CN117562173A - Yeast protein-dietary fiber compound and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Yeast protein-dietary fiber compound and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN117562173A CN117562173A CN202410009912.9A CN202410009912A CN117562173A CN 117562173 A CN117562173 A CN 117562173A CN 202410009912 A CN202410009912 A CN 202410009912A CN 117562173 A CN117562173 A CN 117562173A
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- Prior art keywords
- dietary fiber
- yeast protein
- fermentation
- treatment
- protein
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/12—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes by fermentation of natural products, e.g. of vegetable material, animal waste material or biomass
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
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- A23K10/14—Pretreatment of feeding-stuffs with enzymes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
- A23K20/147—Polymeric derivatives, e.g. peptides or proteins
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/163—Sugars; Polysaccharides
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/30—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for swines
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/60—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for weanlings
-
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of feed processing, in particular to a yeast protein-dietary fiber compound and a preparation method and application thereof. According to the invention, from the viewpoint of animal nutrition, hemicellulose in straw biomass is firstly converted into oligosaccharide or xylose by steam explosion treatment; the cellulose and lignin are further separated from the separated residual pulp, the yeast protein-dietary fiber compound is produced through a low-enzyme-content enzymolysis fermentation process, comprehensive utilization and development are realized, the problem of high-enzyme-content cost in the biomass raw material treatment by steam explosion-cellulase combination is solved, and a foundation is laid for industrial production of the technology. Meanwhile, the steam explosion-enzymolysis-fermentation process can convert the non-edible biomass raw material into prebiotics and yeast protein-dietary fiber compound, does not directly compete with human beings for food, and opens up a new scheme for self-sufficient and sustainable development of dietary fiber and protein sources.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of feed processing, in particular to a yeast protein-dietary fiber compound and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
China has rich carbohydrate biomass resources, such as straw biomass and forestry byproduct biomass. The annual crop straw yield in China is up to 10 hundred million tons, only 34% of which are used for livestock production, and the utilization rate is less than 50%. The straw biomass mainly comprises cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The cellulolytic bacteria or cellulase acts on the lignocellulose raw material to convert cellulose and hemicellulose into monosaccharide or oligosaccharide mainly comprising glucose and xylose, and then the monosaccharide or oligosaccharide is further fermented to produce high-added-value products such as ethanol, xylitol, organic acid and the like, or directly cultured microorganisms to produce single cell proteins. The residual enzymolysis lignin can be further processed into a surfactant, an adhesive, a pesticide or fertilizer slow release agent and the like, so that the utilization rate of woody biomass resources is improved.
The global population of 2050 is expected to be 97 billion, and 12.5 billion tons of meat and dairy products are required per year to meet the demand of people for animal-derived proteins, calculated according to current consumption levels. However, the conversion efficiency of conventional vegetable proteins is generally low, about 6kg vegetable proteins are required to be converted into 1kg meat protein. Thus, merely increasing the yield of vegetable proteins and animal products to meet the requirements is not sustainable. The soybean demand of China in 2020 reaches 11993 ten thousand tons, but the domestic yield is less than 2000 ten thousand tons each year, and more than 85 percent of soybeans are imported. Protein feed resources in China are seriously deficient, and the high dependence on import has become one of the bottlenecks for limiting the development of the feed industry and the animal husbandry. Therefore, searching protein resources and solutions are important to improving the self-supporting capability of the protein for feeding and sustainable livestock production in China.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a yeast protein-dietary fiber compound, a preparation method and application thereof, so as to solve the problems in the prior art. The invention searches for a new dietary fiber source and protein source. The yeast protein-dietary fiber compound provided by the invention has the crude protein content of 31%, the total dietary fiber content of 44%, and Aspergillus flavus less than 2 mug/kg and gibberellin less than 10 mug/kg, and can improve the self-feeding protein self-feeding capability and sustainable livestock production in China.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following solutions:
the invention provides a preparation method of a yeast protein-dietary fiber compound, which comprises the following steps:
after pretreatment of biomass raw materials, steam explosion treatment, water washing treatment, delignification treatment, low-enzyme-content enzymolysis, fluid liquid fermentation and spray drying treatment are sequentially carried out to obtain a yeast protein-dietary fiber compound;
the enzyme adopted by the low-enzyme-amount enzymolysis is cellulase; the dosage of the cellulase is 1.5FPU/g-3.5FPU/g.
Preferably, the pH value of the low-enzyme enzymolysis is 4.8-5.8, the time is 16-72h, and the temperature is 45-55 ℃.
Preferably, the fluid fermentation comprises: diluting part of enzymolysis liquid obtained by low-enzyme enzymolysis saccharification, and then mixing with (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 、KH 2 PO 4 And MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O mixing, preparing an initial culture medium;
the concentration of glucose in the initial culture medium is 40g/L, (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 Is 2.2g/L KH 2 PO 4 Is 2.0g/L MgSO 4 ·7H 2 The concentration of O is 1.0g/L;
inoculating candida utilis into the initial culture medium for fermentation culture, and adding the enzymatic hydrolysate obtained by the enzymatic saccharification of the residual low-enzyme quantity into the initial culture medium at the speed of 10-30L/min.
