CN1193267A - 用于心脏心律不齐的经皮切除或手术中切除的一种可操纵的电生理导管 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种在心肌组织内既能传感心肌电活性又能传送切除能量的导管(22)被公开了。此导管(22)包括在外壳上的电极(38,39)并包含一根可移动的纤维光学缆(42),此缆能经皮推进超过导管体(22),并进入心肌内以便进行心肌加热和凝结,或修整由于心脏心律不齐损伤的组织。纤维光学尖端(42)设计成能径向扩散切除能,与用裸的纤维光学尖端相比能切除大体积的组织。此外,此尖端处置成不在向前方向传送能量,因此有助于防止不希望的心脏组织穿孔。还公开了一种防止心脏局部缺血的方法,包括在心脏组织内诱发局部体高温。
Description
发明的背景
1.发明的领域
本发明一般地涉及医用设备和仪器领域,特别涉及心脏功能紊乱包括心律不齐和局部缺血的非药物治疗的领域,包括经皮治疗,特别应用于引起心律不齐的组织的切除或修整,并通过应用局部体温过高处理保护局部缺血再灌注损伤。
2.相关技术叙述
当来自心脏内部起搏器的有节律的电信号不正确地经过心脏传播时引起心脏心律不齐。一种特殊类型的心脏心律不齐是心室心动过速,在此疾病中在心脏的心室中发生异位病灶导致心跳超过每分钟100次。这一问题常常发生在因梗塞或其他损伤引起的已损害心肌组织的部位附近。
加热并因此凝固(“切除”)引起心脏心律不齐的心肌组织已表明有很大的医疗价值并经常是经皮完成的“导管切除”。绝大多数的方法包括装有用电极的具有易弯端部的导管发送射频能(RF),此电极用于检测(“测绘”)心内的电激活时序,和用于发射RF能或激光能(见Svenson等人的美国专利US5,172,699)。对此疗法效果愈最好(治率>90%)的心律不齐是室上性心律不齐。这是由于(1)很好确定的可以确定治疗的测绘判据和(2)由于组织体积小,该组织在切除时,可以防止心律不齐再发作。因此对于成功而言,只需要很少的或有时只需要一个,较表浅而很易对准的由RF引起的损伤。
这个相同的方法在治疗由于心肌梗塞损伤的组织引起的心室心律不齐很少成功。对于这种心律不齐RF导管切除只可推荐作为辅助(非“第一方式”)疗法。其理由还是(1)测绘判据与成功的相关性不如在室上心律不齐那么清楚和(2)引起心律不齐的是较大块组织。
Isner和Clarke在美国专利5,104,393中叙述了解决心室心律不齐的尝试,此专利公开了一种用于心脏组织切除的导管。此仪器的尖端用定位线固定在心内合适的地方,而切除尖端固定在心内壁上,这样尖端不能直接达到可以引起心律不齐的深处的心肌内的组织。现有的其他方法对切除这样深的组织都是同样地不胜任,因此对许多病人排除了经皮治疗。
在近些年对在心脏中产生高水平热休克蛋白质(HSP’s)和检验其心脏保护能力方面有显著的兴趣。这些尝试导致试验调查的发展,在调查中不同的应激反应例如缺氧、机械应力、血液动力超载和体温过低等已被使用表达HSP’s(尤其是HSP70类)和检验随后对局部缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤心脏的保护作用。
先前在许多玻璃试管内和动物体内模型中的工作已显示体温过高引起的HSP’s的表达对心脏的局部缺血/再融合(I/R)损伤伴随有保护作用(Marber等1993;Donnely等1992;Yellon等1992;Walker等1993;Currie等1993)。这一保护作用不仅显示与HSP表达有关也直接与在I/R前感生的HSP的量相关(Hutter等1994)。此外,作为热休克反应的结果HSP’s的表达被证明能在局部缺血和再灌注之后改善功能的恢复(Currie等1988)。
在先前的体温过高研究中在I/R前或者通过在与心脏隔离的玻璃试管中加热缓冲剂溶液或使动物全身加热24小时达到HSP表达。然而,全身热应力对心脏外的细胞例如血液细胞产生负作用,如观察到在用体内全身体温过高处理的动物内心脏保护的持续时间少于在体外在隔离的缓冲液灌注期间心脏热震的心脏保护的持续时间。Walker等以实验论证了这些心脏外的作用,在实验中经受过全身体温过高的动物的缓冲剂灌注的心脏和血液(非热震动)灌注的心脏比经受过全身体温过高的其心脏仍然用热震动血液组份灌注入的动物能经受较长时间的局部缺血。
因此急需一种直接加热心脏并包括局部HSP压出的方法,这样就避免了在使全身体温过高过程中可引起的限制。
发明概述
本发明通过(1)向心脏内发射激光或其它切除能,和(2)在心肌内广泛区域扩散此切除能而不对心内表面或在血池中产生过多的热量而解决上述问题的。心律不齐部位的测绘是通过在导管外壳上提供的电极完成的。此电极可开关地连接到一个生理记录器上。在一特定的实施方案中,测绘电极可装在可缩回的尖端上,以便更精确地确定引起心律不齐的心肌的区域。导管是可控制弯曲的,用于将电极放置在正确的位置以便接触和治疗所期望的区域。
本发明提供的仪器和方法,通过在心肌内传播漫射的激光或其它切除能与以前可能的方法相比可以经皮导管切除较大的心肌损伤,因此提高了例如治疗心室心律不齐的可能性。因此病人不需要药物的或手术的疗法,减少了发明率和治疗的花费。
