CN1195707C - 尖晶石压出物的制备方法,制得的蜂窝状结构物及其应用 - Google Patents
尖晶石压出物的制备方法,制得的蜂窝状结构物及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1195707C CN1195707C CNB991058240A CN99105824A CN1195707C CN 1195707 C CN1195707 C CN 1195707C CN B991058240 A CNB991058240 A CN B991058240A CN 99105824 A CN99105824 A CN 99105824A CN 1195707 C CN1195707 C CN 1195707C
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- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910001960 metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- -1 WO 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910002706 AlOOH Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- MXRIRQGCELJRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O.O.O.[Al] Chemical compound O.O.O.[Al] MXRIRQGCELJRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001593 boehmite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical compound O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical class [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021502 aluminium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002896 organic halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 abstract description 21
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- WMWXXXSCZVGQAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical class O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] WMWXXXSCZVGQAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 14
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- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 4
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- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- 241000226585 Antennaria plantaginifolia Species 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910018565 CuAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZZBAGJPKGRJIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7h-purine-2-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=NC=C2NC=NC2=N1 ZZBAGJPKGRJIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000789 Aluminium-silicon alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- KGWDUNBJIMUFAP-KVVVOXFISA-N Ethanolamine Oleate Chemical compound NCCO.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O KGWDUNBJIMUFAP-KVVVOXFISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910020068 MgAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO2 Inorganic materials O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001680 bayerite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002902 bimodal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- SXTLQDJHRPXDSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;dinitrate;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O SXTLQDJHRPXDSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium nitrate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002341 toxic gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/72—Copper
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/8659—Removing halogens or halogen compounds
- B01D53/8662—Organic halogen compounds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/8621—Removing nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/8625—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/8628—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/8659—Removing halogens or halogen compounds
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/005—Spinels
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- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
- B01J35/56—Foraminous structures having flow-through passages or channels, e.g. grids or three-dimensional monoliths
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/08—Heat treatment
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Abstract
一种制备尖晶石压出物的方法,通过压制包括含(或不含)挤压助剂的尖晶石粉末、稳定剂、收缩减少剂、成孔剂或它们的混合物的成型组合物,然后将压出物干燥和煅烧,成型组合物还包括氧化铝或水合氧化铝和金属硝酸盐。
Description
本发明涉及尖晶石压出物,尤其是蜂窝状压出物的制备方法,将其进行干燥和锻烧后可用作催化剂。
碳氢化合物和作为氧化剂的空气燃烧,因空气中氮的氧化产生氮氧化物,尤其在空气过剩及高温的条件下。例如,氮氧化物有NO,NO2,NO3,N2O3,N2O4和N2O5。作为污染物,氮氧化物应尽可能完全从燃烧排出气体中去除,以避免环境的负荷。利用排放气体处理设备正使电厂和工业排放物逐渐减少,减少汽车排气或废气的污染已变得越来越重要,特别是在汽车数量不断增长的背景下。
已提出了许多减少来自汽车中NOx排放物的方法。降低NOx水平的有效方法不得不满足各种标准,尤其是使用催化剂时,如:
-高转化率,即去除大量的NOx,甚至在高温和低温下,及在操作过程中负荷频繁改变的情况下
-避免使用辅助性材料如氨或尿素
-低生产和操作成本
-不停车时间长
-低N2O产出
-催化剂的机械稳定性高
已有许多催化剂用于减少氮氧化物。合适催化剂的其中一个发展方向是尖晶石催化剂。
使用铜浸渍的CuAl2O4尖晶石作为排放气体催化剂公开于DE-A-195 46 482。尖晶石以碎石状使用。
EP-A-0 779 093公开了用于还原氮氧化物和氧化碳氢化合物的相应尖晶石催化剂。尖晶石以锌、铜和铝为基,以碎石状使用。
EP-A-0 676 232公开了用于排气处理的尖晶石催化剂,它能够减少排气中氮氧化物水平。它们是锌铝尖晶石,可从前体溶液中沉淀获得。该沉淀物利用喷雾干燥或快速蒸发干燥,得到其粉末。也可以混合催化剂前体和例如氨或甘氨酸这类物质,并燃烧该混合物,此时不仅形成尖晶石而且同时因为高温而产生煅烧。这说明催化剂能够以蜂窝状存在,但是没有公开蜂窝结构物的制备方法。
