CN117461176A - 用于二次电池中的阳极的热塑性塑料基复合材料 - Google Patents
用于二次电池中的阳极的热塑性塑料基复合材料 Download PDFInfo
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- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
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Abstract
向常规绝缘的热塑性材料中添加增强材料和/或填充材料,以赋予其导电性并使其适用于二次电池中的阳极材料。通过这种方式,可以使用具有导电性和储能性质的热塑性复合材料作为阳极单元中的常规用在铜片上作为锂触点的石墨的替代品。
Description
技术领域
向旨在用于二次电池的阳极元件的热塑性树脂中添加增强材料和/或填充材料,以便将电绝缘热塑性塑料制成导电材料并赋予其储能性质。通过这种方式,可以使用具有导电性和储能性质的热塑性塑料基复合材料作为阳极单元中的锂基质的常规用于铜片上的石墨的替代品。
背景技术
当今时代最重要的问题之一是降低能量生产和能量储存的成本。作为基础科学中最有基础的一些分支,电化学研究和材料科学在发现和开发清洁和可再生能源方面非常重要。对储能设备的需求日益增长,与被证明是不稳定的可再生能源成比例。作为一般参考,将化学能转换为电能的储能用系统被称为电池。
目前广泛使用的电池类型包括一次电池和二次电池。一次电池是不可充电电池,而二次电池是可充电的类型。二次电池由于可重复使用且更适合环保敏感性而得到更广泛地使用。近年来变得流行的二次电池特别是锂离子(Li离子)电池受到越来越多的研究和开发项目。近年来,人们对低成本且高效率的新一代复合阳极和阴极电极的开发进行了深入的研究。
随着技术的发展和目标,对于国防工业、医药、运输等领域的通信的需求迅速得到满足。在21世纪,移动电子设备(蜂窝电话、相机、计算机等)对我们的日常生活产生了重大影响。此外,随着技术的发展,我们日常驱使的大多数电子设备都已经变得与无线使用兼容。使用此类无线设备的首要条件是具有移动能源。这种能源必须具有高的能量密度、长的使用寿命和短的充电时间以及对环境无害。在这种情况下,在电子设备技术中广泛使用可再充电二次电池来提供能量。许多研究认为,随着石油资源的枯竭,电动车辆的使用将增加,而新一代二次电池将满足这种增长的储能需求。
目前使用的最流行的电池类型是Li离子电池。Li离子电池包括:作为阴极材料的锂源(锂金属、锂盐或有机锂化合物),作为基质阳极材料的碳基化合物、陶瓷或金属盐,以及作为电解质材料的非水有机溶液或固相电解质。
在现有技术中,石墨的不稳定性、锂枝晶的产生、循环次数的问题、能量容量的低效率、较低的能量密度、生产的困难、安全问题以及有限的可回收性带来的环境危害构成了阻碍二次电池扩展的障碍。
现有技术中的解决方案通常倾向于具有导电性能的材料,如碳基复合材料、聚合物复合材料、陶瓷复合材料、金属复合材料。在现有技术中,2004年9月发表在《电源杂志》(Journal of Power Sources)第135卷上的题为“Pyrolysis of an alkyltin/polymermixture to form a tin/carbon composite for use as an anode in lithium-ionbatteries”的文章提到了具有已知导电性的聚合物材料。虽然在该情景中研究的阳极材料提供了期望的放电容量、能量密度和循环次数增益、生产难度和生产线(或生产工艺)成本导致了推出此类产品的问题。
由于常规使用的石墨材料的合成或自然实现造成了各种困难,因此加工这种材料以用作阳极需要大量的努力和成本。
