CN1176981C - 制造发泡微孔聚合物产品的混合物及使用这种混合物的加工方法 - Google Patents

制造发泡微孔聚合物产品的混合物及使用这种混合物的加工方法

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CN1176981C
CN1176981C CNB991217446A CN99121744A CN1176981C CN 1176981 C CN1176981 C CN 1176981C CN B991217446 A CNB991217446 A CN B991217446A CN 99121744 A CN99121744 A CN 99121744A CN 1176981 C CN1176981 C CN 1176981C
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extruding machine
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foaming
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P������ղ˹
P·德萨詹斯
E·阿福尔特
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Maillefer SA
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    • C08J9/00Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
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    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/78Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
    • B29C48/80Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling at the plasticising zone, e.g. by heating cylinders
    • B29C48/83Heating or cooling the cylinders
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/78Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
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    • B29C48/83Heating or cooling the cylinders
    • B29C48/832Heating
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/78Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
    • B29C48/86Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling at the nozzle zone
    • B29C48/865Heating
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/78Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
    • B29C48/875Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling for achieving a non-uniform temperature distribution, e.g. using barrels having both cooling and heating zones
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/90Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article
    • B29C48/908Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article characterised by calibrator surface, e.g. structure or holes for lubrication, cooling or venting
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    • C08J9/0066Use of inorganic compounding ingredients
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    • C08J2201/00Foams characterised by the foaming process
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    • C08J2201/03Extrusion of the foamable blend

