CN117534494A - 一种航空碳陶刹车材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种航空碳陶刹车材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN117534494A
CN117534494A CN202311296057.6A CN202311296057A CN117534494A CN 117534494 A CN117534494 A CN 117534494A CN 202311296057 A CN202311296057 A CN 202311296057A CN 117534494 A CN117534494 A CN 117534494A
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carbon ceramic
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陈灵涛
沈益顺
谢建伟
熊杰
左劲旅
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HUNAN BOYUN NEW MATERIALS CO Ltd
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种航空碳陶刹车材料及其制备方法,将无纬布与薄型网毡交替层叠并逐层进行第一次针刺分别制得上层预制体、下层预制体;然后将柔性石墨纸置于上层预制体、下层预制体的中间,再经第二次针刺即得碳纤维预制体,将碳纤维预制体先经树脂碳增密获得C/C坯体,C/C坯体经化学气相沉积碳增密获得C/C多孔体,将C/C多孔体经反应熔渗硅获得碳陶复合材料,于碳陶复合材料的表面设置涂层获得含涂层的碳陶复合材料,将含涂层的碳陶复合材料机加工即得航空碳陶刹车材料,本发明所提供的航空碳陶刹车材料导热性高、无啸叫,刹车性能平稳。

Description

一种航空碳陶刹车材料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种航空碳陶刹车材料及其制备方法,属于刹车碳陶复合材料制备技术领域。
背景技术
目前制备C/SiC刹车材料的方法很多,有先驱体浸渍裂解法、等离子喷涂法、气相沉积法、反应熔渗法等。这些方法所制备的碳陶刹车材料基本上能解决大多数飞机、高速列车和汽车等的刹车问题。但是碳陶刹车材料在刹车过程中会出现较大的啸叫问题和温度较高的问题。目前碳陶材料的制备技术很难完全解决这些问题,所以航空碳陶刹车材料很难大规模应用。碳陶材料的硬度高,刹车过程中自激振动大和导热差是导致啸叫和温度高的主要原因。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足,本发明的第一个目的在于提供一种航空碳陶刹车材料的制备方法。本发明通过设计的夹层结构的碳纤维预制体,经过浸渍增密和CVD沉积增密,最后经过反应熔渗工艺,制备的碳陶刹车材料不仅性能优异而且解决了刹车过程中啸叫和温度高的问题,使碳陶刹车材料大规模应用成为了可能。
本发明的第二个目的在于提供上述制备方法所制备的航空碳陶刹车材料,本发明所提供的航空碳陶刹车材料导热性高、无啸叫,刹车性能平稳。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
本发明一种航空碳陶刹车材料的制备方法,将无纬布与薄型网毡交替层叠并逐层进行第一次针刺分别制得上层预制体、下层预制体;然后将柔性石墨纸置于上层预制体、下层预制体的中间,再经第二次针刺或穿刺即得碳纤维预制体,将碳纤维预制体先经树脂碳增密获得C/C坯体,C/C坯体经化学气相沉积碳增密获得C/C多孔体,将C/C多孔体经反应熔渗硅获得碳陶复合材料,于碳陶复合材料的表面设置涂层获得含涂层的碳陶复合材料,将含涂层的碳陶复合材料机加工即得航空碳陶刹车材料。
本发明的制备方法,在碳纤维预制体的制备过程中,在中间引入柔性石墨纸,最终获得中心位置含有石墨纸的航空碳陶刹车材料,石墨纸具有优异的热导性能,可将刹车制动时碳陶刹车材料的热量快速导出,从而降低碳陶刹车材料的表面温升,此外,在碳增密过程中,本发明先进行树脂碳增密,然后再进行化学气相沉积碳增密,发明人发现,树脂碳增密可以有效的填充针刺过程产生的大孔,从而避免熔渗后碳化硅在针孔富集,获得均匀分布的碳化硅,最终获得刹车性能稳定、啸叫小的碳陶刹车材料。
优选的方案,所述无纬布的厚度≥1.5mm,所述薄型网毡的厚度<0.5mm,优选为0.3-0.4mm。
在本发明中,所用无纬布为采用无捻连续炭纤维织成无捻PAN炭纤维的含碳量应不小于92%。
优选的方案,所述上层预制体与下层预制体的结构相同,其中无纬布的层数均为7~9层,且上层预制体与下层预制体的最上层与最下层均为无纬布。
发明人发现,若薄型网毡层含量较高,将导致熔渗过程中硅在针刺孔和网毡层富集而生成大量的碳化硅,在本发明中,通过上述方式使无纬布与薄型网毡层叠,控制上层预制体与下层预制体的最上层与最下层均为无纬布,可以适度的减少网胎,有效解决碳化硅在网毡层富集的问题,而少量的网毡在针刺过程中,被钩针沿垂直方向拉断增,使无纬布贴合更紧,增加层间剪切强度,因此,若薄型网毡过少,也会导致石墨纸与无纬布贴合不紧,易出现较大空隙,剪切强度大幅减低。
优选的方案,所述第一次针刺时,行距、间距≤1mm;第一次针刺的密度为30~50针/cm2,刺针直径≤0.5mm。
优选的方案,所述无纬布、薄型网毡、柔性石墨纸均为圆环状。
优选的方案,所述柔性石墨纸的厚度为0.6-2.5mm,优选为1-2.5mm,进一步优选为1-1.5mm。
发明人发现,石墨纸厚度越厚导热性越好,且过薄的石墨纸在碳纤维预制体制备过程中易脆断,导致无法有效发挥石墨纸的优异导热性能,然而过厚的石墨纸同样会由于针刺过程中,垂直方向纤维太短,难以缝合预制体,剪切强度下降,而采用穿刺工艺时,却可以采用更厚的石墨纸,然而穿刺工艺的成本相比针刺要高出三倍,因此本发明通过优化第二次针刺工艺,相比常规针刺法,可以采用更厚的石墨纸,从而进一步的提高碳陶刹车材料的导热性能。
优选的方案,所述第二次针刺,沿着大于柔性石墨纸内径10~12mm位置向内和沿着小于柔性石墨纸外径10~12mm位置向外进行针刺。
发明人发现,采用上述针刺方式进行第二次针刺,一方面可以采用更高的石墨纸厚度,另一方面可以增加垂直方向的碳纤维含量,提高层间剪切强度,使层间剪切强度达到采用穿刺方式能达到的层间剪切强度,但成本却低于穿刺,若不按上述针刺,预制体无纬布之间,无纬布与石墨纸之间会出现较大空隙,层间剪切强度较低。
优选的方案,所述第二次针刺,行距、间距≤1mm;第二次针刺的密度为30~50针/cm2
优选的方案,所述碳纤维预制体的密度为0.6~0.7g/cm3
优选的方案,所述碳纤维预制体树脂碳增密的过程为:将碳纤维预制体加入浸渍剂中浸渍,然后经固化获得固化后的预制体、再经炭化处理、热处理获得C/C坯体,所述浸渍剂由糠酮树脂、磷酸溶液、甲苯组成,按质量比计,糠酮树脂:磷酸:甲苯=1:0.05~0.08:0.03~0.06。
在本发明中,所用糠酮树脂的粘度(25℃)40~100s,灰分(w/%)≤3.0,水分(w/%)≤1.0;磷酸为市售浓度85%的磷酸,甲苯的纯度为99%。在实际操作过程中,将糠酮树脂、磷酸、甲苯混合后搅拌30分钟左右即可。
进一步的优选,所述浸渍过程为,将C/C坯体放入浸渍釜中,抽真空至压力<100Pa,然后将浸渍剂吸入浸渍釜,浸渍1~2h后,用氮气加压至2~5MPa,浸渍1~2h。
优选的方案,所述固化的温度为180~200℃,固化的时间为8~10h,固化的压力为2~5Mpa。
在实际操作过程中,可在浸渍罐中直接固化,即浸渍完成后,放出浸渍剂,直接升温后进行固化。
优选的方案,所述炭化处理的温度为800~820℃,炭化处理的时间为8~10h。
优选的方案,所述热处理的温度为1500℃~1800℃,热处理的时间为2~3h。通过将热处理的温度控制在上述范围内,可以使树脂炭纯化彻底,若热处理温度过低,树脂炭纯化不彻底,在后续熔渗过程中树脂炭继续释放小分子物质,基体内部压力增大,影响硅的渗入,出现熔渗不均匀。
优选的方案,所述炭/炭坯体的密度为1.10~1.15g/cm3
在本发明中,通过进行一次的树脂浸渍-固化增密处理,使树脂炭填充在针刺大孔中,既可以使大孔变小,又因为体积收缩不会堵塞小孔,如果多层浸渍,小孔被树脂炭堵塞,影响后续硅的渗入,出现熔渗不均匀。
优选的方案,所述化学气相沉积炉时,以乙炔气体为碳源,以氮气为稀释气体,乙炔气体与氮气的体积比为1:1.2~1.3。在本发明中,采用乙炔气体作为碳源气体,一方面乙炔气体成本低,另一方面乙炔气体沉积形成的炭结构主要以粗糙层结构为主,粗糙层结构炭的导热性能更好。
优选的方案,所述化学气相沉积的压力为0.7~0.9kPa,温度为1000~1050℃,时间为110~300h。
优选的方案,化学气相沉积碳增密后,再经热处理获得C/C多孔体,所述热处理的温度为1500℃~1600℃,时间2~3h。
优选的方案,所述反应熔渗硅时所用硅的纯度≥99.0%,粒径≤400目。
优选的方案,所述反应熔渗硅在氮气气氛下进行,所述反应熔渗硅的温度为1900℃~2100℃,,反应熔渗硅的时间为2~3h,压力为1000~2000Pa。
发明人发现,反应熔渗的温度对碳陶刹车材料的摩擦系数具有较大的影响,反应熔渗硅的温度越大,摩擦系数越高,因此可以根据实际应用的需求,选择合适的熔渗温度。
优选的方案,所述碳陶复合材料的表面设置涂层的过程为:将碳陶复合材料置于涂层浸渍剂中真空浸渍1~2h,再经固化处理即得,所述真空浸渍时的真空度10Pa,所述固化处理的温度为350~420℃,固化处理的时间为3~5h。
进一步的优选,所述涂层浸渍剂由A液和B液按质量比(4~4.5):1混合获得,其中A液中,按摩尔比计,异丙醇铝(Al(C3H7O)3):正硅酸乙酯(Si(OC2H5)4):水(H2O):乙醇(C2H5OH)=1:(1~1.5):(4~4.5):(10~12),B液中,按质量比计,陶瓷粉:盐酸乙醇溶液=1∶4;其中,所述盐酸乙醇溶液中,盐酸的浓度为0.2~0.3mol/L,所述陶瓷粉由二氧化硅粉(SiO2)和氧化铝粉(Al2O3)按质量比1:1~1.2混合后再经研磨获得,所述二氧化硅粉和氧化铝粉均为500~600目。
碳陶复合材料的表面设置涂层后进入磨削工序进行机加工,加工掉摩擦面上的抗氧化涂层,设计预留的加工余量为每面小于0.2mm。加工完成后即制得碳陶刹车材料。
本发明还提供上述制备方法所制备的碳陶刹车材料。
原理与优势
航空碳陶刹车材料刹车过程中的啸叫问题主要是材料中碳化硅组分分布不均匀造成的,发明人发现,造成碳化硅组分不均匀的主要原因是预制体制作过程中针刺工序形成的大孔无法填充和薄型网毡层含量较高,导致熔渗过程中硅在针刺孔和网毡层富集而生成大量的碳化硅,摩擦过程中碳化硅富集区域硬度较高,局部粗糙度增大,振动增大,进而产出啸叫,此外因为碳陶材料的热扩散率较小,导热较差,刹车盘表面温度较高,不仅磨损增大而且容易使热熔塞融化,出现安全风险。而且较高的温度使摩擦面的热振增加,啸叫更大。
发明人发现,解决振动啸叫问题的主要措施就是要填充大的针刺空隙和降低薄型网毡含量。用树脂浸渍可以有效填充大孔解决碳化硅在针孔富集的问题,降低薄型网毡含量可以有效解决碳化硅在网毡层富集的问题。
发明人发现,解决摩擦面高温问题的主要措施就是要增加刹车盘的热库和增加材料的导热性能。将柔性石墨纸包夹在材料结构中既可以实现增加热库的目的又因为石墨良好的导热性能可以迅速将热量导出从而降低刹车盘温度。