此外,2021年1月发表在《材料力学》(Mechanics of Materials)杂志第152卷的题为“Modelling electrolyte-immersed tensile property of polypropylene separatorfor lithium-ion battery”的文章报道了电解质的生产。上述工作报道了通常在电解质生产中使用热塑性塑料的研究,特别是聚丙烯(PP)和聚乙烯(PE)。文献还包括热塑性塑料通常用于热能储存目的的研究。例如,2018年6月发表在《今日材料通讯》(Materials TodayCommunications)杂志第15卷的题为“3D printable thermoplastic polyurethaneblends with thermal energy storage/release capabilities”的文章提到了由热塑性塑料制成的热存储元件。然而,可以看出,热塑性复合材料未被用于电能存储。
发明目的
热塑性塑料(thermoplastics)由于其优异的力学性能、热稳定性、易于加工和可回收性,近年来已成为现代生活中最广泛使用的材料之一。
热塑性塑料构成如下的聚合物类别:通过施加热量可使其软化和熔化,并以其热软化形式(例如热成形)或其熔融形式(例如挤出和注塑)进行加工。热塑性聚合物可以通过热处理反复地再加工,并且可以回收以生产新产品。用于生产热塑性塑料件的最广泛的生产工艺包括注塑、膨胀和热成形。
除了它们的回收优势之外,热塑性塑料还具有高的柔性和抗冲击性。还可以使用各种焊接技术将它们结合在一起,如电阻焊接、振动焊接和超声焊接。此外,热塑性塑料片的成形时间也相当低。
虽然热塑性塑料在世界各地被广泛加工和利用,但已确定它们尚未作为二次电池中的阳极材料进行测试。考虑到热塑性塑料由于其分子结构(长链结构)而被证明是锂离子的良好基质,并且被证明是具有高的充放电容量的阳极材料。
通过与双螺杆挤出机配合,可以容易地生产热塑性塑料基复合材料。与现有技术中的阳极生产方法相比,该配合不但更实用而且更快。此外,由于更容易形成,热塑性塑料在作为阳极材料生产后,为更快、更多样、更容易的加工方法打开了大门。
使用热塑性塑料基复合材料作为二次电池阳极材料的目的如下:
·提供阳极的放电容量、能量容量和循环次数的增加;
·确保阳极生产工艺的标准化和便利化,并降低生产成本;和
·通过在阳极生产中使用热塑性塑料基复合材料以防止锂离子电池的已知安全问题(爆炸、发热、着火等)并确保可回收利用阳极材料。
发明详述
附图说明
图1:电位相对于时间的曲线
图2:比容量相对于循环次数的曲线
热塑性塑料不能单独用作阳极材料的最大原因是:由于其性质,热塑性材料是电绝缘材料。在该情景的研究中,开发了热塑性塑料基复合材料,以提供导电且适于能量存储的热塑性零件。在这些研究的范围内,发现热塑性材料与金属和/或金属盐、和/或有机金属化合物和/或碳衍生物增强材料和/或填充材料的组合改善了它们的导电性、能量存储和稳定性。
具有导电性和能量存储性质的热塑性塑料基复合材料被用作二次电池中的阳极材料。通过这种方式,改善了电池的循环次数及其对回收的适用性。使用热塑性塑料基复合材料作为阳极材料并且降低阳极材料的密度允许活性材料的可用量的增加。因此,在所用的增强材料和/或填充材料中增加了充放电容量并防止了锂枝晶的形成。
聚合物基复合材料使用以下材料中的至少一种作为热塑性基体:聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET或PTFE)、聚酰胺(PA)(尼龙)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)、聚偏二氯乙烯(PVDC)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT)、聚苯硫醚(PPS)、间同立构聚苯乙烯(SPS)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚酮(POK)。为了向作为天然电绝缘体的聚合物赋予导电性能,通过添加金属、金属盐和有机金属化合物以及碳衍生物(石墨、石墨烯、碳纳米管、碳纤维等),形成了一种热塑性塑料基复合材料配方。在热塑性塑料基复合材料的生产中使用双螺杆挤出机。
