物。对于排放物管理来说,取样技术主要包括EPA在CPR 40,Part 86,Subpart N中规定的瞬时排放物试验方法。测定烃(HC),一氧化碳(CO),氧化氮(NOx)和颗粒物(PM)排放物。试验结果概括于表5。该数据表示为相对于美国低硫柴油燃料,即燃料2-D的百分差。正如所希望的那样,相对于普通低硫柴油燃料(2-D)和加利福尼亚参考燃料(CR),F-T燃料(C)产生了明显低的排放物。本发明的低闪点F-T柴油燃料(B)产生了更高的HC排放物,这大概是由于该燃料的高挥发度。然而,该燃料的PM排放物出人意料地低,与2-D燃料相比降低了40%多。基于燃料消耗,这个结果是始料不及的。该发动机用低闪点燃料以任何方式都不能操作运行,对该发动机稍加改进/优化就可以进一步降低排放物。无硫燃料的高HC排放物是废气后处理的主要目标,例HC可与贫NOx催化剂结合使用,其中HC用作还原剂以还原NOx排放物。
                      表5
           使用CARB方案的热起动瞬时排放物
                       热起动瞬时排放物,克/马力-小时
                       HC       CO       NOx     PM普通美国柴油2-D的总平均值  0.6142   1.9483   4.2318   0.1815标准偏差                   0.0187   0.0333   0.0201   0.0010偏离系数,%               3.1      1.7      0.5      0.6加利福尼亚柴油CR的总平均   0.4780   1.6453   4.0477   0.1637值标准偏差                   0.0193   0.0215   0.0366   0.0021偏离系数,%               4.0      1.3      0.9      1.3F-T冷分离器液体的总平均值  0.7080   1.1840   4.0603   0.0943实施例1标准偏差                   0.0053   0.0131   0.0110   0.0023偏离系数%                 4.0      1.3      0.3      2.4F-T柴油燃料的总平均值      0.3608   1.0798   3.8455   0.1233实施例2标准偏差                   0.0316   0.0223   0.0101   0.0017偏离系数,%               8.8      2.1      0.3      1.4
表5中的结果可与美国和欧洲对重型车辆的柴油排放物进行的车用油研究进行比较。在欧洲,在SAE论文961074,SAE 1996中报道的对重型柴油的EPEFE研究在表3-6(在本文引入作为参考)中显示了改变燃料变量对颗粒排放物(PM)的影响。该结果显示出变量密度、十六烷值和T95(95%馏出沸点)对PM排放物都不具有统计学上的明显作用。对实施例2的F-T柴油燃料和F-T冷分离器液体来说,这3个参数是明显不同的。只有改变聚芳族化合物的量(SAE961074的表4)才显示出统计学上的明显作用;然而,该变量在这2种F-T燃料(都具有<0.01%聚芳族化合物)之间是不同的,所以可以预知在性能上是不同的。相反,由相同的研究可预知,正如在表5的结果和图2中所看到的那样,与F-T柴油燃料相比,F-T冷分离器液体的烃排放物将增加。
另外,在美国进行几个研究柴油燃料的性能对重型发动机排放物的影响的试验,最有意义的研究报道于SAE论文941020,950250和950251,这些研究在协调研究委员会一空气污染研究顾员委员会的CRCVEIO工程小组的指导下由得克萨斯州达拉斯布的西南研究院汽车产品与排放物研究系的“排放物研究部”完成。
虽然这3个SEA论文中的研究没有有意地改变燃料的密度或馏分分布,但这些性能必然会随着改变燃料十六烷值和芳族化合物含量的自然结果而改变。这些研究的结果表明颗粒物(PM)的排放主要是受到燃料的十六烷值、硫含量、氧含量和芳族化合物含量的影响。然而,在这些研究中,燃料密度或馏分分布对颗粒物(PM)的排放都不会有任何影响。
本文所引用的几篇SEA论文是:T.L.Ullman,K,B.Spreen,and R.L.Mason,“十六烷值、十六烷值改进剂、芳族化合物与氧化产物对1994重型柴油机排放物的影响”,SEA论文941020。K.B.Spreen,T.L.Ullman,and R.L.Mason,“十六烷值、芳族化合物与氧化产物对具有尾气净化催化剂的1994重型柴油机排放物的影响”,SEA论文950250。T.L.Ullman,K.B.Spreen,R.L.Mason,“十六烷值对1998型重型柴油机排放物的影响”,SEA论文950251。J.S.Feely,M.Deebva,R.J.Farrauto,“降低柴油机NOx排放:现状与技术难题”,SEA论文950747。J.Leyer,E.S.Lox,W.Strehleu,“用于汽油与柴油的贫NOx催化剂的设计展望”,SEA论文952495。M.Kawanani,M.Moriuchi,I.Leyer,E.S.Lox,and D.Psaras,“用于降低公路卡车柴油NOx排放的催化剂研究新动向”,SEA论文950154。

Claims (14)

1.一种用于在柴油发动机中燃烧的燃料,其中含有:
-主要量的C5-C15链烷烃,其中至少约80%重量是正构链烷烃,
-不多于5000wppm呈氧形式的醇
-≤10%重量烯烃
-≤0.05%(重量)芳族化合物
-<0.001%(重量)S
-<0.001%(重量)N
-十六烷值≥60。
2.根据权利要求1的燃料,其中燃料的初沸点为约90-215°F,90%沸点为约480-600°F。
3.根据权利要求1的燃料,其中链烷烃是至少90%(重量)正构链烷烃。
4.根据权利要求1的燃料,其中醇含量为呈氧形式的500-5000wppm。
5.根据权利要求1的燃料,其中烯烃含量为≤5%(重量)。
6.根据权利要求5的燃料,其中烯烃含量为≤2%(重量)。
7.根据权利要求5的燃料,其中十六烷值大于65。
8.由费-托合成法制得的权利要求7的燃料。
9.根据权利要求8的燃料,其中费-托合成法基本上是非转移的。
10.根据权利要求9的燃料,其中费-托催化剂含有钴。
11.根据权利要求5的燃料,其中碳原子数范围主要是C7-C14
12.根据权利要求10的燃料,其中初沸点为约180-200°F,90%沸点范围为约480-520°F。
13.一种制备燃烧后具有低颗粒排放物的柴油发动机燃料的方法,其中包括在反应条件下在费-托催化剂存在下氢与一氧化碳反应,从反应回收轻质馏分产物,和从轻质产物回收权利要求1的燃料。
14.根据权利要求13的方法,其中费-托催化剂含有钴。
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