CN117502138A - Straw no-tillage seeding method and device - Google Patents
Straw no-tillage seeding method and device Download PDFInfo
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- CN117502138A CN117502138A CN202311447992.8A CN202311447992A CN117502138A CN 117502138 A CN117502138 A CN 117502138A CN 202311447992 A CN202311447992 A CN 202311447992A CN 117502138 A CN117502138 A CN 117502138A
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- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 127
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- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000013439 planning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000009333 weeding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 claims description 77
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 claims description 77
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 55
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000009264 composting Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 244000063299 Bacillus subtilis Species 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000014469 Bacillus subtilis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000016068 Berberis vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 241000335053 Beta vulgaris Species 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002361 compost Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001502 supplementing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007791 dehumidification Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010903 husk Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010828 animal waste Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;potassium Chemical compound [K].OP(O)(O)=O PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims 2
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000002363 herbicidal effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- YZHUMGUJCQRKBT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chlorate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)=O YZHUMGUJCQRKBT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract 1
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
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- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 6
- 239000005586 Nicosulfuron Substances 0.000 description 6
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 6
- RTCOGUMHFFWOJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nicosulfuron Chemical compound COC1=CC(OC)=NC(NC(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C=2C(=CC=CN=2)C(=O)N(C)C)=N1 RTCOGUMHFFWOJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 3
- MXWJVTOOROXGIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N atrazine Chemical compound CCNC1=NC(Cl)=NC(NC(C)C)=N1 MXWJVTOOROXGIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
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- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- YWEUIGNSBFLMFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphosphonate Chemical compound O=P(=O)OP(=O)=O YWEUIGNSBFLMFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FZFYOUJTOSBFPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M dipotassium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+].[K+] FZFYOUJTOSBFPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003028 elevating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000006864 oxidative decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000036284 oxygen consumption Effects 0.000 description 1
- DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus pentoxide Inorganic materials O1P(O2)(=O)OP3(=O)OP1(=O)OP2(=O)O3 DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].OP(O)([O-])=O GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K potassium phosphate Substances [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012384 transportation and delivery Methods 0.000 description 1
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229960001763 zinc sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000368 zinc sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C3/00—Treating manure; Manuring
- A01C3/02—Storage places for manure, e.g. cisterns for liquid manure; Installations for fermenting manure
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01D—HARVESTING; MOWING
- A01D43/00—Mowers combined with apparatus performing additional operations while mowing
- A01D43/08—Mowers combined with apparatus performing additional operations while mowing with means for cutting up the mown crop, e.g. forage harvesters
- A01D43/081—Mowers combined with apparatus performing additional operations while mowing with means for cutting up the mown crop, e.g. forage harvesters specially adapted for ensilage of maize
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Ecology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
A straw no-tillage seeding method and device, prepare corn harvesting machinery, carry on the field straw treatment point planning, use the corn harvester to harvest, carry on the preliminary cleaning to the corn harvested, isolate the corn kernel, pulverize the straw, the straw treatment point is regular to process, pulverize the straw to deposit according to the straw treatment point, carry on the straw to fertilize and process, after the fertilization is finished, carry on the transport fertilization without vehicles through the fertilization machinery, adopt the no-tillage water replenishing seeder to finish seeding, water replenishing, fertilization, pressing once on the already cleaned seeding belt; and spraying a weed killer for weeding after emergence of seedlings. The seeding problem under the condition of full straw coverage can be effectively solved, the phenomenon of low temperature in the seedling stage caused by coverage is eliminated by deep turning, the quality of the corn in the seedling stage is ensured, and the seedling is ensured. Can save the cost of tillage in the corn planting process, improve the emergence rate, save the application amount of pesticides such as herbicide, increase the corn yield, improve the agricultural ecological environment and promote the sustainable utilization of black soil resources.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of agricultural planting, in particular to a no-tillage straw seeding method and device.
Background
Corn is one of the most important food crops in the world, and is also an important food crop in China. After the annual harvest season, how to reasonably treat a large amount of straw becomes a non-negligible problem in agricultural production. In recent years, the treatment mode of corn stalks has undergone a great deal of conversion from simple roasting to current comprehensive utilization. The corn stalks after harvesting the corns are easy to cause environmental pollution if not properly treated. Therefore, how to treat the straws efficiently and environmentally friendly becomes a research direction of agricultural production.
