CN1220043A - 一种高压ac电机 - Google Patents

一种高压ac电机 Download PDF

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CN1220043A
CN1220043A CN97195023A CN97195023A CN1220043A CN 1220043 A CN1220043 A CN 1220043A CN 97195023 A CN97195023 A CN 97195023A CN 97195023 A CN97195023 A CN 97195023A CN 1220043 A CN1220043 A CN 1220043A
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winding
motor
neutral point
ground
connects
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玛斯·雷乔
波蒂·伯格兰
拉斯·格特玛
简-安德斯·尼格兰
厄兰·索兰森
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Abb Asiya Brown Bofari Co
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Priority claimed from SE9700347A external-priority patent/SE510631C2/sv
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K15/00Methods or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K15/12Impregnating, heating or drying of windings, stators, rotors or machines
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01FMAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01FMAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/288Shielding
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01FMAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/32Insulating of coils, windings, or parts thereof
    • H01F27/323Insulation between winding turns, between winding layers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01FMAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/34Special means for preventing or reducing unwanted electric or magnetic effects, e.g. no-load losses, reactive currents, harmonics, oscillations, leakage fields
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01FMAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F29/00Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00
    • H01F29/14Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with variable magnetic bias
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01FMAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F3/00Cores, Yokes, or armatures
    • H01F3/10Composite arrangements of magnetic circuits
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01FMAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F3/00Cores, Yokes, or armatures
    • H01F3/10Composite arrangements of magnetic circuits
    • H01F3/14Constrictions; Gaps, e.g. air-gaps
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02HEMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/02Details
    • H02H3/025Disconnection after limiting, e.g. when limiting is not sufficient or for facilitating disconnection
