CN108719198B - Modeling feeding method for female raccoon dogs - Google Patents
Modeling feeding method for female raccoon dogs Download PDFInfo
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- CN108719198B CN108719198B CN201810598098.3A CN201810598098A CN108719198B CN 108719198 B CN108719198 B CN 108719198B CN 201810598098 A CN201810598098 A CN 201810598098A CN 108719198 B CN108719198 B CN 108719198B
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- raccoon
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Classifications
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- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
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Abstract
The application provides a female raccoon dog mode feeding method relates to female raccoon dog feeding technical field, adjusts the improvement to female raccoon dog feeding mode including three stage: the non-mating stage adjusts the body condition, the mating to the gestation stage and the lactation stage, and the feed of each stage is improved in the feeding mode. The feeding mode of the female raccoon dogs is filled, the nutrition intake during the gestation period and the lactation period is improved by adjusting the breeding condition of the female raccoon dogs, the concentrated oestrus of the female raccoon dogs is promoted, the breeding rate is improved, the number of born babies is increased, the birth weight of the young raccoon dogs is improved, the problems of diarrhea, stillbirth, abortion and the like of the female raccoon dogs are solved, the problem that the milk of the female raccoon dogs is insufficient during the lactation period is solved, the growth of the young raccoon dogs is promoted, the survival rate of the young raccoon dogs is improved, the diarrhea rate of the young raccoon.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of female raccoon dog feeding, and particularly relates to a modular feeding method for female raccoon dogs.
Background
Raccoon dogs (named Nycetereutes procyonoides) are smaller in size and smaller than dogs and foxes. Fat and strong body, kiss tip, short limbs, thick and short tail. The hair is dark brown, has dark brown large face spots and unclear black back lines, and the limbs are dark brown. The distance from the rear edge of the infraorbital foramen to the osculating end is larger than the span between the left and right cheek-tooth rows. The posterior edge of the jaw extends beyond the horizontal line at the extreme ends of the buccal dentition. The mandible has a sub-horn process. The lower molar teeth have three pieces, and the first lower molar tooth has a lower inner tip. Japanese often refers to a racoon dog as a racoon dog, and Chinese translation is mostly called a racoon cat. Live in mountain forest and go out at night in the daytime, and fish, shrimp, rat and rabbit are taken as food. Tree leaks, stone seams or other caves are often used for cave dwelling, and sometimes self-nesting cave dwelling is also performed. The raccoon dog is easy to raise due to low feeding cost, and the specific biological characteristics of the raccoon dog skin are the characteristics that other skins can not be replaced, so that the raccoon dog is a precious fur-bearing animal, is favored by a plurality of farmers, and starts to be raised in large scale at present.
In the prior art, in the feeding process of female raccoon dogs in lactation, the female raccoon dogs are fed after traditional cooked animal feed (chicken intestines, duck intestines, chicken heads, hair eggs, chicken skeletons, fresh fish and the like), corn flour and premix are stirred.
However, in the process of implementing the technical solution in the specific embodiment of the present application, the inventors of the present application find that the following technical problems exist in the prior art:
(1) in recent years, due to the environmental protection pressure, the price of the premix is continuously increased, in order to reduce the cost and the usage amount of the premix, or the premix is not uniformly stirred during feeding, so that the intake amount of the contents of vitamins and trace elements is insufficient, the estrus of breeding animals is delayed, the estrus is not concentrated, the farrowing rate is low, and the newborn animals are weak and sick;
(2) in order to obtain larger birth weight and more litter size of the young raccoon dogs, the young raccoon dogs are fed too early or fed in a large amount in the breeding process, so that the female raccoon dogs are too early obese, delay oestrus, low in mating rate, low in feed intake in the later period of pregnancy, and insufficient in nutrition, so that the young raccoon dogs are small in birth weight, the female raccoon dogs are difficult to produce, and the female raccoon dogs are insufficient in milk in the lactation period, so that the young raccoon dogs are poor in physique, high in mortality and slow in growth;
(4) in the actual feeding process, the quality of animal feed raw materials such as fish meal, chicken intestines, duck intestines and the like cannot be controlled, after the animal feed is fed in a large amount, female raccoon dogs are disordered in pregnancy, and problems such as diarrhea, stillbirth, abortion and the like are caused, the physical quality of the newborn animals is poor, and the mortality rate is high;
(5) in the lactation period, a large amount of high protein substances such as fish meal, eggs and milk are added to pursue high nutrition, but the balance of feed nutrition is ignored, so that nutrition absorption of newborn animals is poor, gastrointestinal tract diseases are frequent, and the diarrhea rate is improved; especially, after 21 days old of the newborn animals, the nutrition of breast milk is reduced, the nutrition requirements of the newborn animals cannot be met, so that weak animals and death phenomena occur, and partial female raccoon dogs have no milk or less milk after producing, which is characterized by insecurity lactation, shrunken nipples, obvious emaciation of the young raccoon dogs and high mortality.
Because of lack of feeding reference indexes and judgment standards, female raccoon dogs are fed more coarsely, and the types of the feed for the female raccoon dogs sold on the market are more, the breeding households are disordered in selecting the feed, improper in use and large in difference of feed effects, so that the method for breeding the female raccoon dogs in the lactation period and the feed for feeding the female raccoon dogs need to be researched and developed by technical personnel in the field to obtain higher breeding benefits, so that the domestic country is bred by fur-bearing animals, and becomes a strong country for breeding fur-bearing animals.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects that in the prior art, the feeding reference index and the judgment standard are lacked, female raccoon dogs are fed more coarsely, female raccoon dog feed types are sold on the market, a farmer selects a disordered feed, the feed is improperly used, and the feed effect difference is large, the embodiment of the application provides a modular feeding method for the female raccoon dogs, the blank of the feeding method for the female raccoon dogs is filled, the mating condition of the female raccoon dogs is adjusted through the corresponding feeding method and the feed, the nutrition intake in the gestation period and the lactation period is improved, the concentrated oestrus of the female raccoon dogs is promoted, the mating rate is improved, the number of born raccoon dogs is increased, the birth weight of the young raccoon dogs is improved, the problems of diarrhea, stillbirth and abortion of the female raccoon dogs are solved, the milk and nutrition deficiency of milk and nutrition of the young raccoon dogs are promoted to grow, the survival rate of.