本发明,在某些方面,可被叙述为用于心内插入的装置,它包括一个适于进入心血管系统的导管。一个能量传送导体沿着导管并在导管内延伸并有一个能超过导管远端延伸和能缩回导管内的尖端。此导体可以是电流的导体、超声波、微波、光波导管例如相干光的波导管或液体的导管,并最优选地包括一根光纤。
导体的尖端被构形为能穿透心脏组织(即,通过心内膜并进入心肌组织中)和当导体超过导管的远端并进入心肌组织延伸时,相对于导体、径向和/或轴向地从导体导出能量。此端部可形成一个尖端,以便更容易穿透心内膜,或此端部可形成平端、平的椭圆形端或其他适合的构型。在美国专利5,253,312或美国专利5,269,777中叙述的示范性的端部在此作为参考包含在本文中。一种优选的端部是可由麻省Dennis稀土医用激光公司(Rare Earth Medical Lasers Inc,Dennis,MA)购得的漫射激光端部。此端部的端头也可以用能量或光反射或偏转的材料涂层或与该材料结合以便防止切除能向前传播。这个特性由于有助于防止不希望的心脏组织穿孔而增加了本发明的安全性。
此装置可以有一个或多个位于导管远端附近的电极并优选地可有一电极对位于导管的远端用于准确地测绘心律不齐。或者,此装置甚至在位于可缩回的尖端上提供一个或多个电极用于空隙测绘。附加的电极可以位于一个探针上,此探针可以从导管的端部向前进入组织中用于记录心肌内的电活性。可以理解的是用于测绘电极的导体最好是装入导管的外壳内。然而,在这些测绘探针能超过导管外壳延伸的实施方案中除了切除能量的导体外一个导体可以通过导管的腔。用于心律不齐的激发、整速和心内测绘的装置和方法在本领域是熟知的,就它们本身来说自然不认为构成本发明。全部装置最好包括一个可开关连接到至少一个电极上的生理记录器,此电极能测绘局部的心脏的电活性并且还可包括一个可开关连接到至少一个电极上的电激发装置,此电极能整速或另外激发心脏组织。整速电极在此过程中可用于减小或终止心律不齐。此装置还可包括一个稳定器,或稳定装置以帮助防止不希望的心脏组织穿孔。稳定器是但不限于是一个可膨胀的环形囊状物,它可以在径向膨胀和可以相对于导管在远端膨胀。稳定器可以位于导管的外表面上以便在身体器官或空腔内稳定导管。其它的稳定器可以包括但不限于是连接在导管远侧尖端上的盘状或篮状的延伸物。
本发明也可被描述为一个用于切除心脏组织的可操纵的导管,这里导管有一个可缩回的尖端,并且此尖端可延伸进入心内膜组织中,用以横向扩散切除能进入心肌内组织中。切除能可以以激光能、射频能、微波、超声波或例如热水介质的形式提供,并且优选地是400至3000nm波长的激光能。
本发明的某些方面存在于治疗心脏心律不齐的方法中,此方法包括将装置的远端如上所述定位在心内膜上、识别处于心律不齐的组织、将导体的远端通过导管的远端延伸并进入组织中、和通过导体将切除能传送至组织中等步骤。在此方法的实施中,导体可以是波导管而切除能可以是激光能。波导管的远端优选地包括一个穿透的尖端和以一种期望的模式将激光能分配进入所选择的组织中的装置,此能量可从波导管径向延伸,均匀分配。
在某些实施方案中本方法可以叙述为一个通过称作血管生成的过程促进心肌血管重新形成的方法。在实施这一实施方案的优选的方法中,通过将导管尖端导入先前已被鉴定为血液灌注不足(即局部缺血)的心肌中,使组织加热到约40℃。此过程以类似于治疗心律不齐所叙述的程序的方式完成,除了大多数情况外此过程将在手术期间内完成并包含一较大块的组织。
如在此所示,局部温度过高的保护作用可能是由于热休克蛋白质的引入。由于热休克蛋白(HSP)对损伤是一种非特异性反应,所以期望其它机械的、热的、光的、电的和光化学的手段可用于在心脏内局部地诱导HSP。因此可以发送任何这样类型能量到心脏区的任何装置都可用作在心脏组织内诱导局部的损伤,这样提高了HSP和其他能有保护作用的物质。然而,可以认为,局部的辐照和/或加热可以提供一种最安全和最优选的在心脏内局部提高HSP的方法。在心肌组织内局部温度提高可通过从心脏外部表面、心内膜表面加热、间质加热或这些方式的组合来实现。
在此方法的实施中,发射激光、超声波、微波、射频的装置或从热尖端传导的热量可用来加热心脏组织。这些装置仅作为举例被放在一个血管中,它们可以通过天然开口例如食管被引入,以便用辐照热或传导热采用或不采用同时冷却的方法来辐照和/或加热心脏,或通过在肋骨间打开一个小孔并使用腹腔镜,从而治疗例如慢性局部缺血的心脏病人。这样的治疗可以只执行一次,或每隔2至3天一次,以专业人员确定的具有有利效果所需的时间为周期。执行这样的治疗可以用于保护进行移植,旁通术或其他的病人,包括例如接受不是移植心脏的移植器官例如移植肾的病人。
附图简述
图1是完成心肌内导管切除方法所需的实验室配置的示意图。
图2是导管的远端部分的示意图,在测绘过程中此尖端靠在心室的心内膜上,在光纤纩散尖端推进和激光发射之前。
图3是图2的导管在辐照位置,同时穿透光纤尖端延伸进入心内膜。周边环形的气囊已膨胀,帮助防止整个导管系统推进和心室穿孔。
图4示意地描述正在漫射的光学的尖端和心肌内光的分布。此纤维的端部可用一种光学元件涂层或与之结合用来反射或偏转光,以便在相对于此尖端向前方向不发射光,从而防止穿孔和/或损伤贲门上部冠状的动脉或心包。
图5是本发明的典型使用方法的流程图。
图6A是直方图,表示在局部缺血30分钟和重新灌注2小时后在加热治疗的老鼠(斜纹直方)和对照组(实心直方)内的左心室中处于危险的总的区域。在两组中左心室的危险区的百分数看不出有差别。