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/01Arrangements for reducing harmonics or ripples
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K11/00Structural association of dynamo-electric machines with electric components or with devices for shielding, monitoring or protection
    • H02K11/40Structural association with grounding devices
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K15/00Methods or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K3/00Details of windings
    • H02K3/04Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors
    • H02K3/12Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors arranged in slots
    • H02K3/14Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors arranged in slots with transposed conductors, e.g. twisted conductors
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K3/00Details of windings
    • H02K3/04Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors
    • H02K3/28Layout of windings or of connections between windings
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K3/00Details of windings
    • H02K3/32Windings characterised by the shape, form or construction of the insulation
    • H02K3/40Windings characterised by the shape, form or construction of the insulation for high voltage, e.g. affording protection against corona discharges
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K3/00Details of windings
    • H02K3/46Fastening of windings on the stator or rotor structure
    • H02K3/48Fastening of windings on the stator or rotor structure in slots
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01FMAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/32Insulating of coils, windings, or parts thereof
    • H01F2027/329Insulation with semiconducting layer, e.g. to reduce corona effect
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K2203/00Specific aspects not provided for in the other groups of this subclass relating to the windings
    • H02K2203/15Machines characterised by cable windings, e.g. high-voltage cables, ribbon cables
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/40Arrangements for reducing harmonics
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S174/00Electricity: conductors and insulators
    • Y10S174/13High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention
    • Y10S174/14High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention having a particular cable application, e.g. winding
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S174/00Electricity: conductors and insulators
    • Y10S174/13High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention
    • Y10S174/14High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention having a particular cable application, e.g. winding
    • Y10S174/19High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention having a particular cable application, e.g. winding in a dynamo-electric machine
    • Y10S174/20Stator
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S174/00Electricity: conductors and insulators
    • Y10S174/13High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention
    • Y10S174/26High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention having a plural-layer insulation system
    • Y10S174/27High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention having a plural-layer insulation system including a semiconductive layer
    • Y10S174/28Plural semiconductive layers

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  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Insulation, Fastening Of Motor, Generator Windings (AREA)

Abstract

一种高压AC电机,直接连接到配电或输电网(16)上,该电机包括至少一个绕组。这个绕组包括至少一个载流导体,具有半导体性能的一个第一层绕所述导体提供,一个固体绝缘层绕所述第一层提供,及一个具有半导体性能的第二层绕所绝缘层提供。此外,提供接地装置(18、24、26、28),以把所述绕组的至少一点接地。

Description

一种高压AC电机
本发明涉及一种用于直接连接到配电或输电网上的高压AC电机,所述电机包括至少一个绕组。
由Paul R.Siedler在36kV Generators Arise from InsulationResearch,电气世界(Electrical World),1932年10月15日,第524-527页,描述了额定电压高达36kV的这种发电机。这些发电机包括中压绝缘导体形成的绕组,其中把绝缘细分成不同介电常数的各层。所用的绝缘材料由胶合云母箔云母、油漆和纸三种成分的各种组合形成。
在电力研究院(Power Research Institute)的出版物EPRI,EL-3391,1984年4月中,提出了一种发电机的概念,该发电机用来提供这样高的电压,从而发电机能直接连接到电力网上,而不用任何中间变压器。这样一种发电机应该包括一个超导转子。那么超导场的磁化能力使使用足够厚度的气隙绕组来承受电应力成为可能。然而,提出的转子具有复杂的结构,带有非常厚的绝缘,这显著增大了电机尺寸。除此之外,为了绝缘和冷却线圈端部部分必须采取特别的措施。
根据本发明,所谓高压AC电机是指在电站中用来产生电力的象发电机之类的旋转电机,如双路馈电电机、外极电机、同步电机、异步换流器诸级、以及电力变压器。除变压器之外,为了把这样的电机连接到配电或输电网上,在下面通常称为电力网,至今仍需要一个变压器把电压变换到电网等级,即在130-400kV的范围内。
通过用与输电所用电缆类似的结构的固体绝缘,来制造绝缘高压导体的这些电机的绕组,能把电机的电压升高到这样的等级,从而电机能直接连接到任何电力网上,而不用中间变压器。因而能省去这个变压器。用于这些电机的典型工作范围是30至800kV。
对于这类电机,必须特别注意接地问题。
发电机系统和其他类似电气系统的接地,意味着把电气系统连接到地电位的有意措施。当系统的所谓中性点可用时,经常直接或经适当的阻抗把它接地。偶尔也把系统中的其他点接地。如果系统中的一个点接地,则只要通电连接延伸,就可把整个系统接地。
通过系统的设计确定所用的接地原理。对于包括直接连接到Y-Δ连接的升压变压器上的发电机、且Δ绕组在发电机电压侧的系统,如下接地选择最常见:
-高电阻接地
-不接地
-谐振接地。
高电阻接地通常这样实现,通过在配电变压器的次级中连接一个低欧姆电阻器,且把变压器的初级绕组从发电机中性点接地。这种先有技术的接地方法表明在图1中,该图表示一个发电机2由一个Y-Δ连接的升压变压器3连接到电网9上。配电变压器的初级11连接在发电机2的中性点与地之间。在变压器的次级10中,连接有一个电阻器12。
当然,通过把一个高欧姆电阻器直接安装在发电机中性点与地之间,能得到相同种类的接地。
未接地电气系统没有任何有意的接地连接。因而,除了用来供给不同继电器和仪器的可能电压互感器之外,未接地发电机在其中性点与地之间没有连接。
谐振接地通常也按图1所示的实现,电阻器12由一个电抗器12a代替。选择电抗器电抗,从而使在线对地故障期间的电容性电流由电抗器12a提供的电感性电流的相等分量所中和。
低电阻或低阻抗接地和以上系统的有效接地也都是可能的。低电阻或低阻抗接地将生成较低的瞬态过电压和较大的接地故障电流,这可能引起对电机的内部损坏。
低电阻接地通过在发电机中性点与地之间有意地插入电阻来实现。电阻可以直接插入对地的连接中,或者间接插入变压器的次级中,该变压器的初级连接在发电机中性点与地之间,参看图1。