Preferably, the inoculation amount is 5% of the initial medium volume;
the temperature of the fluid liquid fermentation is 30-35 ℃; the end standard of the fluid liquid fermentation is that the oxygen solubility of the fermentation liquid obtained by fermentation reaches 80-90%.
Preferably, the temperature of the steam explosion treatment is 180-212 ℃, and the maintenance time is 3-5min;
the temperature of the water washing treatment is 60-100 ℃, the rotating speed is 200rmp, and the time is 1h.
The weight percentage of KOH in the KOH solution adopted in the delignification treatment is 6-10%; the delignification treatment temperature is 100 ℃ and the rotating speed is 200rpm.
Preferably, before the spray drying treatment, the method further comprises centrifuging the fermentation liquor obtained by fermenting the fed-batch liquid.
Preferably, the pretreatment comprises the steps of crushing the biomass raw material, uniformly mixing the crushed biomass raw material with acid liquor, soaking the mixture, and centrifuging the mixture.
Further preferably, the crushed biomass raw material obtained after the crushing has a particle size of 1-10 meshes; the acid liquor is dilute sulfuric acid solution with the mass percentage concentration of 0.1-0.3% (w/w); the soaking time is 12 hours;
the biomass raw material comprises one or more of wheat straw, rice straw, corn cob and bagasse.
The invention provides a yeast protein-dietary fiber compound prepared by the method.
The invention provides application of the yeast protein-dietary fiber compound in preparing feed with the effects of improving constipation of sows and/or reducing diarrhea of weaned pigs.
The invention provides a feed rich in protein and dietary fiber, and the active ingredients comprise the yeast protein-dietary fiber compound.
The invention discloses the following technical effects:
according to the invention, from the viewpoint of animal nutrition, hemicellulose in straw biomass is firstly converted into oligosaccharide (prebiotics) or xylose by adopting steam explosion treatment; the cellulose and lignin are further separated from the residual pulp, a yeast protein-dietary fiber (beta-glucan) compound is produced through a low-enzyme-content enzymolysis fermentation process, comprehensive utilization and development are realized, the problem of enzyme cost in biomass raw materials treated by steam explosion-cellulase combination is solved, and a foundation is laid for industrial production of the technology. Meanwhile, the steam explosion-enzymolysis-fermentation process can convert the non-edible biomass raw material into the prebiotic and yeast protein-dietary fiber compound with high added value, and does not directly compete with human beings for food, thereby opening up a new scheme for self-sufficient and sustainable development of dietary fiber and protein sources. Therefore, the invention efficiently utilizes the carbon source in the straw biomass, and solves the core problem (the cost problem of enzyme) of biomass raw material biorefinery.
The yeast protein-dietary fiber compound has the nutritive value of dietary fiber, protein and vitamin, and has the functional value of plant dietary fiber, yeast oligosaccharide and yeast peptide, so that the yeast protein-dietary fiber compound can be used as a high-quality dietary fiber and protein raw material for producing livestock and poultry feed. The novel yeast protein-dietary fiber compound is obtained by adopting the preparation method, the crude protein content in the yeast protein-dietary fiber compound can reach 30%, the yeast protein-dietary fiber compound has balanced amino acid composition, the amino acid requirement of livestock production can be met, and meanwhile, the total dietary fiber content can reach 43%, and the mycotoxin is lower than a detection line. In the application process, the yeast protein-dietary fiber compound disclosed by the invention can replace 7% of protein sources and 5% of dietary fiber sources in a formula, and can improve constipation, inflammation, immunity and intestinal tissue morphology of piglets in perinatal period and reduce diarrhea of weaned piglets. It follows that the yeast protein-dietary fiber complex can be used as a source of protein and a source of dietary fiber for monogastric animals.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are needed in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the preparation of a yeast protein-dietary fiber complex;
FIG. 2 shows daily average milk yield, wherein L1-7d is 1-7d, L8-14d is 8-14d, L15-18d is 15-18d;
FIG. 3 shows the sow constipation index (A) and the endotoxin content in the sow feces (B), wherein G113d is pregnancy 113d, L4d is lactation 4d;
FIG. 4 shows lgM concentration in plasma (A) and IL10 concentration in plasma (B), wherein G113d is pregnancy 113d and L18d is lactation 18d.
Detailed Description
Various exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail, which should not be considered as limiting the invention, but rather as more detailed descriptions of certain aspects, features and embodiments of the invention.
It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. In addition, for numerical ranges in this disclosure, it is understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the ranges is also specifically disclosed. Every smaller range between any stated value or stated range, and any other stated value or intermediate value within the stated range, is also encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although only preferred methods and materials are described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference for the purpose of disclosing and describing the methods and/or materials associated with the documents. In case of conflict with any incorporated document, the present specification will control.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the specific embodiments of the invention described herein without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification of the present invention. The specification and examples of the present invention are exemplary only.