图6B是直方图,表示在局部缺血30分钟和重新灌注2小时后在加热治疗的老鼠(斜纹正方)和对照组(实心直方)的总的梗死面积的大小。与对照组比较,证实了加热治疗的老鼠其用危险区百分数表示的梗死面积显著(P<.005)减小。
图7是直方图,表示显示HSP70压出水平的免疫缺陷的凝胶密度计分析样品为4组老鼠组的右和左心室样品,从左至右是未手术、开胸(C1)、冷探针(C2)和热探针(H)。斜纹线的直方是右心室而实线直方是左心室。数值是与“未手术”对照组比较的倍差。当与任一对照组比较时局部热敷在右(未处置的)和左(处置的)两个心室中增加了热休克蛋白质70的压出。在(H)组动物中在加热区(LV,左心室)中HSP升高得比未加热区(RV,右心室)中HSP升高的多而在各对照组的LV和RV之间观察到无明显差别。
优选实施方案的详述
在优选的实施方案中,本发明包括一个既能传感心肌电活性和又能在心肌组织中传送激光或其他类型能量的导管。远端的导管包括一个外壳,各电极位于其上,并且一个可移动的纤维光学缆或其他能量发送装置可以通过此外壳经皮推进,超过此外壳并进入心肌内,进行心肌内加热和/或光致凝结,或改变引起心律不齐的组织。在用作切除尖端的更换测绘探针之前,通过沿探针插入电极进入心肌内可以得到另外的测绘数据。用于心肌内加热的尖端可进一步设计成横向漫射光子或其他能量,借此可比用现行的各心内疗法加热较大体积的组织。此尖端设计成它不允许向前辐照,因此防止整个厚度切除和穿孔。本发明的全面设计打算经皮治疗心脏心律不齐例如心室心动过速,尽管此漫射尖端可以在手术期间内使用。虽然治疗心室心动过速是治疗心律不齐的最优选的实施方案,但可以用基本上不修改或完全不修改的已公开的装置和方法完成其他心律不齐的治疗。此外,可以用本发明的装置和方法通过体温过高诱导血管生成的办法完成局部心脏缺血情况的治疗。可以理解和在此显示的是局部加热心脏组织感生作为局部缺血/重新灌注中心脏保护剂的热休克蛋白质,并且在这里所述的在心脏组织中热休克蛋白质的感生是本发明的一个实施方案。
图1是本发明用于病人20的优选实施方案的示意图。在此实施方案中,一个外部激光源10由通过导管22的腔44的传导器18连接到导管22的远端24上(也见图2)。也通过导管22的腔44是导线14,它被连至一个生理记录器12上,和/或激发器12上。或者,导体14可以装入外导管22的外壳36内。在图1所示的实施方案中,导管22插入一根股动脉(或静脉)中,推进入心脏16的室内,并与心内膜接触放置。
导管22的远端部分示于图2中。在纤维光学漫射尖端42推进入空隙组织32和激光发送入心律不齐区34之前,在测绘过程中使用时,导管22的远端24紧贴心室心内膜30放置。连到导管外壳36上的是一串用于测绘的电极38,包括位于导管22的远端24的一对电极39。位于远端24的一对测绘电极39传感电活性,而这个信息用于寻找心律不齐发生的病灶34(即,产生心律不齐的心肌部位)。在导管22的远端24上的这些电极39也可在整速技术用来帮助测绘时整速心脏。沿导管外壳36放置的一对邻近的电极38可用于传感在整速过程中来自远处电极对39的心内的活性。也示出一个环绕导管22远端24外表面的可膨胀的处于放气状态的环形囊40。切除探针尖端42的未延伸的位置完全缩回在导管22的腔44内。
图3是导管22在辐照位置的示意图。切除探针尖端42超过导管22的远端24延伸并放在心肌内以便对心律不齐区34的深处组织进行凝结。稳定气囊40以膨胀状态示出,它禁止导管尖端42向心脏组织移动,帮助防止由导管尖端42引起的心脏组织不希望的穿孔。切除能量46表示被发送入心律不齐区34中。图4描绘了以侧视和端视的切除探针尖端42。尖端42从心内壁30延伸进入心肌32并径向地漫散切除的激光能46。
图5是本发明在病人身上优选的典型使用方法的流程图。病人是镇静的并以在此领域熟练人员已知的标准方式装上仪器。此操作在流程图52步骤中完成。导管系统插入主动脉或静脉并导入被选定的心室。此操作在流程图54步骤中完成。在一个治疗心室心动过速的优选实施方法中,导管经股动脉插入。如果待切除的心律不齐没在发作中,导致使用在此领域熟练人员已知的标准整速技术。此操作在流程图56步骤中完成。通过经皮拐曲导管22的远端24,以便使它接触多个心内部位,并观察从连到生理记录器上的测绘电极传来的电信号,可以测绘出心律不齐的病灶。此操作在流程图58步骤中完成。然后将导管22的远端24就位在邻近心律不齐区的心内表面30上。此操作在流程图60步骤中完成。
当导管22的远端24在所希望的位置时,尖端42可以为例如尖端或平端,它通过导管外壳36延伸一个预定的距离,刺破心内膜30并延伸入心肌组织32中。此操作在流程图62步骤中完成。当尖端42就位时,稳定装置40被充气以防止穿孔。此操作在流程图64步骤中完成。一旦在辐照位置,尖端42的漫射组件的全长被埋置在心内表面30的下面以避免辐照心内表面30和血池,因此有助于防止心内的炭化和凝块形成。在某些优选的实施方案中,稳定装置40包括一个气囊,此气囊通过经皮操纵在导管22近端上的手柄可充气或放气。