汽车上优先使用的尖晶石催化剂不是碎石状或粒状,而是蜂窝状结构,该结构由催化剂材料组成并具有大量基本平行的沟,被处理的气体通过平行沟流动。例如从横截面看,蜂窝状结构相当于蜂窝。个个沟也可以有圆形或矩形或特别方形的截面,使蜂窝结构的横截面相当于直角网格图形。
已提出了各种制备尖晶石蜂窝状结构物的方法。
DE-C-36 19 337公开了制备TiO2-SiO2氧化物复合物的方法,该复合物可以进一步包含二氧化锆。包含如钒和铜的活性组分或包含以氧化物形式存在的活性组分粉末的水溶液,与成型辅助剂一起加入到含钛氧化物例如TiO2,TiO2-SiO2和TiO2-SiO2-ZrO2中。然后混合这些组分并搅拌,同时加入适量的水。接着将混合物在挤压机造型设备中成型。将成型物进行干燥和煅烧。
DE-A-44 19 974涉及制备氧化钛基成型催化剂的方法及其用途。该催化剂可以是蜂窝状结构。通过搅拌煅烧的二氧化钛粉末和水、偏钨酸铵溶液、作为增塑助剂的聚乙二醇、单乙醇胺和玻璃纤维的混合物来制备。该均质搅拌物料在挤压机中压成蜂窝状,然后将蜂窝状催化剂进行干燥和煅烧。
US 5 219 816涉及脱氢催化剂和其制备方法。为了制备尖晶石为基的载体,混合硝酸镁和氧化铝材料,并挤压成合适的形状。干燥后在600到700℃的温度下进行煅烧。
制备蜂窝状结构物,特别是铜铝尖晶石,采用现有的方法存在着许多缺点。
将成型材料挤压成蜂窝状结构需要很长的送料时间,这相当于低的送料速度。通常只能达到5-10cm/min的送料速度。
挤压的蜂窝状结构物的干燥时间很长。在室温下通常至少需要一个月。
在干燥和随后的煅烧过程中,蜂窝状结构物易变形,如有平行四边形变形和枕形变形,并且产生纵向和横向裂纹。即使延长干燥时间也不能达到好的效果。
由于裂纹和变形,该蜂窝状结构物机械性能不稳定,并造成通过催化剂的气流不均匀,因此很困难或甚至不可能在催化剂上建立恒定的反应条件。此外,例如用于汽车的催化剂,需将蜂窝状结构物装入保护套。当存在平行四边形变形和枕形变形时,蜂窝状结构物不能注满保护套,致使废气傍流,总体上大大降低了催化剂性能。此时认为总体上催化剂表现出活性降低。
本发明的一个目的是提供制备尖晶石压出物的方法,尤其是尖晶石蜂窝状结构物,它克服了现有方法的不足,生产出均匀的、无变形无裂纹的蜂窝状结构,具有高的机械稳定性和持续的使用强度,且不受温度改变的影响。易安装到专用元件如保护套中,使其在操作中获得最大的活性。此外,与现有方法相比,提高了制备速度。
我们发现,根据本发明制备尖晶石压出物的方法达到了此目的,即把含有(或不含)挤压助剂的尖晶石粉末、稳定剂、收缩减少剂、成孔剂、塑解助剂或它们的混合物所组成的组合物挤压成型,随后将压出物进行干燥和煅烧,其中成型组合物还包括氧化铝或氧化铝水化物和金属硝酸盐。优选在水溶液中发生酸性反应的金属硝酸盐。最好是硝酸铜。代替优选的Cu(NO3)2·3H2O,也可能使用包含或少或多摩尔结晶水的水化物。进一步说,也可以使用其他金属硝酸盐,只要它们的阳离子是尖晶石形成物,并且获得的金属氧化物在催化剂中的存在是必要的。
如前所述,成型物优选被压成蜂窝状结构物。典型的蜂窝状结构物有直径从1到5mm的沟和间壁厚度从0.2到5mm。
本发明的方法使制备无变形和无裂纹的尖晶石蜂窝状结构物成为可能。在加料速度达80cm/min时可以将成型物压成蜂窝状结构。通常在室温下的干燥时间仅大约一周。得到的蜂窝状结构物机械性能稳定并抗温度波动。
根据本发明可以使用多种尖晶石粉末。适合的尖晶石粉末公开于例如EP-A-0676232、EP-A-0779093、DE-A-19546482和DE-A-19653200,它们在优先权日没有被公开。
尖晶石被描述在例如C.W.Correns,Einführung in die Mineralogie(矿物学导论),Springer Verlag 1949,77-80页。进一步的说明公开在H.Remy,Lehrbuch der anorganischen Chemie(无机化学教程),AkademischeVerlagsgesellschaft Geest & Portig K.-G.Leipzig 1950,308-311页,和Roempp,Chemielexikon(化学百科全书),9th edition 1995,4245页。尖晶石形式上可以从MgAl2O4获得。镁可以被其他二价离子例如锌、铜、铁代替。铝可以由其他三价离子例如铁或铬代替。在尖晶石晶格中,氧原子形成相应于面心晶格的立方密集结构。八面体空位一半被铝占据,空位的另一半是空的。八分之一的四面体空位被镁占据。
优选方案是使用的铜-铝尖晶石粉末,其0-10%重量被ZrO2、CeO2、SnO2、WO3、MoO3、TiO2、V2O5、Nb2O3、La2O3或它们的混合物代替,并额外掺加贵金属。
尖晶石粉末平均颗粒直径优选0.1到50μm,从1到30μm更好,从2到10μm最好。可利用在上述参考文献中列举的不同的方法获得。
例如通过将在尖晶石中存在的金属的粉状氧化物混合,对氧化物混合物加压并煅烧,可以制备尖晶石粉末。煅烧温度优选不超过700℃。适合的氧化物例如有ZrO2、SiO2、Al2O3、TiO2、CeO2、SnO2、WO3、MoO3、、Nb2O3、La2O3和V2O5。
