CN117947486A - Novel photovoltaic cell board grid electro-coppering device - Google Patents

Novel photovoltaic cell board grid electro-coppering device Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN117947486A
CN117947486A CN202311867343.3A CN202311867343A CN117947486A CN 117947486 A CN117947486 A CN 117947486A CN 202311867343 A CN202311867343 A CN 202311867343A CN 117947486 A CN117947486 A CN 117947486A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
photovoltaic cell
cathode
electroplating
conductive
strip
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN202311867343.3A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
沈冬梅
张青春
沙冰雪
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Anhui Chufeng Environmental Technology Co ltd
Original Assignee
Anhui Chufeng Environmental Technology Co ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Anhui Chufeng Environmental Technology Co ltd filed Critical Anhui Chufeng Environmental Technology Co ltd
Priority to CN202311867343.3A priority Critical patent/CN117947486A/en
Publication of CN117947486A publication Critical patent/CN117947486A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Landscapes

  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a novel photovoltaic cell panel grille copper electroplating device, which at least comprises the following components: plating bath, photovoltaic cell piece and cathode assembly. Wherein, the plating bath contains plating solution and an electroplating anode immersed in the plating solution, and the electroplating anode is connected with an external power supply anode. The cathode assembly includes: the device comprises a driving roller, a driven roller, a driving belt and a pressing tooth. The driving roller is made of conductive materials and is connected with an external power supply cathode. Further, the driving roller provides power through the driving mechanism and is connected with the driven roller through the driving belt, so that the transmission function of the photovoltaic cell in the electroplating process is realized.