At present, the effect of straw returning is widely known, and straw returning in production is mainly divided into two forms of deep-ploughing returning and covering returning, wherein the deep-ploughing returning technology is mature, but the deep-ploughing returning technology is only suitable for the region with the rainfall of more than 450 mm in the corn growing period, and the thickness of a soil plough layer is required to be more than 30 cm. In the northeast and west corn growing period, the region with the rainfall less than 450 mm and the windy and sandy soil region are mainly covered and returned to the field, and in the technology of covering and returning to the field, the problems of straw pile pulling, poor quality in seedling period and the like are still very remarkable, the sowing quality is seriously influenced, and the full-quantity covering and returning to the field of the straw is difficult to realize.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problems to be solved by the invention are as follows: the problem of straw treatment in the corn planting mode is that the straw can be reasonably treated, the straw treatment cost is not greatly increased, the planting mode with no-tillage effect can be optimized, and the related matched treatment device is provided.
A straw no-tillage seeding method comprises the steps of preparing a corn harvesting machine, planning a field straw treatment point, harvesting by using a corn harvester, primarily cleaning harvested corn, separating corn kernels, crushing the corn kernels, carrying out straw treatment point regulation treatment, storing crushed straws according to the straw treatment point, carrying out straw fattening treatment, carrying out vehicle-free transportation fertilization by using a fertilization machine after the fertilization treatment is finished, and carrying out seeding, water supplementing, fertilization and compacting on the cleaned seeding belt by using a no-tillage water supplementing seeder at one time; spraying a weed removing agent for weeding after emergence of seedlings; loosening the soil under corn seedlings without damaging root systems when corn 3-4 spreads leaves; and (5) field management, namely harvesting the corn after the corn enters the mature period.
The field straw treatment point planning effect is achieved, the rolling range of the operation vehicle is reduced, the straw storage capacity is adapted to the equipment transportation range without vehicle transportation fertilization, the effects of avoiding using the operation vehicle for transportation and reducing manual use are achieved, and the economic benefit and the field maintenance are achieved.
In large-area planting, straw treatment points are divided into a plurality of parts and are uniformly arranged in the field, the radius of a circle with the straw treatment points as the center is 12-20 meters, preferably 16 meters, the inscribed regular hexagons of the circles with the adjacent straw treatment points as the center are mutually shared, the unit area straw yield is 12-20 meters, preferably 16 meters, the area of the inscribed regular hexagons is just close to the actual area of one mu of land when no vehicle is used for transporting and fertilizing equipment, the management is convenient according to the traditional habit, the operation range of an operation machine is also met, and the straw treatment capacity is also met with the treatment process requirement.
The straw is crushed into particles smaller than 5Cm, so that the composting is convenient, the particles smaller than 2Cm are preferable, the composting can be convenient, the biogas is convenient, and the biogas effect is optimized.
The straw composting treatment is field composting fermentation, straw treatment points of a large-area farmland are uniformly distributed, and rice hulls and/or beet pulp and bacillus subtilis dry powder are uniformly mixed and then uniformly spread on corn straw; the dosage of rice husk and/or beet pulp is 30-50kg per mu. The dosage of the dry powder of the bacillus subtilis is 50-150g per mu, wherein the number of viable bacteria in the dry powder of the bacillus subtilis is more than 5 multiplied by 108 cfu/g.
When the organic fertilizer is used, the fertilizer is uniformly thrown on the land through the no-tillage winch fertilizer distributor, the no-tillage winch fertilizer distributor adopts an integral rotating structure and a throwing angle adjusting structure, the horizontal angle and the throwing direction of the winch are adjusted through the stepping motor, and the compost is filled into the winch through automatic feeding equipment.
The straw fertilization treatment is field biogas, straw treatment points of a large-area farmland are uniformly distributed, shallow pits are excavated in the field, the periphery of a fermentation cover is buried by hilling around the shallow pits, and the fermented materials are as follows: corn stalks account for about 70-80% of the total weight; animal waste accounts for about 15-25% of the total weight; the water is added according to the requirement, so that the humidity of the whole mixture is controlled to be 50% -60%, and microbial agents and nutrition additives are added: urea comprises about 0.5% to about 1% by weight; the potassium dihydrogen phosphate or other phosphorus-potassium fertilizer accounts for about 0.2% -0.5% of the total weight, the fermentation lasts for 15-20 days, and the temperature of the fermentation tank is kept in the temperature range for the optimal growth of methane bacteria. The stirring device in the tank is used regularly to ensure the uniformity of the mixture. The pH was monitored to ensure that it was in the range of 6.5-7.5 to ensure microbial activity.
After fermentation, the fermentation cover is removed, and fermentation residues are evenly scattered on the land after dehumidification treatment is carried out on the fermentation residues.
After fermentation is completed, the fermentation cover is removed, fermentation residues are not dehumidified, and the fermentation residues are uniformly thrown on the land through pumping.