然后一个预定量的切除能量46从尖端42径向发送入心肌32中。此操作在流程图66步骤中完成。在切除能46发送后,进行一次重新刺激一个心律不齐部位的尝试。此操作在流程图68步骤中完成。如果需要,进一步发送切除能量46。当不需要或不希望进一步治疗时此器械从病人移开。此操作在流程图70步骤中完成,于是此程序完成。此操作在流程图72步骤中完成。
下面的例子包括论证本发明的优选实施方案。在本领域熟练的人员会意识到,在下述的例子中公开的技术代表本发明公开的并在本发明的实施中效果良好的技术,并因此可以认为形成优选的实施模式。然而,在本领域熟练的人员会意识到:按照本发明公开的内容在特定的公开的实施方案中可以进行许多改变,并仍能得到相同或类似的结果而不脱离本发明的精神和范围。
例1
狗中心脏组织的切除
对于初步的数据,三条麻醉的杂种狗被用来距左心室的贲门上部表面安置23个心肌损伤(每条狗4-12个损伤)。光学纤维的尖端延伸进入心肌中8mm。3-6瓦激光能(805nm波长)辐照30-120秒。这些狗被安乐死而心脏组织被检验。损伤宽5.3-10.5mm,深7.7-12.6mm。组织气化或显著的炭化现象不明显。这些研究说明采用本发明的方法和器械以心肌内激光辐照方式可以生成大的但是可控制的损伤。
例2
病人心室心动过速的激光切除治疗
在实施本发明的优选方法中,经皮切除治疗病人体中心室心动过速可如下进行:病人在电生理实验室内是镇静的,装上仪器并以荧光屏引导,导管(7或8弗伦奇French)通过一条大动脉(图1),最好通过一条股动脉引导至心脏。编好程序的刺激(在本领域中熟练人员已知的标准技术)诱发心室或心室上部的心动过速,同时操作人员“测绘”其电活性时序。在持续的和血动力学稳定的心室心动过速的期间,通过经皮地拐曲导管22的远端24以便使它接触多个心内的部位。可以完成测绘。通过感知各个部位的电活性,心律不齐的病灶,或心律不齐34的原发部位被定位。
在测绘过程中,光学纤维尖端42能缩回导管外壳36的里边而远端电极对39与心内膜30(图2)接触放置(图2)。通过曲屈一个连接在导管22近端的手柄可以经皮操纵导管22。一些这样的手柄商业上可以购得,优选的手柄由Cordis Webster公司制造(4750 Littlejohn St,Baldwin Park CA,91706)。当待光致凝结的心肌区被定位时,光纤尖端42(直径200-600微米)(Rare Earth,Dennis,MA or PDT System,Goleta,CA)从测绘导管22的远端24延伸3-5毫米,穿过心内膜30并延伸进入目标组织32中,以便进行深处组织辐照(图3)。为防止心肌穿孔,光不能从尖端42的远端引出,而横向漫射进入心肌的一个广阔区域(图4)。本发明的又一个方面是能量漫射尖端42完全插入空隙组织32中以便切除能量不直接施加到心内表面30。由于这个方法,心内表面30不被炭化而只被小穿孔部位破坏;这与现行的采用RF和激光能源施加在心内表面30上的疗法的结果大不相同。
一旦尖端42是在辐照位置,一个小的环绕导管22的远端24的气囊40被膨胀以便稳定导管22并帮助防止心脏组织穿孔。400-3000nm波长的激光能量从能源10导向尖端42并由尖端径向发散30-120秒,依赖于所用的波长和切除心律不齐病灶需要损伤的大小。在激光能发送后,可以进行再次刺激心律不齐的尝试。如果心律不齐不能再次刺激,则治疗结束,于是导管22移离病人。如果一处心律不齐被刺激,然后医生可以选择测绘此心律不齐并重复此程序。
除了在心脏的直接目视过程中进行切除之外,本发明可以以类似的方式在心律不齐手术过程中应用切除或修改产生心律不齐的心肌。这一方法可消除与手术期间的冷切除相关连的某些限制。
例3
诱发血管生成的疗法
除了改善心脏的传导路径以治疗心脏心律不齐之外,采用在此公开的能量发送有可能在冠状动脉闭锁不全的病人体中增加心肌的灌注。在先前的解决这个问题的试验中,采用高功率(800瓦)CO2激光产生直径1mm的传送心肌通道。已推荐这些通道直接输送富氧血液至局部缺血的组织。临床前和临床的结果是有希望的,并且食物和药品管理局近来批准II期试验。
然而,在先前短评中叙述的重新形成血管的理论已被药理学研究提出异议,表明激光诱发的传送心肌通道不保留专利权。另外的理论提出在此程序后看到的改善不是由“直接”的心肌再形成血管,而是由于“第二次”变化的结果,此变化发生在治疗期间,是温度(体温过高)暂短升高的结果有证据说明高温在心脏内提供一个暂短的保护机制。在激光辐照过程中,热休克蛋白和自由基产物可以刺激血管生成(新的血脉形成)并改善组织灌注。由于在此公开的装置能在心肌内加热,它被期待是比仅辐照心脏表面的方法更有效地改善血管生成。此外,作为本发明的一部分,采用各种方法和/或仪器可以在心脏中诱发局部高温。
在此提出在局部缺血/重新灌注的老鼠模型中局部诱发高温的有利的一个例子。在此例中,通过证明局部诱发高温和HSPs的压出的能力和随后对在体内老鼠模型中局部缺血30分钟和重新灌注120分钟提供保护的能力,消除了可能的心脏外的作用。Western blots的密度计分析确信在用热探针治疗的老鼠心脏中HSP70水平升高。在左和右心室样品中HSP70压出增加分别是9.6和5.4倍,用局部加热方法处置的心脏超过未鼾的对照组。在加热处置后老鼠能恢复4小时,有充分时间产生HSPs(Currie和White,1983)。
方法热探针