Description

Novel photovoltaic cell board grid electro-coppering device
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of photovoltaic cell panel grating copper electroplating, in particular to a novel photovoltaic cell panel grating copper electroplating device.
Background
In the production process of the photovoltaic cell panel, the preparation of the electrode is a key link. The traditional metallization method such as screen printing, silver-coated copper, steel plate printing and the like has certain effects, but has the problems of high cost, low efficiency, unstable electrode quality and the like, and the problems limit the further development and application of the photovoltaic cell panel.
To solve these problems, researchers have proposed using an electrolytic copper plating technique to prepare electrodes for photovoltaic panels. The electrolytic copper plating technology is a method for depositing copper on the surface of a battery plate by utilizing electrochemical reaction, and has the advantages of low cost, high efficiency, stable electrode quality and the like.
In the copper electroplating technique, horizontal electroplating is a common method. The horizontal electroplating is an electroplating mode in which the mode of placing the printed circuit board is changed from a vertical mode to a parallel plating solution liquid level mode. The printed circuit board is the cathode, and the horizontal electroplating system with current supply mode adopts two kinds of conductive clips and conductive rollers. From the convenience of the operating system, the conductive supply mode of the roller is common. The conductive roller in the horizontal plating system has a function of conveying the printed circuit board in addition to the cathode.
However, the conductive roller approach also faces some technical challenges. Particularly, the distance between the rollers needs to be very accurate, and the distance between the upper roller and the lower roller is not simple to adjust, so that the device cannot be automatically adapted to battery pieces with different thicknesses. In addition, all parts in contact with the plating solution during the plating process may be covered with a copper layer. Once the roller surface is covered with a copper layer, the battery plate is at risk of damage.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above-mentioned shortcomings of the prior art, the present invention aims to provide a novel photovoltaic cell panel grid copper electroplating device, which is used for solving the problems that in the roller conductive mode, the distance between rollers needs to be very precise, the distance between upper and lower rollers is inconvenient to adjust, and the device cannot automatically adapt to battery pieces with different thicknesses. And the contact part with the plating solution can be plated with a copper layer during electroplating, and when the roller is plated with the copper layer, the problem of damage to the battery piece can be caused.
To achieve the above and other related objects, the present invention provides a novel photovoltaic cell panel grille copper electroplating device, at least comprising: plating bath and a plurality of pairs of cathode assemblies;
The electroplating bath is used for containing plating solution and an electroplating anode immersed in the plating solution, and the electroplating anode is connected with an external power supply anode;
the cathode assembly includes: the driving roller, the driven roller, the driving belt and the pressing teeth;
The driving roller is made of conductive materials and is connected with an external power supply cathode, the driving roller is connected with the driving mechanism, the driving roller is connected with the driven roller through a driving belt, and a plurality of contact-pressing teeth are uniformly and transversely arranged on the outer side of the driving belt;
the contact tooth includes: a housing and a touch bar; the shell is strip-shaped, and the bottom of the shell is connected with the transmission belt; the top of the shell is provided with a strip-shaped limiting groove, a strip-shaped touch strip is arranged in the limiting groove, and the touch strip is made of a conductive material; one side of the touch pressing strip protrudes out of the top of the limiting groove, and the touch pressing strip can move up and down in the limiting groove;
Each contact-pressing tooth is internally provided with a conductive piece, at least one conductive piece is in contact with the driving roller, and the conductive piece is used for conducting current on the driving roller to the contact-pressing strip;
the photovoltaic cell comprises a plurality of cathode assemblies, wherein a plurality of cathode assemblies are arranged at equal intervals up and down, the cathode assemblies on the same side are uniformly distributed, and photovoltaic cells can be electroplated in a transmission way from the upper part to the lower part between the cathode assemblies.
Preferably, a plurality of spring fixing grooves are further formed in the shell, the spring fixing grooves are located above the limiting grooves, and springs with the same specification are arranged in each spring fixing groove; one end of the spring protrudes out of the spring fixing groove and is connected with the touch pressing bar.
Preferably, the conductive member includes: a conductive sheet and an electric shock part;
The plurality of conductive sheets are in a disc shape, conductive sheet fixing grooves matched with the conductive sheets are formed in the shell, and the conductive sheet fixing grooves are positioned above the spring fixing grooves;
the electric shock part is in a sheet shape, one side of the electric shock part is connected with the conducting strip, and the other side of the electric shock part penetrates through the shell and the driving belt and is flush with the inner side of the driving belt.
Preferably, the transmission belt is internally provided with one or more wires wound around the transmission belt, and the electric shock part is provided with a wire guide matched with the wires, and the wires are contacted with the electric shock part.
Preferably, the plating tank includes: an upper plating tank and a lower plating tank; the electroplating anode adopts copper blocks, an insoluble titanium basket is arranged in each electroplating bath, and the copper blocks are positioned in the titanium baskets.
Preferably, the upper electroplating tank is provided with a first nozzle, the lower electroplating tank is provided with a second nozzle, and the first nozzle and the second nozzle are symmetrically arranged.
Preferably, the novel photovoltaic cell panel grid copper electroplating device is further provided with an auxiliary power supply and an auxiliary cathode, wherein the auxiliary cathode is connected with the auxiliary power supply cathode, and the auxiliary power supply anode is connected with the cathode assembly.
