CN117903490B - 一种空心球增强纤维素气凝胶绝热材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种空心球增强纤维素气凝胶绝热材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种空心球增强纤维素气凝胶绝热材料及其制备方法。首先选择具有两相亲和能力的纤维素纳米晶体作为主要结构材料和分散辅助剂,加入短链烷烃作为油相,经过超声粉碎得到微米或纳米尺寸的均匀乳液,之后添加水溶性热固性树脂的前驱体,在油水界面处热聚合,形成致密的壳层,冷却后的混合溶液再加入纤维素纳米纤维并稀释至所需的浓度,经过真空冷冻干燥后,得到空心增强的纤维素气凝胶绝热材料。所得绝热纤维素气凝胶结构均匀,密度极低,热导率小于常规冻干的气凝胶,有出色的力学强度,可以切割成型。制备过程连续性强,溶剂和模版剂均回收利用,基本没有危废排放,非常适合扩大化生产。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及保温隔热材料,特别涉及一种纤维素气凝胶,具体说是一种空心球增强纤维素气凝胶及其制备方法。
背景技术
气凝胶材料因为具有超低的密度,超高的比表面积,从对流和传导上极大的限制传热,因而具有极低的热导率,是目前最好的隔热材料,在消防、航天、军事和能源领域有着广泛的应用前景和极大的需求。但是气凝胶的生产成本和脆弱的力学性能限制它的大规模应用。介孔气凝胶例如二氧化硅气凝胶热导率可低至0.01 W/mK,但需要超临界干燥或者常压干燥,制造周期极长且容易破坏。微米孔的气凝胶或者纤维气凝胶等制备较为容易的气凝胶,则由于限制空气对流的能力较弱,且成型过程塑造了一定量的导热通路,导致热导率偏高。基于低成本的生产工艺和设备,开发高隔热性能的气凝胶制备技术对于解决上述困境至关重要。
引入空心球等中空结构是增强气凝胶隔热能力的有效技术,例如CN109943134A中在介孔气凝胶中引入中空玻璃珠,实现了气凝胶的密度降低,和隔热增强。然而,大多数方法中引入的空心球材料需要单独制备,或者需要聚苯乙烯纳米球、二氧化硅纳米球等作为模版,会增加工艺的复杂性,难以根据需求灵活调整气凝胶中的空心球尺寸、核壳比例等参数。
发明内容
针对目前气凝胶绝热材料存在的规模化成本与性能需求之间不匹配的问题,本发明的目的是提供一种空心球增强纤维素气凝胶及其制备方法。
为了达到上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种空心球增强的纤维素气凝胶,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
1)将纤维素纳米晶、氯化钠与水混合,搅拌均匀,得到分散液;
2)选择一种或多种熔点小于40℃的烷烃加入到步骤1)制备的分散液中,并加热至烷烃的熔点后使烷烃完全熔化,通过超声振荡形成均匀分散的乳液;
3)在高于烷烃熔点但低于树脂聚合温度的温度下搅拌乳液一段时间,然后在搅拌下向乳液中逐滴加入热固性树脂预聚体溶液,维持该温度继续搅拌,使得热固性树脂预聚体均匀分散到油水的两相界面;然后升温到树脂聚合温度,反应充分后冷却至室温;
4)向步骤3)所得混合液中加入纤维素纳米纤维的分散液,搅拌混合均匀,之后在模具中利用液氮冷冻,最后冷冻干燥,得到所述空心球增强纤维素气凝胶。
上述步骤1)中,所述纤维素纳米晶优选直径为3~20 nm,长度为100~200 nm。氯化钠的作用是使粉末状纤维素纳米晶离子化程度增加,更容易分散。在本发明的一些实施例中,按质量计,所述纤维素纳米晶与氯化钠的用量比为2:1。优选的,步骤1)配制的分散液中纤维素纳米晶的含量为1 wt%~5 wt%。
上述步骤2)中,所述烷烃优选为十四烷、十六烷、十八烷、二十烷、二十二烷、环己烷等熔点小于40℃的易挥发烷烃。以水的质量为基准,加入烷烃后油水比为0.05~0.2。
步骤3)中所述热固性树脂预聚体包括但不限于酚醛树脂预聚体、密胺树脂预聚体、糠醛树脂预聚体等水溶性热固性树脂前驱体。优选的,所述热固性树脂预聚体的浓度(质量分数)是纤维素纳米晶的两倍。
步骤4)中所述纤维素纳米纤维优选直径为10~100 nm,长度为5~20 μm,将其分散在水中形成1 wt%~5 wt%的纤维素纳米纤维分散液。然后将该纤维素纳米纤维分散液加入步骤3)所得混合液中使纤维素纳米纤维的浓度在0.5 wt %到2.5 wt %之间。
本发明利用两相界面聚合的方法,经过冻干直接得到含大量纳米到微米尺度空心球以及纳米纤维的低密度的气凝胶。首先选择具有两相亲和能力的纤维素纳米晶体作为主要结构材料和分散辅助剂,加入短链烷烃作为油相,经过超声粉碎得到微米或纳米尺寸的均匀乳液,之后添加密胺树脂、酚醛树脂、糠醛树脂等水溶性热固性树脂的前驱体,在油水界面处热聚合,形成致密的壳层,冷却后的混合溶液再加入纤维素纳米纤维并稀释至所需的浓度,经过真空冷冻干燥后,得到空心球增强的纤维素气凝胶。所得纤维素气凝胶结构均匀,密度极低,热导率小于常规冻干的气凝胶,有出色的力学强度,可以切割成型,是理想的绝热材料。
综上所述,本发明制备了一种空心球增强的纤维素绝热气凝胶,由纤维素纳米纤维和大量纤维素-树脂空心球组成,其中,纤维素纳米纤维组成结构网络主体,提供了足够的力学强度,空心球作为传热中断节点,增强了气凝胶的隔热能力。所得绝热纤维素气凝胶结构均匀,密度极低,热导率小于常规冻干的气凝胶,有出色的力学强度,可以切割成型。该纤维素绝热气凝胶的制备方法简单,原料易得,制备过程连续性强,溶剂和模版剂均回收利用,基本没有危废排放,非常适合扩大化生产,有显著的商业价值和应用前景。
附图说明
图1为实施例1所得气凝胶不同分辨率下的扫描电镜照片,展示了空心球与纤维互相组装而成多孔结构。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明进行详述,应理解,这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的保护范围。
以下通过特定的具体实例说明本发明的实施方式,本领域技术人员可由本说明书所揭露的内容轻易地了解本发明的其他优点与功效。本发明还可以通过另外不同的具体实施方式加以实施或应用,本说明书中的各项细节也可以基于不同观点与应用,在没有背离本发明的精神下进行各种修饰或改变。
实施例1
将纤维素纳米晶2 g和氯化钠1 g加入到50 g去离子水中,搅拌得到均匀的淡黄色分散液。向分散液中加入10 g 98%纯度的十八烷,加热到50℃,待十八烷完全熔化后,利用1600 W的超声探头,超声粉碎1分钟,得到白色的稳定乳液。继续保持50℃加热搅拌30分钟,逐滴加入密胺树脂预聚体的水溶液(配制方法:将1 g三聚氰胺粉末和2 g 37%甲醛水溶液混合后加热至75℃搅拌10分钟,得到澄清的预聚体溶液,其中含有2 g密胺树脂预聚体),之后继续搅拌60分钟。升温至80℃,加热反应3小时后,自然冷却至室温。然后加入50 g 2%纤维素纳米纤维水分散液,磁力搅拌120分钟后,倾倒进聚四氟乙烯的模具中利用液氮冷冻,然后在真空冷干机中干燥,压力<58 Pa,冷阱温度- 40℃,48小时后取出,置于40℃真空干燥箱中干燥12 h,得到空心球增强纤维素绝热气凝胶。所得气凝胶材料的扫描电镜照片如图1所示,纳米纤维与空心球均匀且密集地分布,所得气凝胶材料中空心球尺寸约3.5 μm,密度经测量为57 mg/mL,热线法测量的热导率为0.030±0.001 W/mK,可以切割成不同形状,且有一定的压缩强度。
实施例2
将纤维素纳米晶1 g和氯化钠0.5 g加入到50 g去离子水中,搅拌得到均匀的淡黄色分散液。向分散液中加入2 g 98%纯度的十八烷,加热到50℃,待十八烷完全熔化后,利用1600 W的超声探头,超声粉碎1分钟,得到半透明白色的稳定乳液。继续保持50℃加热搅拌30分钟,逐滴加入酚醛(间苯二酚-甲醛)树脂预聚体的水溶液4 g(其中含有2 g酚醛(间苯二酚-甲醛)树脂预聚体),之后继续搅拌60分钟。升温至95℃,加热反应3小时后,自然冷却至室温。然后加入50 g 2%纤维素纳米纤维分散液,磁力搅拌120分钟后,倾倒进聚四氟乙烯的模具中利用液氮冷冻,然后在真空冷干机中干燥,压力<58 Pa,冷阱温度- 40℃,48小时后取出,置于60℃真空干燥箱中干燥12 h,得到空心球增强纤维素绝热气凝胶。所得气凝胶材料中空心球尺寸约1.3 μm,气凝胶密度经测量为64 mg/mL,热线法测量的热导率为0.034±0.002 W/mK。
实施例3
将纤维素纳米晶2 g和氯化钠1 g加入到50 g去离子水中,搅拌得到均匀的淡黄色分散液。向分散液中加入5 g 98%纯度的十八烷,加热到50℃,待十八烷完全熔化后,利用1600 W的超声探头,超声粉碎1分钟,得到白色的稳定乳液。继续保持50℃加热搅拌30分钟,逐滴加入密胺树脂预聚体的水溶液(含有2 g密胺树脂预聚体),之后继续搅拌60分钟。升温至80℃,加热反应3小时后,自然冷却至室温。然后加入50 g 4%纤维素纳米纤维分散液,磁力搅拌120分钟后,倾倒进聚四氟乙烯的模具中利用液氮冷冻,然后在真空冷干机中干燥,压力<58 Pa,冷阱温度- 40℃,48小时后取出,置于40℃真空干燥箱中干燥12 h,得到空心球增强纤维素绝热气凝胶。所得气凝胶材料中空心球尺寸约1.7 μm,密度经测量为64 mg/mL,热线法测量的热导率为0.032±0.001 W/mK,可以切割成不同形状,且有一定的压缩强度。
实施例4
将纤维素纳米晶2 g和氯化钠1 g加入到50 g去离子水中,搅拌得到均匀的淡黄色分散液。向分散液中加入2 g 98%纯度的十八烷,加热到50℃,待十八烷完全熔化后,利用1600 W的超声探头,超声粉碎1分钟,得到白色的稳定乳液。继续保持50℃加热搅拌30分钟,逐滴加入密胺树脂预聚体的水溶液(其中含有2 g密胺树脂预聚体),之后继续搅拌60分钟。升温至80℃,加热反应3小时后,自然冷却至室温。然后加入50 g 2%纤维素纳米纤维分散液,磁力搅拌120分钟后,倾倒进聚四氟乙烯的模具中利用液氮冷冻,然后在真空冷干机中干燥,压力<58 Pa,冷阱温度- 40℃,48小时后取出,置于40℃真空干燥箱中干燥12 h,得到空心球增强纤维素绝热气凝胶,空心球空间密度相对较小,镶嵌于孔壁之中。所得气凝胶材料中空心球尺寸约1.5μm,气凝胶材料的密度经测量为70 mg/mL,热线法测量的热导率为0.042±0.001 W/mK,可以切割成不同形状,且有一定的压缩强度。
实施例5
将纤维素纳米晶2 g和氯化钠1 g加入到50 g去离子水中,搅拌得到均匀的淡黄色分散液。向分散液中加入10 g 98%纯度的十八烷,加热到50℃,待十八烷完全熔化后,利用1600 W的超声探头,超声粉碎1分钟,得到白色的稳定乳液。继续保持50℃加热搅拌30分钟,逐滴加入糠醛(苯酚-糠醛)树脂预聚体的水溶液(其中含有2 g酚醛(间苯二酚-甲醛)树脂预聚体和0.02 g乌洛托品),之后继续搅拌60分钟。升温至95℃,加热反应3小时后,自然冷却至室温。然后加入50 g 2%纤维素纳米纤维分散液,磁力搅拌120分钟后,倾倒进聚四氟乙烯的模具中利用液氮冷冻,然后在真空冷干机中干燥,压力<58 Pa,冷阱温度- 40℃,48小时后取出,置于40℃真空干燥箱中干燥12 h,得到空心球增强纤维素绝热气凝胶。所得气凝胶材料中空心球尺寸约3.5μm气凝胶材料的密度经测量为60 mg/mL,热线法测量的热导率为0.032±0.001 W/mK,可以切割成不同形状,且有一定的压缩强度。
上述实施例仅例示性说明本发明的原理及其功效,而非用于限制本发明。任何熟悉此技术的人士皆可在不违背本发明的精神及范畴下,对上述实施例进行修饰或改变。因此,举凡所属技术领域中具有通常知识者在未脱离本发明所揭示的精神与技术思想下所完成的一切等效修饰或改变,仍应由本发明的权利要求所涵盖。
Claims (10)
1.一种空心球增强的纤维素气凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
1)将纤维素纳米晶、氯化钠与水混合,搅拌均匀,得到分散液;
2)选择一种或多种熔点小于40℃的烷烃加入到步骤1)制备的分散液中,并加热至烷烃的熔点后使烷烃完全熔化,通过超声振荡形成均匀分散的乳液;
3)在高于烷烃熔点但低于热固性树脂聚合温度的温度下搅拌乳液一段时间,然后在搅拌下向乳液中逐滴加入热固性树脂预聚体溶液,维持该温度继续搅拌,使得热固性树脂预聚体均匀分散到油水的两相界面;然后升温到树脂聚合温度,反应充分后冷却至室温;
4)向步骤3)所得混合液中加入纤维素纳米纤维的分散液,搅拌混合均匀,之后在模具中利用液氮冷冻,最后冷冻干燥,得到所述空心球增强纤维素气凝胶。
2.如权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1)中所述纤维素纳米晶的直径为3~20 nm,长度为100~200 nm,所得到的分散液中纤维素纳米晶的含量为1~5 wt%。
3.如权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2)中所述烷烃选自十四烷、十六烷、十八烷、二十烷和环己烷中的一种或多种。
4.如权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2)中以水的质量为基准,加入烷烃后油水比为0.05~0.2。
5.如权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤3)中所述热固性树脂预聚体选自酚醛树脂预聚体、密胺树脂预聚体和糠醛树脂预聚体。
6.如权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤3)中加入热固性树脂预聚体溶液后,按质量计,所述热固性树脂预聚体的浓度是纤维素纳米晶的两倍。
7.如权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤4)中所述纤维素纳米纤维的直径为10~100 nm,长度为5~20 μm。
8.如权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤4)中将纤维素纳米纤维分散在水中形成1~5 wt%的纤维素纳米纤维分散液,然后将该纤维素纳米纤维分散液加入步骤3)所得混合液中使纤维素纳米纤维的浓度为0.5~2.5 wt %,搅拌混匀后在模具中冷冻。
9.权利要求1~8任一所述的制备方法得到的空心球增强的纤维素气凝胶。
10.权利要求9所述的空心球增强的纤维素气凝胶作为绝热材料的应用。
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