其制备也可以采用将尖晶石中存在的金属的金属盐溶液混合,然后沉淀、干燥和煅烧的方法。使用金属盐的悬浮液代替溶液也是可以的。优选使用无机酸盐如硝酸盐、硫酸盐、碳酸盐或卤化物-取决于溶解度。也可以使用有机酸盐,如甲酸盐、乙酸盐、丙酸盐、乙二酸盐或柠檬酸盐。通过加入沉淀剂如氨、碱金属碳酸盐、碱式碱金属碳酸盐或氢氧化物可以发生沉淀反应。
另外,可以通过喷雾干燥或快速蒸发将溶液干燥并研磨成粉状。干燥以后进行煅烧,煅烧温度最好不超过600℃。
此外,可以将尖晶石的前体金属的化合物与碳和氮源混合形成混合物,然后将该混合物燃烧。所述燃烧产生了可形成尖晶石的高温。合适的碳和氮源的例子是有机化合物如尿素或甘氨酸。
更适合的制备方法公开于如DE-A-4224881。例如可以将金属氧化物如AlOOH(软水铝石)、CuO、ZnO和任选的其它适合的金属氧化物在粘结剂存在下与水搅拌、压制、干燥和煅烧,在这种情况下获得的压出物可以被磨成粉状。可以使用如上所述的相应的氢氧化物,水合氧,碳酸盐,有机酸盐,硝酸盐,氯酸盐,硫酸盐或磷酸盐来代替金属氧化物。为了制备双模态的或多模态的催化剂,可以用AlOOH和Al2O3最好是γ-Al2O3或δ-Al2O3的混合物来代替AlOOH。为达到这个目的,可以使用有不同的孔尺寸分布的Al2O3。
干燥优选在10到200℃进行,在20到150℃更好,在30到120℃最好。也可以进行冷冻干燥(如从-40℃到0℃,从0.05到0.8巴)。冷冻干燥特别平稳,但花费更多的时间。几何形状被充分保留。煅烧最好在600到900℃进行。
用现有的方法将如上所述的尖晶石或前体盐的混合物压制成为蜂窝状结构物。
形成对照的是,本发明是混合尖晶石粉末和任选的挤压助剂,稳定剂,收缩减少剂,成孔剂,胶溶助剂或它们的混合物-和额外的氧化铝或水合氧化铝和金属硝酸盐。最好使用Cu∶Al的摩尔比是从0.3到0.7,优选从0.4到0.6的水合氧化铝和如硝酸铜。使用的水合氧化铝最好是氧化铝的氢氧化物、三氢氧化铝或它们的混合物。可以使用水化物形式的金属盐。水合氧化铝和金属硝酸盐的量最好是尖晶石粉末量的15到55%重量。将尖晶石粉末和额外的组分搅拌成为塑性物,然后将其压制成为压出物,特别是蜂窝状结构物。再将该压出物在10到200℃下干燥,更好是在20到150℃,最好在30到120℃,并在500到900℃煅烧。加入水合氧化铝和金属硝酸盐使获得本发明的无变形和无裂缝的蜂窝状结构物成为可能。迄今为止,产生此效果的确切的原因还不清楚。
水合氧化铝与金属硝酸盐(硝酸铜)的混合比例最好对应于尖晶石中的混合比来选择。根据现有的尖晶石,优选重量百分比5到25%的AlOOH和重量百分比10到30%的金属硝酸盐(如Cu(NO3)2·3H2O)。在这些尖晶石前体中金属氧化物与Al2O3的摩尔比显然不应该是明显亚化学计算量。摩尔比最好在0.6到1.4之间。
也可以使用Al(OH)3(三羟铝石或三水铝石)或其他水合氧化铝和它们的混合物代替AlOOH(软水铝石)。对于许多合适的水合氧化铝的描述参见HollemanWiberg,Lehrbuch der anorganischen Chemie(无机化学教程),Walter D.Gruyter Berlin,New York 1985。
最好使用含水量是2到6mol的软水铝石和硝酸铜。
可以用不同的方法制备尖晶石粉末。例如,
-从氢氧化物中沉淀和随后的煅烧,
-混合氧化物和随后的煅烧,
-使用旧的回收蜂窝状物,
-使用废料和残留物,
-混合盐,喷雾干燥和随后的煅烧。
可以在尖晶石和由其得到的压出物,特别是蜂窝状结构物中进一步掺入氧化物如ZrO2、CeO2、SnO2、WO3、MoO3、TiO2、V2O5、Nb2O3、La2O3和/或贵金属如Pt、Pd、Ru、Ag、Au。掺入量最好是煅烧的蜂窝状结构物量的0到10%重量。
根据本发明,将成型物压制为蜂窝状结构物最好在上料速度达80cm/min下进行。根据本发明,在室温下的干燥时间最好是约一周。
本发明的蜂窝状结构物作为催化剂或催化剂载体,用于对含氮氧化物的排气进行催化清洁。尤其适用于燃烧排气特别是柴油机排气的除毒。然而,也适用于其他含NOx的如来自于燃煤,燃油或废物能发电厂的排气。适当的掺入物将使蜂窝状结构物也可用于清洁含N2O的工业排气。类似地,适当掺入TiO2、V2O5、WO3可以使二噁英分解,并且二噁英的分解可以在去除有毒气体的同时或之后立刻发生。最好是如EP-A-0 447 537所描述的那样,TiO2/V2O5/WO3催化剂上的氧化气氛下发生二噁英的分解反应。包含多卤化化合物的其他气体也可以被清洁。最好是使用蜂窝状结构物-特别是掺入贵金属以后一来作为3通道催化剂的碳氢化合物贮存容量载体。
用以下的实施例来说明本发明。
(本发明)实施例1
起始物料
3000g铜-铝尖晶石粉末,其中Cu呈亚化学计算量。其烧损是6%,即实际的尖晶石量是2820g。该粉末形式上由20%=564g=7.09mol的CuO和80%=2256g=22.1mol的Al2O3组成。这样在每摩尔的Al2O3中含有0.32mol的CuO,即显然是亚化学计算量的。尖晶石粉末可以是原始材料或例如从工艺中回收的材料,按照EP-A-0676 232的实施例2所述制备尖晶石,也就是通过在水中混合硝酸铜和AlOOH,以传统的方法喷雾干燥并在800℃煅烧。
AlOOH+Cu(NO3)2·3H2O的掺合物