Preferably, the cross section of the part of the touching pressing bar protruding out of the limit groove is semicircular.
Preferably, a pressure sensor is arranged in the limiting groove.
As described above, the novel photovoltaic cell panel grating copper electroplating device has the following beneficial effects: according to the invention, the photovoltaic cell is driven to rotate by the driving roller to realize the transmission of the photovoltaic cell. In the transmission process, the upper surface and the lower surface of the photovoltaic cell are contacted with the contact-pressing teeth arranged on the transmission belt. When photovoltaic cells with different thicknesses pass through between the transmission belts arranged up and down, the contact pressing strips contacted with the photovoltaic cells move up and down in the limit grooves, so that the photovoltaic cells with different thicknesses pass through the limit grooves, and the stability and uniformity in the electroplating process are ensured. Each contact tooth is internally provided with a conductive piece, and at least one conductive piece is contacted with the driving roller. The plurality of conductive members on the belt are connected by wires disposed in the belt through the wire guide, so that all of the conductive members on the belt are energized. The current is firstly transmitted to the electric shock part through the driving roller, is transmitted to the conductive sheet through the electric shock part, is then transmitted to the touch strip through the spring contacted with the conductive sheet, and is then transmitted to the photovoltaic cell through the touch strip, so that the photovoltaic cell is connected with cathode current. The conductive piece and the current transmission mode can ensure that the photovoltaic cell can obtain stable cathode current in the electroplating process.
In addition, the device is provided with an auxiliary power supply and an auxiliary cathode. The external power supply on the cathode component is switched into the auxiliary power supply, so that the cathode component is connected into the anode of the auxiliary power supply, and copper plated on the touch strip is electrolyzed and dissolved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 shows a schematic view of the structure of the device of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic view of a cathode assembly according to the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic view of a contact tooth structure according to the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic view of the structure of the touch bar of the present invention.
Fig. 5 shows an exploded view of the contact tooth of the present invention.
Fig. 6 shows a schematic cross-section of the housing of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a schematic structural view of a conductive member according to the present invention.
Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of the wire connection of the present invention.
Description of element reference numerals
1. Plating tank
2. Photovoltaic cell
3. Cathode assembly
4. Auxiliary cathode
5. Auxiliary power supply
11. Upper electroplating bath
12. Lower electroplating bath
13. Electroplating anode
14. Titanium basket
111. First nozzle
121. Second nozzle
31. Driving roller
32. Driven roller
33. Transmission belt
34. Contact-pressing tooth
331. Conducting wire
341. Outer casing
342. Touch strip
343. Spring
344. Conductive member
345. Pressure sensor
3411. Limiting groove
3412. Spring fixing groove
3413. Conducting strip fixed slot
3441. Conductive sheet
3442. Electric shock part
34421. Wire guide
Detailed Description
Further advantages and effects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure of the present invention, which is described by the following specific examples.
Please refer to fig. 1 to 8. It should be understood that the structures, proportions, sizes, etc. shown in the drawings are for illustration purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the invention to the extent that it can be practiced, since modifications, changes in the proportions, or otherwise, used in the practice of the invention, are not intended to be critical to the essential characteristics of the invention, but are intended to fall within the spirit and scope of the invention. Also, the terms such as "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "middle," and "a" and the like recited in the present specification are merely for descriptive purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, but are intended to provide relative positional changes or modifications without materially altering the technical context in which the invention may be practiced.
As shown in fig. 1-2, the invention provides a novel photovoltaic cell panel grille copper electroplating device, which at least comprises: plating bath 1, photovoltaic cell sheet 2 and cathode assembly 3. Wherein, the plating bath 1 contains plating solution and a plating anode 13 immersed in the plating solution, and the plating anode 13 is connected with an external power supply anode. The cathode assembly 3 includes: a driving roller 31, a driven roller 32, a driving belt 33 and a pressing tooth 34. The active roller 31 is made of conductive material and is connected with an external power cathode. Further, the driving roller 31 is powered by a driving mechanism and is connected with the driven roller 32 by a driving belt 33, so that the transmission function of the photovoltaic cell 2 in the electroplating process is realized.
As shown in fig. 3-5, a plurality of contact teeth 34 are uniformly and transversely arranged on the outer side of the conveyor belt, and the contact teeth 34 comprise a housing 341 and a contact bar 342. The housing 341 is elongated and has a bottom connected to the belt 33. The top of the housing 341 is provided with a strip-shaped limit groove 3411, the limit groove 3411 is internally provided with a strip-shaped touch bar 342, and the touch bar 342 is made of conductive materials. One side of the touch bar 342 protrudes out of the top of the limit groove 3411, and the touch bar 342 can move up and down in the limit groove 3411. Further, there are a plurality of cathode assemblies 3, the plurality of cathode assemblies 3 are arranged at equal intervals up and down, and the plurality of cathode assemblies 3 on the same side are distributed at equal intervals.