为了在心脏中产生局部的HSP70升高,制造了热探针。探针由一根6cm长的不锈钢管(直径4.0mm)组成,此探针在远端带一个高传导性的人造金刚石窗(表面积12.5mm2)并在近端连接通过探针的循环水。加热的水从温度控制的水浴经探针循环以便在探针的尖端保持温度在42.5-43.5℃。通过从直接放在心脏外表面上的热探针传导加热达到局部高温。实验记录
35只雄性Sprague-Dawley老鼠(重量300-350g)参与此研究。这些老鼠分成3个试验组,具有HSP分析或梗塞大小评估的结果的原始记录。所有的老鼠用Ketamine(100mg/kg)和Xylazine(40mg/kg)经腹腔麻醉、插管和用1-2%Halothane机械性通气。通过第5肋间完成左胸切开暴露左心室的心外表面。每个热组动物(H,n=14)在前部左心室壁上两上相邻近部位局部施加热量15分钟。在这些试验的全过程中探针温度保持在42.5-43.5℃范围内。在假装操作的对照动物中(C1,n=13)没有插管,但保持胸部打开30分钟。另外的对照组(C2,n=6)经受37℃(体温)热探针的两次局部作用各15分钟以便控制由于热探针的施加而机械性诱发的HSP70表达。胸腔被缝合并且用连到5m1注射器的20号静脉导管从胸中排出空气。这些老鼠能恢复并返回它们的笼中。4小时后这些老鼠被再次麻醉并随机地遭受或者(1)30min局部缺血和120min重新灌注或(2)HSP70表达的分析。全部研究是在University of Texas Medical Branch,Galveston,TX动物保护和使用委员会的指导准则内被获准和实施的。局部缺血/重新灌注原始记录
共19大鼠(H=9,C1=10)被用于I/R记录,动物实行如上的机械通气并且进行正中胸骨劈开术来完全暴露心脏。左降支冠状动脉在其起始部游离大约1cm,用一个RB-2锥形针,6.0聚丙烯缝线在动脉下穿过并放置一可逆的勒除阻断器,收紧阻断器阻断动脉血流从而导致左室部分区域缺血。动脉的阻断通过心电图幅度的抬高和具危险性区域紫绀来确认,30分钟以后阻断器放松,动脉再灌注。再灌注120分钟后,动物被杀死切除其心脏。主动脉插管,心脏运用生理盐水简单逆行冲洗,从而冲洗走过多的血液。环绕冠状动脉的缝线被重新打结。0.8-1.0ml酞菁兰染料注入让其灌注心脏的非缺血部分。心脏被制成厚度2-3mm横向切片,标本被照相来测量其危险区域的图形(指没有被兰染料染色的区域)。然后将标本放置在氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)保温8分钟,温度为37℃,从而可描记出梗塞异于正常组织的轮廓(Vivaldi等,1985)。标本被放置在10%的缓冲福尔马林溶液中固定24小时,重新照相并测量梗塞区域(没有被TTC染色的区域)。图片被投影并且面积被用于计算危险区域占左室的百分比,梗塞区域占危险区域的百分比。热休克蛋白分析:
总共16只大鼠(H=6,C1=4,C2=6)被用于HSP蛋白表达的分析,经过4个小时恢复,治疗和非治疗大鼠的心脏被同时取下、沿心室内隔膜切开为左右两个心室,然后迅速冷冻并储存在-80℃。另外,取下一未行手术对照组大鼠心脏来用于测量HSP70的基础浓度。
Western blot分析来用于确定所有心肌标本的HSP70浓度。组织被称重并运用刮胡刀片切成小薄片,切片被置于3ml/mg的冷溶解缓冲液(1%Nonidet P-40,0.5%脱氧胆酸钠,0.1%SDS,100μg/ml苯甲酸硫基氟化物、100μg/ml Aprotinin,在PBS中的1mmol/L正钒酸钠),组织被放在Polytron匀浆器中(Kinematica AG,Littall,瑞典)匀化并储存在冰上30分钟。接下来1500×g,4℃情况下离心20分钟,上层清液被去除后再次离心。所有细胞溶解产物的蛋白浓度用Bradford Assay溶液(Bio Rad)测定。相等剂量的细胞外蛋白(2μg)在0.1%SDS、12%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(SDS-PAGE)变形状态下通过电泳被解析。蛋白被电泳转移到硝酸纤维素膜(Hybond Amersham Corp.)上,在10mMtris HCL(盐酸)(PH=8.0)、150mmol/L氯化钠和5%(w/v)去脂干牛奶中阻断后,膜经初始抗体处理,此抗体识别基本的HSC70和诱导的HSP70,90分钟以后在过氧化物酶结合的第二抗体中培养45分钟。免疫复合物用化学萤光素试剂盒检测(Amersham,CO,ArlingtonHeights,IL)。统计:
所有数值用平均值±SEM(标准平均误差)来表达,热治疗组和对照组动物的比较通过非配t检验来评估,统计显著性界定为P<0.05。结果:
在热治疗组动物左室两个相邻的位置用热探针成功地各检测15分钟。应用探针之后没有证据显示在心脏外表面有热损伤。另外,在心脏表面没有热探针应用所致的并发症。所有的动物都成功地从第一次手术中存活过来并且在关胸后20分钟内清醒。1组(H)动物被排除梗塞分析之外,这是由于其在I/R记录期间预防充分的再灌注而致的冠状动脉损伤。两组(C1)动物于再灌注期间完成梗塞分析之前死亡并在进一步的分析中被排除。梗塞面积分析:
表1总结了从进行梗塞分析记录动物得到的结果,以危险区面积(用占左室面积百分比表示)作为(H)组和C1组动物的左降支冠状动脉阻塞(LAD)结果(49.5±5.4%vs 51.5±3.5%;mean±SEM)(FIG.6A)。由于在(H)组和C1组动物中的LAD冠状动脉阻塞,危险区域面积(表示为左心室面积的百分数)完全没有显著差别(49.5±5.4%对51.5±3.5%;平均值±SEM)(图6)。然而,利用传导性热探针在两局部施加热处理的大鼠证明梗塞面积有明显的下降。局部热处理应力引致热处理组动物相对于对照组动物其梗塞区域所占危险区的百分比有一明显(P<0.005)的限制(4.26±85对19.2±3.4%)(FIG.6B)。
表1热处理组和对照组大鼠经过30分钟局部缺血和120分钟再灌注后梗塞区域面积
组 AR/LV(%) IA/AR(%)
热处理组(H;n=8) 49.5±5.4 4.26±0.85*
热处理组(H;n=8) 49.5±5.4 4.26±0.85*
对照组(C1,n=8) 51.5±3.5 19.2±3.4
*(P<0.005对对照组(C1))
AR/LV(%)-危险区域面积占左心室面积的百分比。
IA/AR(%)-梗塞面积占危险区面积的百分比。
H组-两个局部热处理持续15分钟。
C1对照组-假手术对照组(30分钟开胸)。HSP70分析
Western blots分析确认HSP70在热探针治疗大鼠的左右心室标本中均有升高。在对于任一对照组(C1或C2)中的HSP70的表达没有明显的不同。凝胶免疫痕迹密度计的分析表明,HSP70的表达在热处理组及对照组有明显的不同。在热处理组动物和未行手术的对照组动物之间对于右心室和左心室标本分别存在一个5.4和9.6倍的差别。当与两个先前未行手术同样对照动物比较时表明两对照组中的HSP70表达仅有小的增加。(增加1.5倍)(FIG7)。
例4
激光导致心肌重建
心梗后,左心室整体功能可能因治愈和伤疤形成的时间过长引起的局部变化而有不利的影响。药物干预表明对此重建过程存在有利的改善,并且可以降低其它情况所致的左心室整体功能不良的程度。期待本仪器被用于介入深的、可控的伤疤或导致血管生成(参见例3)并也可能有利地改变梗塞后重建的病程。
例5
心肌内电描记图
本发明的一个实施方案是用仪器来描记心肌内电生理图形,即记录心内膜表面下的电活性。其中常常应用已知的可导致室性心动过速的电路。心肌内单极电描记图不但可表明电描记图起始时间并且可显示其内在的电活动是朝向心肌内此电极或远离它。此信息可提高测绘的精确性并且减少因切除心律失常而致的不可避免的心肌损伤。本发明增加了经皮完成此测绘的优点。
在本例的实践中,心肌内电描记图是在切除前,通过沿着导管的中心腔推入一根在其远端带电极的导线而获得的。当外导管在预定的位置,带有电极的导线向前进入组织,从而记录下信号。一旦此信息被获得,导线被撤出并换成在尖端扩散激光的光导纤维,它将放在心肌内同一位置,在组织受热后,导线重新记录被加热组织的电描图的变化。
心肌内图形能使组织特性(如反应为电描记图的同步性、持续时间、幅度、方向和频率的分析)同切除尝试的成功相关联。对比在热处理前后区域的电描记图可帮助区分尚不致坏死的损伤和完全凝固的组织。推论亦可能在获得有关组织特性的基础上作出(例如可存活的,不能存活的由于慢传导而部分存活的)。此信息亦可反过来与组织的光特性有关联,并因此调整激光导入的剂量。例如,一电描记图被分为几部分并且低幅度可能提示心肌内探针接近或在一梗塞区域,在此处具有生胶原组织(其可能缺乏颜色且对一些激光波长具少吸收性)。激光可按照先前对这类组织测定最合适的剂量被调整。
尽管本发明的仪器和方法已经利用优选实施方案被叙述了,但熟悉本领域的人会明白对在此叙述的仪器和方法可进行许多改变而不脱离本发明的概念、精神和范围。所有这样的变化和改进对熟悉本领域的人显而易见的是在所附权利要求书确定的本发明的精神、范围和概念之内。
参考文献
下面的参考文献,在一定程度上提供了例论性程序的或其它细节,对在此所述内容进行了补充,在此特别引入作为参考。
作者:Currie,R.W.和White,F.P.,题目:在体温升高后在大鼠组织中生成的71-Kilodalton蛋白质的合成和积累的特性,期刊:Can.J.Biochem.Cell Bio,出版年:1983;卷(期):61;页码:438-446。
作者:Currie,R.W.,Karmazyn,M,Malgorzata,K.,和Mailer,K.,题目:与强化的局部缺血后心室恢复相关的热休克响应。期刊:Circulation Research,出版年:1988;卷(期):63;页码:543-549。
作者:Currie,R.W.和Kingma,J.G.,题目:在兔心脏中闭合再灌注期间的热休克响应和组织坏死的极限。期刊:Circulation,出版年:1993,卷(期):87;页码:963-971。
作者:Donnelly,T.J.,Sievers,R.E.,Vissern,F.L.J.,Welch,W.J.,和Wolfe,C.L.题目:在大鼠心脏中产生的热休克蛋白质。在局部缺血和重新灌注后对于改进的心肌抢救的作用。期刊:Circulation,出版年:1992;卷(期):85;页码:769-778。