As used herein, the terms "comprising," "including," "having," "containing," and the like are intended to be inclusive and mean an inclusion, but not limited to.
Example 1
A preparation method of a yeast protein-dietary fiber compound comprises the following steps:
(1) Pretreatment of raw materials: crushing wheat straw to 1 mesh, and uniformly mixing the crushed wheat straw with a dilute sulfuric acid solution with the mass percentage concentration of 0.1%, wherein the mass volume ratio of the wheat straw powder to the dilute sulfuric acid solution is 1.02g:1L, soaking for 12h, centrifuging for 5min with 2000rmp, and dehydrating to obtain dilute sulfuric acid treated material.
(2) Steam explosion treatment (steam explosion treatment): and (3) performing steam explosion treatment on the dilute sulfuric acid treated material, wherein the steam explosion temperature is 180 ℃, the pressure maintaining time is 1Mpa, and the pressure maintaining time is 3.2min, and rapidly releasing the material to normal pressure after the steam explosion is finished, so as to obtain the biomass subjected to the steam explosion treatment.
(3) Solid phase slurry water washing treatment after steam explosion treatment: washing biomass treated by steam explosion twice with 5 times volume of water (80 ℃ C., 200rmp,1 h), washing the hemicellulose solubilization part with water into water washing liquid, filtering and separating to obtain solid phase slurry after washing, and the step realizes effective separation of hemicellulose into xylose and steamingThe maximum value of hemicellulose is refined by biomass processed by steam explosion, the liquid part (separated liquid part) is filtered and separated, and the obtained concentrated solution (containing xylose and XOS in the concentrated solution) is concentrated by a membrane (the condition parameters are microfiltration, 0.1 mu m, 1-2bar, nanofiltration, 1-10nm, 5-25bar, reverse osmosis, less than or equal to 1nm, 10-80 bar) DP>6 (23.6 mg/mL) and XOS 2-6 (28.7 mg/mL)) and purifying (condition parameter is xylanase amount 1000IU/kg, enzymolysis at 50deg.C for 12 h) and purifying (condition parameter is 10% active carbon; microfiltration, 0.1 μm, 1-2 bar) to obtain xylose or XOS 2-6 。
(4) Delignification treatment: the solid phase slurry after water washing is treated by removing lignin by KOH, and is subjected to filter pressing washing to obtain cellulose slurry, wherein the conditions are 10 (w/w)% KOH,100 ℃,200rpm and 1h, and the cellulose and lignin are separated in the step.
(5) Low enzymatic hydrolysis saccharification (low enzymatic hydrolysis): and adding cellulase into the obtained cellulose pulp, so that the enzyme activity of the cellulase in the cellulose pulp is 3.5FPU/g, the pH is controlled to be 5.8, the enzymolysis is carried out for 36 hours at 50 ℃, and the rotating speed is 200rpm, thereby obtaining an enzymolysis liquid.
(6) And (3) fermenting the liquid: diluting part of the enzymolysis liquid, and then mixing with (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 、KH 2 PO 4 And MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O is mixed to obtain an initial medium, the concentration of glucose in the initial medium is 40g/L, (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 Is 2.2g/L KH 2 PO 4 Is 2.0g/L MgSO 4 ·7H 2 The concentration of O is 1.0g/L;
inoculating candida utilis into the initial culture medium for fermentation, wherein the inoculum size is 5% of the volume of the culture medium, feeding the rest enzymolysis liquid at the speed of 10L/min, and fermenting at 30 ℃ for 12-24h until the dissolved oxygen reaches 80% to finish fermentation, thus obtaining fermentation liquid.
(7) Spray drying treatment: and (3) sequentially centrifuging, autolyzing and breaking walls of the obtained fermentation broth, and spray-drying to obtain a yeast protein-dietary fiber compound, wherein the condition parameters of the centrifugation are as follows: 6000rmp, the centrifugal concentrated solution is heated to 55 ℃, the pH value is 5.8, the autolysis (autolysis wall breaking) of yeast cells is realized after 6 hours, then spray drying is carried out, the condition parameters of the spray drying are carried out, the inlet temperature is 190 ℃, and the outlet temperature is 85-95 ℃.
The components in the prepared yeast protein-dietary fiber compound are detected, and the detection results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 wheat straw Yeast protein-dietary fiber Complex component detection results
Note that: DM: a dry matter; CP: crude protein; GE: total energy; OM: an organic substance; NDF: a neutral detergent fiber; ADF: an acidic detergent fiber; TDF: total dietary fiber; SDF: a soluble dietary fiber; IDF: insoluble dietary fiber, as shown below.
As is clear from Table 1, the crude protein content in the yeast protein-dietary fiber complex was 30.57%, the total dietary fiber content was 44%, aspergillus flavus < 2. Mu.g/kg, and gibberellin < 10. Mu.g/kg.