In the operation of the device, the photovoltaic cell 2 is placed on the driving belt 33, and the driving roller 31 drives the driving belt 33 to rotate, so that the photovoltaic cell 2 is transmitted. The driving roller 31 is started to drive the driving belt 33 to rotate, and the photovoltaic cell 2 is conveyed to the electroplating area along with the rotation of the driving belt 33. During the transport, the upper and lower faces of the photovoltaic cells 2 are in contact with the contact teeth 34 provided on the belt 33. When the photovoltaic cell pieces 2 with different thicknesses pass through between the driving belts 33 arranged up and down, the contact bar 342 contacted with the photovoltaic cell pieces 2 moves up and down in the limit groove 3411, so that the photovoltaic cell pieces with different thicknesses pass through, and the stability and uniformity in the electroplating process are ensured.
As shown in fig. 6-8, further, a plurality of spring fixing grooves 3412 are further provided in the housing 341, the plurality of spring fixing grooves 3412 are located above the limiting groove 3411, and springs 343 with the same specification are provided in each spring fixing groove 3412. One end of the spring 343 extends out of the spring fixing groove 3412 to be connected with the touch bar 342. The spring 343 gives the contact bar 342 a certain resilience force, so that the contact bar 342 is in full contact with the cell, and the stability of the transmission of the photovoltaic cell 2 is improved.
The contact teeth 34 in the present device have a conductive function. Specifically, each of the contact teeth 34 has a conductive member 344 disposed therein, and at least one of the conductive members 344 is in contact with the driving roller 31. Ensuring that the current can be efficiently transferred from the active roller 31 to the contact teeth 34 and further to the photovoltaic cell 2. Specifically, the conductive member 344 includes: a conductive piece 3441 and an electric shock portion 3442. The plurality of conductive sheets 3441 are in a disc shape. Conductive piece fixing groove 3413 is provided in housing 341 to match conductive piece 3441, and conductive piece fixing groove 3413 is located above spring fixing groove 3412 so that spring 343 in spring fixing groove 3412 is in contact with conductive piece 3441. The electric shock portion 3442 is in a sheet shape, one side of the electric shock portion 3442 is connected with the conductive sheet 3441, and the other side passes through the housing 341 and the belt 33 and is flush with the inner side of the belt 33. Further, the transmission belt 33 is provided with one or more wires 331 which are arranged around the transmission belt 33, and the electric shock part 3442 is provided with a plurality of wire holes 34421 matched with the wires 331. In one embodiment, three wires 331 are disposed in the belt 33, and the three wires 331 are disposed on two sides and in the middle of the belt 33.
In the above technical solution, the conductive member 344 located in the housing 341 passes through the housing 341 and the driving belt 33, so as to ensure that the electric shock portion 3442 can contact with the driving roller 31 during rotation, and does not affect the rotation of the driving belt 33. And at least one conductive member 344 is in contact with the drive roller 31 during rotation of the belt 33 to transfer current from the drive roller 31 to the conductive member 344. The plurality of conductive members 344 on the belt 33 are connected by the wires 331 provided in the belt 33 through the wire holes 34421 so that all the conductive members 344 on the belt 33 are supplied with current. The current is transferred to the conductive sheet 3441 through the electric shock portion 3442, then transferred to the touch bar 342 through the spring in contact with the conductive sheet 3441, and then transferred to the photovoltaic cell 2 through the touch bar 342, so that the photovoltaic cell 2 is connected with the cathode current.
In one embodiment, plating cell 1 includes: an upper plating tank 11 and a lower plating tank 12. The upper electroplating bath 11 and the lower electroplating bath 12 are respectively and symmetrically arranged at two sides of the photovoltaic cell 2. The electroplating anode 13 adopts copper blocks, an insoluble titanium basket 14 is arranged in each electroplating bath, and the copper blocks are positioned in the titanium basket 14. Further, the upper plating tank 11 is provided with a first nozzle 111, the lower plating tank 12 is provided with a second nozzle 121, and the first nozzle 111 and the second nozzle 121 are symmetrically arranged. The electroplating solution is vertically sprayed to the photovoltaic cell 2 by a pump.
During the electroplating process, the contact with the plating solution may be plated with a copper layer, which may cause damage to the battery. In order to remove the copper layer, the device is further provided with an auxiliary power supply 5 and an auxiliary cathode 4 in one embodiment. Specifically, the auxiliary cathode 4 is connected to the cathode of the auxiliary power supply 5, and the anode of the auxiliary power supply 5 is connected to the cathode assembly 3. By switching the external power supply on the cathode assembly 3 into the auxiliary power supply 5, the cathode assembly 3 is connected to the anode of the auxiliary power supply 5, and the copper plated on the contact bar 342 can be electrolyzed and dissolved after being electrified.
In one embodiment, the portion of the contact bar 342 protruding from the limit groove 3411 is semicircular in cross section. The contact bar 342 is contacted with the battery piece more stably, and the contact area can be effectively reduced, so that the contact resistance is reduced, and the electroplating efficiency is improved.
In one embodiment, a pressure sensor 345 is disposed within the limit groove 3411. The contact pressure of the contact bar 342 and the photovoltaic cell 2 is monitored in real time by the pressure sensor 345. When the contact pressure is too high or too low, the pressure sensor 345 sends an electrical signal to transmit to the external console, so that an operator is reminded to adjust the position of the contact bar 342 or replace the contact bar 342, damage to the photovoltaic cell 2 caused by too high pressure of the contact bar 342 is avoided, and stability and safety of the electroplating process are ensured.
In summary, the present invention effectively overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art and has high industrial utility value.
The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention and its effectiveness, and are not intended to limit the invention. Modifications and variations may be made to the above-described embodiments by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that all equivalent modifications and variations of the invention be covered by the claims, which are within the ordinary skill of the art, be within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