作者:Hutter,M.M.,Sievers,R.E.,Barbosa,V.B.,和Wolfe,C.L.,题目:在大鼠心脏中产生的热休克蛋白质。在所产生的热休克蛋白质的量和心肌保护程度之间的直接相关性。期刊:Circulation,出版年:1994;卷(期):89;页码:355-360。
作者:Vivaldi,M.T.,Kloner,R.A.,和Schoen,F.J.,题目:在大鼠中冠状动脉闭合后不可逆的局部缺血损伤的Triphenyltetrazolium染色。期刊:Am.J.Path,出版年:1985;卷(期):121;页码:522-530。
作者:Walker,D.M.,Pasini,E.,Kucukoghu,S.,Marber,M.S.,Iliodromitis,E,Ferrari,R.,和Yellon,D.M.,题目:在隔离的灌注的兔心脏中热应激限制梗死大小。期刊:Cardiovascular Research,出版年:1993;卷(期):27;页码:962-967。
作者:Yellon,D.M.,Pasini,E.,Cargnoni,A.,Marber,M.S.,Latchman,D.S.,和Ferrari,R.,题目:在局部缺血和重新灌注的兔心肌内热应激的保护作用。期刊:J.Mol Cell Cardiol.出版年:1992;卷(期):24;页码:895-908。
Claims (29)
1.切除心肌组织的仪器包括:
一根适合进入心血管系统的导管,该导管有一个远端和一个近端;和
一根沿着并在导管内延伸的导体用于将能量传送至导管的远端,导体有一个能超过导管远端延伸的远端并能在导管内收缩。当导体超过导管远端延伸时,导体远端能穿入心脏组织并相对于导体径向地和轴向地传导能量。
2.按照权利要求1的仪器,其特征在于,还包括一对或多对位于接近导管远端的电极对。
3.按照权利要求2的仪器,其特征在于,一对电极对位于导管的远端。
4.按照权利要求2的仪器,其特征在于,一个电极位于可收缩的探针上,此探针能滑动地配置在导管内并能超出导管末端延伸感受脏器壁内的电活性。
5.按照权利要求2的仪器,其特征在于,还包括一个生理记录器,此记录器可开关地连接到至少一对能检测局部心脏电活性的电极对。
6.按照权利要求2的仪器,其特征在于,还包括一个电刺激装置,此装置可开关地连接到至少一对能整速心脏的电极对上。
7.按照权利要求1的仪器,其特征在于,还包括一个位于导管外表面上的稳定器以便在人体器官内稳定导管。
8.按照权利要求7的仪器,其特征在于稳定器包括一个位于导管的远端的外面上可充气的气囊并能相对于导管径向地膨胀。
9.按照权利要求1的仪器,其特征在于,导体有一个电导体。
10.按照权利要求1的仪器,其特征在于,导体包括一个光波导向装置和能量是激光能。
11.用于切除心脏组织的可操纵的导管包括一个可缩进的尖端,此尖端可延伸到心肌里将切除能量横向扩散进心肌组织内。
12.按照权利要求11的可操纵的导管,其特征在于,切除能量是由激光、射频和热水组成的组中选出的。
13.按照权利要求12的可操纵的导管,其特征在于,切除能量是从400至3000nm波长的激光。
14.治疗心律不齐的方法有以下步骤:
a.使权利要求1的仪器的远端位于最接近心内膜处;
b.鉴别在累及心律不齐的组织;
c.将导体的远端延伸进组织中;和
d.通过导体将切除能量传送进入组织;
15.按照权利要求14的方法,其特征在于,导体包括一个波导装置,而切除能包括激光能。
16.治疗心脏心律不齐的心肌切除方法包括:
提供导管,该导管包括几个测绘电极、刺激电极和一个稳定器,导管能插入病人的心脏并从病人的外部操作导管的远端。
提供一个能滑动地配置在导管内的光纤维,光纤维的远端包括一个切除探针,此探针可超过导管远端延伸并适于穿透心肌的和心内膜的组织,切除探针是扩散的以便将激光能基本径向地发送进入探针所在的组织中;
提供电刺激和测绘仪器,它们连接在测绘电极和刺激电极上,并提供连接在光纤维最近端的激光能量源;
将导管引入病人体内和引导导管进入病人的心脏;
用刺激电极刺激心脏进入心律不齐状态;
测绘由心脏产生的电信号并确定心律不齐的位置,以便切除;
接近心律不齐部位放置导管的远端;
将稳定器充气;
通过导管推进光纤维,使切除探针通过心内膜,并在心律不齐处进入心肌组织。
通过引导一个需要量的激光能量进入光纤维的最近端,在心律不齐处切除组织,通过光纤维将激光能引导至切除探针,引导足够的激光能量进入在心律不齐位置的心肌组织以便切除组织。
稳定器放气,并从病人体内移去导管和光纤维。
17.按照权利要求16的方法,其特征在于,还有规定提供一个能滑动地配置在导管内的电极探针,此探针能超过导管远端延伸并设计成穿入心肌组织。
18.按照权利要求17的方法,其特征在于,还包括在切除步骤之后和从体内取出导管之前,用刺激电极试图刺激心脏进入心律失常状态。
19.治疗心律不齐的心肌切除的方法包括:
提供一个导管、该导管包括测绘电极和刺激电极,导管能插入病人的心脏和导管的远端能从病人外部操纵;
提供一个能量导体,能滑动配置在导管内,能量导体的远端包括一个切除探针,它能超出导管末端延伸并适于穿入心内膜和心肌组织;
提供电刺激和测绘仪器,它们连接在测绘电极和刺激电极上,并提供一个连接在能量导体最近端的切除能源;
将导管引入病人体内并引导导管进入病人的心脏;
用刺激电极刺激心脏进入心律不齐的状态;
测绘由心脏产生的电信号和确定心律不齐的部位,以便切除;