Example 2
A preparation method of a yeast protein-dietary fiber compound, which comprises the following steps (figure 1):
(1) Pretreatment of raw materials: crushing corncob to 3 meshes, and uniformly mixing the corncob with a dilute sulfuric acid solution with the mass percentage concentration of 0.16%, wherein the mass volume ratio of the corncob to the dilute sulfuric acid solution is 1.63g:1L, soaking for 12h, centrifuging for 5min with 2000rmp, and dehydrating to obtain dilute sulfuric acid treated material.
(2) And (3) steam explosion treatment: and (3) performing steam explosion treatment on the dilute sulfuric acid treated material, wherein the steam explosion temperature is 188 ℃, the pressure maintaining time is 1.2Mpa, and the pressure maintaining time is 3.6min, and rapidly releasing the material to normal pressure after the steam explosion is finished, so as to obtain the biomass subjected to the steam explosion treatment.
(3) Washing the solid phase slurry after steam explosion: the biomass treated by steam explosion is washed twice by water with the volume of 5 times (60 ℃,200rmp,1 h), filtered and separated, the solid part is solid phase slurry after washing, the effective separation of hemicellulose into xylooligosaccharide is realized, and the biomass treated by steam explosion is realizedRefining hemicellulose to obtain maximum value, filtering and separating the liquid part (separating liquid part), concentrating with membrane (under the conditions of microfiltration, 0.1 μm, 1-2bar, nanofiltration, 1-10nm, 5-25bar, reverse osmosis, 1nm or less, 10-80 bar), concentrating the obtained concentrate (containing xylose and XOS DP>6 And XOS 2-6 ) Performing enzymolysis (under the condition that the dosage of xylanase is 1000IU/kg and the enzymolysis is performed for 12 hours at 50 ℃), and purifying (under the condition that the condition is 10% active carbon; microfiltration, 0.1 μm, 1-2 bar) to obtain xylose or XOS 2-6 。
(4) Delignification treatment: the solid phase pulp after washing was delignified with KOH to give a cellulose pulp at 6 (w/w)% KOH at 100℃at 200rpm for 1h.
(5) Low enzymatic hydrolysis saccharification (low enzymatic hydrolysis): adding cellulase into the cellulose pulp obtained in the step (4), so that the enzyme activity of the cellulase in the cellulose pulp is 3.5FPU/g, the pH is controlled to be 4.8, the enzymolysis is carried out at 45 ℃ for 16 hours, and the rotating speed is 200rpm, thus obtaining an enzymolysis liquid.
(6) And (3) fermenting the liquid: diluting part of the enzymolysis liquid, and then mixing with (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 、KH 2 PO 4 And MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O is mixed to obtain an initial medium, the concentration of glucose in the initial medium is 40g/L, (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 Is 2.2g/L KH 2 PO 4 Is 2.0g/L MgSO 4 ·7H 2 The concentration of O is 1.0g/L;
inoculating candida utilis into the initial culture medium for fermentation, wherein the inoculum size is 5% of the volume of the culture medium, feeding the rest enzymolysis liquid at the speed of 10L/min, and fermenting at 30 ℃ for 12-24h until the dissolved oxygen reaches 80% to finish fermentation, thus obtaining fermentation liquid.
(7) Spray drying treatment: and (3) sequentially centrifuging, autolyzing and breaking walls of the obtained fermentation broth, and spray-drying to obtain a yeast protein-dietary fiber compound, wherein the condition parameters of the centrifugation are as follows: 6000rmp; and (3) heating the centrifugal concentrated solution to 55 ℃, maintaining the pH value to be 5.8, maintaining for 6 hours to realize autolysis (autolysis wall breaking) of yeast cells, and then performing spray drying, wherein the inlet temperature is 190 ℃, and the outlet temperature is 85-95 ℃.
The components in the prepared yeast protein-dietary fiber compound are detected, and the detection results are shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 detection results of corn cob Yeast protein-dietary fiber Complex Components
As is evident from Table 2, the crude protein content of the yeast protein-dietary fiber complex was 31%, the total dietary fiber was 45%, aspergillus flavus < 2. Mu.g/kg and gibberellin < 10. Mu.g/kg.
Example 3
The difference from example 1 is that the mass percentage concentration of sulfuric acid in the dilute sulfuric acid solution in step (1) is 0.16%, the temperature of the steam explosion treatment in step (2) is 188 ℃ for 3.6min, the temperature of the water washing in step (3) is 60 ℃, the temperature of the delignification treatment in step (4) is 100 ℃, and the KOH concentration is 6 (w/w)%, but the low-enzyme-content production of the yeast protein-dietary fiber composite is finally realized and the final nutritional value is equivalent to the parameters in table 1.