Claims (9)

1. The utility model provides a photovoltaic cell board grid electrolytic copper plating device which characterized in that, photovoltaic cell board grid electrolytic copper plating device includes at least: plating bath and a plurality of pairs of cathode assemblies;
The electroplating bath is used for containing plating solution and an electroplating anode immersed in the plating solution, and the electroplating anode is connected with an external power supply anode;
the cathode assembly includes: the driving roller, the driven roller, the driving belt and the pressing teeth;
The driving roller is made of conductive materials and is connected with an external power supply cathode, the driving roller is connected with the driving mechanism, the driving roller is connected with the driven roller through a driving belt, and a plurality of contact-pressing teeth are uniformly and transversely arranged on the outer side of the driving belt;
the contact tooth includes: a housing and a touch bar; the shell is strip-shaped, and the bottom of the shell is connected with the transmission belt; the top of the shell is provided with a strip-shaped limiting groove, a strip-shaped touch strip is arranged in the limiting groove, and the touch strip is made of a conductive material; one side of the touch pressing strip protrudes out of the top of the limiting groove, and the touch pressing strip can move up and down in the limiting groove;
Each contact-pressing tooth is internally provided with a conductive piece, at least one conductive piece is in contact with the driving roller, and the conductive piece is used for conducting current on the driving roller to the contact-pressing strip;
the photovoltaic cell comprises a plurality of cathode assemblies, wherein a plurality of cathode assemblies are arranged at equal intervals up and down, the cathode assemblies on the same side are uniformly distributed, and photovoltaic cells can be electroplated in a transmission way from the upper part to the lower part between the cathode assemblies.
2. The photovoltaic cell panel grid copper electroplating device according to claim 1, wherein:
A plurality of spring fixing grooves are further formed in the shell, the spring fixing grooves are located above the limiting grooves, and springs with the same specification are arranged in each spring fixing groove; one end of the spring protrudes out of the spring fixing groove and is connected with the touch pressing bar.
3. The photovoltaic cell panel grid copper electroplating device according to claim 2, wherein: the conductive member includes: a conductive sheet and an electric shock part;
The plurality of conductive sheets are in a disc shape, conductive sheet fixing grooves matched with the conductive sheets are formed in the shell, and the conductive sheet fixing grooves are positioned above the spring fixing grooves;
the electric shock part is in a sheet shape, one side of the electric shock part is connected with the conducting strip, and the other side of the electric shock part penetrates through the shell and the driving belt and is flush with the inner side of the driving belt.
4. A photovoltaic panel grid copper electroplating device according to claim 3, wherein: the electric shock part is provided with a wire hole matched with the wires, and the wires are contacted with the electric shock part.
5. The photovoltaic cell panel grid copper electroplating device according to claim 1, wherein: the plating tank includes: an upper plating tank and a lower plating tank; the electroplating anode adopts copper blocks, an insoluble titanium basket is arranged in each electroplating bath, and the copper blocks are positioned in the titanium baskets.
6. The photovoltaic cell panel grid copper electroplating device according to claim 5, wherein: the upper electroplating tank is provided with a first nozzle, the lower electroplating tank is provided with a second nozzle, and the first nozzle and the second nozzle are symmetrically arranged.
7. The photovoltaic cell panel grid copper electroplating device according to claim 1, wherein: the novel photovoltaic cell panel grating copper electroplating device is further provided with an auxiliary power supply and an auxiliary cathode, the auxiliary cathode is connected with the auxiliary power supply cathode, and the auxiliary power supply anode is connected with the cathode assembly.
8. The photovoltaic cell panel grid copper electroplating device according to claim 1, wherein: the cross section of the part of the touching pressing bar protruding out of the limit groove is semicircular.
9. The photovoltaic cell panel grid copper electroplating device according to claim 1, wherein: and a pressure sensor is arranged in the limiting groove.
CN202311867343.3A 2023-12-29 2023-12-29 Novel photovoltaic cell board grid electro-coppering device Pending CN117947486A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202311867343.3A CN117947486A (en) 2023-12-29 2023-12-29 Novel photovoltaic cell board grid electro-coppering device