低阻抗接地,即低电感接地,以与低电阻接地相同的方式完成,其中电感器用来代替电阻器。如以上讨论的那样,电感器的欧姆值比谐振接地所需的小。
对于包括连接到一根公共馈电线或母线上的几个发电机、且发电机终端与公共母线之间有断路器的系统,低电阻或低阻抗接地是适当的。
发电机中性点的有效接地具有基本上与低电阻或低阻抗接地相同的优点和缺点,其中有些差异。
如果满足限制接地阻抗大小的一些阻抗要求,则称系统被有效地接地。在有效接地的系统中,未故障相的最大相对地电压,在接地故障情况下,限制为相对相电压的80%。
电力系统网主要经系统中变压器中性点的接地连接而接地,并且可以不包括阻抗(除接触电阻外),即所谓的直接接地,或者具有一定的阻抗。
例如,在由电气和电子工程师学会(Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers)在美国纽约于1989年9月出版的出版物IEEEC62.92-1989,对于在电力设施系统中中性点接地应用的1EEE指南,第二部分-同步系统的接地中,描述了以前已知的接地技术。
如果发电机的中性点通过上述的低电阻或电感接地,则对于从发电机中性点到地的三次谐波电流形成一条通路。如果直接接地的或低阻抗接地的变压器绕组、或另一个低阻抗接地的发电机直接连接到发电机上,则在正常情况下三次谐波电流将在其之间循环。
在瑞典专利申请9602078-9和9700347-9中,描述了用来解决在本发明涉及种类的AC电机的发电机和电动机运行中的三次谐波电流问题的技术。
本发明的目的在于提供一种高压AC电机,该电机适用于如上所述的那样,直接连接到配电或输电网上,该电机提供有适用于不同用途和电机运行状态的接地装置。
借助于在说明书的引言部分中定义种类的、且具有权利要求1的特征部分的特征的高压AC电机,达到这一目的。
根据按照本发明的电机的重要优点在于这样的事实,在具有半导体性能的第二层外的绕组端部区域中,电场几乎等于零。因而不需要控制绕组外的电场,并且在叠片内、在绕组端部区域中、在其之间的过渡区中,都不会形成电场集中。
根据按照本发明电机的一个有利实施例,至少两个相邻层具有基本相等的热膨胀系数。这样,能避免由绕组中热运动造成的缺陷、裂缝等。
根据按照本发明电机的另一个有利实施例,所述接地装置包括用于绕组的低电阻接地装置。这样,能把瞬态过电压以及接地故障电流限制到适当值。
根据按照本发明电机的又一个有利实施例,其中电机具有一个Y连接的绕组,其中性点是可用的,而大电阻接地装置包括一个连接在变压器次级中的电阻器,该变压器的初级连接在中性点与地之间。这样,在变压器次级中所用的电阻器具有比较低的欧姆值和坚固的结构。把瞬态过电压减小到安全级的足够阻尼能利用适当大小的电阻器实现。另外,在线对地故障期间通过对故障电流的抑制,来限制机械应力和故障损坏。这样一种接地装置还比在发电机中性点与地之间直接插入高欧姆电阻器更经济。
根据按照本发明电机的另一个有利实施例,其中电机具有一个Y连接的绕组,其中性点是可用的,而接地装置包括一个连接在变压器次级中的电抗器,该变压器的初级连接在中性点与地之间,所述电抗器具有这样的特性,从而使在接地故障期间的电容性电流基本上由电抗器提供的电感性电流的相等分量所中和。这样,通过如此形成的并联谐振电路把净故障电流减小到较低值,并且该电流本质上与故障电压同相。在这种情况下故障相的电压恢复非常慢,并因而在谐振接地系统中自动消除任何接地故障的瞬态特性。
根据按照本发明电机的又一个有利实施例,接地装置包括连接到电机电网侧的一个Y-Δ接地变压器或一个所谓的之字形接地变压器。这样的接地变压器的用途,就故障电流级和瞬态过电压而论,等效于低电感或低电阻接地。
为了更详细地解释本发明,参照附图的图2-11,现在将更详细地描述按照本发明的电机的、选择为例子的实施例,在附图中:
图1表明同步发电机的先有技术接地;
图2表示在根据本发明的电机绕组中所用绝缘导体的一个例子;
图3表示连接到电力系统的Y连接发电机或电动机形式的末接地三相电机;
图4-13表示图3中接地Y连接电机的不同例子;
图14表示根据本发明的、连接到电力系统的Δ连接发电机或电动机形式的电机;
图15表明图14中所示系统中接地变压器的应用。
在图2中,表示一个绝缘导体的例子,该导体能用于根据本发明的电机绕组中。这样一种绝缘导体包括至少一个导体4,导体4由多个未绝缘的和可能绝缘的股5组成。绕导体4有一个内半导体层6,内半导体层6与至少一些未绝缘的股5相接触。这个半导体层6又由具有挤压固体绝缘层7形式的电缆主绝缘围绕着。该绝缘层由一个外半导体层8围绕着。电缆的导体面积可以在80与3000mm2之间变化,而电缆的外径在20与250mm之间。
图3示意地表示直接连接到电力系统16的Y连接发电机或电动机14形式的末接地高压AC电机。
图4表示过电压保护器形式的接地装置,如一个非线性电阻避雷器18,连接在Y连接电机14的中性点20与地之间。这样一种连接到中性点上的非线性电阻避雷器18保护在电机绕组中所用的绝缘导体以免瞬态过电压,如由雷击引起的过电压。
图5表示带有并联连接到非线性电阻避雷器18上的高欧姆电阻器22的一个实施例。非线性电阻避雷器18在这个实施例中以与图4中所示实施例中相同的方式起作用,并且利用电阻器22,实现通过测量跨过电阻器22的电压来灵敏地检测接地故障。
图6表示中性点20以高电阻接地的一个实施例。在这个实施例中,使用一种类似于联系图1描述的先有技术的技术。因而一个电阻器24连接到一个变压器的次级26上,该变压器的初级绕组28把电机14的中性点20接地。与为得到同样效果在中性点20与地之间直接插入需要的高欧姆电阻器相比,电阻器24具有较低的欧姆值和结实的结构。因此能减小电阻器的电压级。而且在这种情况下,把一个非线性电阻避雷器18连接成与初级绕组28并联。就这个实施例而论,在线对地故障期间通过抑制故障电流来限制机械应力和故障损坏。把瞬态过电压限制到安全级,并且接地装置比电阻器的直接插入更经济。
以类似的方式通过用一个电抗器代替电阻器24,能实现电机的谐振接地,该电抗器具有这样的特性,从而使在线对地故障期间的电容性电流,基本上由该电抗器提供的电感性电流的相等分量所中和。因而,通过如此形成的并联谐振电路减小净故障电流,并且该电流本质上将与故障电压同相位。在故障排除之后,故障相上的电压恢复将非常慢,并且由变压器/电抗器组合的感抗与有效电阻的比值确定。因而在这样一种谐振接地系统中,将自动消除任何接地故障的瞬态特性。因而这样的谐振接地装置把接地故障电流实际上限制到零,由此使机械应力最小。在相对地的故障发生之后,能允许电机进一步连续运行,直到能安排有秩序的停机。
图7表示具有一个非线性电阻避雷器18连接在中性点20与地之间、且一个接地变压器30连接在电机14的电网侧上的实施例。接地变压器30具有Y-Δ结构,Y连接的中性点接地,而Δ绕组隔离。接地变压器通常用于未接地的、或具有高阻抗接地连接的系统。作为一个系统元件,接地变压器不带有负载,并且不影响正常的系统工况。当不平衡出现时,接地变压器在零序电网中提供低阻抗。这样接地变压器,就故障电流级和瞬态过电压而论,等效于低电感或低电阻接地。
接地变压器也可以是带有专用绕组布置的所谓之字形变压器,例如见Paul M.Anderson,“故障电力系统分析”,The Iowa State UniversityPress/Ames,1983年,第225-257页。
对于这样的接地目的,还能使用可能的辅助变压器。
图8表示具有一个低欧姆电阻器32连接在电机14的中性点20与地之间的一个实施例。这样一种低电阻接地的主要优点是限制瞬态和暂时过电压的能力。然而,在单相接地故障的情况下电流会更大。在无干扰运行中三次谐波电流也会更大。
图9表示根据本发明电机的另外一个实施例,其中电阻器32由一个连接在中性点20与地之间的低电感电感器34代替。低电感接地本质上以与低欧姆接地相同的方式工作。电感器34的欧姆值比参照图6的谐振接地所要求的小。
作为在中性点20与地之间直接连接电阻器32或电感器34的一个选择例,他们可以借助于一个变压器间接地连接,该变压器的初级连接在中性点20与地之间,而其次级包含电阻器或电感器,参照图6的描述。
在图10中,所示的实施例包括两个串联连接在电机14的中性点与地之间的阻抗36和38,阻抗36具有低的阻抗值而阻抗38具有高的阻抗值。阻抗38可以通过一个短路装置40短路。在正常运行时,短路装置40是断开的,以便使三次谐波最小。在接地故障的情况下,控制短路装置40以短路阻抗38,并且中性点20中的电位将降低而到地的电流将较高。
在电机14中的内部接地故障情况下,阻抗38不短路。结果在中性点20中电压将变高,而到地的电流将受到限制。在这种情形下,这是所希望的,因为在这种情况下大电流能导致损坏。
为了能够处理当直接把AC电机连接到三相电力网上时,即当在电机与电网之间不使用升压变压器时,由三次谐波产生的问题,可以使用具有调到三次谐波的抑制滤波器35、37以及一个过电压保护器39形式的接地装置,见图11。滤波器因而包括一个由一个电感器35和容抗37组成的并联谐振电路。滤波器35、37和其过电压保护器39的大小这样确定,从而在正常运行期间使并联电路能够从电机吸收三次谐波,还限制瞬态和暂时过电压。在故障情况下,过电压保护器39将限制故障电压,从而如果故障是值得考虑的,则故障电流流经过电压保护器39。在单相接地故障的情况下,与例如高电阻接地情况相比,电流较大,因为基波阻抗小。
在图12中表示一个实施例,其中接地装置包括一个并联连接到一个过电压保护器40上的解调可切换三次谐波抑制滤波器。这样的滤波器能以几种不同的形式实现。图12表示一个例子,包括两个串联连接的电感器42、44和一个并联连接到串联连接的电感器42、44上的电容器46。另外,一个短路装置48跨过电感器44连接。
短路装置48是可控制的,以便当检测到滤波器与电机14和电网16之间的三次谐波的危险时,通过将电感器44短路改变滤波器的特性。这在瑞典专利申请9700347-9中进行了更详细的描述。这样在正常运行时三次谐波受到强烈限制。在单相接地故障的情况下,以与联系图11所述的相同方式,限制瞬态和暂时过电压,并且电流较高。
图13表示一个实施例,其中电机14的中性点20在21处直接接地。这种直接接地限制瞬态和暂时过电压,但在接地故障情况下产生大电流。在正常运行时,从电机中性点20流到地的三次谐波电流将较大。
作为进一步的选择例,根据本发明的电机的接地装置能包括一个有源电路,该有源电路用来提供具有希望阻抗性能的中性点对地连接。
在图14中表示的是,一种直接连接到配电或输电网16上的Δ连接三相电机50。
在这样一种情形下,一个与图7所示实施例中所用的相同类型的接地变压器能连接在电机50的电网侧上。
如在图7的实施例中那样,接地变压器可以是一个具有Y连接接地的中性点的Y-Δ连接变压器,或所谓的之字形接地变压器,即具有Z接地的Z-0连接变压器。接地变压器将限制暂时过电压。
如在图7的实施例中那样,一种可能的辅助电力变压器也能用于这一目的。

Claims (34)

1.一种高压AC电机,直接连接到配电或输电网(16)上,所述电机包括至少一个绕组,该绕组包括至少一个绝缘载流导体(4),其特征在于,具有半导体性能的一个第一层(6)绕所述导体(4)提供,一个固体绝缘层(7)绕所述第一层提供,及一个具有半导体性能的第二层(8)绕所绝缘层提供;其特征还在于,提供接地装置(18、21、22、24、26、28、30、32、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、42、44、46、48、52),以把所述绕组的至少一点接地。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电机,其特征在于,所述第一层的电位基本上等于导体的电位。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的电机,其特征在于,把所述第二层布置成基本上围绕所述导体构成一个等电位表面。
4.根据权利要求3所述的电机,其特征在于,把所述第二层连接到一个预定电位上。
5.根据权利要求4所述的电机,其特征在于,所述预定电位是地电位。
6.根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5任一项所述的电机,其特征在于,至少两个相邻层具有基本相等的热膨胀系数。