Experimental example 1 Standard ileal terminal amino acid digestibility assessment test of Yeast protein-dietary fiber Complex on pregnant sow
1. And (3) test design: this selection was made of 32 nonpregnant sows (LY, 2 fetuses) and a T-type fistula was surgically placed in the terminal ileum of the sow. After the operation of the sow is recovered, the sow is synchronously oestrus and is subjected to artificial insemination, and standard commercial gestation diet is fed from the breeding to 33 days of gestation. Sow weight was weighed at 34±2 days of gestation using a random block design, and sows were divided into 4 groups with sow weight (195±0.55 kg) as the block, including nitrogen-free diet group (NF), wheat straw yeast protein-dietary fiber composite group (WSYP, prepared in example 1), corncob yeast protein-dietary fiber composite group (CCYP, prepared in example 2), and soybean meal group (SBM, positive control). Nitrogen-free diets were used to assess endogenous protein and amino acid loss. Vitamin and mineral levels meet or exceed the nutritional needs of NRC (2012) for pregnant sows. All diets were supplemented with 0.4% chromium oxide as an exogenous indicator. The diet formula and the nutrition level are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 diet composition and nutrient level (feeding basis,%)
Note that: the premix provides for each kilogram of diet: 50mg of copper sulfate, 80mg of ferrous sulfate, 0.30mg of potassium iodide, 20mg of manganese sulfate, 0.2mg of sodium selenite and 95mg of zinc sulfate; the premix provides for each kilogram of diet: VA 10, 000IU,VD31500IU,VE 50IU,VK34.4mg,VB13.0mg,VB26.0mg,VB63.0mg,VB120.04mg,D-pantothenic acid 23mg, nicotinic acid 36mg, folic acid 0.8mg, biotin 0.15mg.
2. Feeding management and sample collection
Pregnant sows were fed in single cages, twice daily (3 kg/day) at 08:00 and 15:30 equal amounts. And after the second feeding every day, the housing is cleaned, so that the environment in the housing is kept clean and sanitary. The 5 days prior to the trial is a daily ration adaptation period and ileal chyme is continuously collected for 12h at 08:00 to 20:00 on trial 6 and 7 days, respectively. A plastic bag is fixed at the orifice of the fistula by a rubber ring, and when the plastic bag is full of chyme or more than 30min, a new plastic bag is replaced. To prevent microbial degradation of amino acids in the ileal chyme, all chyme collected is immediately stored at-20 ℃. After the test is finished, according to each pig, slightly thawing all the collected chyme, uniformly mixing, taking 500g of freeze-drying treatment, and conditioning for 12 hours at room temperature to prepare an air-dried sample. The sample is crushed and passes through 60 meshes, and is preserved at the temperature of minus 20 ℃ to be measured.
3. Test results:
the digestibility of proteins and amino acids in chyme was investigated and the results are shown in table 4.
Table 4 protein and amino acid standard ileal digestibility of yeast protein-dietary fiber complexes on pregnant sows
According to the experimental results in table 4, the wheat straw and the corncob yeast protein-dietary fiber compound of the invention have SIDs of 65.39% and 74.33% respectively in pregnant sows, and amino acids have higher SIDs (SIDAAs), and the CPs of the yeast protein-dietary fiber compound and the SIDs of the amino acids are obviously lower than those of soybean meal, but can still be used as protein sources in the production of sow feeds.
Example 4 evaluation test of digestive and Metabolic Performance of dietary fiber mycoprotein on pregnant sow
1. And (3) test design: the test uses a random block design, 24 sows (LY, 3-4) are selected from the group consisting of 38+/-2 days of gestation, the weight of the sows is weighed, the weight of the sows (221+/-4.00 kg) is taken as a block, and the sows are divided into 4 feeds, wherein the 4 feeds comprise a basic feed (BD) mainly comprising corn and a test feed wheat straw yeast protein-dietary fiber composite group (WSYP, prepared in example 1) and a corncob yeast protein-dietary fiber composite group (CCYP, prepared in example 2). The ratio of the latter to the corn in the basal ration is 33.4% and 34.3% respectively. The test adopts the total fecal and urine collecting method to measure the digestion energy and the metabolism energy, and finally calculates the digestion energy and the metabolism energy of the raw materials through a set of algorithm. The diet formula is shown in Table 5. Vitamin and mineral levels meet or exceed the nutritional needs of NRC (2012) for pregnant sows.
TABLE 5 diet composition and nutrient level (feeding basis,%)
| Diet composition, percent | BD | WSYP | CCYP | SBM |
| Corn | 96.00 | 62.60 | 61.70 | 76.00 |
| Choline chloride (50%) | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
| Calcium carbonate | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
| Dibasic calcium phosphate | 2.15 | 2.15 | 2.15 | 2.15 |
| Salt | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| Mineral premix | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
| Multi-vitamin breeding pig | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| WSYP | 0.00 | 33.40 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| CCYP | 0.00 | 0.00 | 34.30 | 0.00 |
| Bean pulp | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.00 |
| Totalizing | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| DM | 86.77 | 87.57 | 89.36 | 86.66 |
| CP | 7.41 | 14.53 | 13.66 | 14.25 |
Note that: the premix provides for each kilogram of diet: 50mg of copper sulfate, 80mg of ferrous sulfate, 0.30mg of potassium iodide, 20mg of manganese sulfate, 0.2mg of sodium selenite and 95mg of zinc sulfate; the premix provides for each kilogram of diet: VA 10, 000IU,VD31500IU,VE 50IU,VK34.4mg,VB13.0mg,VB26.0mg,VB63.0mg,VB120.04mg,D-pantothenic acid 23mg, nicotinic acid 36mg, folic acid 0.8mg, biotin 0.15mg.
2. Test management and sample collection: 1 week before the start of the experiment, selected pigs were transferred into metabolic cages. Standard commercial diet for pregnant sows is fed during the adaptation period. The test period was fed twice (3 kg/day) at 08:00 and 15:30 equal amounts each day, with free water. The amount of feed waste was accurately recorded for each pig during the test. The temperature of the house is controlled at 22-25 ℃, and the pig house is cleaned after feeding every afternoon, so that the cleanness and sanitation of the pig house are ensured.
The sample collection adopts a total manure collecting method. The 6 days before the test are the adaptation period, 8 am on day 7: before 00 feeding starts, 2% ferric oxide is added into the feeding diet of each sow as an indicator for fecal collection. The test pigs began to collect stool continuously as they were depleted of red stool. 8 am on day 12: 00 iron oxide was also added at 2% to the diet of each pig and collection was stopped when red stool from the test pigs appeared. Feces collected daily during the test were placed at-20℃for storage. After the feces are collected, weighing and uniformly mixing all the feces, taking 1/4 weight of the feces, adding 6mol/L HCL to fix nitrogen according to 5% (w/v), drying in a 55 ℃ oven for 72 hours to constant weight, and then conditioning for 24 hours, crushing the sample, sieving with a 60-mesh sieve, and preserving at-20 ℃ to be tested.
Urine sample 08 on day 7: 00 starts collecting 08 to 12 d: 00 stops collecting. The urine collection bowl is placed under the metabolism cage and emptied at least 2 times per day, and 50mL of 6mol/L hydrochloric acid is placed each time the urine bucket is emptied. The collected urine was sampled at 10%, stored at-20 ℃. After the test is finished, all urine samples are thawed, uniformly mixed, fixed in volume and weighed, then filtered and sampled by filter paper into a 50mL centrifuge tube, and the sample is preserved at-20 ℃ to be tested.
3. Test results:
the results of the investigation of the energy digestion metabolic parameters of the test diet on pregnant sows are shown in table 6, and the effects of the digestion energy, dry matter and nutrient digestibility on pregnant sows are shown in table 7.
TABLE 6 energy digestive metabolism parameters of test ration on pregnant sows
| Project | BD | WSYP | CCYP | SBM | SEM | P-value |
| Feed intake, kg/d | 2.60 | 2.63 | 2.68 | 2.60 | - | - |
| Total intake of MJ/d | 46.39 | 45.90 | 47.69 | 46.36 | - | - |
| Fecal mass, g/d | 221.25 c | 409.01 b | 494.63a | 233.33 c | 11.47 | <0.001 |
| Fecal energy, KJ/g | 15.28 b | 16.21 ab | 15.52b | 17.49 a | 0.44 | <0.001 |
| Discharge of faeces energy, MJ/d | 3.39 d | 6.63 b | 7.68a | 4.06 c | 0.22 | <0.001 |
| Ingestion of digestive energy, MJ/d | 43.01 a | 39.27 d | 40.00c | 42.29 b | 0.22 | <0.001 |
| Total apparent digestibility of daily ration% | 92.70 a | 85.56 c | 83.89d | 91.23 b | 0.47 | <0.001 |
| Daily ration digestive energy, MJ/kg | 16.54 a | 14.93 c | 14.94c | 16.27 b | 0.08 | <0.001 |
| Urine output, g/d | 7296.4 | 10806.0 | 8324.8 | 8835.06 | 1556.77 | 0.502 |
| Urine energy, MJ/kg | 1.99 bc | 2.89 ab | 2.80ab | 1.08 c | 0.39 | 0.002 |
| Remove urine energy, MJ/d | 1.10 c | 2.34 a | 1.59b | 0.77 c | 0.11 | <0.001 |
| Ingestion of metabolic energy, MJ/d | 41.91 a | 36.94 c | 38.42b | 41.52 a | 0.24 | <0.001 |
| Total metabolic rate% | 90.34 a | 80.47 b | 80.56b | 89.56 a | 0.52 | <0.001 |
| Ration metabolizing energy, MJ/kg | 16.12 a | 14.05 d | 14.33c | 15.97 a | 0.09 | <0.001 |
Note that: lower case letters indicate a significant level difference of 0.05, and the same letters in the same column indicate that the difference does not reach a significant level, as shown below.
Table 7 digestibility, dry matter and nutrient digestibility of yeast protein-dietary fiber complexes on pregnant sows
According to the experimental results recorded in tables 6 and 7, the digestion energy and the metabolic energy of the wheat straw and the corncob yeast protein-dietary fiber compound are respectively 16.93MJ/kg and 17.11MJ/kg,16.39MJ/kg and 16.67MJ/kg which are slightly lower than those of soybean meal, and the fecal water content and the fecal discharge amount of the dry matter basis of the wheat straw and the corncob yeast protein-dietary fiber compound are obviously higher than those of the soybean meal, so that the yeast protein-dietary fiber compound can be used as an energy feed raw material and has high-quality fiber characteristics, thereby facilitating defecation of sows and effectively relieving constipation.
Example 5 influence of Yeast protein-dietary fiber Complex on growth Properties of weaned piglets instead of Fish meal
1. And (3) test design: the test was designed using a single factor random test. 72 weaned pigs with 32d weaning and similar weight (about 7 kg) are selected as study subjects and randomly divided into 3 treatment groups, 8 replicates of each treatment group, 3 pigs per replicate, 2 boars and 1 sow. The test period was 21d, and the specific test design and diet were.
TABLE 8 diet composition and nutrient level (feeding basis,%)
2. Test results
The effect of different treatments on the growth performance of weaned pigs is shown in table 9.
TABLE 9 influence of Yeast protein-dietary fiber Complex on growth performance of weaned piglets instead of fish meal
According to the experimental results in table 9, the diarrhea index of the 3% yeast protein group is significantly higher than that of the control group. However, the other treatment groups (3% yeast protein group, 6% yeast protein group) were not different in weight, feed intake, daily gain, feed conversion ratio at each stage and throughout the period, as compared with the control group. In conclusion, the yeast protein-dietary fiber compound with the addition of 3 percent and 6 percent can be used for completely replacing or partially replacing fish meal, and can be used as a weaned piglet diet protein source.
Example 6 comparison of the Effect of Yeast protein-dietary fiber Complex and the like product Angel Yeast protein instead of Fish meal on the reproductive Property of sow in lactation (comparison of like products)
1. The test adopts a completely random block design, and the same batch of the test pieces enters a delivery room to be a block. 150 LY sows with close parity and backfat were selected and distributed to 3 treatment groups, namely a control group (CON) and 2 treatment groups (T1 and T2), 50 replicates per group, 1 sow per replicate, according to backfat, body weight and parity at 107 days of gestation. The test period is from 107 days of gestation to 18 days of lactation. Each test treatment was as follows: (1) CON-based ration—nutritional level reference NRC (2012) pregnant sow nutritional requirements; (2) T1 replaces CP 7% in the basal diet with a yeast protein-dietary fiber complex (CP, 30%, CCYP, prepared in example 2); (3) T2 (positive control) is added with 2.6% Angel yeast Yeast protein (AQYP) specific component content is shown in Table 10.
TABLE 10 different treatment ration compositions and nutrient levels
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2. Feeding management and sample collection
The test was carried out in a commercial pig farm in parallel, sichuan province. (1) Gestation 107 d-delivery-weaning 18d (about 25 days), sow feeding: 3kg/d is fed in the late gestation period, the feeding is not carried out on the same day as the delivery, 2kg is fed in the first day after the delivery, 1.0kg is added every day later, and sows eat freely and drink water freely in the fifth day; (2) cross-fostering: after 24 hours of unified delivery, cross-breeding is completed, and according to the mammary gland development condition of the sows, the number of the piglets per sow is ensured to be 13-14, and the delivered piglets can eat colostrum as soon as possible. (3) environmental control: the temperature of the delivery house is controlled to be 20-22 ℃, and when the temperature exceeds the range, heat preservation or heat dissipation measures are needed to be taken. Cleaning and sterilizing pigsty regularly according to a conventional cleaning and sterilizing system of a pigsty, and ensuring ventilation in the pigsty; (4) piglet management: the procedures of weighing at birth, marking the ear number, cutting the tail, cutting the teeth, castrating and the like are executed according to the routine procedures of a pig farm; reproductive performance of sow: total litter size, number of live litter size, number of stillbirth, birth weight of piglets, weight of weaning litter, number of weaned piglets; sow feed intake: recording daily feeding quantity and residual quantity of the sow, and calculating average feed intake in the lactation period; backfat change: recording backfat of sows after 106 days of gestation, 24 hours after delivery and 18 days of lactation; piglet production score: the primary weight of piglets, weaning weight on days 7, 14 and 18, the piglet yield, litter weight, average weight and litter weight gain of piglets were calculated, the number of piglets in each stage was recorded, and the sow constipation index, endotoxin content in the sow feces, lgM and IL10 concentrations in the plasma were investigated simultaneously, and the lgM and IL10 concentrations in the plasma were investigated using ELISA kits (manufacturer: rui Xin, IL-10 cat No. RX501078P, igM cat No. RX 500977P), and the results of the investigation were shown in tables 11 to 13 and FIGS. 2 to 4.