The technical scheme adopted by the embodiment of the application for solving the technical problem is as follows:
a molded feeding method for female raccoon dogs comprises the following steps:
(1) the first stage is as follows: in the stage of non-mating, the condition is adjusted, in the first ten days of the month, oestrus is given
a) Detecting the body condition of the female raccoon dog: selecting a mother raccoon dog which is not bred, measuring the weight and the length of the mother raccoon dog, and according to the following steps: calculating the body weight index of the female raccoon dog, wherein the body weight index is weight (Kg)/length (cm);
wherein: the body mass index is more than 0.13, the body mass index is over-fat under the body condition, the body mass index is in the normal body condition at 0.1-0.12, and the body mass index is less than 0.09, the body condition is over-lean;
b) a feeding scheme is formulated: according to the body condition of the female raccoon dog obtained in the step a), a corresponding feeding scheme is formulated according to the following standards:
normal body conditions: feeding the feed for 1 time every day, wherein the feed is 60-70 g/day in the breeding period;
over-fertilization of body conditions: feeding the feed for 1 time every day, wherein the feed is 50-60 g/day in the breeding period;
over-slimming of body condition: feeding the feed for the breeding period 70-80 g/day for 2 times every day, wherein 1/2 is the total feed amount of the feed for each time;
(2) and a second stage: mating to gestation stage
a) And (3) breeding until 25 days after breeding: feeding for 1 time every day, wherein the feeding amount is 50-75 g each time;
b) 26 days after mating to 2 days before delivery: feeding 75-200 g of total feed per day, gradually increasing the feeding amount, and feeding for 2 times per day, wherein the feeding amount is 1/2 of the total feed per day;
c) prenatal 1 day-postnatal 3 days: feeding 50-100 g of total feed every day, changing the feed in the breeding period into feed in the lactation period, replacing feed in the lactation period with feed in the breeding period accounting for 25% of the total feed fed every day, uniformly mixing, and completely changing into feed in the lactation period after 4 days; 1/2 feeding for 2 times a day, wherein the total feed amount of each feeding is 1/2;
(3) and a third stage: lactation stage
Lactation stage time: 4 days after delivery until nest separation; feeding feed: a feed for lactation; according to the number of the mother raccoon dogs producing the cubs, a corresponding feeding scheme is formulated according to the following standards:
a) the total feed amount of 250-300 g is fed for 3 times per day, wherein 1/3 is the total feed amount for each feeding;
b) 7-10 piglets are fed with 300-350 g of total feed per day for 3 times per day, wherein each feeding is 1/3 of the total feed;
c) 11-13 farrowing animals are fed with 350-400 g of total feed per day for 4 times per day, wherein each time is 1/4 of the total feed;
d) more than 13 piglets are fed with total feed amount of 400-450 g per day, and are fed for 4 times per day, wherein each time the total feed amount of 1/4 is fed.
Preferably, the feed for the breeding season comprises the following components in parts by weight: 45-50 parts of expanded corn, 12-15 parts of soybean meal, 6-10 parts of expanded soybean, 2-5 parts of flour, 8-10 parts of wheat bran, 6-8 parts of DDGS, 3-5 parts of steam fish meal, 1-3 parts of chicken meal, 1-4 parts of grease, 0.4-0.6 part of stone powder, 0.4-0.5 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.35-0.45 part of compound amino acid A, 0.25-0.3 part of sodium chloride, 0.05-0.1 part of fermented astragalus root, 0.05-0.1 part of compound enzyme preparation and 1 part of compound premix.
Preferably, the lactation feed comprises the following components in parts by weight: 40-45 parts of expanded corn, 12-15 parts of soybean meal, 8-12 parts of expanded soybean, 2-5 parts of flour, 6-8 parts of wheat bran, 6-8 parts of DDGS, 3-5 parts of steam fish meal, 1-3 parts of chicken meal, 2-6 parts of grease, 0.8-1.2 parts of stone powder, 0.6-0.7 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.35-0.45 part of compound amino acid B, 0.25-0.3 part of sodium chloride, 0.05-0.1 part of fermented astragalus membranaceus, 0.05-0.1 part of compound enzyme preparation and 1 part of compound premix.
The soybean meal has the nutritional characteristics of high content of crude protein and metabolic energy, low content of cellulose and high content and utilization rate of lysine.
Flour is an important feed raw material, belongs to energy feed, has lower energy level than corn and higher protein level than corn, and can play a role of a binder for pellet feed.
The testa Tritici is byproduct of semen Tritici Aestivi processing, and has large volume, high fiber content, good palatability, high fiber content, and laxative effect, and can be used for regulating digestive tract function of puerperal animals. However, the nutritional diseases of animals can be caused by long-term or large-scale feeding of wheat bran. Although wheat bran is a good concentrate, the wheat bran has low energy value, less calcium and more phosphorus, and unbalanced proportion of calcium and phosphorus, so the wheat bran is used together with energy feed.
DDGS is the trade name for distillers' grain protein feed, i.e., distillers dried grains with soluble solids. In the production of alcohol, starch is consumed and other nutrients such as protein, fat, fiber, etc. are left in the distiller's grains. Simultaneously, due to the action of microorganisms, the contents of protein, B vitamins and amino acid in the vinasse are increased compared with the contents of corn, and the vinasse contains unknown growth promoting factors generated in fermentation, so that the vinasse is good in palatability.
The steam fish meal has good palatability, very high digestibility and balanced amino acid, is an ideal protein raw material, and has high energy content, high calcium and phosphorus content, high trace elements and rich B vitamins.
The chicken powder is rich in protein, generally between 64 and 70, and relatively balanced in amino acid content.
The function of the grease: (1) the residual oil rate in the raw materials of the cake meal feed is reduced, and the concentrated feed is dry in appearance and easy to generate dust when not added with oil, so that energy loss is caused. After the grease is added, the concentrated feed has moist appearance, the flying of dust is inhibited, and the defect of too low energy of the concentrated feed is overcome; (2) the loss of protein raw materials is reduced, so that the production cost can be reduced; (3) the energy content of the oil is more than twice of that of the protein and the carbohydrate, and the problem of insufficient energy in the feed is easily solved by adding the oil into the feed; (4) the nutrient concentration of the feed is increased, the utilization rate of the feed is improved, the livestock and poultry excrement treatment and the pollution to the environment are reduced, and the livestock and poultry excrement treatment cost is reduced; (5) improve the palatability of the feed.