The fertilizer is applied by adopting a slow-release compound fertilizer and a quick-acting simple substance fertilizer in a divided manner, wherein the base fertilizer is a slow-release compound fertilizer with controlled-release nitrogen accounting for 20-40% of the total nitrogen, and the application amount per mu is as follows: nitrogen (N): 12 kg-13.33 kg; phosphorus pentoxide (P2O 5): 4.67 kg-6 kg; potassium oxide (K2O): 4.67 kg-6 kg; zinc sulfate (ZnSO 4): 1kg, and applying the base fertilizer side deep to the plough layer for 10 cm-15 cm during sowing.
The dosage of the herbicide is as follows: before 4 leaves are planted after seedling emergence, 50-70 ml of 3-5% nicosulfuron suspending agent and 30-45% atrazine suspending agent 150-250 ml of 2, 4-butyl drop 15-25 ml of 3-5% nicosulfuron suspending agent 40-80 ml are adopted per mu.
According to the invention, the straws are crushed and then piled in the field, so that the organic fertilizer can be provided for farmlands, and the environmental problem caused by burning the straws can be avoided. The invention uses the mechanical processing and transferring of the straw, stores the straw at fixed points, and reduces the manpower. The repeated rolling of the vehicle to farmlands can be avoided, the land fertility is increased on the premise of not increasing or increasing little manpower consumption compared with the conventional no-tillage seeding method, the insect eggs are killed in a fermentation mode, the risk of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, the influence of straw is reduced, and the no-tillage seeding advantage of reducing the cultivation cost is maintained.
Drawings
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the drawings of the specification:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the distribution of straw treatment points according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a fermentation enclosure used in the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a top view of a fermentation enclosure for use with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a fertilizer distributor winch according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a biogas slurry conveyor according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order that the above objects, features and advantages of the invention will be readily understood, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to the appended drawings. In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be further described in detail by the following description of the drawings and specific examples.
Example 1
Corn maturity was checked and harvest time was confirmed. Preparing a corn harvester, a straw pulverizer and other equipment. And (5) well planning a field route, and ensuring that the mechanical movement range and the corn straw conveying distance are optimized. Harvesting is carried out by using a corn harvester, so that crops are ensured not to be damaged. And (5) primarily cleaning the harvested corns, and separating corn kernels. The separated corn stalks are placed on the field, so that the subsequent crushing work is convenient. Straw is crushed, and a straw crusher is started, so that the normal operation of the machine is ensured. And (5) crushing the straws according to a route which is planned in advance in the field. The crushing ensures that the straw is crushed into particles smaller than 2Cm, which facilitates the subsequent composting process. The blades and other components of the shredder are periodically inspected to ensure proper operation.
The straws are piled in the field, and the straws are piled in places with higher topography and good drainage. And stacking the crushed straws into stacks by using machinery or manual operation, wherein each stack is not more than 2 meters high, and the area is not more than 10 square meters.
Since the corn stalk yield of one mu of land (about 0.067 hectare) is about 1500-2500 kg, the volume of the crushed corn stalk is 8-16 cubic meters. So that the straws in each mu of land can be piled up into a pile. The straw treatment points of the large-area farmland are uniformly distributed, and rice hulls and/or beet pulp and bacillus subtilis dry powder are uniformly mixed and then uniformly spread on corn straw; the dosage of rice husk and/or beet pulp is 30-50kg per mu. The dosage of the dry powder of the bacillus subtilis is 50-150g per mu, wherein the number of viable bacteria in the dry powder of the bacillus subtilis is more than 5 multiplied by 108 cfu/g.
In order to accelerate the composting process of the straw, rice hulls and/or beet pulp and bacillus subtilis dry powder can be uniformly mixed and then spread on the straw. Thus, a good living environment can be provided for microorganisms, and the decomposition of organic matters is accelerated. The addition amount of rice husk and beet pulp is 30-50kg per mu, and the dry powder of bacillus subtilis is 50-150g per mu. These beneficial microorganisms will propagate rapidly under suitable conditions, accelerating the decomposition of the straw.
Composting is a long-period process, and parameters such as temperature, humidity and the like of straws are required to be checked regularly, so that smooth composting is ensured. In the early stage of composting, a large amount of heat is generated in the compost due to mass propagation of microorganisms, and the compost needs to be turned over periodically to ensure uniform temperature, so that burning caused by excessive heating of the interior of the straw is prevented.
After a period of composting, the straw will gradually decompose into a dark brown organic fertilizer. The compost is mature at this time, and can be used as a high-quality organic fertilizer to be applied in fields to provide sufficient nutrition for crops in the next season.
When the organic fertilizer is used, the fertilizer is uniformly sprayed on the land with the range of 1 mu through the no-tillage winch fertilizer distributor with the maximum lift of 15-20 m, the no-tillage winch fertilizer distributor adopts an integral rotating structure and a throwing angle adjusting structure, the horizontal angle and the throwing direction of the winch are adjusted through a stepping motor, and the compost is filled into the winch through automatic feeding equipment, so that the quick fertilizer distribution without manpower is realized.
Adopting a no-tillage water supplementing seeder to finish seeding, water supplementing, fertilization and compacting on the cleaned seeding belt at one time; the fertilizer is applied by slow-release and controlled-release compound fertilizer and quick-acting simple substance fertilizer in multiple stepsThe slow-release compound fertilizer with the base fertilizer selecting controlled-release nitrogen accounting for 20-40% of the total nitrogen is used, wherein N is 180 kg-200 kg and P is applied per hectare 2 O 5 70kg～90kg，K 2 O 70kg～90kg，ZnSO 4 15kg, and applying the base fertilizer side deep to the plough layer for 10 cm-15 cm during sowing.
Spraying a weed removing agent for weeding after emergence of seedlings; the dosage of the herbicide is as follows: before 4 leaves are planted after seedling emergence, 50-70 ml of 3-5% nicosulfuron suspending agent and 30-45% atrazine suspending agent 150-250 ml of 2, 4-butyl drop 15-25 ml of 3-5% nicosulfuron suspending agent 40-80 ml are adopted per mu.
Loosening the soil under corn seedlings without damaging root systems when corn 3-4 spreads leaves;
and (5) field management, namely harvesting the corn after the corn enters the mature period.
The sowing density of the low-fertility land is 5.5-6.0 ten thousand plants/hectare, and the sowing density of the high-fertility land is 6.0-7.0 ten thousand plants/hectare.
The invention uses the no-tillage winch fertilizer distributor through the mechanical processing and transportation of the straw and fixed-point storage, thereby reducing the manpower. Through reasonable planning of composting points and the use of the no-tillage winch fertilizer distributor, repeated rolling of farmlands by vehicles can be avoided, the transportation cost of composting outside farmlands and repeated rolling of farmlands by vehicles in a reciprocating manner are avoided, and the cost of composting outside farmlands is reduced. The straw no-tillage seeding method shortens the straw degradation process by composting crushed straw in the field, increases the land fertility on the premise of not increasing or increasing little manpower consumption compared with the traditional no-tillage seeding method, kills the insect eggs in a composting fermentation mode, reduces the risk of diseases and insect pests, reduces the influence of straw, and maintains the no-tillage seeding advantage of reducing the cultivation cost.
Specific embodiment II:
corn maturity was checked and harvest time was confirmed. Preparing a corn harvester, a straw pulverizer and other equipment. And (3) well planning a field route, and ensuring that the mechanical moving range and the corn straw conveying distance are reduced. Harvesting is carried out by using a corn harvester, so that crops are ensured not to be damaged. And (5) primarily cleaning the harvested corns, and separating corn kernels. The separated corn stalks are placed on the field, so that the subsequent crushing work is convenient. Straw is crushed, and a straw crusher is started, so that the normal operation of the machine is ensured. And (5) crushing the straws according to a route which is planned in advance in the field. The crushing ensures that the straw is crushed into particles smaller than 2Cm, which facilitates the subsequent processing. The blades and other components of the shredder are periodically inspected to ensure proper operation. The harvesting and the corn stalk crushing can be completed by a corn harvesting machine at one time. Since the corn stalk yield of one mu of land (about 0.067 hectare) is about 1500-2500 kg, the volume of the crushed corn stalk is 8-16 cubic meters. So that the straws in each mu of land can be piled up into a pile. The straw treatment points of the large-area farmland are uniformly distributed.
Digging shallow pits with the depth of 20-30cm, the width of 2.5 m and the length of 5 m in the field, placing the dug soil around the shallow pits for later use, paving a plastic water-resisting layer at the bottom of the shallow pits, and mixing the crushed corn straw with animal manure according to the following steps: corn stalks account for about 70-80% of the total weight; mixing animal feces at a ratio of 15-25% of the total weight, piling up in shallow pit with height not more than 2 m, covering the fermenting cover on the straw pile, placing the fermenting cover with bottom width of 2.5 m in shallow pit, covering the fermenting cover bottom end with edge reserved by laying plastic water-resisting layer at the bottom of shallow pit, hilling up around the shallow pit to bury the periphery of the fermenting cover,
the stirring holes on the fermentation cover are opened, the ignited hay is placed in the fermentation cover, the stirring holes are closed, after the hay is used up oxygen in the cover and is naturally extinguished, a spraying water supply system of the fermentation cover is opened for top spraying, the pressure reduction caused by the oxygen consumption in the fermentation cover can be relieved by spraying one, a wet environment is provided for straw fermentation, the humidity of the straw is maintained at 50% -60%, the fermentation cover is provided with a heat preservation layer, the fermentation starts by means of the heat temperature generated by igniting the hay, biogas generated in the fermentation process can be discharged out of the fermentation cover through a one-way valve body on the side surface of the top end of the fermentation cover, the air pressure inside the one-way valve body can be ensured to be stable, the biogas can be stored in a plastic bag after being discharged out of the fermentation cover, and can be collected through a pipeline, and the biogas is convenient to collect. The heating device for heating the spray water by methane is arranged outside the fermentation cover, and the temperature in the fermentation cover can be effectively kept by the water temperature. And a methane generator set can be arranged, and the electricity generated by methane is reversely fed back to the power grid through the field power grid.