本发明制备的航空碳陶刹车,密度1.98~2.1g/cm3,摩擦系数0.3±0.02,啸叫频率小于1200赫兹,刹车温度小于480℃,刹车性能稳定。
附图说明
图1本发明碳纤维预制体结构解剖示意图。
图2本发明实施例1制备的碳陶刹车材料断面解剖图。
具体实施方式
实施例1
步骤一:预制体的制备
采用无捻连续炭纤维织成无纬炭布,无捻PAN炭纤维的含碳量应不小于92%,厚度1.5mm。预制体采用多层PAN炭纤维无纬布、多层PAN炭纤维薄型网毡和一层柔性石墨纸叠加而成,薄型网毡厚度0.3mm,柔性石墨纸厚度1.5mm。无纬布为上下0°/90°夹角交替铺层,先制备出上下两层预制体,每层预制体铺8层无纬布,每两层无纬布中间夹一层薄型网毡。将上下两部分预制体分别进行针刺操作,针刺行距、间距≤1mm;针刺密度控制在40针/cm2范围内,刺针直径0.5mm。然后将上下两层预制体中间夹一层柔性石墨纸后合起来,沿着大于夹层石墨纸内径10mm位置向内和沿着小于夹层石墨纸外径10mm位置向外进行针刺操作,针刺行距、间距≤1mm;针刺密度控制在40针/cm2范围内(详见附图1)。制备的预制体体积密度:0.65g/cm3
步骤二:浸渍增密
将步骤一的预制体体放入浸渍固化炉中,抽真空(真空度≤10pa),然后将糠酮树脂、磷酸和甲苯按比1:0.05:0.03的比例混合配成浸渍液吸入浸渍固化炉内浸没C/C基体,真空浸渍1h后加压浸渍1h。然后泄压放出浸渍液,加压到5Mpa并加热至200℃固化8h。固化完成后降温至室温,将浸渍固化后的坯体转入炭化炉,抽真空置换两次氮气后充氮气至微正压。升温至820℃进行炭化处理。炭化完成坯体转入高温热处理炉进行热处理,温度1600℃,时间2h,得到密度1.12g/cm3的C/C坯体。
步骤三:CVD增密
将步骤二中的坯体转如化学气相沉积炉进行CVD增密,以乙炔气体为碳源,以氮气为稀释气体,CVD时控制炉压为0.7~0.9kPa、温度为1050℃;乙炔气体与氮气的体积比为1:1.2;沉积240小时,密度达到1.45g/cm3。然后转入高温热处理炉进行热处理,温度为1600℃,时间2小时。
步骤四:反应熔渗
将步骤三的坯体进行熔融渗硅。硅的纯度大于99%,粒径小于400目;熔渗温度1900℃;时间2h,气氛为氮气,炉压1000~2000Pa。
步骤五:涂层浸渍
将步骤四的坯体转入浸渍固化炉内,抽真空(真空度≤10pa)。然后将涂层液吸入浸渍釜浸没刹车盘。真空浸渍1h后泄压放出涂层液,然后缓慢升温至350℃固化处理,固化时间3h。
步骤六:C/SiC刹车盘的加工
将步骤五的坯体转入磨削工序,加工掉摩擦面上的抗氧化涂层,设计预留的加工余量为每面小于0.2mm。加工完成后即制得C/SiC刹车盘。
制备的材料性能,密度1.98g/cm3,摩擦系数0.3,啸叫频率1100赫兹,刹车温度467℃。剪切强度30MPa,磨损率0.63μm/次·面,刹车性能稳定。
实施例2
其他步骤与实施例1相同,仅预制体制备柔性石墨纸厚度为1.0mm。
制备的材料性能,密度1.98g/cm3,摩擦系数0.28,啸叫频率1100赫兹,刹车温度503℃。剪切强度30MPa,磨损率0.71μm/次·面,刹车性能稳定。
实施例3
其他步骤与实施例1相同,仅预制体制备柔性石墨纸厚度为2.5mm,二次针刺工艺改为纤维穿刺。
制备的材料性能,密度1.98g/cm3,摩擦系数0.3,啸叫频率1100赫兹,刹车温度432℃。剪切强度45MPa,磨损率0.60μm/次·面,刹车性能稳定。
对比例1
其他步骤与实施例1相同,仅预制体制备中取消网毡层。
预制体浸渍炭化后出现分层现象,坯体失效。取消网毡层,上下部预制体针刺缝合过程中垂直方向纤维力学性能下降,层间剪切强度降低。
对比例2
其他步骤与实施例1相同,仅预制体制备柔性石墨纸厚度为2.5mm。
预制体浸渍炭化后出现分层现象,坯体失效。针刺工艺中石墨纸厚度达到2.5mm后,上下部预制体针刺缝合过程中垂直方向纤维力学性能下降,层间剪切强度降低。
对比例3
其他步骤与实施例1相同,仅预制体制备中网毡层厚度1.0mm。
制备的材料性能,密度1.99g/cm3,摩擦系数0.3,啸叫频率1280赫兹,刹车温度470℃。剪切强度35MPa,磨损率0.61μm/次·面,刹车性能稳定。
对比例3增加网毡层厚度,啸叫频率增大,刹车温度升高。
对比例4
其他步骤与实施例1相同,仅预制体制备中取消石墨纸,网毡层与无纬布厚度相同间隔叠加。
制备的材料性能,密度2.2g/cm3,摩擦系数0.4,啸叫频率1440赫兹,刹车温度798℃。剪切强度33MPa,磨损率1.47μm/次·面,刹车性能稳定。
对比例4中取消石墨纸,无纬布与网毡等比叠加,导致刹车过程中啸叫频率最高,刹车温度升高,磨损增大。
对比例5
其他步骤与实施例1相同,仅预制体制备取消石墨纸。
制备的材料性能,密度2.05g/cm3,摩擦系数0.28,啸叫频率1250赫兹,刹车温度710℃。剪切强度25MPa,磨损率1.44μm/次·面,刹车性能稳定。
对比例5中取消石墨纸,导热性能降低,刹车温度升高,磨损增大,啸叫频率增加。
对比例6
其他步骤与实施例1相同,仅预制体制备柔性石墨纸厚度为0.5mm。
制备的材料性能,密度1.98g/cm3,摩擦系数0.28,啸叫频率1150赫兹,刹车温度547℃。剪切强度30MPa,磨损率0.94μm/次·面,刹车性能稳定。
实施例的性能如表1所示:
性能对比 实施例1 实施例2 实施例3
密度(g/cm3) 1.98 1.98 1.98
剪切强度(MPa) 30 30 45
啸叫频(Hz) 1100 1100 1100
刹车温度(℃) 467 503 432
摩擦系数 0.3 0.3 0.3
磨损率μm/次·面 0.63 0.71 0.60
对比例的性能如表2所示:
性能对比 对比例3 对比例4 对比例5 对比例6
密度(g/cm3) 1.99 2.2 2.05 1.98
剪切强度(MPa) 35 33 25 30
啸叫频(Hz) 1280 1440 1250 1150
刹车温度(℃) 470 798 710 547
摩擦系数 0.3 0.4 0.28 0.3
磨损率μm/次·面 0.61 1.47 1.44 0.94

Claims (10)

1.一种航空碳陶刹车材料的制备方法,其特征在于:将无纬布与薄型网毡交替层叠并逐层进行第一次针刺分别制得上层预制体、下层预制体;然后将柔性石墨纸置于上层预制体、下层预制体的中间,再经第二次针刺或穿刺即得碳纤维预制体,将碳纤维预制体先经树脂碳增密获得C/C坯体,C/C坯体经化学气相沉积碳增密获得C/C多孔体,将C/C多孔体经反应熔渗硅获得碳陶复合材料,于碳陶复合材料的表面设置涂层获得含涂层的碳陶复合材料,将含涂层的碳陶复合材料机加工即得航空碳陶刹车材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种航空碳陶刹车材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述无纬布的厚度≥1.5mm,所述薄型网毡的厚度<0.5mm;
所述上层预制体与下层预制体的结构相同,其中无纬布的层数均为7~9层,且上层预制体与下层预制体的最上层与最下层均为无纬布;
所述第一次针刺时,行距、间距≤1mm;第一次针刺的密度为30~50针/cm2,刺针直径≤0.5mm。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种航空碳陶刹车材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述无纬布、薄型网毡、柔性石墨纸均为圆环状;
所述柔性石墨纸的厚度为0.6-2.5mm。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种航空碳陶刹车材料的制备方法,其特征在于:
所述第二次针刺,沿着大于柔性石墨纸内径10~12mm位置向内和沿着小于柔性石墨纸外径10~12mm位置向外进行针刺;
所述第二次针刺,行距、间距≤1mm;第二次针刺的密度为30~50针/cm2
所述碳纤维预制体的密度为0.6~0.7g/cm3
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种航空碳陶刹车材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述碳纤维预制体树脂碳增密的过程为:将碳纤维预制体加入浸渍剂中浸渍,然后经固化获得固化后的预制体、再经炭化处理、热处理获得C/C坯体,所述浸渍剂由糠酮树脂、磷酸溶液、甲苯组成,按质量比计,糠酮树脂:磷酸:甲苯=1:0.05~0.08:0.03~0.06;
所述浸渍过程为,将C/C坯体放入浸渍釜中,抽真空至压力<100Pa,然后将浸渍剂吸入浸渍釜,浸渍1~2h后,用氮气加压至2~5MPa,浸渍1~2h;
所述固化的温度为180~200℃,固化的时间为8~10h,固化的压力为2~5Mpa;
所述炭化处理的温度为800~820℃,炭化处理的时间为8~10h。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种航空碳陶刹车材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述热处理的温度为1500℃~1800℃,热处理的时间为2~3h;
所述炭/炭坯体的密度为1.10~1.15g/cm3
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种航空碳陶刹车材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述化学气相沉积炉时,以乙炔气体为碳源,以氮气为稀释气体,乙炔气体与氮气的体积比为1:1.2~1.3;
所述化学气相沉积的压力为0.7~0.9kPa,温度为1000~1050℃,时间为110~300h;
化学气相沉积碳增密后,再经热处理获得C/C多孔体,所述热处理的温度为1500℃~1600℃,时间2~3h。
8.根据权利要求1所述的一种航空碳陶刹车材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述反应熔渗硅时所用硅的纯度≥99.0%,粒径≤400目;
所述反应熔渗硅在氮气气氛下进行,所述反应熔渗硅的温度为1900℃~2100℃,反应熔渗硅的时间为2~3h,压力为1000~2000Pa。
9.根据权利要求1所述的一种航空碳陶刹车材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述碳陶复合材料的表面设置涂层的过程为:将碳陶复合材料置于涂层浸渍剂中真空浸渍1~2h,再经固化处理即得,所述真空浸渍时的真空度10Pa,所述固化处理的温度为350~420℃,固化处理的时间为3~5h;
所述涂层浸渍剂由A液和B液按质量比4~4.5:1混合获得,其中A液中,按摩尔比计,异丙醇铝:正硅酸乙酯:水:乙醇=1:1~1.5:4~4.5:10~12,B液中,按质量比计,陶瓷粉:盐酸乙醇溶液=1:4;其中,所述盐酸乙醇溶液中,盐酸的浓度为0.2~0.3mol/L,所述陶瓷粉由二氧化硅粉和氧化铝粉按质量比1:1~1.2混合后再经研磨获得,所述二氧化硅粉和氧化铝粉均为500~600目。
10.根据权利要求1-9任意一项所述的制备方法所制备的碳陶刹车材料。
CN202311296057.6A 2023-10-09 2023-10-09 一种航空碳陶刹车材料及其制备方法 Pending CN117534494A (zh)

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