Calcium hydrogen phosphate is used as a calcium and phosphorus supplement in feed processing, mainly provides mineral substance nutrition such as phosphorus, calcium and the like, and is easy to digest and absorb by animals. Can promote growth and development, shorten fattening period and quickly increase weight; can improve the breeding rate and survival rate of female animals, enhance the disease and cold resistance, and prevent and treat chondropathy, white dysentery, and paralysis.
Generally, the content of lysine, methionine and the like in plant feed mainly containing grains and bean pulp is low, the requirements of animals cannot be met, the protein consumption can be greatly saved by adding amino acid, the feeding cost is reduced, and the production efficiency of the animals is improved. Meanwhile, lysine is added into animal feed, so that the protein synthesis efficiency in animals can be improved, the fat content of animals is relatively reduced, the lean meat proportion is increased, and the meat quality is improved. In addition, the feed for intensively breeding animals has a high crude protein content, and is likely to cause digestive system diseases such as diarrhea. This not only results in wasted feed, but also affects animal growth. The method of reducing the protein level of the animal daily ration and additionally supplementing methionine, lysine, glutamic acid and the like is adopted, so that the digestive function of animals can be effectively improved, diseases are reduced, the disease resistance of the animals is enhanced, the emission of fecal nitrogen and urinary nitrogen is reduced, the growth environment of the animals is effectively improved, and the pressure of fecal sewage treatment is reduced. In addition, the addition of amino acids can reduce stress in animals.
The sodium chloride plays an important role in regulating acid-base balance of body fluid, keeping osmotic pressure balance between cells and blood, stimulating salivary secretion, participating in formation of gastric acid and promoting digestive enzyme activity. The sodium chloride is used as a flavoring agent, and can improve the palatability of the feed, enhance the appetite, help the digestion and absorption of nutrient substances and improve the utilization rate of the feed.
The compound enzyme preparation can reduce the anti-nutritional factors in the feed, improve the digestibility and the utilization rate of animals to the feed, improve the production performance of the animals, reduce the excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus in animal excrement, reduce the cost, improve the immunity of the animals and promote the health of the livestock and the poultry. The enzyme preparation has the advantages of high efficiency, no residue, no toxic or side effect and the like, and is widely used as an animal intestinal health nutrition regulation and control additive.
The compound premix is purchased from Liaoning Hefeng animal husbandry GmbH, approved by Wen number Liaoning Prezi (2013)003109, and is an intermediate compound feed product prepared by mixing one or more trace components (including various trace mineral elements, various vitamins, synthetic amino acids, certain drugs and other additives) with a diluent or a carrier according to the required proportion and uniformly mixing.
Preferably, the compound amino acid A comprises the following components in parts by weight: lysine 1.20-1.35, methionine 0.35-0.45, threonine 0.80-0.90, and tryptophan 0.18-0.23.
Preferably, the nutrient components in the feed in the breeding period comprise: 23.0-25.0% of crude protein, 5.5-6.5% of crude fat, 0.7-0.9% of calcium and 0.60-0.65% of phosphorus.
Preferably, the compound amino acid B comprises the following components in parts by weight: lysine 1.25-1.40, methionine 0.38-0.48, threonine 0.85-1.00, and tryptophan 0.19-0.26.
Preferably, the nutritional ingredients in the lactation feed comprise: 23.0-26.0% of crude protein, 7.5-9.0% of crude fat, 0.75-1.00% of calcium and 0.60-0.65% of phosphorus.
Preferably, the preparation method of the feed comprises the following steps: weighing the raw materials of the components according to a formula, uniformly mixing, crushing by using a sieve sheet with the size of 1.0-1.5mm, feeding undersize materials into a modulator, adjusting steam saturation by using flash steam, feeding the conditioned materials into a granulator for granulation after conditioning for 20-40s, wherein the length-diameter ratio of a circular mold of the granulator is (10-12): 1, granulating at 70-80 ℃, spraying grease after granulating and forming, cooling and sieving, wherein the aperture of a grading sieve is 10mm on an upper sieve and 1.5mm on a lower sieve, and preparing an intermediate finished product.
Preferably, the preparation method of the fermented astragalus comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment: cleaning radix astragali, draining, and slicing;
(2) enzymolysis: uniformly mixing the astragalus slices, water and cellulase according to a mass ratio of 5:5:2, and carrying out enzymolysis at 35-40 ℃ for 16-20h to obtain astragalus enzymolysis liquid; wherein the enzyme activity of the cellulase is 150U/g;
(3) and (3) fermenting lactic acid bacteria: respectively activating slant strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Lactobacillus acidophilus by conventional method, and performing amplification culture to obtain active strain with content of more than or equal to 1x109Seed liquid of CFU/L, plant milkMixing seed solutions prepared from bacillus, pediococcus acidilactici and lactobacillus acidophilus according to the volume ratio of 1:2:2 to obtain lactobacillus seed solution, and mixing the lactobacillus seed solution and the astragalus enzymolysis solution according to the mass ratio (0.04-0.06): 1, uniformly mixing, fermenting at 35-37 ℃, and stopping fermentation when the pH value of fermentation liquor is less than or equal to 5 to prepare lactobacillus leavening;
(4) and (3) fermenting the bacillus: respectively activating and enlarging culturing slant strains of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis by conventional method to obtain active strain with content of more than or equal to 1x109Mixing the CFU/L seed solution, the bacillus subtilis seed solution and the bacillus licheniformis seed solution according to the volume of 1:1 to obtain a bacillus seed solution, and mixing the bacillus seed solution and the lactobacillus leavening according to the mass ratio (0.04-0.06): 1, uniformly mixing, and fermenting at 35-40 ℃ for 36 hours to obtain a bacillus fermentation product;
(5) concentrating the Bacillus subtilis fermented product under reduced pressure, air drying at a temperature below 80 deg.C, pulverizing, and sieving to obtain fermented radix astragali.
