CN117821721A - Forming process of 304N stainless steel forging - Google Patents
Forming process of 304N stainless steel forging Download PDFInfo
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- CN117821721A CN117821721A CN202311821085.5A CN202311821085A CN117821721A CN 117821721 A CN117821721 A CN 117821721A CN 202311821085 A CN202311821085 A CN 202311821085A CN 117821721 A CN117821721 A CN 117821721A
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- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 188
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 125
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 125
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract 4
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 claims description 93
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 24
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 20
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010963 304 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018487 Ni—Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000589 SAE 304 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012993 chemical processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009740 moulding (composite fabrication) Methods 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
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Abstract
The application relates to the technical field of forging, and particularly discloses a 304N stainless steel forging forming process, which comprises raw material smelting, heating before forging, forging and heat treatment procedures, wherein the forging procedure comprises three firing forging steps, water cooling treatment is performed in time after forging in the heat treatment procedure, and a solid solution stabilizing step is added after the solid solution stabilizing step. According to the method, the internal quality of the forging is improved by improving the steel ingot components, the purity and the forming process, grains are refined, the overall mechanical property is improved, and the non-uniformity of the grains is eliminated, so that the service life of the 304N stainless steel product is greatly prolonged, and at least 10 years can be reached.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of stainless steel forging, in particular to a 304N stainless steel forging forming process.
Background
The 304N (0 Cr19Ni 9N) stainless steel is Ni-Cr type nitrogen-containing austenitic stainless steel, mainly composed of chromium, nickel and a proper amount of nitrogen, and has higher strength and durability than the standard 304 stainless steel. The nitrogen content enhances the pitting corrosion resistance and crevice corrosion resistance of the 304N stainless steel, so that the 304N stainless steel is particularly suitable for application in corrosive environments such as chemical processing, petrochemical industry, marine environment and the like. In addition, the 304N stainless steel retains formability and weldability, enabling it to be manufactured into a variety of structures and components, including pipes, tanks, heat exchangers, and building elements. The 304N stainless steel has corrosion resistance, strength and multifunction, so that the 304N stainless steel is the first choice stainless steel material under severe conditions.
At present, in the actual production process, the 304N stainless steel forging product is easy to generate mixed crystal, the surface is easy to generate cracks, and the product rejection rate is high, so how to improve the quality of the 304N stainless steel forging product is a problem to be solved in the industry.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to improve the quality of a 304N stainless steel forging product, the application provides a 304N stainless steel forging forming process.
The application provides a 304N stainless steel forging forming process, which adopts the following technical scheme:
A304N stainless steel forging forming process comprises the following steps:
smelting raw materials;
heating before forging;
forging: the method comprises 3 fires, wherein the corresponding processing parameters of each fire are as follows:
first heat: the forging temperature of the first heat is 1150-1170 ℃, the steel ingot is drawn and upset in the first heat, and the final forging temperature is more than or equal to 880 ℃; after the first fire is finished, the steel ingot is heated to 1130-1150 ℃, the heating time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the steel ingot with the thickness of 200mm is heated for 1-1.2 h;
second heat time: forging temperature of the second heat is 1120-1140 ℃, and drawing, upsetting and elongation are carried out on the steel ingot in the second heat, wherein final forging temperature is more than or equal to 880 ℃; after the second fire is completed, the steel ingot is heated to 1130-1150 ℃ and the heating time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the steel ingot with the thickness of 200mm is heated for 1-1.2 h;
third heat time: forging temperature of the second firing time is 1070-1100 ℃, upsetting, rounding and punching forming are carried out on the steel ingot in the third firing time, and final forging temperature is more than or equal to 850 ℃;
immediately cooling the forging piece with water after finishing final fire;
and (3) heat treatment: the method comprises the steps of water cooling treatment and solid solution treatment after forging;
water cooling treatment after forging: placing the forging piece in circulating water for cooling, wherein the temperature of the circulating water is less than or equal to 60 ℃;
solid solution: the solid solution temperature is 1030-1080 ℃, the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the forging piece, and the heat preservation time is 1.5-1.7 min for each 1mm thickness of the forging piece; and discharging the forging piece from the furnace after heat preservation is finished, and cooling the forging piece with water at the water temperature of less than or equal to 40 ℃.