Table 11 sow reproductive performance
| Project | CON | T1 | T2 | SEM | P-value |
| Number of sow treatments, n | 50 | 50 | 50 | ||
| Number of belt, n | 13.71 | 13.81 | 14.03 | 0.45 | 0.358 |
| Number of living animals, n | 12.87 | 13.45 | 13.41 | 0.40 | 0.317 |
| Health number (BW)>0.8kg) | 12.04 | 13.02 | 12.55 | 0.33 | 0.157 |
| Dead fetus rate, percent | 4.69 | 2.63 | 3.92 | 0.01 | 0.542 |
| Total piglet | |||||
| Weight of primary part, kg | 1.37 | 1.43 | 1.36 | 0.04 | 0.266 |
| Weight of primary pit, kg | 18.41 | 19.37 | 18.70 | 0.55 | 0.541 |
| Primary uniformity, percent | 22.03 a | 19.76 b | 23.02 a | 1.02 | 0.011 |
| Live piglet | |||||
| Weight of live young animals is equal, kg | 1.40 | 1.44 | 1.37 | 0.04 | 0.381 |
| Weight of litter size, kg | 17.68 | 19.1 | 18.16 | 0.54 | 0.255 |
| Uniformity of live young, percent | 20.38 | 19.16 | 22.07 | 1.05 | 0.082 |
Table 12 performance of sow in lactation
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TABLE 13 composition of milk components at different stages of lactation
According to the experimental results recorded in table 11, table 12, table 13, fig. 2, fig. 3 and fig. 4, the yeast protein-dietary fiber compound significantly improves the birth uniformity of piglets (p=0.01) compared with the control group and the Angel yeast group of similar products; the yeast protein-dietary fiber compound has no obvious effect on the weight gain of the litter of piglets in lactation, daily weight gain, the feed intake of the sows, the milk yield (shown in fig. 2 and table 12) and the milk components (P & gt 0.05), however, the yeast protein-dietary fiber compound obviously improves the constipation index of the sows in perinatal period, reduces the endotoxin content in the feces (shown in fig. 3) (P & lt 0.05), and obviously improves the immunity and inflammation state of the bodies in the sows in perinatal period (shown in fig. 4) (P & lt 0.05). In conclusion, the yeast protein-dietary fiber compound of the product developed by the invention has the additive amount of 4 percent and can fully replace 2 percent of fish meal and 5 percent of wheat bran in the formula; the yeast protein-dietary fiber compound can be used as a protein source and a dietary fiber source of a sow to replace 7% of protein and 12% of total dietary fiber in a formula, and meanwhile, the yeast protein-dietary fiber compound can also be used as a dietary fiber source of a pregnant lactation diet of the sow to remarkably improve constipation, immunity and inflammation states of the sow in a perinatal lactation period, is beneficial to the recovery of the sow after delivery and the growth of piglets, and is superior to a similar Angel yeast protein product.
The above embodiments are only illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and various modifications and improvements made by those skilled in the art to the technical solutions of the present invention should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention without departing from the design spirit of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for preparing a yeast protein-dietary fiber compound, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
after pretreatment of biomass raw materials, steam explosion treatment, water washing treatment, delignification treatment, low-enzyme-content enzymolysis, fluid liquid fermentation and spray drying treatment are sequentially carried out to obtain a yeast protein-dietary fiber compound;
the enzyme adopted by the low-enzyme-amount enzymolysis is cellulase; the dosage of the cellulase is 1.5FPU/g-3.5FPU/g.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the low-enzyme enzymolysis has a pH of 4.8-5.8 for 16-72 hours at 45-55deg.C.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the fluid fermentation comprises: diluting part of enzymolysis liquid obtained by low-enzyme enzymolysis saccharification, and then mixing with (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 、KH 2 PO 4 And MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O mixing, preparing an initial culture medium;
the concentration of glucose in the initial culture medium is 40g/L, (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 Is 2.2g/L KH 2 PO 4 Is 2.0g/L MgSO 4 ·7H 2 The concentration of O is 1.0g/L;
inoculating candida utilis into the initial culture medium for fermentation culture, and adding the enzymatic hydrolysate obtained by the enzymatic saccharification of the residual low-enzyme quantity into the initial culture medium at the speed of 10-30L/min.
4. A method of preparation according to claim 3, wherein the inoculation amount is 5% of the initial medium volume;
the temperature of the fluid liquid fermentation is 30-35 ℃; the end standard of the fluid liquid fermentation is that the oxygen solubility of the fermentation liquid obtained by fermentation reaches 80-90%.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the steam explosion treatment is performed at 180-212 ℃ for 3-5min;
the temperature of the water washing treatment is 60-100 ℃, the rotating speed is 200rmp, and the time is 1h.
The weight percentage of KOH in the KOH solution adopted in the delignification treatment is 6-10%; the delignification treatment temperature is 100 ℃ and the rotating speed is 200rpm.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises centrifuging the fermentation liquid obtained by the fed-batch fermentation before the spray drying treatment.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pretreatment comprises the steps of pulverizing the biomass raw material, uniformly mixing with an acid solution, immersing, and centrifuging;
the biomass raw material comprises one or more of wheat straw, rice straw, corn cob and bagasse.
8. A yeast protein-dietary fiber complex prepared by the method of any one of claims 1-7.
9. Use of the yeast protein-dietary fiber complex of claim 8 in the preparation of a feed having the effect of improving constipation in sows and/or reducing diarrhea in weaned pigs.
10. A feed enriched in protein and dietary fiber, wherein the active ingredient comprises the yeast protein-dietary fiber complex of claim 8.
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