将上述3000g尖晶石粉末与402.8g潮湿的Pural_(矿物学术语为软水铝石=AlOOH,形式上含有73.74%的Al2O3=297.0g=2.9mol的Al2O3)及703g三水合硝酸铜(=232g=2.9mol(形式上)的CuO)混合。混合物有等摩尔组成,即符合分子式CuAl2O4。
混合物
尖晶石粉末和掺合物形式上包含796g=10.0mol的CuO和2553g=25.0mol的Al2O3。这样CuO与Al2O3的摩尔比是0.4∶1。
塑性变形物料的制备
充分混合3000g尖晶石和1352g掺合物5分钟以上。然后加入246.4g的碳纤维,41g的Walocel_(羟甲基纤维素),41g的聚乙烯氧化物和2000g的软化水,并搅拌6小时。然后加入41g的单乙醇胺,继续搅拌7小时。搅拌过程中,补充350g蒸馏水。碳纤维长度3mm,直径5微米。
蜂窝状结构物的制备
在下面条件下,在常规挤压机上压出蜂窝状结构物,并将其干燥和煅烧:
挤压速度:50cm/min
干燥时间:8天
煅烧的蜂窝状结构物的外形:符合要求
机械稳定性:爆裂强度181N/cm2
温度变化稳定性:非常好
催化活性:非常好,调整到100%
(比较例)实施例2
在原地由三水合硝酸盐和软水铝石制备。混合4841g的Cu(NO3)2·3H2O,9482g的AlOOH、522g的碳纤维、128g的乙醇胺、128g的乳酸、96g的羧甲酸纤维素和5020g水,并如实施例1进行搅拌。搅拌后的物料用来制造160单元/平方英寸(25单元/cm2)的蜂窝状结构物。
挤压速度:10cm/min
干燥时间:28天
爆裂强度50N/cm2
催化活性:实施例1的80%
外形:大量纵向裂纹,严重变形
温度变化稳定性:另有裂纹出现
(本发明)实施例3
类似于实施例1,但本实施例含有堇青石,不含有挤压助剂和成孔剂。
如实施例1所述的那样混合尖晶石粉末、ALOOH、Cu(NO3)2·3H2O,然后掺合进12%的堇青石和30%水,将其加工成每平方英寸160单元的蜂窝状物。
挤压速度:45cm/min
干燥时间:10天
爆裂强度150N/cm2
催化活性:实施例1的95%
外形:轻微的向裂纹,蜂窝状物尺寸稳定
温度变化稳定性:好
(本发明)实施例4
类似于实施例1,但本实施例含有堇青石。不同于实施例3,含有挤压助剂和成孔剂。
起始物料量见表1
挤压速度:50cm/min
干燥时间:10天
爆裂强度283N/cm2
催化活性:实施例1的100%
外形:符合要求
温度变化稳定性:好
表1
本发明实施例1 | 对比例实施例2 | 本发明实施例3 | 本发明实施例4 | |||||
g | % | g | % | g | % | g | % | |
CuO1 | 564 | 9.0 | - | - | 1128 | 8.3 | 1128 | 7.8 |
Al2O1 | 2256 | 36.2 | - | - | 4512 | 33.1 | 4512 | 31.3 |
Cu(NO3)2·3H2O | 703 | 11.3 | 4841 | 23.8 | 1380 | 10.1 | 1406 | 9.7 |
AlOOH | 348 | 5.6 | 9482 | 46.6 | 805 | 5.9 | 805 | 5.6 |
总的推算CuO | 796 | 23.8 | 1600 | 20.0 | 1593 | 23.8 | 1592 | 23.8 |
总的推算Al2O3 | 2553 | 76.2 | 6400 | 80.0 | 5105 | 76.2 | 5105 | 76.2 |
堇青石(Mg2Al3(AlSi5O18) | - | - | - | - | 1661 | 12.2 | 1661 | 11.5 |
碳纤维2 | 246 | 3.9 | 522 | 2.6 | - | 613 | 4.2 | |
羟甲基纤维素3 | 41 | 0.7 | - | - | - | - | 102 | 0.7 |
羧甲基纤维素4 | - | - | 96 | 0.5 | - | - | - | - |
聚乙烯氧化物5 | 41 | 0.7 | 128 | 0.6 | - | - | 102 | 0.7 |
单乙醇胺 | 41 | 0.7 | 128 | 0.6 | - | 102 | 0.7 |
表2
本发明实施例1 | 对比例实施例2 | 本发明实施例3 | 本发明实施例4 | |||||
g | % | g | % | g | % | g | % | |
乳酸 | - | - | 128 | 0.6 | - | - | - | - |
水 | 2000 | 32.1 | 5020 | 24.7 | 4150 | 30.4 | 4000 | 27.7 |
挤压速度cm/min | 50 | 10 | 45 | 50 | ||||
干燥天数 | 8 | 28 | 10 | 10 | ||||
爆裂强度N/cm2 | 181 | 50 | 150 | 283 | ||||
催化活性占实施例1的% | 100 | 80 | 95 | 100 | ||||
蜂窝状物的外观 | 满足要求 | 大量纵向裂纹、严重变形 | 轻微纵向裂纹、无变形、尺寸稳定 | 满足要求 | ||||
温度变化稳定性 | 无裂纹 | 附加的裂纹 | 无裂纹 | 无裂纹 |
1:共同产生尖晶石粉末
2:碳纤维:长度平均3mm,直径平均5mm
3:羟甲基纤维素:Walocel_墙纸胶
4:羧甲基纤维素:Kikkolate_NBL,取自日本Nichirin Chemical Co.Ltd.