Be provided with the handhole door on the puddler, be provided with the puddler through the universal joint in the middle of the handhole door, set up a plurality of stirring vane on the puddler, puddler length is 2.2 meters, connects external power use through the universal joint when needing to use, and external power can be portable motor or miniature motor. The stirring speed was 60rpm. The hole cover on the stirring hole is also provided with an openable small hole, so that the measurement is convenient.
And a pressure release valve is arranged at the top of the tank body so as to prevent safety accidents caused by overhigh internal pressure.
The field fermentation device is a fermentation cover, and the fermentation cover is provided with a spraying device, a biogas collecting device, a related heating device, a water tank and animal manure (such as cow manure or pig manure): as starter for biogas fermentation, the microorganisms therein help to start the fermentation process. Water: and (3) regulating the humidity of the straw so as to achieve the optimal fermentation condition. Corn stalk: about 70-80% by weight of the total weight. Animal waste: about 15-25% by weight of the total weight. Water: the water is added according to the requirement, so that the humidity of the whole mixture is controlled to be 50% -60%. Microbial agent and nutrition additive are added: urea comprises about 0.5% to about 1% by weight; the monopotassium phosphate or other phosphorus-potassium fertilizer comprises about 0.2% to about 0.5% by weight of the total weight. In preparing the mixture, it is ensured that all the raw materials are mixed homogeneously. The pH value of the mixture is adjusted to be between 6.5 and 7.5 so as to ensure the normal growth of microorganisms. Avoiding the use of corn stalks which are mildewed or otherwise polluted. The composition of the mixture is checked and adjusted periodically, if possible, to ensure that it reaches the optimal fermentation conditions.
When the pressure in the fermentation cover reaches a preset value, methane is collected through the connecting pipeline. Storing the collected biogas in a biogas storage tank. The storage tank is periodically checked to ensure its tightness and to avoid leakage.
The fermentation lasts for 15-20 days, and the temperature of the fermentation tank is kept in the temperature range of the optimal growth of methane bacteria. The stirring device in the tank is used regularly to ensure the uniformity of the mixture. The pH was monitored to ensure that it was in the range of 6.5-7.5 to ensure microbial activity.
After fermentation is completed, the fermentation cover is removed, fermentation residues are evenly spread in the field, after dehumidification treatment can be carried out on the fermentation residues, the fertilizer is evenly spread on the land with the range of 1 mu through a no-tillage winch fertilizer distributor with the maximum lift between 15 and 20 meters, the no-tillage winch fertilizer distributor adopts an integral rotating structure and a spreading angle adjusting structure, the horizontal angle and the spreading direction of the winch are adjusted through a stepping motor, and compost is filled into the winch through automatic feeding equipment, so that quick fertilizer distribution without manpower is realized.
The device can also be used for effectively reducing manual use and effectively reducing labor intensity by arranging the feeding port and the piston pump part of the conveying pump at a position lower than a waterproof plastic film under the condition that dehumidification treatment is not carried out, the feeding port, the piston pump and the conveying pipe are arranged on the conveying pump through pumping, the conveying pipe is arranged to be 15-20 m for achieving the best conveying efficiency, and the feeding port and the piston pump part of the conveying pump are arranged at the position lower than the waterproof plastic film during conveying.
After the operation is finished, the waterproof plastic film is removed, the shallow pit is convenient to reuse after cleaning, and the shallow pit is backfilled. The residue after fermentation is rich in organic matters and can be used as a high-quality organic fertilizer.
The residues after spreading and airing can directly provide nutrients for farmlands. The fermentation residues are subjected to oxidative decomposition of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose in the field, so that the decomposition efficiency is better than that of directly decomposing corn stalks.
Adopting a no-tillage water supplementing seeder to finish seeding, water supplementing, fertilization and compacting on the cleaned seeding belt at one time; the fertilizer is applied by adopting a slow-release compound fertilizer and a quick-acting simple substance fertilizer in a plurality of times, wherein the base fertilizer is a slow-release compound fertilizer with controlled-release nitrogen accounting for 20-40% of the total nitrogen, and N is 180 kg-200 kg and P is applied per hectare 2 O 5 70kg～90kg，K 2 O 70kg～90kg，ZnSO 4 15kg, and applying the base fertilizer side deep to the plough layer for 10 cm-15 cm during sowing. Spraying a weed removing agent for weeding after emergence of seedlings; the dosage of the herbicide is as follows: after emergence of seedlingsBefore 4 leaves, 50-70 ml of 3-5% nicosulfuron suspending agent, 150-250 ml of 30-45% atrazine suspending agent, 15-25 ml of 50-70%2, 4-butyl ester and 40-80 ml of 3-5% nicosulfuron suspending agent are adopted per mu. Loosening the soil under corn seedlings without damaging root systems when corn 3-4 spreads leaves; and (5) field management, namely harvesting the corn after the corn enters the mature period.
In the embodiment, the field straw treatment point planning achieves the effects of reducing the rolling range of the working vehicle, adapting the straw storage capacity to the equipment transportation range without vehicle transportation fertilization, avoiding the use of the working vehicle transportation and reducing the manual use, and achieving the beneficial effects of economic benefit and field maintenance.
In large-area planting, straw treatment points are divided into a plurality of parts and are uniformly arranged in the field, the radius of a circle with the straw treatment points as the center is 12-20 meters, preferably 16 meters, the inscribed regular hexagons of the circles with the adjacent straw treatment points as the center are mutually shared, the unit area straw yield is 12-20 meters, preferably 16 meters, the area of the inscribed regular hexagons is just close to the actual area of one mu of land when no vehicle is used for transporting and fertilizing equipment, the management is convenient according to the traditional habit, the operation range of an operation machine is also met, and the straw treatment capacity is also met with the treatment process requirement.
According to the invention, through mechanical processing and transportation of straw, biogas is formed at fixed points, and the use of a no-tillage winch fertilizer distributor or a biogas slurry conveying pump can be reduced, so that the manpower use can be reduced. The reasonable planning of the biogas digester can avoid repeated rolling of the farmland by vehicles, so that the transportation cost increased by biogas digester outside the farmland and repeated rolling of the farmland by vehicles in full-area operation of the farmland are avoided, and the transportation cost outside the farmland and the labor cost are reduced. Compared with the prior no-tillage seeding method, the no-tillage seeding method has the advantages that the ground fertility is increased and the insect eggs are killed in a biogas fermentation mode on the premise that the manpower consumption is not increased or is increased little, so that the risk of diseases and insect pests is reduced, the influence of the straws is reduced, and the no-tillage seeding advantage of reducing the cultivation cost is maintained.
Compared with the prior art, the invention can effectively solve the seeding problem under the condition of full-quantity straw coverage, eliminate the phenomenon of low temperature in the seedling stage caused by coverage by deep turning, ensure the quality of corn in the seedling stage and realize the preservation of seedlings. In particular, the invention can save the cost of tillage in the corn planting process, improve the emergence rate, save the pesticide application amount of herbicide and the like, increase the corn yield, improve the agricultural ecological environment, promote the sustainable utilization of black soil resources and promote the rapid development of agricultural modernization.
As shown in fig. 1: the straw treatment points 2 in the large-area farmland 1 are divided into a plurality of parts and are uniformly arranged in the farmland, the radius of a circle 3 taking the straw treatment points 2 as the center of a circle is 12-20 meters, preferably 16 meters, the inscribed regular hexagons of the circles taking the adjacent straw treatment points as the center of a circle are mutually shared, the unit area straw yield is 12-20 meters, preferably 16 meters, the area of the inscribed regular hexagons is just close to the actual area of one mu of land when the equipment transportation economic range without vehicle transportation fertilization is 12-20 meters, the management according to the traditional habit is facilitated, the operation range of an operation machine is also met, and the straw treatment capacity is also in accordance with the treatment process requirement.
As shown in fig. 2 and 3: firstly, the shallow pit is dug in the field 31, the plastic water-resisting layer 35 is paved at the bottom of the shallow pit, straw fermentation materials are arranged, stirring and mixing are carried out, and the left edge of the plastic water-resisting layer 35 at the bottom of the shallow pit is reversely wrapped at the bottom end of the fermentation cover. And burying the periphery of the fermentation cover by using the hilling around the shallow pit. The agitation holes 38 in the fermentation enclosure and the shower water supply to the fermentation enclosure are then opened. The fermentation cover is provided with a heat preservation layer 34, and the side surface of the top end of the fermentation cover is provided with a one-way valve body 39 for discharging methane in the fermentation cover. The check valve 39 ensures that the internal air pressure is stable. The biogas can be stored in the plastic bag 42 after being discharged out of the fermentation cover, and can be concentrated through a pipeline so as to be convenient for biogas collection. The fermentation cover can be provided with a heating device for heating spray water by marsh gas, and the temperature in the fermentation cover can be effectively maintained by adjusting the water temperature. In addition, a biogas generator set can be configured, and electric energy generated by biogas is fed back to a power grid through the field power grid.
The stirring hole is provided with a hole cover, and the middle part of the hole cover is connected with a stirring rod 36 through a universal joint. The stirring rod is provided with a plurality of stirring blades, and the length of the stirring blades is 2.2 meters. When in use, external power such as a portable motor or a miniature engine is connected through the universal joint. The stirring speed was 60rpm. The hole cover of the stirring hole is also provided with an openable small hole, so that the measurement is convenient.
The top of the fermentation cover is provided with a pressure release valve to prevent safety accidents caused by overhigh internal pressure. The field fermentation device is mainly a fermentation cover, the width of the bottom end of the fermentation cover body is 2.5 meters, the length of the fermentation cover body is 5 meters, the fermentation cover body is consistent with the size of a shallow pit, the height of the fermentation cover body is 1.8-2.5 meters, the cross section of the fermentation cover body is arc-shaped, the fermentation cover body is integrally formed, and a spraying device, a biogas collecting device, a related heating device and a water tank 37 are arranged on the fermentation cover body. The spray device includes a water tank 37, a valve body 40, and a spray pipe 32. The water tank 37, the valve body 40, the circulation pipe 33, the circulation pump and the heating device constitute a temperature adjustment system, and the circulation pipe 33. Both ends of the biogas collection are connected into the water tank. The collecting device comprises a vent pipe 41 and a collecting bag 42, wherein the vent pipe is connected with the valve body 39, and the whole collecting device is used for collecting methane.
As shown in fig. 4, the no-tillage winch fertilizer distributor can evenly throw fertilizer within the range of 15-20 meters to cover 1 mu of land. The machine mainly comprises an integral rotating structure and a throwing angle adjusting structure. The stepping motor is used for adjusting the horizontal angle and the throwing direction of the winch. Meanwhile, the automatic feeding equipment can load compost into a winch, so that the quick fertilizer distribution without manpower is realized.
In particular construction, the no-tillage winch fertilizer distributor includes a base 18 that can be mounted on a vehicle. The base 18 is provided with an angle adjusting seat 16, one side of which is fixed by a rotating mechanism 19, and the other side of which is connected with the base by a lifting mechanism 17. The horizontal pitching angle of the winch can be adjusted through the structures, so that the throwing distance is adjusted. A rotation angle mechanism 15 is arranged above the angle adjusting seat 16, and allows the frame 14 to rotate circumferentially. The frame 14 is provided with a power motor 10 and a feed hopper 11, and the lower end of the feed hopper 11 is provided with a conveying belt 12 and two driving rollers. The power motor 10 is also provided with an optional speed regulating device. The elevation angle and the steering direction of the machine can be adjusted through the elevating mechanism 17 and the turning mechanism 15, so that the full coverage of the fertilizer is ensured. In addition, the feed hopper 11 is also equipped with an automatic feeding device.
Before the device operates: 1. checking whether the power motor 10 is normal; 2. checking whether the feed hopper 11 is clean and idle; 3. setting the target lift to be 16 meters; 4. the target fertilizer distribution area is set to be 1 mu.
The operation is as follows: 1. through automatic feeding equipment, the required fertilizer is loaded into the feed hopper 11.2. The power motor 10 is started to ensure that it is operating at a preset speed. 3. If an adjustable speed device is installed, the speed of the motor 10 is adjusted as required. 4. The elevation of the machine is adjusted to reach a preset lift using the lift mechanism 17. 5. The rotation angle mechanism 15 is used to enable the frame 14 to rotate circumferentially, so that fertilizer is ensured to be uniformly spread on 1 mu of land. 6. A feed hopper 11 on a frame 14 delivers fertilizer to the land by means of a conveyor belt 12. Meanwhile, the normal work of the conveyer belt driving roller is ensured, and the blockage is prevented. 7. Through monitoring system or sensor, detect the area of laying fertilizer in real time, ensure the global coverage. 8. When the fertilizer distribution of 1 mu of land is completed, the power motor 10 is stopped and the feed hopper 11 is emptied. 9. The angle and position of the machine are readjusted in preparation for the next operation or moved to a new work area.
As shown in fig. 5, the transfer pump is equipped with a feed port 23, a piston pump 26, and a transfer pipe 25. The length of the conveying pipe 25 is set to 15-20 m in order to achieve the best conveying effect. The biogas pit 22 is used as a reference position, and the feed port 23 of the transfer pump and the piston pump 26 are ensured to be positioned below the waterproof plastic film. Thus, the biogas slurry in the biogas slurry pit can be pushed into the feed port of the conveying pump and then pumped into the conveying pipe. An operator can fertilize in the field through the discharge hole of the conveying pipe. The front end of the delivery tube 25 may also be provided with support wheels 24 for ease of movement. The piston pump 26 is internally provided with two piston columns 27 which are in spaced action, and the design is beneficial to reducing manual operation, thereby effectively reducing labor intensity.