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202311867343.3A CN117947486A (en) 2023-12-29 2023-12-29 Novel photovoltaic cell board grid electro-coppering device

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN117947486A true CN117947486A (en) 2024-04-30

Family

ID=90804794

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN202311867343.3A Pending CN117947486A (en) 2023-12-29 2023-12-29 Novel photovoltaic cell board grid electro-coppering device

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN117947486A (en)

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN113481573A (en) Film coating machine, electroplating production line and continuous production method of battery current collector
CN210826423U (en) Electroplating part hanger capable of realizing self-reversal
TW574437B (en) Electrodeposition device and electrodeposition system for coating structures which have already been made conductive
IE822386L (en) Electroplating tabs of printed circuit boards
CN117947486A (en) Novel photovoltaic cell board grid electro-coppering device
CN202265622U (en) Electrode for cleaning surface of strip steel
CN215925133U (en) Anode plate for film coating machine and film coating machine
CN101203632A (en) Device for treatment of surfaces and planar objects
CN202543369U (en) Anode module for industrial electrofacing
CN216274424U (en) Horizontal electroplating equipment for photovoltaic cell
CN215947439U (en) Electroplating device
CN214782230U (en) Cathode conductive pressing type conveying roller horizontal copper plating device
US3701726A (en) Support assembly for electrolytic deposition on contact element
CN202492604U (en) Continuous plating liquid conductive device
CN102586846A (en) Electroplating hanger
CN208632662U (en) A kind of production equipment for graphite radiating copper foil
CN114959848B (en) Horizontal electroplating device, horizontal electroplating method and application of photovoltaic cell
CN215925115U (en) A electrically conductive clamp and coating machine for coating machine
CN220034701U (en) Electrolytic copper foil pilot scale experiment tank
CN219280076U (en) Continuous electroplating device and mechanism
CN208517018U (en) A kind of wastewater electrolytic device
CN217903366U (en) Busbar fixed knot of cylinder battery module constructs
CN214694451U (en) Electrolytic equipment for deplating process
CN215050796U (en) Galvanized electrode pool
CN210394570U (en) Surface electroplating device convenient for multi-angle contact

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination