CN117866803A - 一种生产味精的方法 - Google Patents
一种生产味精的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN117866803A CN117866803A CN202311664333.XA CN202311664333A CN117866803A CN 117866803 A CN117866803 A CN 117866803A CN 202311664333 A CN202311664333 A CN 202311664333A CN 117866803 A CN117866803 A CN 117866803A
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- glutamic acid
- fermentation
- sulfate
- fermentation medium
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Abstract
本发明涉及食品加工技术领域,尤其涉及一种生产味精的方法。所述方法包括一种采用谷氨酸发酵培养基生产谷氨酸的方法;所述谷氨酸发酵培养基包括:碳源、氨基酸、无机盐和维生素;所述氨基酸由丝氨酸、组氨酸、苏氨酸、精氨酸、酪氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和脯氨酸组成;所述无机盐包括:钾盐、镁盐、铁盐、锰盐、钠盐、钙盐、铜盐、锌盐、钴盐、镍盐和硼酸。本发明通过对谷氨酸棒杆菌的生长和发酵状态分析,提供了一种最适用于谷氨酸生产的培养基,基于该培养基生产得到的发酵液中杂质较少,谷氨酸纯度高,适用于后续的提纯和味精加工。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及食品加工技术领域,尤其涉及一种生产味精的方法。
背景技术
味精学名谷氨酸钠,是一种无色柱状结晶体或结晶性粉末,是目前广泛使用的增鲜调味品之一。味精可以增进人们的食欲,提高人体对其他各种食物的吸收能力,对人体有一定的滋补作用,味精里含有大量的谷氨酸,是人体所需要的一种氨基酸,96%能被人体吸收,形成人体组织中的蛋白质;它还能与血氨结合,形成对机体无害的谷氨酰胺,解除组织代谢过程中所产生氨的毒性作用。此外,谷氨酸还能参与脑蛋白质代谢和糖代谢,促进氧化过程,对中枢神经系统的正常活动起到良好的促进作用。味精的常规流程一般是以淀粉糖为原料,采用微生物发酵法先合成谷氨酸,然后经等电结晶沉淀、离子交换或转晶等方法提取谷氨酸,再经脱色、除铁、蒸发浓缩、结晶等工序制成谷氨酸钠结晶。
随着时间的推移,味精生产技术也有了显著进步,谷氨酸生产由最初的蛋白质水解法、亚适量菌种发酵法到温敏型菌种发酵法,谷氨酸提取由离子交换法、等电离子交换法发展到连续浓缩等电工艺,味精精制也由间歇单效浓缩结晶到连续浓缩结晶。随着合成生物学技术的发展,目前研究方向主要集中在如何构建高效的菌种提升产量和转化效率方面,但对味精生产工艺的研究较少。
发明内容
为了解决现有技术存在的问题,本发明提供一种生产味精的方法。
为了节省成本,味精发酵培养基中用到了大量的廉价原料如玉米浆、水解液和糖蜜等复合物,导致后续提取工艺路线长,废液排放量大,但是目前清洁生产和节能减排的需求日益增加,味精的生产工艺亟需优化。
第一方面,本发明提供一种谷氨酸发酵培养基,包括:
碳源、氨基酸、无机盐和维生素;
所述氨基酸由丝氨酸、组氨酸、苏氨酸、精氨酸、酪氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和脯氨酸组成;
所述无机盐包括:钾盐、镁盐、铁盐、锰盐、钠盐、钙盐、铜盐、锌盐、钴盐、镍盐和硼酸。
本发明经过对谷氨酸棒杆菌的生长特性和发酵特性进行研究得到最适用于谷氨酸棒杆菌生产谷氨酸的发酵培养基,基于该发酵培养基进行谷氨酸棒杆菌的培养,可以有效提高发酵液中谷氨酸的纯度,进而也就不需要繁琐的提纯步骤。特别是培养基中的氨基酸和无机盐组分,一般情况下丝氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸和酪氨酸通常被认为是非必需氨基酸,但是本发明研究发现,这几种氨基酸可以有效促进谷氨酸棒杆菌的菌体生长和提高生产谷氨酸的能力。而无机盐中的锌盐也同样具有显著的提高谷氨酸棒杆菌OD值和生产谷氨酸能力的效果。