在接近心律不齐部位放置导管的远端;
通过导管推进能量导体,使切除探针通过心内膜并进入在心律不齐部位的心肌。
通过将所要求量的能引入能量导体的近端切除心律不齐组织,能量通过能量导体进入切除探针,将足够的能量引导进入在心律不齐部位的心肌组织以便切除组织;和
将稳定器放气并从病人体内移去导管和光纤维。
20.按照权利要求19的方法,其特征在于,还包括在切除步骤之后和从体内取出导管之前,用刺激电极试图刺激心脏进入心律不齐状态。
21.按照权利要求19的方法,其特征在于,能源是激光源,并且能量导体包括一个光纤维。
22.按照权利要求17的方法,其特征在于,能源是一个无线电频率(RF)源,并且能量导体包含一根导线。
23.引发血管生成包括以下步骤:
a.将权利要求1的仪器的远端放在接近心内膜处;
b.鉴别局部缺血组织范围;
c.将导体远端延伸进入组织中;和
d.通过导体将能量传送进入组织,并在此组织内产生过高温度;
24.按照权利要求23的方法,其特征在于,导体包含一个波导装置和切除能包含激光能。
25.按照权利要求23的方法,其特征在于,组织至少达到约40℃温度。
26.按照权利要求23的方法,其特征在于,能量是有传导性的能量。
27.禁止由于局部缺血造成组织损害的方法,包括以有效引起局部温度过高的量向组织提供辐射或传导能。
28.按照权利要求27的方法,其特征在于,所述组织是心脏组织和所述能量施加在心内膜表面、心外膜表面或心脏的间质。
29.心脏节律的心内测绘方法包括:
提供的仪器包括一个适于进入心血管系统的导管,导管有远端和近端和一个电极位于可缩进的探针上,此探针能滑动地配置在导管内并能超出导管远端延伸和能够穿入心内膜和心肌组织,电极连接到一个用于感受脏器内壁的电活性的装置上;
将导管插入病人体内;
延伸导管的远端进入病人心脏;
延伸可缩性探针进入心肌内;
从电极上观察电描记图。
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US08/517,961 | 1995-08-22 | ||
US08/517,961 US5824005A (en) | 1995-08-22 | 1995-08-22 | Maneuverable electrophysiology catheter for percutaneous or intraoperative ablation of cardiac arrhythmias |
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CN96196374.3A Pending CN1193267A (zh) | 1995-08-22 | 1996-08-19 | 用于心脏心律不齐的经皮切除或手术中切除的一种可操纵的电生理导管 |
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US (3) | US5824005A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0957758B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JPH11511999A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1193267A (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE261699T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU737479B2 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2229806A1 (zh) |
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AU737479B2 (en) | 2001-08-23 |
US6143019A (en) | 2000-11-07 |
ATE261699T1 (de) | 2004-04-15 |
AU6850396A (en) | 1997-03-19 |
DE69631909T2 (de) | 2005-03-03 |
US5824005A (en) | 1998-10-20 |
WO1997007735A1 (en) | 1997-03-06 |
IL123350A0 (en) | 1998-09-24 |
EP0957758A1 (en) | 1999-11-24 |
EP0957758B1 (en) | 2004-03-17 |
EP0957758A4 (zh) | 1999-11-24 |
DE69631909D1 (de) | 2004-04-22 |
CA2229806A1 (en) | 1997-03-06 |
US6736808B1 (en) | 2004-05-18 |
JPH11511999A (ja) | 1999-10-19 |
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