7.根据以上权利要求任一项所述的电机,其特征在于,所述载流导体包括多股,只有少量所述股彼此没有绝缘。
8.根据以上权利要求任一项所述的电机,其特征在于,所述三层的每一个基本上沿整个连接表面固定连接到相邻层上。
9.一种带有一个用于高压的磁路的AC电机,该磁路包括一个磁心和至少一个绕组,其特征在于,所述绕组由一种包括一个或多个载流导体的电缆形成,每个导体有多股,一个内半导体层绕每个导体提供,一个固体绝缘材料的绝缘层绕所述内半导体层提供,及一个外半导体层绕所述绝缘层提供;并且,提供接地装置,以把所述绕组的至少一点接地。
10.根据权利要求9所述的电机,其特征在于,所述电缆还包括一层金属屏蔽和一个套。
11.根据以上权利要求任一项所述的电机,其特征在于,所述接地装置包括用于绕组直接接地的装置。
12.根据权利要求1至10任一项所述的电机,其特征在于,所述接地装置包括用于绕组低电阻接地的装置。
13.根据权利要求12所述的电机,所述电机具有一个Y连接的绕组,该绕组的中性点是可用的,其特征在于,所述低电阻接地装置包括一个在中性点与地之间连接的低电阻电阻器。
14.根据权利要求12所述的电机,所述电机具有一个Y连接的绕组,该绕组的中性点是可用的,其特征在于,所述低电阻接地装置包括一个在一个变压器的次级中连接的电阻器,该变压器的初级连接在中性点与地之间。
15.根据权利要求1至10任一项所述的电机,其特征在于,所述接地装置包括用于绕组的低电感接地的装置。
16.根据权利要求15所述的电机,所述电机具有一个Y连接的绕组,该绕组的中性点是可用的,其特征在于,所述低电感接地装置包括一个在中性点与地之间连接的低电感电感器。
17.根据权利要求15所述的电机,所述电机具有一个Y连接的绕组,该绕组的中性点是可用的,其特征在于,所述低电感接地装置包括一个在一个变压器的次级中连接的电感器,该变压器的初级连接在中性点与地之间。
18.根据权利要求1至10任一项所述的电机,其特征在于,所述接地装置包括用于绕组高电阻接地的装置。
19.根据权利要求18所述的电机,所述电机具有一个Y连接的绕组,该绕组的中性点是可用的,其特征在于,所述高电阻接地装置包括一个在中性点与地之间连接的高电阻电阻器。
20.根据权利要求18所述的电机,所述电机具有一个Y连接的绕组,该绕组的中性点是可用的,其特征在于,所述高电阻接地装置包括一个在一个变压器的次级中连接的电阻器,该变压器的初级连接在中性点与地之间。
21.根据权利要求1至10任一项所述的电机,其特征在于,所述接地装置包括用于绕组的高电感接地的装置。
22.根据权利要求21所述的电机,所述电机具有一个Y连接的绕组,该绕组的中性点是可用的,其特征在于,所述高电感接地装置包括一个在中性点与地之间连接的高电感电感器。
23.根据权利要求21所述的电机,所述电机具有一个Y连接的绕组,该绕组的中性点是可用的,其特征在于,所述高电感接地装置包括一个在一个变压器的次级中连接的电感器,该变压器的初级连接在中性点与地之间。
24.根据权利要求1至10任一项所述的电机,所述电机具有一个Y连接的绕组,该绕组的中性点是可用的,其特征在于,所述接地装置包括一个在一个变压器的次级中连接的电抗器,该变压器的初级连接在中性点与地之间,所述电抗器具有这样的特性,从而使在接地故障期间的电容性电流基本上由电抗器提供的电感性电流的相等分量所中和。
25.根据权利要求1至10任一项所述的电机,其特征在于,所述接地装置包括用于响应接地故障而改变对地连接的阻抗的装置。
26.根据权利要求1至10任一项所述的电机,其特征在于,所述接地装置包括一个有源电路。
27.根据权利要求1至10任一项所述的电机,其特征在于,所述接地装置包括一个连接到电机的电网侧的Y-Δ接地变压器。
28.根据权利要求1至10任一项所述的电机,其特征在于,所述接地装置包括一个连接到电机的电网侧的所谓之字形接地变压器。
29.根据权利要求1至10任一项所述的电机,所述电机具有一个Y连接的绕组,该绕组的中性点是可用的,其特征在于,所述接地装置包括一个对于n次谐波调节的抑制滤波器。
30.根据权利要求1至10任一项所述的电机,所述电机具有一个Y连接的绕组,该绕组的中性点是可用的,其特征在于,所述接地装置包括一个对于n次谐波解调的可切换抑制滤波器。
31.根据权利要求29或30所述的电机,其特征在于所述n次谐波是三次谐波。
32.根据权利要求1至10任一项所述的电机,所述电机具有一个Y连接的绕组,该绕组的中性点是可用的,其特征在于,所述接地装置包括一个连接在所述中性点与地之间的过电压保护器。
33.根据权利要求18至31任一项所述的电机,所述电机具有一个Y连接的绕组,该绕组的中性点是可用的,其特征在于,一个过电压保护器并联于所述接地装置连接在所述中性点与地之间。
34.一种配电或输电网,其特征在于,它包括至少一个根据权利要求1至33任一项所述的电机。
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BR9709619A (pt) 1999-08-10
EP0888661B1 (en) 2003-11-19
UA45452C2 (uk) 2002-04-15
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ATE254815T1 (de) 2003-12-15
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DE69726267D1 (de) 2003-12-24
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CZ385898A3 (cs) 1999-05-12
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NO985553D0 (no) 1998-11-27

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