进一步地,以重量份计,所述氨基酸由如下组成:
丝氨酸2~6份、组氨酸3~9份、苏氨酸7~21份、精氨酸1~5份、酪氨酸1~3份、缬氨酸4~10份、蛋氨酸2~6份、苯丙氨酸5~10份、异亮氨酸2~6份、亮氨酸7~20份和脯氨酸5~15份。
进一步地,以重量份计,所述无机盐包括:磷酸氢二钾2000~6000份、硫酸镁800~2400份、硫酸亚铁5~15份、硫酸锰5~15份、氯化钠1000~2000份、氯化钙5~15份、硫酸铜0.5~1.5份、硫酸锌5~15份、氯化钴0.001~0.005份、硫酸镍0.01~01份、钼酸钠0.004~0.012份和硼酸0.001~0.003份。
本发明选择特定的无机盐种类,可以在较高程度上提高谷氨酸棒杆菌生产谷氨酸的效率,提高发酵液中谷氨酸的纯度。
进一步地,所述碳源包括葡萄糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖或果糖中的一种或多种;和/或,所述维生素包括生物素和硫胺素。
一般的谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵过程中,尝尝认为葡萄糖是最优的碳源,但是本发明研究发现,当采用蔗糖作为碳源时,菌体生长更快,发酵周期缩短4~6h。
第二方面,本发明提供一种生产谷氨酸的方法,包括:
将谷氨酸棒杆菌置于所述的谷氨酸发酵培养基中进行发酵培养。
进一步地,所述发酵培养的条件包括:
pH为6.8~7.2;溶解氧为20~40%;培养温度为32~34℃,在OD562nm为40~50时变为38~39℃。
第三方面,本发明提供一种生产味精的方法,包括:采用所述的生产谷氨酸方法获得发酵液,从所述发酵液中提取谷氨酸,经过中和、脱色、过滤、连续浓缩结晶和离心分离得到味精。
进一步地,从所述发酵液中提取谷氨酸包括:所述发酵液经过离心、浓缩、等电拉冷、分离获得谷氨酸。
进一步地,所述离心的条件包括:转速为8000~10000rpm,进料流量为50~100L/h,排渣时间为10~15min;优选地,控制出料菌渣含水量35~45%,清液透光达到90%以上。
进一步地,所述浓缩的条件包括:在80~85℃,真空度-0.1~-0.08Mpa的条件下浓缩使得谷氨酸含量达到35%以上。
进一步地,所述等电拉冷包括:加入酸调节pH至3.2~3.3,采用梯度降温的方式,以1.5~2.5℃/h的速度降低温度至28~32℃;以0.5~1.5℃/h的速度降低温度至12~14℃,之后维持10h以上。
进一步地,所述分离可以采用本领域常规的离心分离方法进行,例如采用三足式离心机分离谷氨酸晶浆液。
进一步地,所述中和包括:
将谷氨酸与碱液进行中和并调节pH至6.2~6.5得到中和液。
进一步地,所述脱色包括:
在所述中和液中加入活性炭进行脱色,脱色温度为60~65℃,脱色时间为30~50分钟;所述活性炭用量优选为2~5g/L。
进一步地,所述过滤包括:
采用板框压滤机进行过滤,滤清液透光达到80%以上开始收集滤清液。
进一步地,所述连续浓缩结晶的条件包括:真空度-0.075~-0.085MPa,浓缩温度60~70℃,搅拌速度125~175rpm。
本发明研究发现,搅拌速度影响二次成核,通过控制较低的搅拌转速能够减少结晶过程中二次成核,减少细晶的产生。控制较低的浓缩温度也能减少副产物焦谷氨酸的生成。
进一步地,采用DTB结晶器进行连续浓缩结晶。
进一步地,所述离心分离包括:
将经过连续浓缩结晶得到的晶浆液进行离心,转速为150~200r/min,离心时间为5~10min,之后清洗晶体,结晶母液回补至所述中和液中。
进一步地,还包括干燥,所述干燥包括:在温度为80~85℃的条件下进行干燥。
第四方面,本发明提供所述的谷氨酸发酵培养基在提高谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵液中谷氨酸纯度中的应用。
本发明具备如下有益效果:
本发明通过对谷氨酸棒杆菌的生长和发酵状态分析,提供了一种最适用于谷氨酸生产的培养基,基于该培养基进行谷氨酸棒杆菌的发酵可以有效提高发酵产物中的谷氨酸纯度,这使得在后续的提取工艺中提取步骤缩短,不需要离交和转晶等步骤,提取收率高,产生的废水少。
本发明提供的谷氨酸发酵培养基去除了非必要组分,渗透压低,解除了高渗环境对菌种活力的抑制,可以有效提高发酵效率,提高发酵液中谷氨酸的浓度。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作一简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图是本发明的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1是本发明试验例1提供的味精生产工艺的流程示意图。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面将结合本发明中的附图,对本发明中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
本发明提供一种谷氨酸发酵方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)发酵培养基准备:发酵配方组成为葡萄糖30~50g/L、丝氨酸0.4g/L、组氨酸0.6g/L、苏氨酸1.4g/L、精氨酸0.3g/L、酪氨酸0.2g/L、缬氨酸0.7g/L、蛋氨酸0.4g/L、苯丙氨酸0.75g/L、异亮氨酸0.4g/L、亮氨酸1.3g/L和脯氨酸1.0g/L,磷酸氢二钾4g/L,硫酸镁1.5g/L,硫酸亚铁10mg/L,硫酸锰10mg/L,氯化钠1.5g/L,氯化钙10mg/L,硫酸铜1mg/L,硫酸锌10mg/L,氯化钴3μg/L,硫酸镍50μg/L,钼酸钠8μg/L,硼酸2μg/L,生物素400μg/L和硫胺素600μg/L。
按照发酵配方称取各组分,加入去离子水溶解后倒入发酵罐中进行实消灭菌。灭菌温度121℃,灭菌时间20min,灭菌结束后快速降温至32℃,加入氨水调节发酵培养基pH至7.2后等待接种,葡萄糖采用分消灭菌,接种前倒入发酵罐中。
(2)谷氨酸发酵方法:将培养好的种子液按照接种比12%接入500L发酵罐中,初始培养温度32℃,当发酵OD562nm达到40时升温至38℃,维持该温度至发酵结束,通过自动流加氨水控制pH在7.0;调节风量、转速和罐压控制DO,DO控制范围20~40%,待底糖消耗完全后开始流加质量浓度70%的葡萄糖溶液,控制发酵液残糖浓度小于5g/L,发酵培养32h后结束发酵,最终产酸192g/L,转化率67.4%,与传统工艺相比(产酸180g/L,转化率65%)产酸提高6.7%,转化率提高3.7%。
如上步骤中的范围值,为实际生产过程中难以控制该指标唯一确定,只能确定其处于一定范围内。
本发明所述传统工艺包括如下流程:
(1)配料:按照配比,将各种原料称量好,溶解完全配成发酵培养基;发酵培养基的原料配比如下:葡萄糖205g/L,玉米浆30g/L,糖蜜18g/L,甜菜碱1.5g/L,豆粕水解液10g/L,磷酸二氢钠10g/L,硫酸镁1.75g/L,硫酸锰0.084g/L,硫酸亚铁0.085g/L,氯化钾3g/L,苏氨酸0.15g/L,丁二酸1.0g/L,消泡剂0.3g/L,溶剂为水,用氢氧化钠中和调节使发酵培养基的pH为7.0。
(2)灭菌:将配好的发酵培养基灭菌、温度121℃,维持时间20分钟,实消好的培养基在发酵内降温至32℃等待接种;
(3)发酵:将培养好的温敏型菌株的种子培养液按照接种比12%接入500L发酵罐中,初始培养温度32℃,当发酵OD562nm达到40时升温至38℃,维持该温度至发酵结束,通过自动流加氨水控制pH在7.0;调节风量、转速和罐压控制DO,DO控制范围20%,待底糖消耗完全后开始流加质量浓度70%的葡萄糖溶液,控制发酵液残糖浓度小于5g/L,发酵培养32h后结束发酵。
本发明提供的谷氨酸发酵培养基配方,发酵液成分确定、杂质少、发酵液颜色浅,减少了原辅料波动对发酵指标的影响,发酵指标稳定;而且由于发酵液去除了非必要组分,渗透压低,解除了高渗环境对菌种活力的抑制,发酵指标提升。
实施例2
本实施例流程和实施例1相同,区别在于:
发酵配方组成为蔗糖30~50g/L、丝氨酸0.4g/L、组氨酸0.6g/L、苏氨酸1.4g/L、精氨酸0.3g/L、酪氨酸0.2g/L、缬氨酸0.7g/L、蛋氨酸0.4g/L、苯丙氨酸0.75g/L、异亮氨酸0.4g/L、亮氨酸1.3g/L和脯氨酸1.0g/L,磷酸氢二钾4g/L,硫酸镁1.5g/L,硫酸亚铁10mg/L,硫酸锰10mg/L,氯化钠1.5g/L,氯化钙10mg/L,硫酸铜1mg/L,硫酸锌10mg/L,氯化钴3μg/L,硫酸镍50μg/L,钼酸钠8μg/L,硼酸2μg/L,生物素400μg/L和硫胺素600μg/L。步骤(2)谷氨酸发酵方法中待底糖消耗完全后开始流加质量浓度70%的蔗糖溶液,控制发酵液残糖浓度小于5g/L,发酵培养28h后结束发酵,最终产酸190g/L,转化率68.2%。
由此可以看出,在碳源更换为蔗糖后,发酵时间降低(产酸水平相近的情况下)。
对比例1
本对比例流程和实施例1相同,区别在于:
发酵配方组成为葡萄糖30~50g/L、苏氨酸1.4g/L、缬氨酸0.7g/L、蛋氨酸0.4g/L、苯丙氨酸0.75g/L、异亮氨酸0.4g/L、亮氨酸1.3g/L和脯氨酸1.0g/L,磷酸氢二钾4g/L,硫酸镁1.5g/L,硫酸亚铁10mg/L,硫酸锰10mg/L,氯化钠1.5g/L,氯化钙10mg/L,硫酸铜1mg/L,硫酸锌10mg/L,氯化钴3μg/L,硫酸镍50μg/L,钼酸钠8μg/L,硼酸2μg/L,生物素400μg/L和硫胺素600μg/L。发酵培养32h后结束发酵,最终产酸174g/L,转化率60.1%。
对比例2
本对比例流程和实施例1相同,区别在于:
发酵配方组成为葡萄糖30~50g/L、丝氨酸0.4g/L、组氨酸0.6g/L、苏氨酸1.4g/L、精氨酸0.3g/L、酪氨酸0.2g/L、缬氨酸0.7g/L、蛋氨酸0.4g/L、苯丙氨酸0.75g/L、异亮氨酸0.4g/L、亮氨酸1.3g/L和脯氨酸1.0g/L,磷酸氢二钾4g/L,硫酸镁1.5g/L,硫酸亚铁10mg/L,硫酸锰10mg/L,氯化钠1.5g/L,氯化钙10mg/L,硫酸铜1mg/L,氯化钴3μg/L,硫酸镍50μg/L,钼酸钠8μg/L,硼酸2μg/L,生物素400μg/L和硫胺素600μg/L。发酵培养32h后结束发酵,最终产酸182g/L,转化率62.9%。
试验例1
本试验例提供一种生产味精的方法,流程如图1所示,在前述谷氨酸发酵方法之后还包括谷氨酸提取和味精精制,具体如下:
1、本发明进一步提供一种谷氨酸提取工艺,包括如下步骤:
(1)采用实施例1制备得到的谷氨酸发酵液,首先经过碟片分离机离心去除菌体,转速8000rpm,调节进料流量50-100L/h,调节排渣时间10~15min,控制出料菌渣含水量40%,清液透光达到90%以上;
(2)将步骤(1)中出料菌渣经过鼓风干燥箱烘干,烘干温度80℃,获得菌体蛋白;
(3)将步骤(1)分离的离心清液泵入降膜蒸发器进行浓缩,浓缩温度80℃,真空度-0.09Mpa,浓缩至谷氨酸含量达到35%以上;
(4)浓缩液加入浓硫酸调节pH至3.2,采用梯度降温方式,按照降温速度2℃/h从50℃降至30℃,按照降温速度1℃/h再从30℃降至12℃,之后12℃维持10h育晶;
(5)采用三足式离心机分离谷氨酸晶浆液,按照浓缩液体积比5%加入20℃去离子水水洗晶体,湿晶体中谷氨酸纯度达到98%以上(干基),收率达到96%,与传统工艺(参照中国专利CN104473120B)相比(收率90%),收率提高6.7%;
(6)分离母液加入浓硫酸调节pH至0.5,温度105℃,反应1.5h后经活性炭脱色过滤后返回发酵配料。
本发明提供的提取工艺路线,提取步骤少,不需要经过转晶、离交等步骤,提取收率高、设备投资低;其次母液经过处理后回收利用,排放污水少。
2、本发明进一步提供味精精制工艺,包括如下步骤:
(1)中和:湿品谷氨酸加入调浆罐中,流加20%~30%碳酸钠水溶液进行中和,调至pH6.2~6.5;
(2)脱色:中和液中加入2g/L活性炭进行脱色,脱色温度60℃,脱色时间30min;
(3)过滤:采用板框压滤机进行过滤,滤清液透光达到80%以上开始收集滤清液;
(4)连续浓缩结晶:采用DTB连续浓缩结晶器进行浓缩结晶,真空度-0.085MPa,浓缩温度60℃,搅拌速度150rpm;
(5)离心分离:当晶体长到要求目数后从淘析柱中放出晶浆液,采用三足式离心机进行离心分离,转速200r/min,离心时间10min,采用晶浆量体积的1%去离子水进行水洗晶体,结晶母液回用至中和液中;
(6)干燥:采用流化床进行晶体干燥,温度80℃,干燥时间30min,检测成品谷氨酸钠含量>99%,干燥失重<0.5%。
本发明采用DTB连续浓缩结晶器进行结晶,能够同时浓缩和结晶,与传统结晶工艺相比不需要加水整晶,操作简单,结晶收率高,获得的成品粒度均匀、纯度高。
最后应说明的是:以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案,而非对其限制;尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解:其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换;而这些修改或者替换,并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的精神和范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种谷氨酸发酵培养基,其特征在于,包括:
碳源、氨基酸、无机盐和维生素;
所述氨基酸由丝氨酸、组氨酸、苏氨酸、精氨酸、酪氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和脯氨酸组成;
所述无机盐包括:钾盐、镁盐、铁盐、锰盐、钠盐、钙盐、铜盐、锌盐、钴盐、镍盐和硼酸。
2.根据权利要求1所述的谷氨酸发酵培养基,其特征在于,以重量份计,所述氨基酸由如下组成:
丝氨酸2~6份、组氨酸3~9份、苏氨酸7~21份、精氨酸1~5份、酪氨酸1~3份、缬氨酸4~10份、蛋氨酸2~6份、苯丙氨酸5~10份、异亮氨酸2~6份、亮氨酸7~20份和脯氨酸5~15份。
3.根据权利要求1所述的谷氨酸发酵培养基,其特征在于,以重量份计,所述无机盐包括:磷酸氢二钾2000~6000份、硫酸镁800~2400份、硫酸亚铁5~15份、硫酸锰5~15份、氯化钠1000~2000份、氯化钙5~15份、硫酸铜0.5~1.5份、硫酸锌5~15份、氯化钴0.001~0.005份、硫酸镍0.01~01份、钼酸钠0.004~0.012份和硼酸0.001~0.003份。
4.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的谷氨酸发酵培养基,其特征在于,所述碳源包括葡萄糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖或果糖中的一种或多种;和/或,所述维生素包括生物素和硫胺素。
5.根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的谷氨酸发酵培养基,其特征在于,以重量份计,所述碳源为30~50份、氨基酸5~10份、无机盐6~12份和维生素0.0005~0.0015份。
6.一种生产谷氨酸的方法,其特征在于,包括:
将谷氨酸棒杆菌置于权利要求1-5任一项所述的谷氨酸发酵培养基中进行发酵培养。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述发酵培养的条件包括:
pH为6.8~7.2;溶解氧为20~40%;培养温度为32~34℃,在OD562nm为40~50时变为38~39℃。
8.一种生产味精的方法,其特征在于,包括:采用权利要求6或7所述的方法获得发酵液,从所述发酵液中提取谷氨酸,经过中和、脱色、过滤、连续浓缩结晶和离心分离得到味精。
9.根据8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述连续浓缩结晶的条件包括:真空度-0.075~-0.085MPa,浓缩温度60~70℃,搅拌速度125~175rpm。
10.权利要求1-5任一项所述的谷氨酸发酵培养基在提高谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵液中谷氨酸纯度中的应用。
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