The fermented astragalus is prepared by sequentially fermenting astragalus with mixed lactic acid bacteria and mixed bacillus after enzymolysis, drying and crushing, and can effectively improve the immunity of organisms, enhance the functions of the liver and the spleen and improve the metabolic capability; the concomitant beneficial substances such as probiotics, prebiotics and the like promote the establishment of intestinal dominant flora and improve the digestion capability. The whole process adopts a low-temperature processing technology, so that the inactivation and denaturation influences of effective active substances caused by high temperature, high shear crushing and the like are avoided, the raw materials are not required to be sterilized by large-scale high-pressure sterilization equipment in the fermentation process, a large amount of efficient lactic acid bacteria are used for sterilization, and the investment of production equipment is reduced; compared with the traditional method for extracting astragalus polysaccharide, the method effectively improves the yield of the astragalus polysaccharide and the astragalus saponin and generates probiotics, prebiotics and the like.
Preferably, the oil comprises soybean oil, corn oil and chicken oil in a weight ratio of 3:1: 2.
Preferably, the steam fish meal comprises: the crude protein has a mass content of 66-80%, an acid value of 2-3mgKOH/g, a volatile basic nitrogen content of 50-100mg/100g, a pepsin digestibility of 90-95%, a histamine content of 100-300mg/kg, and no salmonella.
Preferably, the chicken powder comprises: the crude protein content is 60-80%, the crude ash content is 8-15%, the water content is 2-10%, the volatile basic nitrogen content is 20-50mg/100g, the phosphorus content is 1.8-3%, and the pepsin digestibility is 85-95%.
Preferably, the calcium hydrogen phosphate comprises: according to the mass percentage, 20 to 30 percent of calcium, 16.5 to 25 percent of phosphorus, 0.001 to 0.003 percent of lead, 0.01 to 0.18 percent of fluorine, 0.001 to 0.003 percent of arsenic and more than 95 percent of powder fineness pass through a 0.5mm test analysis sieve.
Preferably, in the complex enzyme preparation: the xylanase consists of xylanase, cellulase, mannase, protease and amylase according to the weight part ratio of 2:0.3:0.4:4: 0.1.
Preferably, the preparation method of the puffed corn comprises the following steps: crushing the corn to 500-700 mu m, and then puffing, wherein the puffing conditions are as follows: steam temperature of 140 ℃ and water pressure of 0.2-0.3mPa, wet-process puffing, and time: 10-20 seconds; corn is subjected to high temperature, high pressure and high shear force to destroy the crystal structure of corn starch, so that starch particles are expanded and gelatinized, starch molecular chains are opened, the surface area of chyme particles is increased, the digestibility is improved, and meanwhile, protein is denatured, and the digestibility of amino acid is improved. The puffed corn has the advantages of strong flavor of popcorn, good palatability, strong food calling, high digestibility, low fermentation degree of large intestine segments and higher protection rate for diarrhea of newborn animals.
Preferably, the preparation method of the puffed soybean comprises the following steps: taking full-fat soybeans, carrying out pre-crushing by using a sieve sheet with the particle size of 1.0-1.2mm, carrying out wet-process puffing at the temperature of 140 ℃, modulating for 8-13 seconds, then passing through a sieve sheet with the particle size of 2.5-3.0mm, crushing, cooling, and enabling the granularity of the puffed soybeans to be 600 mu m. After the full-fat soybeans are treated at high temperature and high pressure, the encapsulated grease in the raw materials can be released, so that the full-fat soybeans have better palatability and feeding attraction, anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitory factors, soybean agglutinin, oligosaccharides and the like can be reduced or eliminated, the metabolic energy value of the soybeans and the digestibility of protein and fat are improved, and the female racoon dogs are promoted to eat.
Preferably, the feed comprises an antioxidant to prolong the shelf life of the feed.
The embodiment of the application has the advantages that:
(1) the compound feed for female raccoon dogs in the breeding period and the lactation period provides a feeding mode, simplifies the feeding method, and refines the breeding of female raccoon dogs;
(2) the invention provides a breeding female raccoon dog body condition adjusting standard, the ratio of the weight to the body length is used as a breeding body condition adjusting index, the index is 0.1-0.12, and the condition that the female animals are too fat and too thin is avoided;
(3) promoting the female raccoon dogs to have an estrus intensively, improving the mating rate by more than 5 percent, and increasing the number of healthy and alive raccoon dogs to more than 0.8 head/nest;
(4) the birth weight of the young raccoon dog is increased to over 130 g;
(5) the milk yield in the lactation period is increased, the incidence rate of mastitis is reduced, and the body weight of the raccoon dog 21 can reach more than 500 g;
(6) the prepared fermented astragalus is prepared by sequentially fermenting astragalus with mixed lactic acid bacteria and mixed bacillus after enzymolysis, drying and crushing, and can effectively improve the immunity of organisms, enhance the functions of the liver and the spleen and improve the metabolic capability; the concomitant beneficial substances such as probiotics, prebiotics and the like promote the establishment of intestinal dominant flora and improve the digestion capability. The whole process adopts a low-temperature processing technology, so that the inactivation and denaturation influences of effective active substances caused by high temperature, high shear crushing and the like are avoided, the raw materials are not required to be sterilized by large-scale high-pressure sterilization equipment in the fermentation process, a large amount of efficient lactic acid bacteria are used for sterilization, and the investment of production equipment is reduced; compared with the traditional method for extracting astragalus polysaccharide, the method effectively improves the yield of the astragalus polysaccharide and the astragalus saponin and generates probiotics, prebiotics and the like.
The use effect of the invention is the result of mutual synergy and interaction of each component and method, and is not the superposition of simple raw material functions or method effects, the scientific compounding and extraction of each raw material component can generate the effect far exceeding the superposition of the functions and effects of each single component, and the invention has better advancement and practicability.
Detailed Description
The embodiment of the application provides a method of feeding of female raccoon dog mode, solve the blank problem of female raccoon dog feeding mode among the prior art, do not join in marriage the stage at female raccoon dog and begin to adjust its physical condition promptly, improve gestation and lactation nutrition and intake, promote female raccoon dog to concentrate on oestrus, improve the rate of mating, increase the number of born, improve young raccoon dog birth weight, reduce female raccoon dog diarrhea, the stillbirth, the emergence of miscarriage scheduling problem, and solve the female raccoon dog milk nutrition of lactation insufficient, promote young raccoon dog growth, improve young raccoon dog survival rate, reduce young raccoon dog diarrhea rate, improve female raccoon dog reproductive performance.