Abstract

物料进入挤压机前,先制备含有聚合物、包含发泡剂的吸附剂和成核剂的混合物。结果就产生了至少含90%以上体积闭孔的发泡微孔聚合物产品。

Description

制造发泡微孔聚合物产品的混合物 及使用这种混合物的加工方法
本发明涉及用于制造至少有90%以上闭孔体积的微孔聚合物产品的一种混合物,以及利用所说的混合物去得到所述产品的制造方法。
对于为数众多的应用,特别是热水管道或分区供暖设备的管路,人们都设法保温使管子导热系数尽可能的低。为了达到这个目的;管子可覆盖一层微孔物质,优选是发泡聚合物的保温层。
利用聚合物挤出技术,可以生产出表观密度很不相同的微孔结构的材料。
为了达到相对低的膨胀速率,通常使用所谓的“化学”发泡剂,它们可以是有机或无机化合物,它们具有通过热分解作用或通过在挤塑机里能引发其它化学反应或后来通过在炉内加热产品而产生气体副产物的能力。
为了得到高膨胀率,最常用的工艺技术是靠往挤塑机中的高压熔融聚合物物料里注入是够量的气体,或低沸点液体(所称的“物理”发泡剂)。在这种情况下,这个过程往往需要使用主要部分技术复杂、设备成本高的高压计量泵和压缩机。
美国专利3344215揭示了一种往挤塑机中的聚合物塑料坯料里注射挥发性液体发泡剂的工艺方法。
按照US4407768中介绍的,可以往挤塑机中填加一种组合物。此组合物含有加热时能失去结合水,作为填料前身的水合氧化铝。
US4506037又提出了对这项技术的进一步的改进,在此水被用作发泡剂。为了生产有热熔粘合工艺效果的树脂化合物,水介质要与其它的成份一起进行处理。在复杂的配混工序后就可将树脂化合物加到挤塑机里。
为了保障微孔结构是均匀的,所有使用的成份,特别是成核剂,都必须以尽可能的最均匀的方式进行混合。尽管物料从挤塑机里出来之前必须进行冷却,但在微孔形成的期间内,聚合物物料也没有较大的温差。这时期内,它的温度应尽量接近聚合物的固化温度。由于各种原因,就往往依靠要求双螺杆挤塑机或两台挤塑机串联的现代化的生产设备。
第一个目的,本发明是一种用于制备至少含90%闭孔体积的发泡微孔产品的混合物,它包括以粉末或细颗粒形式的聚合物基料、液体发泡剂、一种能吸附液体发泡剂的吸附剂和成核剂。
为了在挤塑机出口处产生发泡作用,包括所有必要成份的混合物的制备是对在挤塑机特定区域上注入发泡剂工艺的一种改进。然而最后提出的建议仍然是要求产生热熔粘合工艺步骤效果的完善设备。
由本申请人经研究确证表明,通过正确地选择成份,以非常简单方式就可以制备出如上所述的混合物,料想不到的会引起旨在生产高发泡速率的发泡微孔产品和大幅度降低了生产成本。
本发明具体涉及以下技术方案:
1、一种用于能过挤压方法制备至少有90%以上闭孔体积的发泡微孔聚合物产品的混合物,它含有以粉末或细颗粒形式的基础聚合物、液体发泡剂、能吸附液体发泡剂的吸附剂和成核剂,其特征在于:所述基础聚合物是聚烯烃类的一种聚合物,或是几种该类的聚合物的一种混合物;
能吸收水以作为液体发泡剂的所述吸附剂的量是1%-5%重量,它是具有约200m2/g的高的BET比表面的亲水的锻制二氧化硅;
所述液体发泡剂是以混合物中1%-5%重量的量的水;
所述成核剂为包含以滑石为主要成分的各组分的组合物并且以1%-5%重量的量加入所述混合物中,然后将所述液体发泡剂、所述吸附剂和所述成核剂在常温和常压下混合;
没有结块、粉状和能流动的混合物是由混合操作产生的,该操作提供能够进料到挤塑机中的混合物。
2.一种根据以上1的用于制备发泡微孔聚合物产品的混合物,其特征在于:
以2%重量的量加入作为所述吸附剂的所述亲水锻制二氧化硅到所述混合物中;
作为所述液体发泡剂的水的量是2.5%重量,而所述成核剂的量是2.5%重量。
3、一种制备发泡微孔聚合物产品的方法,其特征在于它包括以下步骤:生产按照以上1或2的混合物;把该混合物加到挤塑机里;和挤出所述的混合物。
4、按照以上3的方法,其中所述挤塑机是单螺杆型的,螺杆长与机筒的内径之比在20-50之间。
5、按照以上3的方法,其中所述挤塑机是单螺杆型的,螺杆长与机筒的内径之比为30。
6、按照以上3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括一个螺旋槽纹机膛,它确保出料量与螺杆转旋速度成比例,与挤塑机头的压力无关。
7、按照以上3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括一个装有隔离段的螺杆。
8、按照以上3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括一个能保证在进料段的混合物压力高于从所述区域出来的混合物压力的螺杆。
9、按照以上3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括一个在螺杆长度末端带有分配型混合元件的螺杆。
10、按照以上3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括温度调整装置,它能保证进到挤塑机头的混合物温度不超过聚合物熔点15℃以上。
11、按照以上3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括能使中心部件周围的混合物分散开的挤塑机头。
12、按照以上3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括装有一个能在模头内使混合物产生发泡的模头的挤出机头。
13、按照以上3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括装有一个能在模头出口使混合物产生发泡的模头的挤出机头。
14、按照以上3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括挤出机头,该挤出机头具有允许同时挤出一层不发泡产品叠加在发泡层之上的能力。
含有聚合物和各种必要成份的混合物通过挤出成形能生成产品,像管子或其它任何类似形状的物品,或直接挤塑成部件的形状。微孔结构紧接着连续在挤塑机出口处、在压模里或其出口处生成。因此,这种微孔结构就能极大地降低产品比重,也使其导热系数大大地降低。
由于要得到微孔结构产品,所要求的成份在室温常压下,在进入挤塑机之前进行机械混合,所以,本发明提供了一些技术说明。进一步讲就是,供选择的多种成份要是这样的,以使挤塑机里的混合物呈均匀化状态这一点上简单化,尽管有一种或几种液体存在,所有成份的混合物易于流动,而且无聚集趋势,以至在挤塑机里容易进行计量,.跟平常使用颗粒时的一个样。然而该工艺只要求用单螺杆挤塑机。
挤塑机里加进去含有聚合物或几种聚合物和该工艺所需的所有成份的混合物。在挤塑机里、混合物进行体积计量、熔融、加压及其均匀化(指物料和温度)。挤塑机装有产品成形用的挤塑机头,从它能产生如上所述的微孔结构,作为一种变化,也允许进行有一层无孔结构外层的混合挤压。按照相关产品(管子,部件及诸如此类的)使用的常用技术标准对产品进行检验和冷却。
以下介绍按照本发明的混合物,其主要特性和次要特性,以及可能的变化,还有按照本发明的工艺过程。
(a)基础的聚合物优选聚烯烃类的一种聚合物或这类的几种聚合物的混合物。
(b)基础的聚合物优选全部或大部分是粉末或极细的颗粒状的。如果需要,混合物可含高达20%(例如直径2.5mm,长3mm)普通大小的聚合物颗粒。
(c)泡孔是由液体或几种低沸点液体的混合物汽化或发泡而形成的。这样的液体称为发泡剂。可以达到这个目的当中的那些液体是低沸点的醇类,例如乙醇,或烷烃类液体,例如戊烷或己烷。一般,任何沸点低于聚合物熔点至少约20℃的液体都可以用。优选水作发泡剂。
(d)发泡剂被吸附在一种最好整个或大部分由锻制二氧化硅组成的无机填料的表面上。这样的填料称为吸附剂。
(e)加入具有一定颗粒大小适合成核功能的无机或有机固体填料可促使气泡核化。可以用几种有机或无机填料的混合物,或是惰性的,或是具有经热分解能产生气体副产品能力的。这种填料或是几种填料的混合物被称之为成核剂。为了这个目的,也可以和一种或几种惰性无机或有机填料结合一起而使用别的化学类型的吸热或放热发泡剂。所列出的这些当中包括活化了的偶氮二酰胺的那些商业上的产品,在通过挤塑机时允许高反应率,这可能会改善微孔结构的质量。
(f)聚合物、发泡剂、吸附剂及成核剂在加到挤塑机之前,需在一保证能完全均匀的设备中进行混合。混合在室温常压下完成。可以使用任何适于混合粉末的常用混合机,例如螺杆型混合机或更简单的,如转鼓式的,结果的产品是混合物。
(g)为了得到最终的产品,混合物在加到挤塑机之前必须包括所有成份。
(h)混合物的流量相当于干粉或干粉和颗粒混合物的流量。因此可直接把混合物加到挤塑机里。
(i)工艺要求优选具有螺杆长度与机筒内径比为20至50之间,优选为30的单螺杆挤塑机。
(j)优选提供带螺旋槽纹机膛的挤塑机,槽纹机膛确保出料量与螺杆旋转速度成比例,实际上与挤压头的压力无关。
(k)螺杆优选设计成螺杆第一部分(进料段)的压力比能从这部分下流物料测出的压力高的那样。
(l)挤塑螺杆优选有一隔离段。
(m)挤塑螺杆优选在其长度末端有一分散型混合元件。
(n)优选按这样的方式调整挤塑机各段的温度,就是,挤塑机头混合物进料温度不得超过聚合物熔点温度15℃以上。
(o)如果需要,挤塑机头要能使集中在中心部件,例如管子周围的熔融聚合物物料分散开。
(p)微孔结构在模头里形成或是刚一离开挤塑机头模头成形部份就产生了。
(q)如若需要,挤压头也允许共挤出一个无微孔结构的聚合物外层。
实施例
下面介绍了一个符合本发明特征的混合物的实例也是使用该混合物的工艺过程。
由60份,表征为MFI(熔融指数)190/2.16<0.1/10分的HDPE(高压聚乙烯)和表征为MFI(190/2.16)>10g/10分的40份HDPE组成混合物。二种聚合物都是呈中粒度直径<1mm的粉末形式。聚合物的熔点在128至131℃之间(用DSC差示扫描量热法,在8K/min测量的)。聚合物混合物里加入表征为BET比表面≥200m2/g的2%重量锻制亲水二氧化硅,它是按DIN66131进行测量的,并能起吸附剂作用。由二种化合物组成成核剂。第一个是2%重量的BET比表面为≥10m2/g的滑石。第二个是0.5%重量经热分解能释放氮的化合物,该化合物的特征是正如编号1里描述的具有93KJ/mole活性能和22.4Ko指前因子的反应动力学。
上述的几种粉末经适于粉末混合设备的运作达到完全混合。在这项操作过程中,加入发泡剂,在这个实例中是2.5%重量的水,连续进行操作,直至获得外观干燥并能没有任何结块而有规律流动的混合物粉末。
混合物被传送进挤塑机的进料系统,聚合物在那里熔融、均匀化和加压以便进入挤塑机头。在这种情况下使用的挤塑机特征是为螺杆每转的单位产量≥1Kg/h和L/D=30的单螺杆挤塑机。参照上述有关挤压机的(j)至(m)条。在进入挤压机头时的压力大约是150bar。挤塑机各段的温度控制成如下40℃-150℃-140℃-135℃-135℃。挤压头保持在145℃,压模的温度在135℃。在这些条件下,挤出物料的温度是140℃。
成形模头构成连到挤塑机并装有分料器的挤塑机头的一部分,从而使一层熔融聚合物分布在由合成物质制造的管子周围。管子的外径是8.0mm,模头的内径是20.8mm。聚合物就在模头出口处发生发泡。这样产生的产品外径是≥85mm,它的表观密度低于40kg/m3。所得产品就含有大约95%的闭孔体积。这样挤塑产品的硬度可使它比惯用的泡沫绝缘材料抗更高的机械应力。
在另一项实验中,使用相同的混合物并按上述相同的工艺,而是用一个能在模头内产生微孔结构的模头,这样就得到外径65mm,表观密度低于40kg/m3和大约有95%闭孔体积的产品。
由于它的高发泡率,它的导热系数必然就低,这样得到的产品就特别适于热水管或分区供暖管网的热保温。

Claims (14)

1、一种用于通过挤压方法制备至少有90%以上闭孔体积的发泡微孔聚合物产品的混合物,它含有以粉末或细颗粒形式的基础聚合物、液体发泡剂、能吸附液体发泡剂的吸附剂和成核剂,其特征在于:所述基础聚合物是聚烯烃类的一种聚合物,或是几种该类的聚合物的一种混合物;
能吸收水以作为液体发泡剂的所述吸附剂的量是1%-5%重量,它是具有约200m2/g的高的BET比表面的亲水的锻制二氧化硅;
所述液体发泡剂是以混合物中1%-5%重量的量的水;
所述成核剂为包含以滑石为主要成分的各组分的组合物并且以1%-5%重量的量加入所述混合物中,然后将所述液体发泡剂、所述吸附剂和所述成核剂在常温和常压下混合;
没有结块、粉状和能流动的混合物是由混合操作产生的,该操作提供能够进料到挤塑机中的混合物。
2.一种根据权利要求1的用于制备发泡微孔聚合物产品的混合物,其特征在于:
以2%重量的量加入作为所述吸附剂的所述亲水锻制二氧化硅到所述混合物中;
作为所述液体发泡剂的水的量是2.5%重量,而所述成核剂的量是2.5%重量。
3、一种制备发泡微孔聚合物产品的方法,其特征在于它包括以下步骤:生产按照权利要求1或2的混合物;把该混合物加到挤塑机里;和挤出所述的混合物。
4、按照权利要求3的方法,其中所述挤塑机是单螺杆型的,螺杆长与机筒的内径之比在20-50之间。
5、按照权利要求3的方法,其中所述挤塑机是单螺杆型的,螺杆长与机筒的内径之比为30。
6、按照权利要求3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括一个螺旋槽纹机膛,它确保出料量与螺杆转旋速度成比例,与挤塑机头的压力无关。
7、按照权利要求3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括一个装有隔离段的螺杆。
8、按照权利要求3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括一个能保证在进料段的混合物压力高于从所述区域出来的混合物压力的螺杆。
9、按照权利要求3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括一个在螺杆长度末端带有分配型混合元件的螺杆。
10、按照权利要求3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括温度调整装置,它能保证进到挤塑机头的混合物温度不超过聚合物熔点15℃以上。
11、按照权利要求3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括能使中心部件周围的混合物分散开的挤塑机头。
12、按照权利要求3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括装有一个能在模头内使混合物产生发泡的模头的挤出机头。
13、按照权利要求3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括装有一个能在模头出口使混合物产生发泡的模头的挤出机头。
14、按照权利要求3的方法,其中所述挤塑机包括挤出机头,该挤出机头具有允许同时挤出一层不发泡产品叠加在发泡层之上的能力。
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