CN1207119A - 机械加工的方法 - Google Patents

机械加工的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1207119A
CN1207119A CN96199511A CN96199511A CN1207119A CN 1207119 A CN1207119 A CN 1207119A CN 96199511 A CN96199511 A CN 96199511A CN 96199511 A CN96199511 A CN 96199511A CN 1207119 A CN1207119 A CN 1207119A
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organic compound
polar organic
record
molecular weight
polar
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CN1079423C (zh
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R·斯库德
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种采用冷却和润滑组合物来机械加工金属和其它固体材料以及玻璃的方法,所说的组合物大部分是二氧化碳,小部分是极性润滑剂,该润滑剂含有至少一种带有至少一个氧原子的极性有机化合物。该极性基团可选自醚、羟基、羧基、酯和酰氨基或者它们的混合物。

Description

机械加工的方法
本发明涉及一种采用冷却和润滑组合物来机械加工金属和其它固体材料以及玻璃的方法，该组合物大部分是二氧化碳，小部分是含有至少一种带有至少一个氧原子的极性有机化合物的极性润滑剂。
专利申请WO90/03341和WO92/16464公开了二氧化碳在机械加工方法中作为冷却和润滑介质的用途。在后一个申请中，建议往二氧化碳中加入一种辅助润滑剂，来进一步提高润滑性并降低机械加工过程中产生的热量。这种润滑剂可以在液体二氧化碳中溶解或者分散。在该专利申请中提到的唯一一种具体润滑剂添加剂是基于低粘度烃的锭子油，即Crucolan7。尽管将锭子油加入到二氧化碳中会改进总的润滑效果，但无法接受工具的磨损和产生的热量。必需获得实质的改进来使市售的二氧化碳基冷却和润滑组合物与其它润滑体系不相上下。
因此，本发明的主要目的是寻找一种实质上改进二氧化碳的润滑性的添加剂。另一个目的是选择对人体或者环境无毒的并且不容易分解成有害气体或者气溶胶的添加剂。
现已出人意料地发现要达到这些目的，金属和其它固体材料，例如陶瓷和聚合物以及玻璃的机械加工可以在存在与沸点高于200℃的含有氧原子作为杂原子的极性有机化合物的混合物状态下的液态二氧化碳的情况下完成。所加极性有机化合物的量可以在宽范围内变化，但是通常是所加二氧化碳重量的0.1～20，优选地0.5～4％重量。优选的有机化合物的沸点高于250℃，熔点低于5℃，优选低于-5℃。有机化合物是可溶的或者可在液体二氧化碳中分散的，并含有至少一个选自醚、羟基、羧基、酯和酰氨基的极性基团或者它们的混合物。
适合的和优选的极性有机化合物是分子量为130～280，优选140～200的醇类；分子量为140～320，优选为150～290的羧酸；分子量为155～1000，优选170～600的烷基醚羧酸；分子量为140～1000，优选140～800的多元醇类或者醚类以及它们的酯类；分子量为155～400，优选为165～350的脂肪酸或者磷酸的酯类；以及分子量为180～1000，优选230～700的一元羧酸和烷醇胺之间的烷醇酰胺或者它们的烷醇化物。
根据本发明合适的实例是有效的有机化合物的通式为R1OH，其中R1是支链或者直链、饱和或者不饱和的含有9～18个碳原子的脂肪或者酰基基团，例如含有9～15个碳原子的支链烷基或者支链酰基。其它实例是通式为R2COOR3的酯化合物，其中R2CO是酰基，优选地是含有10～20碳原子的支链或不饱和酰基，如油酰和异硬脂酰基，其中R3是含有1～4个碳原子的烷基。优选的有机化合物的其它基团的通式为R4(A)nOR5，其中R4和R5彼此独立，是氢、含有1～20个碳原子的酰基或者烷基，A是含有2～4个碳原子的氧化烯基团，n表示2～18的数。优选地R4和R5中的一个或二个基团是氢。优选的有机化合物的通式还可以是R6CON(X)R7O(A)nR8，其中R6CO是含有8～20个碳原子的酰基，优选支链或者不饱和酰基，X是H或者R7O(A)nR8，其中R7是含有2～8个碳原子的亚烷基，A是含有2～4个碳原子的亚烷基氧基，R8是氢或者含有1～6个碳原子的烷基或者酰基，n是0～8的数。其它例子是通式为R9O(A)xCH2COOH的烷基醚羧酸，其中R9是含有6～18个碳原子的烷基，A是含有2～4个碳原子的亚烷基氧基，x是0～10的数。
在该方法中，极性有机化合物可以通过例如高压泵的方式在二氧化碳膨胀之前加入到液态二氧化碳中，并应用到工具和/或工作区域中。二氧化碳一般在10秒之内，优选在使用前立即由液态膨胀为气体，以尽可能获得良好的冷却效果。极性化合物也可以以均相液体或者分散体的形式与带压二氧化碳一起储存。在这种情况下，可确保极性化合物和二氧化碳之间具有恒定的比例。在有机化合物具有比较高的熔点或者高粘度的情况下，在与液体形式的二氧化碳或者与膨胀二氧化碳混合之前，需要将其加热。
在适当的实施方案中，将润滑剂和二氧化碳的液体混合物通过在操作工具，如钻头内的通道加入到工作区域。每个通道的横截面积可在宽范围内变化，但是一般在0.01～1mm2，优选在0.02～0.2mm2。
除了极性化合物或者极性化合物的混合物之外，润滑剂还可含有也具有一定润滑性的作为加溶剂和/或作为附加冷却剂成分的试剂。这些试剂的例子是分子量为46到约120的亚烷基二元醇类(alkylene glycols)、醇类和它们的醚，以及水。这些试剂的量一般是极性化合物或者极性化合物的混合物重量的0.1～100％，优选地为1～30％重量。在润滑操作存在水的情况下，可适当选择至少一种具有防腐性的极性化合物加入到润滑剂中。
本发明通过下面的操作实施例进一步说明。
实施例1
采用基于二氧化碳的量为2％重量的多种润滑剂添加剂完成钻孔试验。连续将二氧化碳以每小时1.5千克的量加入到钻孔区。将润滑剂添加剂用泵打入在室温和57巴压力下的液体二氧化碳流中。接着将得到的混合物从钻头的工作区膨胀约1厘米。钻头的直径为6毫米，钻孔的最大深度为6毫米，进给速度为在钻头的圆周速度为46米/分钟或者40米/分钟时为0.17毫米/转。用在钻孔失败之前可以钻孔的数目来评价性能。可以得到下面的结果。
试验 化合物 孔的数目
12345678910111213141516171819 圆周速度为46米/分钟油酸甲酯油酸异丁酯可可甲酯己二酸的二辛基酯三甲氧基丙烷三油酸酯油酰一元乙醇酰胺＋2EO可可脂肪酸二乙醇酰胺油酰一元乙醇酰胺＋4EOC9～11-羰基合成醇异硬脂酸油酸聚乙烯醇，分子量为500聚乙烯醇的二油酸酯(400)二丙二醇一甲基醚三甘醇一甲基醚油酰磷酸酯可可二乙醇胺三乙醇胺＋6EOC9-11羰基合成醇＋4EO 245115878075＞35019533416934789＞35010134122971149172155
ABCDEFG20 只有空气CO2CO2＋Crucolan 10圆周速度为40米/分钟只有空气CO2CO2＋Crucolan 10空气＋油酸甲酯CO2＋油酸甲酯 333333399214586＞350
从上面的结果可以看出：在试验1～20中采用本发明的极性化合物与控制试验A～G相比可以提高的润滑性和钻孔的寿命。

Claims (8)

1.一种在二氧化碳和可在二氧化碳中溶解或者分散的润滑剂的混合物存在情况下机械加工金属和其它固体材料以及玻璃的方法，其特征在于润滑剂含有至少一种极性有机化合物，该极性有机化合物含有至少一个氧原子，该润滑剂的沸点超过200℃。
2.权利要求1记载的方法，特征在于极性有机化合物含有选自醚、羟基、羧基、酯和酰氨基或者它们的混合物的极性基团。
3.权利要求2记载的方法，特征在于极性有机化合物的沸点高于250℃。
4.权利要求1～3中任意一项记载的方法，其特征在于极性有机化合物的熔点低于5℃。
5.权利要求4记载的方法，特征在于极性有机化合物的熔点低于0℃。
6.权利要求1～3任意一项记载的方法，其特征在于极性有机化合物选自分子量为130～280的醇；分子量为150～320的羧酸；分子量为140～1000的多元醇或者醚以及它们的酯；分子量为155～400的羧酸和醇的酯；分子量为180～1000的一元羧酸和一元烷醇胺之间的烷醇酰胺或者它们的烷醇化物。
7.权利要求1～3任意一项记载的方法，其特征在于极性有机化合物或者极性有机化合物的混合物所加入的量是二氧化碳重量的0.1～20％。
8.权利要求7记载的方法，其特征在于极性有机化合物或者极性有机化合物的混合物所加入的量是二氧化碳重量的0.5～4％重量。
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