Further, in the raw material smelting process, the 304N stainless steel comprises the following chemical elements in percentage by weight: less than or equal to 0.08 percent of C, less than or equal to 2.0 percent of Mn, less than or equal to 0.045 percent of P, less than or equal to 0.030 percent of S, less than or equal to 1.0 percent of Si, 18.0 to 20.0 percent of Cr, 8.0 to 11.0 percent of Ni, 0.1 to 0.16 percent of N, less than or equal to 1.0 percent of Cu, less than or equal to 0.05 percent of Co, and the balance of Fe and impurities.
Further, the raw material smelting process includes a process of performing arc furnace, external refining, and electroslag remelting on the raw material.
Further, the pre-forging heating process comprises the steps of furnace loading, temperature rising and staged heat preservation; wherein the first-stage heat preservation temperature in the step of stage heat preservation is 860 ℃, the second-stage heat preservation temperature is 1170 ℃, the heat preservation time of each heat preservation stage is positively correlated with the thickness of the steel ingot, and the heat preservation time of the steel ingot with the thickness of 200mm is 1.2-1.5 h.
Further, in the forging process, in the first firing time, the total elongation ratio is more than 2.2, and the total upsetting ratio is more than 2.2.
Further, in the forging process, in the second firing time, the elongation ratio is more than 4.5, and the upsetting ratio is more than 2.2.
Further, in the forging process, in the third firing time, the upsetting ratio is more than 2.2.
Further, in the heat treatment process, the repetition number of the solid solution step is less than or equal to 2.
Furthermore, the interval time from the discharging of the forging to the cooling in the solid solution step is less than or equal to 2min.
Further, in the heat treatment process, a stabilization process is carried out after the solid solution step, the stabilization temperature is 840-870 ℃, the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the forging, and the heat preservation time is 4.8-5 min for each 1mm thick forging; and (5) air cooling the forging after heat preservation is finished.
In summary, at least the following advantages exist in the present application:
1. in the method, free ferrite tissues in the steel ingot are effectively reduced through heating before forging, the forging performance of the steel ingot is optimized, and the austenite grain size is thinned; and the internal quality of steel is improved through a large forging ratio by matching with at least three forging steps with forging and cooling steps, and an as-cast structure is eliminated, so that the internal structure of a forging piece is uniform, loosening and segregation phenomena are improved or eliminated, and inclusions in the material can be effectively forged to be small or crushed; meanwhile, the crystal grains of the forging are ensured to be more uniformly refined by timely water cooling after forging, so that the grain size of the 304N stainless steel forging is increased to 3.5-5 levels, and the alpha phase is less than or equal to 0.5 level.
2. Compared with the industry standard with the standard file number of GB/T1220 in the prior art, the method adjusts the contents of C, cr, ni and N, properly improves and controls the contents of the elements, and effectively improves the malleability of the 304N stainless steel.
3. In the method, the solid solution effect of the forging is ensured by controlling the water inlet time of the steel ingot and the temperature of cooling water in the solid solution step; and simultaneously, the solid solution effect is further optimized through the solid solution stabilization process.
Drawings
The above-described features are more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is a golden phase diagram of example 1 of the present application.
Fig. 2 is a golden phase diagram of example 2 of the present application.
Fig. 3 is a golden phase diagram of example 3 of the present application.
Fig. 4 is a golden phase diagram of example 4 of the present application.
Fig. 5 is a golden phase diagram of example 5 of the present application.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further illustrated in the following examples, but is not limited to the examples described herein, in order to facilitate an understanding of the invention. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete.
The 304N stainless steel forging product is found to be easy to produce mixed crystal in the actual production process, the surface is easy to crack, and the product rejection rate is high. In view of this problem, the applicant has further studied the technique of forging 304N stainless steel, and found that: the problems can be effectively solved by evenly refining the crystal grains of the 304N stainless steel forging and reducing the generation of hazardous phases. Accordingly, the applicant has improved the 304N stainless steel forging process.
The applicant adopts pre-forging heating to effectively reduce free ferrite structure in the steel ingot, optimize the forging performance of the steel ingot and refine austenite grain size; meanwhile, the forging process of at least three fires is matched, the forging is increased by the first fire, the internal quality of steel is improved through the large forging ratio, the cast structure is eliminated, the internal structure of the forging is uniform, and the phenomena of loosening and segregation are improved or eliminated. The inclusions in the material can be effectively forged to be small or crushed. The grain size of the forging is further refined by controlling the heating and final forging temperature between the fires, so that the performances of various aspects such as toughness improvement and fatigue resistance increase are improved, and finally the service life of the forging is prolonged. And the water cooling is performed in time after forging, so that the grains of the forging are ensured to be more uniformly refined.