5:聚乙烯氧化物:Alkox_E 160,取自日本Meisei Chcmical Industries Co.Ltd.
Claims (10)
1、制备尖晶石压出物的方法,它压制包括含或不含挤压助剂的尖晶石粉末、稳定剂、收缩减少剂、成孔剂或它们的混合物的成型组合物,然后干燥和煅烧压出物,其中成型组合物还包括氧化铝或水合氧化铝和金属硝酸盐。
2、权利要求1的方法,其中成型组合物被压制成蜂窝状结构物。
3、权利要求1的方法,其中使用的尖晶石粉末是铜—铝尖晶石粉末,其中该粉末的>0-10重量%被ZrO2、CeO2、SnO2、WO3、MoO3、TiO2、V2O5、Nb2O3、La2O3或它们的混合物代替,并额外掺加贵金属。
4、权利要求1至3中任何一种方法,其中使用的水合氧化铝和硝酸铜的Cu∶Al摩尔比是0.3到0.7。
5、权利要求1至3中任何一种方法,其中使用的水合氧化铝是氧化铝氢氧化物,三氢氧化铝或它们的混合物。
6、权利要求1至3中任何一种方法,其中水合氧化铝和硝酸铜的量用AlOOH和Cu(NO3)2·3H2O计算,为尖晶石粉末量的,15到55重量%的范围内。
7、权利要求6的方法,其中使用水含量从2到6mol的软水铝石和硝酸铜。
8、以权利要求1至3中任何一项所述的方法得到的蜂窝状结构物,其中具有直径从1至5mm的沟和0.2-5mm的间壁厚度。
9、使用权利要求8所述的蜂窝状结构物作为催化剂或催化剂载体,对含有氮氧化物的排气进行催化清除和对含有多卤化有机化合物的排气进行催化清除的方法。
10.权利要求2的方法,其中使用的尖晶石粉末是铜—铝尖晶石粉末,其中该粉末的>0-10重量%被ZrO2、CeO2、SnO2、WO3、MoO3、TiO2、V2O5、Nb2O3、La2O3或它们的混合物代替,并额外掺加贵金属。
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DE19813171.2 | 1998-03-25 | ||
DE19813171A DE19813171C1 (de) | 1998-03-25 | 1998-03-25 | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Spinell-Extrudaten |
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CN1236757A CN1236757A (zh) | 1999-12-01 |
CN1195707C true CN1195707C (zh) | 2005-04-06 |
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CNB991058240A Expired - Lifetime CN1195707C (zh) | 1998-03-25 | 1999-03-25 | 尖晶石压出物的制备方法,制得的蜂窝状结构物及其应用 |
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US (1) | US6177382B1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0945177A3 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP4353573B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100579688B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1195707C (zh) |
BR (1) | BR9901128B1 (zh) |
CZ (1) | CZ299998B6 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE19813171C1 (zh) |
RU (1) | RU2225253C2 (zh) |
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DE19848595A1 (de) * | 1998-10-21 | 2000-04-27 | Basf Ag | Hochtemperaturstabile Katalysatoren zur Zersetzung von N¶2¶0 |
US6623707B1 (en) * | 2000-06-19 | 2003-09-23 | Corning Incorporated | Monolithic catalyst dehydrogenation reactor |
BR0211759A (pt) * | 2001-08-07 | 2004-10-13 | Massachusetts Inst Technology | Materiais nanocompostos não-zeolìticos para catálise de ácido sólido |
JP2003164761A (ja) * | 2001-09-21 | 2003-06-10 | Toshiba Corp | 金属酸化物焼結構造体及びその製造方法 |
US7435274B2 (en) * | 2003-02-27 | 2008-10-14 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Metal particle-dispersed composite oxides, metal particle-dispersed composite oxide-sintered bodies, method of manufacturing metal particle-dispersed composite oxides, and hydrocarbon-based fuel reformer |
EP1666436B1 (en) | 2003-08-29 | 2013-07-31 | Hitachi Metals, Ltd. | Ceramic honeycomb structure and ceramic body used for extrusion-molding the structure |
DE102005040582A1 (de) * | 2005-08-22 | 2007-03-01 | Itn Nanovation Gmbh | Hochtemperaturstabile keramische Schichten und Formkörper |
AU2006325209B2 (en) * | 2005-12-16 | 2010-11-04 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Process for preparing a hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst |
US8511535B1 (en) * | 2010-04-19 | 2013-08-20 | Aegis Technology Inc. | Innovative braze and brazing process for hermetic sealing between ceramic and metal components in a high-temperature oxidizing or reducing atmosphere |