Finally, it should be pointed out that: the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention, and are not limiting. Although the invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical scheme described in the foregoing embodiments can be modified or some technical features thereof can be replaced by equivalents; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A straw no-tillage seeding method comprises the steps of preparing a corn harvesting machine, planning a field straw treatment point, harvesting by using a corn harvester, primarily cleaning harvested corn, separating corn kernels, crushing the corn kernels, carrying out straw treatment point regulation treatment, storing crushed straws according to the straw treatment point, carrying out straw fattening treatment, carrying out vehicle-free transportation fertilization by using a fertilization machine after the fertilization treatment is finished, and carrying out seeding, water supplementing, fertilization and compacting on the cleaned seeding belt by using a no-tillage water supplementing seeder at one time; spraying a weed removing agent for weeding after emergence of seedlings; loosening the soil under corn seedlings without damaging root systems when corn 3-4 spreads leaves; and (5) field management, namely harvesting the corn after the corn enters the mature period.
2. The straw no-tillage seeding method according to claim 1, wherein: in large-area planting, straw treatment points are divided into a plurality of parts and are uniformly arranged in the field, the radius of a circle with the straw treatment points as the center is 12-20 m, the inscribed regular hexagons of the circles with the adjacent straw treatment points as the center are mutually shared, the transportation economic range of equipment without vehicle transportation fertilization is 12-20 m due to the unit area straw yield, the inscribed regular hexagons are just close to the actual area of one mu of land, the management according to the traditional habit is facilitated, the operation range of an operation machine is also met, and the straw treatment capacity also meets the treatment process requirement.
3. The straw no-tillage seeding method according to claim 1, wherein: the straw is crushed into particles smaller than 5Cm.
4. The straw no-tillage seeding method according to claim 1, wherein: the straw composting treatment is field composting fermentation, straw treatment points of a large-area farmland are uniformly distributed, and rice hulls and/or beet pulp and bacillus subtilis dry powder are uniformly mixed and then uniformly spread on corn straw; the dosage of rice husk and/or beet pulp is 30-50kg per mu. The dosage of the dry powder of the bacillus subtilis is 50-150g per mu, wherein the number of viable bacteria in the dry powder of the bacillus subtilis is more than 5 multiplied by 108 cfu/g.
5. The straw no-tillage seeding method according to claim 1, wherein: when the organic fertilizer is used, the fertilizer is uniformly thrown on the land through the no-tillage winch fertilizer distributor, the no-tillage winch fertilizer distributor adopts an integral rotating structure and a throwing angle adjusting structure, the horizontal angle and the throwing direction of the winch are adjusted through the stepping motor, and the compost is filled into the winch through automatic feeding equipment.
6. The straw no-tillage seeding method according to claim 1, wherein: the straw fertilization treatment is field biogas, straw treatment points of a large-area farmland are uniformly distributed, shallow pits are excavated in the field, the periphery of a fermentation cover is buried by hilling around the shallow pits, and the fermented materials are as follows: corn stalks account for about 70-80% of the total weight; animal waste accounts for about 15-25% of the total weight; the water is added according to the requirement, so that the humidity of the whole mixture is controlled to be 50% -60%, and microbial agents and nutrition additives are added: urea comprises about 0.5% to about 1% by weight; the potassium dihydrogen phosphate or other phosphorus-potassium fertilizer accounts for about 0.2% -0.5% of the total weight, the fermentation lasts for 15-20 days, and the temperature of the fermentation tank is kept in the temperature range for the optimal growth of methane bacteria. The stirring device in the tank is used regularly to ensure the uniformity of the mixture. The pH was monitored to ensure that it was in the range of 6.5-7.5 to ensure microbial activity.
7. The straw no-tillage seeding method according to claim 1, wherein: after fermentation is completed, the fermentation cover is removed, and fermentation residues are evenly scattered on the land after dehumidification treatment is carried out on the fermentation residues; or the fermentation residue is not dehumidified, and is uniformly thrown on the land by pumping.
8. The utility model provides a device that no-tillage seeding of straw used which characterized in that: the corn harvesting machine is a combination of a corn harvesting machine and a straw crusher used in a corn harvesting and straw crushing stage or a corn harvesting and crushing integrated machine, a fertilizer device used in straw fertilizer treatment, a field returning device used for returning the straw to the field after fertilizer treatment and a no-tillage planter used in a corn sowing stage.
9. The device for no-tillage straw seeding as set forth in claim 8, wherein: the fertilizer device is a biogas fermentation device.
10. The device for no-tillage straw seeding as set forth in claim 8, wherein: the returning equipment is a no-tillage winch fertilizer distributor or a biogas slurry conveyor.
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