Through actual detection, the product obtained by the forging forming mode can have better high-temperature mechanical properties.
Examples
Example 1
A304N stainless steel forging forming process comprises the following steps:
smelting raw materials:
weighing the following chemical elements in percentage by weight: 0.048% of C, 1.3% of Mn, 0.018% of P, 0.003% of S, 0.48% of Si, 18.38% of Cr, 8.2% of Ni and 0.11% of N; co 0.023%, and Fe and impurities in balance;
the raw materials are put into an arc furnace according to the percentage for smelting, then are subjected to external refining, and finally are subjected to electroslag remelting, and a 304N stainless steel ingot is obtained through casting;
heating before forging:
charging: loading steel ingots into a heating furnace, and controlling the furnace loading temperature to be less than or equal to 400 ℃;
heating: heating to 860 ℃ in the range of 400-800 ℃ according to the maximum power of the heating furnace, and preserving heat;
and (3) heat preservation: the blanks are subjected to staged heat preservation, the heat preservation temperature in the first stage is 860 ℃, the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the heat preservation time of the steel ingot is 1.2h per 200mm thickness;
the second-stage heat preservation temperature is 1170 ℃, the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the heat preservation time is 1.2 hours for every 200mm of the steel ingot;
after the heat preservation is finished, forging the steel ingot;
forging: the steel ingot is forged by 3 times, wherein the corresponding processing parameters of each time are as follows:
first heat: the steel ingot is forged by first fire when the temperature of the steel ingot is increased to 1150 ℃, and the steel ingot is drawn in the first fire, and the total drawing ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2; upsetting is carried out, the total upsetting ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2, and the final forging temperature is controlled to be more than or equal to 880 ℃; after the first fire is finished, the steel ingot is heated to 1130 ℃, the heating time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the steel ingot with the thickness of 200mm is heated for 1h;
second heat time: the steel ingot is kept at 1120 ℃, and is drawn once in the second heat, and the primary drawing ratio is controlled to be more than 4.5; upsetting is carried out, and the upsetting ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2; performing secondary drawing, controlling the secondary drawing to be more than 4.5, and controlling the final forging temperature to be more than or equal to 880 ℃; after the second fire is completed, the steel ingot is heated to 1130 ℃, the heating time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the steel ingot with the thickness of 200mm is heated for 1h;
third heat time: preserving the temperature of the steel ingot at 1070 ℃, upsetting the steel ingot in the third heat, controlling the upsetting ratio to be more than 2.2, rolling, punching and forming, and controlling the final forging temperature to be more than or equal to 850 ℃;
after the third fire is completed, immediately water-cooling the forging;
and (3) heat treatment:
water cooling treatment after forging: placing the forging piece in circulating water for cooling, wherein the temperature of the circulating water is less than or equal to 60 ℃;
rough machining: carrying out mechanical rough machining on the forge piece;
solid solution: carrying out solid solution on the forge piece subjected to rough machining, controlling the solid solution temperature to 1030 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 1.5min every 1mm thick forge piece, wherein the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the forge piece; discharging the forging after heat preservation is finished, and cooling the forging with water, wherein the interval time from discharging the forging to water cooling is less than or equal to 2min, and the water temperature is less than or equal to 40 ℃; this step was repeated 2 times;
solid solution stabilization: heating the forging subjected to solution treatment to 840 ℃, wherein the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the forging, and the heat preservation time is 4.8min for each 1mm thick forging; air cooling the forging after heat preservation is finished;
and (3) finishing: and (5) carrying out mechanical finish machining on the forge piece.