US9700841B2 (en) * | 2015-03-13 | 2017-07-11 | Byd Company Limited | Synergized PGM close-coupled catalysts for TWC applications |
CN106179359B (zh) * | 2016-06-22 | 2019-04-12 | 中国天辰工程有限公司 | 一种净化己二酸装置尾气的高效催化剂及其成型工艺方法 |
US20230392006A1 (en) * | 2020-10-27 | 2023-12-07 | Hasbro, Inc. | Stretch compound and method of making the same |
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US3907666A (en) * | 1971-07-15 | 1975-09-23 | Gulf Research Development Co | Hydrocarbon sweetening with a calcined pellet of copper salt and ferric oxide |
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AU547232B2 (en) * | 1980-07-29 | 1985-10-10 | W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Regeneration of cracking catalysts to effect a reduction the emission of sulphur oxides |
US4637995A (en) * | 1985-03-18 | 1987-01-20 | Corning Glass Works | Preparation of monolithic catalyst supports having an integrated high surface area phase |
US4631268A (en) * | 1985-03-18 | 1986-12-23 | Corning Glass Works | Preparation of monolithic catalyst support structures having an integrated high surface area phase |
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JPH064126B2 (ja) | 1985-06-10 | 1994-01-19 | 株式会社日本触媒 | 排ガス浄化方法 |
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US5489204A (en) * | 1993-12-28 | 1996-02-06 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Apparatus for sintering abrasive grain |
FR2718371B1 (fr) | 1994-04-08 | 1996-05-03 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Catalyseurs de réduction des oxydes d'azote à base de spinelles. |
DE4419974C2 (de) | 1994-06-08 | 1996-10-17 | Huels Chemische Werke Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines geformten Katalysators auf der Basis von Titandioxid sowie dessen Verwendung |
US5525211A (en) * | 1994-10-06 | 1996-06-11 | Texaco Inc. | Selective hydrodesulfurization of naphtha using selectively poisoned hydroprocessing catalyst |
DE19546481C2 (de) | 1995-12-13 | 1998-08-13 | Daimler Benz Ag | Katalysator und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung und Verwendung desselben |
DE19546482A1 (de) | 1995-12-13 | 1997-06-26 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Reinigungsanlage, eine Reinigungsanlage und eine Verwendung derselben |
DE19653200A1 (de) * | 1996-12-19 | 1998-06-25 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Reduktion von Stickoxiden |
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- 1999-03-24 KR KR1019990009955A patent/KR100579688B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
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- 1999-03-25 CZ CZ0108199A patent/CZ299998B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
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RU2225253C2 (ru) | 2004-03-10 |
JPH11309707A (ja) | 1999-11-09 |
US6177382B1 (en) | 2001-01-23 |
CZ108199A3 (cs) | 1999-11-17 |
BR9901128B1 (pt) | 2011-09-06 |
BR9901128A (pt) | 2000-05-09 |
KR19990078178A (ko) | 1999-10-25 |
JP4353573B2 (ja) | 2009-10-28 |
KR100579688B1 (ko) | 2006-05-15 |
DE19813171C1 (de) | 1999-11-25 |
CZ299998B6 (cs) | 2009-01-14 |
EP0945177A3 (de) | 2000-06-21 |
CN1236757A (zh) | 1999-12-01 |
EP0945177A2 (de) | 1999-09-29 |
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