The technical scheme in the embodiment of the application has the following general idea for solving the problems:
preparation of breeding feed and lactation feed
Example 1:
the feed for the breeding season is weighed according to the parts by weight: 45 parts of puffed corn, 15 parts of soybean meal, 8 parts of puffed soybean, 5 parts of flour, 8 parts of wheat bran, 8 parts of DDGS, 4 parts of steam fish meal, 2 parts of chicken meal, 3 parts of grease, 0.45 part of stone powder, 0.45 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.4 part of compound amino acid A, 0.25 part of sodium chloride, 0.1 part of fermented astragalus membranaceus, 0.05 part of compound enzyme preparation, 0.03 part of antioxidant and 1 part of compound premix. Wherein, the compound amino acid A comprises: lysine 1.30 parts, methionine 0.40 parts, threonine 0.85 parts, and tryptophan 0.20 parts.
The lactation feed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 42 parts of expanded corn, 15 parts of soybean meal, 10 parts of expanded soybean, 5 parts of flour, 6 parts of wheat bran, 8 parts of DDGS, 4 parts of steam fish meal, 2 parts of chicken meal, 4 parts of grease, 1 part of stone powder, 0.65 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.4 part of compound amino acid B, 0.25 part of sodium chloride, 0.1 part of fermented astragalus membranaceus, 0.05 part of compound enzyme preparation, 0.03 part of antioxidant and 1 part of compound premix. Wherein, the compound amino acid B comprises: lysine 1.30 parts, methionine 0.45 part, threonine 0.95 part, and tryptophan 0.23 part.
Example 2:
the feed for the breeding season is weighed according to the parts by weight: 48 parts of expanded corn, 14 parts of soybean meal, 6 parts of expanded soybean, 4 parts of flour, 9 parts of wheat bran, 7 parts of DDGS, 5 parts of steam fish meal, 1 part of chicken meal, 4 parts of grease, 0.6 part of stone powder, 0.4 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.45 part of compound amino acid A, 0.27 part of sodium chloride, 0.07 part of fermented astragalus, 0.07 part of compound enzyme preparation, 0.03 part of antioxidant and 1 part of compound premix; wherein, the compound amino acid A comprises: lysine 1.20 parts, methionine 0.35 parts, threonine 0.80 parts, and tryptophan 0.18 parts.
The lactation feed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 45 parts of expanded corn, 14 parts of soybean meal, 8 parts of expanded soybean, 4 parts of flour, 7 parts of wheat bran, 7 parts of DDGS, 5 parts of steam fish meal, 1 part of chicken meal, 6 parts of grease, 0.8 part of stone powder, 0.7 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.45 part of compound amino acid B, 0.27 part of sodium chloride, 0.07 part of fermented astragalus membranaceus, 0.07 part of a compound enzyme preparation, 0.03 part of an antioxidant and 1 part of a compound premix; wherein, the compound amino acid B comprises: lysine 1.25 parts, methionine 0.38 parts, threonine 0.85 parts, and tryptophan 0.19 parts.
Example 3:
the feed for the breeding season is weighed according to the parts by weight: 50 parts of puffed corn, 12 parts of soybean meal, 10 parts of puffed soybean, 2 parts of flour, 10 parts of wheat bran, 6 parts of DDGS, 3 parts of steam fish meal, 3 parts of chicken meal, 1 part of grease, 0.4 part of stone powder, 0.5 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.35 part of compound amino acid A, 0.3 part of sodium chloride, 0.05 part of fermented astragalus membranaceus, 0.1 part of a compound enzyme preparation, 0.03 part of an antioxidant and 1% of a compound premix; wherein, the compound amino acid A comprises: lysine 1.35 parts, methionine 0.45 part, threonine 0.90 part and tryptophan 0.23 part.
The lactation feed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 48 parts of puffed corn, 12 parts of soybean meal, 12 parts of puffed soybean, 2 parts of flour, 8 parts of wheat bran, 6 parts of DDGS, 3 parts of steam fish meal, 3 parts of chicken meal, 2 parts of grease, 1.2 parts of stone powder, 0.6 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.35 part of compound amino acid B, 0.3 part of sodium chloride, 0.05 part of fermented astragalus membranaceus, 0.1 part of a compound enzyme preparation, 0.03 part of an antioxidant and 1 part of a compound premix; wherein, the compound amino acid B comprises: lysine 1.40 parts, methionine 0.48 parts, threonine 1.00 parts, and tryptophan 0.26 parts.
Wherein, in any one of embodiments 1-3: the preparation method of the feed comprises the following steps: weighing the raw materials of the components according to a formula, uniformly mixing, crushing by using a sieve sheet with the size of 1.0-1.5mm, feeding undersize materials into a modulator, adjusting steam saturation by using flash steam, feeding the conditioned materials into a granulator for granulation after conditioning for 20-40s, wherein the length-diameter ratio of a circular mold of the granulator is (10-12): 1, granulating at 70-80 ℃, spraying grease after granulating and forming, cooling and sieving, wherein the aperture of a grading sieve is 10mm on an upper sieve and 1.5mm on a lower sieve, and the intermediate finished product can be used for preparing the breeding period feed and the lactation period feed.
Wherein, in any one of embodiments 1-3: the preparation method of the fermented astragalus comprises the following steps: (1) pretreatment: cleaning radix astragali, draining, and slicing; (2) enzymolysis: uniformly mixing the astragalus slices, water and cellulase according to a mass ratio of 5:5:2, and carrying out enzymolysis at 35-40 ℃ for 16-20h to obtain astragalus enzymolysis liquid; wherein the enzyme activity of the cellulase is 150U/g; (3) and (3) fermenting lactic acid bacteria: respectively activating slant strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Lactobacillus acidophilus by conventional method, and performing amplification culture to obtain active strain with content of more than or equal to 1x109CFU/L seed solution is prepared by mixing seed solution prepared from lactobacillus plantarum, pediococcus acidilactici and lactobacillus acidophilus according to the volume of 1:2:2 to obtain lactobacillus seed solution, and mixing lactobacillus seed solution and astragalus enzymolysis solution according to the mass ratio of (0.04-0.06): 1, uniformly mixing, fermenting at 35-37 ℃, and stopping fermentation when the pH value of fermentation liquor is less than or equal to 5 to prepare lactobacillus leavening; (4) and (3) fermenting the bacillus: respectively activating and enlarging culturing slant strains of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis by conventional method to obtain active strain with content of more than or equal to 1x109Mixing the CFU/L seed solution, the bacillus subtilis seed solution and the bacillus licheniformis seed solution according to the volume of 1:1 to obtain a bacillus seed solution, and mixing the bacillus seed solution and the lactobacillus leavening according to the mass ratio (0.04-0.06): 1, uniformly mixing, and fermenting at 35-40 ℃ for 36 hours to obtain a bacillus fermentation product; (5) concentrating the Bacillus subtilis fermented product under reduced pressure, air drying at a temperature below 80 deg.C, pulverizing, and sieving to obtain fermented radix astragali.
Wherein, in any one of embodiments 1-3: the used oil consists of soybean oil, corn oil and chicken oil in a weight ratio of 3:1: 2; the steam fish meal comprises: the crude protein has a mass content of 66-80%, an acid value of 2-3mgKOH/g, a volatile basic nitrogen content of 50-100mg/100g, a pepsin digestibility of 90-95%, a histamine content of 100-300mg/kg, and no salmonella; the chicken powder comprises the following components: the crude protein mass content is between 60 and 80 percent, the crude ash content is between 8 and 15 percent, the water content is between 2 and 10 percent, the volatile basic nitrogen content is between 20 and 50mg/100g, the phosphorus mass content is between 1.8 and 3 percent, and the pepsin digestibility is between 85 and 95 percent; in the calcium hydrogen phosphate: according to the mass percentage, 20 to 30 percent of calcium, 16.5 to 25 percent of phosphorus, 0.001 to 0.003 percent of lead, 0.01 to 0.18 percent of fluorine, 0.001 to 0.003 percent of arsenic and more than 95 percent of powder fineness pass through a 0.5mm test analysis sieve; the complex enzyme preparation used comprises: the xylanase consists of xylanase, cellulase, mannase, protease and amylase according to the weight part ratio of 2:0.3:0.4:4: 0.1.
Wherein, in any one of embodiments 1-3: the preparation method of the used puffed corn comprises the following steps: crushing the corn to 500-700 mu m, and then puffing, wherein the puffing conditions are as follows: steam temperature 150 ℃, water pressure 0.3mPa, wet puffing, time: 18 seconds; the preparation method of the used puffed soybean comprises the following steps: taking whole soybean, pre-crushing with 1.0mm particle size sieve sheet, puffing at 135 deg.C for 10 s, sieving with 2.5mm particle size sieve sheet, pulverizing, and cooling to obtain puffed soybean with particle size of 500 μm.
Wherein the feed for the reproductive period and the feed for the lactation period in any one of examples 1 to 3 comprise an antioxidant.
Wherein, the feed prepared in any one of the embodiments 1 to 3 comprises the following nutrient components in the breeding period: the mass content of crude protein is 23.0-25.0%, the mass content of crude fat is 5.5-6.5%, the mass content of calcium is 0.7-0.9%, and the mass content of phosphorus is 0.60-0.65%; the nutritional ingredients of the feed in the lactation period are as follows: the crude protein content is 23.0-26.0%, the crude fat content is 7.5-9.0%, the calcium content is 0.75-1.00%, and the phosphorus content is 0.60-0.65%.
Second, test example
1. Experimental animals:
selecting 80 female Wusuli raccoon dogs in a farm with the initial weight of 6-7 kg and the body length of 55-75 cm, randomly dividing the female Wusuli raccoon dogs into 4 groups, wherein each group comprises 20 raccoon dogs, each raccoon dog is hung with a corresponding brand in front of a cage, carrying out single-cage feeding, and starting a test, wherein the test passes a 3d pre-test period.
Test time: 1/12/2016-30/5/2017
2. Feeding management:
the test is carried out in a raccoon farm raised in Changli of Qin and Huang island, and the breeding management method of the tested female raccoon clusters is completely the same as that of other female raccoon clusters. The raccoon dog is specially raised by a farm owner during the whole test period so as to eliminate the influence of the external environment and different management on the test raccoon dog.
3. Experimental ration and experimental design
The tests are divided into a control group and a test 1, a test 2 and a test 3, wherein the control group is fed with commercial female racoon dog breeding period feed and lactation period feed, and the test group is fed with daily ration prepared in the embodiment cases 1, 2 and 3. The pre-test period was 3 days, the feed of the pre-stage was replaced with the test feed in an amount of 25% of the total feed amount fed each day and mixed uniformly every day, and on the 4 th day, the feed was completely changed to the test feed.
3.1 Unhybridization stage: adjusting the body condition period;
a) detecting the body condition of the female raccoon dog: measuring the weight and the length of the female raccoon dog according to the following steps: calculating the body weight index of the female raccoon dog, wherein the body weight index is the body weight (kg)/body length (cm); wherein: the body mass index is more than 0.13, the body mass index is over-fat under the body condition, the body mass index is in the normal body condition at 0.1-0.12, and the body mass index is less than 0.09, the body condition is over-lean;
b) a feeding scheme is formulated: according to the body condition of the female raccoon dog obtained in the step a), a corresponding feeding scheme is formulated according to the following standards: normal body conditions: feeding the feed for 1 time every day, wherein the feed is 60-70 g/day in the breeding period; over-fertilization of body conditions: feeding the feed for 1 time every day, wherein the feed is 50-60 g/day in the breeding period; over-slimming of body condition: feeding the feed for breeding period 70-80 g/day for 2 times per day, wherein 1/2 is the total feed amount of the feed for each time.
3.2 mating to gestation stage: a) and (3) breeding until 25 days after breeding: feeding for 1 time every day, wherein the feeding amount is 50-75 g each time; b) 26 days after mating to 2 days before delivery: feeding 75-200 g of total feed per day, gradually increasing the feeding amount, and feeding for 2 times per day, wherein the feeding amount is 1/2 of the total feed per day; c) prenatal 1 day-postnatal 3 days: feeding 50-100 g of total feed every day, changing the feed in the breeding period into feed in the lactation period, replacing feed in the lactation period with feed in the breeding period accounting for 25% of the total feed fed every day, uniformly mixing, and completely changing into feed in the lactation period after 4 days; feeding the feed for 2 times per day, wherein 1/2 is the total feed amount of each feeding day.
3.3 lactation period: feeding the feed for lactation period in a litter division manner 4 days after delivery, wherein the daily feed amount is 250-450 g, and feeding for 3-4 times a day, wherein the total daily feed amount is 1/3-1/4. Wherein, a) the total feed amount of 250-300 g is fed for 3 times per day, and each feeding is 1/3 of the total feed amount, wherein the total feed amount is less than 7 litters; b) 7-10 piglets are fed with 300-350 g of total feed per day for 3 times per day, wherein each feeding is 1/3 of the total feed; c) 11-13 farrowing animals are fed with 350-400 g of total feed per day for 4 times per day, wherein each time is 1/4 of the total feed; d) more than 13 piglets are fed with total feed amount of 400-450 g per day, and are fed for 4 times per day, wherein each time the total feed amount of 1/4 is fed.
4. Detecting the index
The initial weight of the experimental female animal, the nest-dividing weight of the female animal, the number of born animals, the 21-day-old weight of the newborn animal, the weaning weight of the newborn animal and the diarrhea rate are the diarrhea of the diarrhea young raccoon dogs in the experimental period/(the number of the head of the experimental young raccoon dogs x the number of the experimental days) multiplied by 100 percent.
5. Statistical method
Statistical analysis of the test data was performed with the software SPSS16.0, all data are expressed as mean values.
6. Results of the experiment
The table shows that when the feeding mode of the invention is used for feeding female raccoon dogs, the healthy litter size in the litter can be increased by 0.81 per litter, the mating rate of the female raccoon dogs can be increased by more than 5.88%, the weaning survival rate can be increased by 4.8%, the average birth weight of the newborn animals can be increased by 7.1%, the average body weight of 21-day-old raccoon dogs can be increased by 12.27%, and the average weaning weight of 45-day-old raccoon dogs can be increased by 12.16%.
Finally, it should be noted that: it should be understood that the above examples are only for clearly illustrating the present invention and are not intended to limit the embodiments. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art in light of the above description. And are neither required nor exhaustive of all embodiments. And obvious variations or modifications of the invention may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. A molding feeding method for female raccoon dogs is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) the first stage is as follows: non-mating stage
a) Detecting the body condition of the female raccoon dog: selecting a mother raccoon dog which is not bred, measuring the weight and the length of the mother raccoon dog, and according to the following steps: calculating the body weight index of the female raccoon dog, wherein the body weight index is the body weight (kg)/body length (cm);
wherein: the body mass index is more than 0.13, the body mass index is over-fat under the body condition, the body mass index is in the normal body condition at 0.1-0.12, and the body mass index is less than 0.09, the body condition is over-lean;
b) a feeding scheme is formulated: according to the body condition of the female raccoon dog obtained in the step a), a corresponding feeding scheme is formulated according to the following standards:
normal body conditions: feeding the feed for 1 time every day, wherein the feed is 60-70 g/day in the breeding period;
over-fertilization of body conditions: feeding the feed for 1 time every day, wherein the feed is 50-60 g/day in the breeding period;
over-slimming of body condition: feeding the feed for the breeding period 70-80 g/day for 2 times every day, wherein 1/2 is the total feed amount of the feed for each time;
(2) and a second stage: mating to gestation stage
a) And (3) breeding until 25 days after breeding: feeding the feed in the breeding period for 1 time every day, wherein the feeding amount is 50-75 g each time;
b) 26 days after mating to 2 days before delivery: feeding propagation period feed, wherein the total feed amount is 75-200 g per day, the feed amount is gradually increased, the feed is fed for 2 times per day, and the feed amount is 1/2 of the total feed amount per day;
c) prenatal 1 day-postnatal 3 days: feeding 50-100 g of total feed every day, changing the feed in the breeding period into feed in the lactation period, replacing the feed in the breeding period with feed in the lactation period with 25% of the total feed every day, uniformly mixing, and completely converting into feed in the lactation period after 4 days; 1/2 feeding for 2 times a day, wherein the total feed amount of each feeding is 1/2;
(3) and a third stage: lactation stage
Lactation stage time: 4 days after delivery until nest separation; feeding feed: a feed for lactation; according to the number of the mother raccoon dogs producing the cubs, a corresponding feeding scheme is formulated according to the following standards:
a) the total feed amount of 250-300 g is fed for 3 times per day, wherein 1/3 is the total feed amount for each feeding;
b) 7-10 piglets are fed with 300-350 g of total feed per day for 3 times per day, wherein each feeding is 1/3 of the total feed;
c) 11-13 farrowing animals are fed with 350-400 g of total feed per day for 4 times per day, wherein each time is 1/4 of the total feed;
d) more than 13 piglets are fed, the total feed amount is 400-450 g per day, the piglets are fed for 4 times per day, and 1/4 which is the total feed amount is fed each time;
the feed for the breeding season comprises the following components in parts by weight: 45-50 parts of puffed corn, 12-15 parts of soybean meal, 6-10 parts of puffed soybean, 2-5 parts of flour, 8-10 parts of wheat bran, 6-8 parts of DDGS, 3-5 parts of steam fish meal, 1-3 parts of chicken meal, 1-4 parts of grease, 0.4-0.6 part of stone powder, 0.4-0.5 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.35-0.45 part of compound amino acid A, 0.25-0.3 part of sodium chloride, 0.05-0.1 part of fermented astragalus root, 0.05-0.1 part of compound enzyme preparation and 1 part of compound premix;
the lactation feed comprises the following components in parts by weight: 40-45 parts of expanded corn, 12-15 parts of soybean meal, 8-12 parts of expanded soybean, 2-5 parts of flour, 6-8 parts of wheat bran, 6-8 parts of DDGS, 3-5 parts of steam fish meal, 1-3 parts of chicken meal, 2-6 parts of grease, 0.8-1.2 parts of stone powder, 0.6-0.7 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.35-0.45 part of compound amino acid B, 0.25-0.3 part of sodium chloride, 0.05-0.1 part of fermented astragalus membranaceus, 0.05-0.1 part of a compound enzyme preparation and 1 part of a compound premix.
2. The molded feeding method for female raccoon dogs according to claim 1, wherein the compound amino acid A comprises the following components in parts by weight: 1.20-1.35 parts of lysine, 0.35-0.45 part of methionine, 0.80-0.90 part of threonine and 0.18-0.23 part of tryptophan;
the nutrient components in the feed in the breeding period comprise: 23.0-25.0% of crude protein, 5.5-6.5% of crude fat, 0.7-0.9% of calcium and 0.60-0.65% of phosphorus.
3. The molded feeding method of a female raccoon dog according to claim 1, wherein,
the compound amino acid B comprises the following components in parts by weight: 1.25-1.40 parts of lysine, 0.38-0.48 part of methionine, 0.85-1.00 part of threonine and 0.19-0.26 part of tryptophan;
the nutrient components in the feed for lactation comprise: 23.0-26.0% of crude protein, 7.5-9.0% of crude fat, 0.75-1.00% of calcium and 0.60-0.65% of phosphorus.
4. The molded feeding method for female raccoon dogs according to claim 1, wherein the preparation method of the feed comprises the following steps: weighing the raw materials of the components according to a formula, uniformly mixing, crushing by using a sieve sheet with the size of 1.0-1.5mm, feeding undersize materials into a modulator, adjusting steam saturation by using flash steam, feeding the conditioned materials into a granulator for granulation after conditioning for 20-40s, wherein the length-diameter ratio of a circular mold of the granulator is (10-12): 1, granulating at 70-80 ℃, spraying grease after granulating and forming, cooling and sieving, wherein the aperture of a grading sieve is 10mm on an upper sieve and 1.5mm on a lower sieve, and preparing an intermediate finished product.
5. The molded feeding method for female raccoon dogs according to claim 1, wherein the preparation method of the fermented astragalus comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment: cleaning radix astragali, draining, and slicing;
(2) enzymolysis: uniformly mixing the astragalus slices, water and cellulase according to a mass ratio of 5:5:2, and carrying out enzymolysis at 35-40 ℃ for 16-20h to obtain astragalus enzymolysis liquid; wherein the enzyme activity of the cellulase is 150U/g;
(3) and (3) fermenting lactic acid bacteria: slant of Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Lactobacillus acidophilusRespectively activating flour strain by conventional method, and performing amplification culture to obtain flour strain with viable bacteria content of not less than 1x109CFU/L seed solution is prepared by mixing seed solution prepared from lactobacillus plantarum, pediococcus acidilactici and lactobacillus acidophilus according to the volume of 1:2:2 to obtain lactobacillus seed solution, and mixing lactobacillus seed solution and astragalus enzymolysis solution according to the mass ratio of (0.04-0.06): 1, uniformly mixing, fermenting at 35-37 ℃, and stopping fermentation when the pH value of fermentation liquor is less than or equal to 5 to prepare lactobacillus leavening;
(4) and (3) fermenting the bacillus: respectively activating and enlarging culturing slant strains of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis by conventional method to obtain active strain with content of more than or equal to 1x109Mixing the CFU/L seed solution, the bacillus subtilis seed solution and the bacillus licheniformis seed solution according to the volume of 1:1 to obtain a bacillus seed solution, and mixing the bacillus seed solution and the lactobacillus fermentation product according to the mass ratio (0.04-0.06): 1, uniformly mixing, and fermenting at 35-40 ℃ for 36 hours to obtain a bacillus fermentation product;
(5) concentrating the Bacillus subtilis fermented product under reduced pressure, air drying at a temperature below 80 deg.C, pulverizing, and sieving to obtain fermented radix astragali.
6. The molded feeding method of a female raccoon dog according to claim 1, wherein,
the oil consists of soybean oil, corn oil and chicken oil in a weight ratio of 3:1: 2;
the steam fish meal comprises: the crude protein has a mass content of 66-80%, an acid value of 2-3mgKOH/g, a volatile basic nitrogen content of 50-100mg/100g, a pepsin digestibility of 90-95%, a histamine content of 100-300mg/kg, and no salmonella;
the chicken powder comprises the following components: the crude protein content is 60-80%, the crude ash content is 8-15%, the water content is 2-10%, the volatile basic nitrogen content is 20-50mg/100g, the phosphorus content is 1.8-3%, and the pepsin digestibility is 85-95%;
in the calcium hydrogen phosphate: according to the mass percentage, 20 to 30 percent of calcium, 16.5 to 25 percent of phosphorus, 0.001 to 0.003 percent of lead, 0.01 to 0.18 percent of fluorine, 0.001 to 0.003 percent of arsenic and more than 95 percent of powder fineness pass through a 0.5mm test analysis sieve;
in the compound enzyme preparation: the xylanase consists of xylanase, cellulase, mannase, protease and amylase according to the weight part ratio of 2:0.3:0.4:4: 0.1.
7. The molded feeding method of a female raccoon dog according to claim 1, wherein,
the preparation method of the puffed corn comprises the following steps: crushing the corn to 500-700 mu m, and then puffing, wherein the puffing conditions are as follows: steam temperature of 140 ℃ and water pressure of 0.2-0.3mPa, wet-process puffing, and time: 10-20 seconds;
the preparation method of the puffed soybean comprises the following steps: taking whole soybean, carrying out pre-crushing by using a sieve sheet with the particle size of 1.0-1.2mm, carrying out wet expansion at the temperature of 140 ℃, modulating for 8-13 seconds, then carrying out crushing by using a sieve sheet with the particle size of 2.5-3.0mm, cooling, and enabling the particle size of the expanded soybean to be 600 mu m.
8. The molded feeding method for female raccoon dogs according to claim 1, wherein the feed comprises the antioxidant in parts by weight.
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| CN101223939A (en) * | 2007-01-16 | 2008-07-23 | 石晓岭 | Feed fabricating method for special animal such as fox, ermine and raccoon dog |
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