Example 2
A304N stainless steel forging forming process comprises the following steps:
smelting raw materials:
weighing the following chemical elements in percentage by weight: 0.050% of C, 1.29% of Mn, 0.018% of P, 0.002% of S, 0.49% of Si, 18.40% of Cr, 8.19% of Ni and 0.11% of N; co 0.024%, and Fe and impurities in balance;
the raw materials are put into an arc furnace according to the percentage for smelting, then are subjected to external refining, and finally are subjected to electroslag remelting, and a 304N stainless steel ingot is obtained through casting;
heating before forging:
charging: loading steel ingots into a heating furnace, and controlling the furnace loading temperature to be less than or equal to 400 ℃;
heating: heating to 860 ℃ in the range of 400-800 ℃ according to the maximum power of the heating furnace, and preserving heat;
and (3) heat preservation: the blanks are subjected to staged heat preservation, the heat preservation temperature in the first stage is 860 ℃, the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the heat preservation time of the steel ingot is 1.5h per 200mm thickness;
the second-stage heat preservation temperature is 1170 ℃, the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the heat preservation time is 1.5h for every 200mm of the steel ingot;
after the heat preservation is finished, forging the steel ingot;
forging: the steel ingot is forged by 3 times, wherein the corresponding processing parameters of each time are as follows:
first heat: forging the steel ingot at the first firing time when the temperature of the steel ingot is raised to 1160 ℃, and drawing the steel ingot in the first firing time, wherein the total drawing ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2; upsetting is carried out, the total upsetting ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2, and the final forging temperature is controlled to be more than or equal to 880 ℃; after the first fire is finished, the steel ingot is heated to 1140 ℃, the heating time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the steel ingot is heated for 1.2h every 200mm thick;
second heat time: the steel ingot is kept at 1130 ℃, and is drawn once in the second fire, and the primary drawing ratio is controlled to be more than 4.5; upsetting is carried out, and the upsetting ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2; performing secondary drawing, controlling the secondary drawing to be more than 4.5, and controlling the final forging temperature to be more than or equal to 880 ℃; after the second fire is completed, the steel ingot is heated to 1140 ℃, the heating time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the steel ingot with the thickness of 200mm is heated for 1.2h;
third heat time: the steel ingot is insulated at 1080 ℃, upsetting is carried out on the steel ingot in the third fire, the upsetting ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2, the rolling and punching molding are carried out, and the final forging temperature is controlled to be more than or equal to 850 ℃;
after the third fire is completed, immediately water-cooling the forging;
and (3) heat treatment:
water cooling treatment after forging: placing the forging piece in circulating water for cooling, wherein the temperature of the circulating water is less than or equal to 60 ℃;
rough machining: carrying out mechanical rough machining on the forge piece;
solid solution: carrying out solid solution on the forge piece subjected to rough machining, controlling the solid solution temperature to be 1080 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 1.7min every 1mm thick forge piece, wherein the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the forge piece; discharging the forging after heat preservation is finished, and cooling the forging with water, wherein the interval time from discharging the forging to water cooling is less than or equal to 2min, and the water temperature is less than or equal to 40 ℃; this step was repeated 2 times;
solid solution stabilization: heating the forging subjected to solution treatment to 870 ℃, wherein the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the forging, and the heat preservation time is 5min for each 1mm thick forging; air cooling the forging after heat preservation is finished;
and (3) finishing: and (5) carrying out mechanical finish machining on the forge piece.
Example 3
A304N stainless steel forging forming process comprises the following steps:
smelting raw materials:
weighing the following chemical elements in percentage by weight: 0.046% of C, 1.28% of Mn, 0.017% of P, 0.003% of S, 0.49% of Si, 18.39% of Cr, 8.18% of Ni and 0.12% of N; 0.025% of Co, and the balance of Fe and impurities;
the raw materials are put into an arc furnace according to the percentage for smelting, then are subjected to external refining, and finally are subjected to electroslag remelting, and a 304N stainless steel ingot is obtained through casting;
heating before forging:
charging: loading steel ingots into a heating furnace, and controlling the furnace loading temperature to be less than or equal to 400 ℃;
heating: heating to 860 ℃ in the range of 400-800 ℃ according to the maximum power of the heating furnace, and preserving heat;
and (3) heat preservation: the blanks are subjected to staged heat preservation, the heat preservation temperature in the first stage is 860 ℃, the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the heat preservation time of the steel ingot is 1.5h per 200mm thickness;
the second-stage heat preservation temperature is 1170 ℃, the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the heat preservation time is 1.5h for every 200mm of the steel ingot;
after the heat preservation is finished, forging the steel ingot;
forging: the steel ingot is forged by 3 times, wherein the corresponding processing parameters of each time are as follows:
first heat: forging the steel ingot at the first firing time when the temperature of the steel ingot is raised to 1170 ℃, and drawing the steel ingot in the first firing time, wherein the total drawing ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2; upsetting is carried out, the total upsetting ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2, and the final forging temperature is controlled to be more than or equal to 880 ℃; after the first fire is finished, the steel ingot is heated to 1150 ℃, the heating time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the steel ingot with the thickness of 200mm is heated for 1.2h;
second heat time: the steel ingot is insulated at 1140 ℃, and is drawn once in the second fire, and the primary drawing ratio is controlled to be more than 4.5; upsetting is carried out, and the upsetting ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2; performing secondary drawing, controlling the secondary drawing to be more than 4.5, and controlling the final forging temperature to be more than or equal to 880 ℃; after the second fire is completed, the steel ingot is heated to 1150 ℃, the heating time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the steel ingot with the thickness of 200mm is heated for 1.2h;
third heat time: the steel ingot is insulated at 1100 ℃, upsetting is carried out on the steel ingot in the third fire, the upsetting ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2, the rolling and punching molding are carried out, and the final forging temperature is controlled to be more than or equal to 850 ℃;
after the third fire is completed, immediately water-cooling the forging;
and (3) heat treatment:
water cooling treatment after forging: placing the forging piece in circulating water for cooling, wherein the temperature of the circulating water is less than or equal to 60 ℃;
rough machining: carrying out mechanical rough machining on the forge piece;
solid solution: carrying out solid solution on the forge piece subjected to rough machining, controlling the solid solution temperature to be 1080 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 1.7min every 1mm thick forge piece, wherein the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the forge piece; discharging the forging after heat preservation is finished, and cooling the forging with water, wherein the interval time from discharging the forging to water cooling is less than or equal to 2min, and the water temperature is less than or equal to 40 ℃; this step was repeated 2 times;
solid solution stabilization: heating the forging subjected to solution treatment to 870 ℃, wherein the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the forging, and the heat preservation time is 5min for each 1mm thick forging; air cooling the forging after heat preservation is finished;
and (3) finishing: and (5) carrying out mechanical finish machining on the forge piece.
Example 4
A304N stainless steel forging forming process comprises the following steps:
smelting raw materials:
weighing the following chemical elements in percentage by weight: 0.048% of C, 1.30% of Mn, 0.019% of P, 0.002% of S, 0.49% of Si, 18.39% of Cr, 8.19% of Ni and 0.12% of N; co 0.024%, and Fe and impurities in balance;
the raw materials are put into an arc furnace according to the percentage for smelting, then are subjected to external refining, and finally are subjected to electroslag remelting, and a 304N stainless steel ingot is obtained through casting;
heating before forging:
charging: loading steel ingots into a heating furnace, and controlling the furnace loading temperature to be less than or equal to 400 ℃;
heating: heating to 860 ℃ in the range of 400-800 ℃ according to the maximum power of the heating furnace, and preserving heat;
and (3) heat preservation: the blanks are subjected to staged heat preservation, the heat preservation temperature in the first stage is 860 ℃, the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the heat preservation time of the steel ingot is 1.5h per 200mm thickness;
the second-stage heat preservation temperature is 1170 ℃, the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the heat preservation time is 1.5h for every 200mm of the steel ingot;
after the heat preservation is finished, forging the steel ingot;
forging: the steel ingot is forged by 3 times, wherein the corresponding processing parameters of each time are as follows:
first heat: forging the steel ingot at the first firing time when the temperature of the steel ingot is raised to 1170 ℃, and drawing the steel ingot in the first firing time, wherein the total drawing ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2; upsetting is carried out, the total upsetting ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2, and the final forging temperature is controlled to be more than or equal to 880 ℃; after the first fire is finished, the steel ingot is heated to 1150 ℃, the heating time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the steel ingot with the thickness of 200mm is heated for 1.2h;
second heat time: the steel ingot is insulated at 1140 ℃, and is drawn once in the second fire, and the primary drawing ratio is controlled to be more than 4.5; upsetting is carried out, and the upsetting ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2; performing secondary drawing, controlling the secondary drawing to be more than 4.5, and controlling the final forging temperature to be more than or equal to 880 ℃; after the second fire is completed, the steel ingot is heated to 1150 ℃, the heating time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the steel ingot with the thickness of 200mm is heated for 1.2h;
third heat time: the steel ingot is insulated at 1100 ℃, upsetting is carried out on the steel ingot in the third fire, the upsetting ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2, the rolling and punching molding are carried out, and the final forging temperature is controlled to be more than or equal to 850 ℃;
after the third fire is completed, immediately water-cooling the forging;
and (3) heat treatment:
water cooling treatment after forging: placing the forging piece in circulating water for cooling, wherein the temperature of the circulating water is less than or equal to 60 ℃;
rough machining: carrying out mechanical rough machining on the forge piece;
solid solution: carrying out solid solution on the forge piece subjected to rough machining, controlling the solid solution temperature to 1050 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 1.6min every 1mm thick forge piece, wherein the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the forge piece; discharging the forging after heat preservation is finished, and cooling the forging with water, wherein the interval time from discharging the forging to water cooling is less than or equal to 2min, and the water temperature is less than or equal to 40 ℃;
solid solution stabilization: heating the forging subjected to solution treatment to 840 ℃, wherein the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the forging, and the heat preservation time is 4.8min for each 1mm thick forging; air cooling the forging after heat preservation is finished;
and (3) finishing: and (5) carrying out mechanical finish machining on the forge piece.
Example 5
A304N stainless steel forging forming process comprises the following steps:
smelting raw materials:
weighing the following chemical elements in percentage by weight: 0.046% of C, 1.29% of Mn, 0.017% of P, 0.003% of S, 0.48% of Si, 18.40% of Cr, 8.21% of Ni and 0.11% of N; 0.025% of Co, and the balance of Fe and impurities;
the raw materials are put into an arc furnace according to the percentage for smelting, then are subjected to external refining, and finally are subjected to electroslag remelting, and a 304N stainless steel ingot is obtained through casting;
heating before forging:
charging: loading steel ingots into a heating furnace, and controlling the furnace loading temperature to be less than or equal to 400 ℃;
heating: heating to 860 ℃ in the range of 400-800 ℃ according to the maximum power of the heating furnace, and preserving heat;
and (3) heat preservation: the blanks are subjected to staged heat preservation, the heat preservation temperature in the first stage is 860 ℃, the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the heat preservation time of the steel ingot is 1.5h per 200mm thickness;
the second-stage heat preservation temperature is 1170 ℃, the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the heat preservation time is 1.5h for every 200mm of the steel ingot;
after the heat preservation is finished, forging the steel ingot;
forging: the steel ingot is forged by 3 times, wherein the corresponding processing parameters of each time are as follows:
first heat: forging the steel ingot at the first firing time when the temperature of the steel ingot is raised to 1170 ℃, and drawing the steel ingot in the first firing time, wherein the total drawing ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2; upsetting is carried out, the total upsetting ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2, and the final forging temperature is controlled to be more than or equal to 880 ℃; after the first fire is finished, the steel ingot is heated to 1150 ℃, the heating time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the steel ingot with the thickness of 200mm is heated for 1.2h;
second heat time: the steel ingot is insulated at 1140 ℃, and is drawn once in the second fire, and the primary drawing ratio is controlled to be more than 4.5; upsetting is carried out, and the upsetting ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2; performing secondary drawing, controlling the secondary drawing to be more than 4.5, and controlling the final forging temperature to be more than or equal to 880 ℃; after the second fire is completed, the steel ingot is heated to 1150 ℃, the heating time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the steel ingot with the thickness of 200mm is heated for 1.2h;
third heat time: the steel ingot is insulated at 1100 ℃, upsetting is carried out on the steel ingot in the third fire, the upsetting ratio is controlled to be more than 2.2, the rolling and punching molding are carried out, and the final forging temperature is controlled to be more than or equal to 850 ℃;
after the third fire is completed, immediately water-cooling the forging;
and (3) heat treatment:
water cooling treatment after forging: placing the forging piece in circulating water for cooling, wherein the temperature of the circulating water is less than or equal to 60 ℃;
rough machining: carrying out mechanical rough machining on the forge piece;
solid solution: carrying out solid solution on the forge piece subjected to rough machining, controlling the solid solution temperature to 1030 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 1.5min every 1mm thick forge piece, wherein the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the forge piece; discharging the forging after heat preservation is finished, and cooling the forging with water, wherein the interval time from discharging the forging to water cooling is less than or equal to 2min, and the water temperature is less than or equal to 40 ℃;
and (3) finishing: and (5) carrying out mechanical finish machining on the forge piece.
Detection result:
comprehensive performance experiments were performed on the 304N stainless steel forgings made in examples 1-5:
TABLE 1 test results of stainless Steel forging Performance data made in examples 1-5
The golden phase diagrams of examples 1-5 are specifically shown in the accompanying drawings 1-5 of the specification.
The technical features of the above-described embodiments may be arbitrarily combined, and all possible combinations of the technical features in the above-described embodiments are not described for brevity of description, however, as long as there is no contradiction between the combinations of the technical features, they should be considered as the scope of the description.
Moreover, the foregoing examples are illustrative of only a few embodiments of the invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. It should be noted that it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, which are all within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of protection of the present invention is to be determined by the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. A304N stainless steel forging forming process is characterized by comprising the following steps:
smelting raw materials;
heating before forging;
forging: the method comprises 3 fires, wherein the corresponding processing parameters of each fire are as follows:
first heat: the forging temperature of the first heat is 1150-1170 ℃, the steel ingot is drawn and upset in the first heat, and the final forging temperature is more than or equal to 880 ℃; after the first fire is finished, the steel ingot is heated to 1130-1150 ℃, the heating time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the steel ingot with the thickness of 200mm is heated for 1-1.2 h;
second heat time: forging temperature of the second heat is 1120-1140 ℃, and drawing, upsetting and elongation are carried out on the steel ingot in the second heat, wherein final forging temperature is more than or equal to 880 ℃; after the second fire is completed, the steel ingot is heated to 1130-1150 ℃ and the heating time is positively related to the thickness of the steel ingot, and the steel ingot with the thickness of 200mm is heated for 1-1.2 h;
third heat time: forging temperature of the second firing time is 1070-1100 ℃, upsetting, rounding and punching forming are carried out on the steel ingot in the third firing time, and final forging temperature is more than or equal to 850 ℃;
immediately cooling the forging piece with water after finishing final fire;
and (3) heat treatment: the method comprises the steps of water cooling treatment and solid solution treatment after forging;
water cooling treatment after forging: placing the forging piece in circulating water for cooling, wherein the temperature of the circulating water is less than or equal to 60 ℃;
solid solution: the solid solution temperature is 1030-1080 ℃, the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the forging piece, and the heat preservation time is 1.5-1.7 min for each 1mm thickness of the forging piece; and discharging the forging piece from the furnace after heat preservation is finished, and cooling the forging piece with water at the water temperature of less than or equal to 40 ℃.
2. A process for forming a 304N stainless steel forging as recited in claim 1, wherein: in the raw material smelting process, the 304N stainless steel comprises the following chemical elements in percentage by weight: less than or equal to 0.08 percent of C, less than or equal to 2.0 percent of Mn, less than or equal to 0.045 percent of P, less than or equal to 0.030 percent of S, less than or equal to 1.0 percent of Si, 18.0 to 20.0 percent of Cr, 8.0 to 11.0 percent of Ni, 0.1 to 0.16 percent of N, less than or equal to 1.0 percent of Cu, less than or equal to 0.05 percent of Co, and the balance of Fe and impurities.
3. A process for forming a 304N stainless steel forging as recited in claim 1, wherein: the pre-forging heating process comprises the steps of furnace loading, temperature rising and staged heat preservation; wherein the first-stage heat preservation temperature in the step of stage heat preservation is 860 ℃, the second-stage heat preservation temperature is 1170 ℃, the heat preservation time of each heat preservation stage is positively correlated with the thickness of the steel ingot, and the heat preservation time of the steel ingot with the thickness of 200mm is 1.2-1.5 h.
4. A process for forming a 304N stainless steel forging as recited in claim 1, wherein: in the forging process, in the first firing time, the total drawing ratio is more than 2.2, and the total upsetting ratio is more than 2.2.
5. A process for forming a 304N stainless steel forging as recited in claim 1, wherein: in the forging process, in the second firing time, the drawing ratio is more than 4.5, and the upsetting ratio is more than 2.2.
6. A process for forming a 304N stainless steel forging as recited in claim 1, wherein: in the forging process, in the third firing time, the upsetting ratio is more than 2.2.
7. A process for forming a 304N stainless steel forging as recited in claim 1, wherein: in the heat treatment process, the repetition number of the solid solution step is less than or equal to 2.
8. The process for forming a 304N stainless steel forging as recited in claim 7, wherein: and the interval time from discharging of the forging to cooling in the solid solution step is less than or equal to 2min.
9. A process for forming a 304N stainless steel forging as recited in claim 1, wherein: the stabilizing process is carried out after the solid solution step in the heat treatment procedure, the stabilizing temperature is 840-870 ℃, the heat preservation time is positively related to the thickness of the forging, and the heat preservation time is 4.8-5 min for each 1mm thick forging; and (5) air cooling the forging after heat preservation is finished.
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