在使用双螺杆挤出机生产热塑性塑料基复合材料期间,将金属和/或金属盐、有机金属化合物和碳衍生物以及主抗氧化剂和辅助抗氧化剂添加到熔融的热塑性基体中。使这种熔融材料穿过挤出机前方的模具,并且通过造粒机进行切断以获得粒料。
挤出操作中使用的主要机制包括进料、熔融和均匀混合。挤出机的L/D比率对混合和输出的均匀性有影响。挤出机的材料输出速度取决于螺杆转速、料筒温度、螺杆构造和材料粘度。
根据这些参数,在通过配合方法生产的热塑性塑料基复合材料中使用30%至80%的热塑性材料。使用3%至30%的金属和/或金属盐和有机金属化合物以及20%至60%的碳衍生物材料作为增强材料和/或填充材料。
首先,将粒状热塑性塑料基复合材料研磨到颗粒尺寸小于200μm。
根据所用的热塑性材料的类型,应将该材料均匀地敷设在铜片上,或仅使用粘合剂或还使用附加的化学品使其牢固地附着在板上。
下面详细说明在Li离子型二次电池中使用热塑性塑料基复合材料作为阳极材料的工艺步骤;
·通过机械和/或化学表面处理将热塑性塑料基复合材料施加在铜片上,以确保材料附着在铜片上。
·在根据热塑性材料的类型进行的工艺中,在自动磨机中将足量的非水有机粘合剂与热塑性塑料基复合材料一起均匀化,并将该制剂施加在铜片上。
·在粘合剂本身不充足的材料的情况下,根据热塑性材料的类型,将85%的热塑性塑料基复合材料、10%至20%的粘合剂或导电增强剂和稳定性改善材料添加在一起,并在自动磨机中与热塑性塑料基复合材料一起均匀化。然后将通过该工艺生产的热塑性塑料基复合材料施加在铜片上。
·然后根据所需的电池类型对以这种方式加工的阳极材料进行成形,并为电池生产过程做好准备。
其次,将在挤出机中生产并造粒的材料成形为薄膜。该薄膜材料通过热压和/或层压工艺采用粘合剂添加剂施加到铜片上,成为阳极并准备用于电池生产过程。
·原型阳极材料试验过程按照半电芯(half-cell)纽扣电池程序进行测试。将所生产的阳极材料施加在铜片上并干燥。在干燥过程之后,对产生的电极进行压制。将制备的阳极置于惰性氩气氛中,然后放入半电芯中。该过程是去除所生产的阳极材料中的水和氧气的最重要阶段。在此之后,对清除了水和氧气含量的阳极材料进行涂覆,以产生半电芯纽扣电池。在这些研究中生产的原型电池是CR20XX型电池。
对所产生的CR20XX型电池进行了多项研发测试。恒电位仪是用于检查电化学电芯中存在的工作电极和参比电极之间的电位差的电子设备。恒电位仪通过跨电极向电芯中发送电流来进行检查。使用恒电位仪设备进行循环伏安法、伏安法技术、放电容量测量、循环次数测试和阻抗测量(图1和图2)。
如上所述开发的热塑性塑料基复合材料也可用于任何应用领域(汽车、工业、卫星等)中的各种类型的电池。
Claims (2)
1.一种旨在用于二次电池的阳极,其特征在于:
a.包含30%至80%的热塑性材料、3%至30%的金属和/或金属盐和/或有机金属化合物和/或20%至60%的碳衍生物的复合材料;和
b.一种铜衍生物片材,在其上施加所述复合材料,随后压制工件。
2.旨在用于二次电池的阳极的生产方法,其特征在于,工艺步骤包括:
a.在所述铜衍生物集流体上施加机械和/或化学表面处理,以确保所述复合材料附着在所述铜衍生物集流体上;
b.根据热塑性塑料的类型,使仅充足量的非水有机粘合剂与所述复合材料在自动磨机中均匀化,并且将该制剂施加在所述铜衍生物集流体上;
c.根据热塑性塑料的类型,在粘合剂本身不充足的情况下,将附加的复合材料、粘合剂或导电增强剂和稳定性增强剂材料与非水有机粘合剂一起加入,在自动磨机中将混合物与复合材料均匀化,并将该制剂施加在铜衍生物集流体上;
d.根据电池类型对这种处理过的阳极材料进行成形,并准备用于电池生产过程;
e.其次,将在挤出机中生产并造粒的材料成形为薄膜。该薄膜材料通过热压和/或层压工艺采用粘合剂添加剂施加到铜片上,成为阳极并准备用于电池生产过程;
f.将所述阳极材料施加在铜衍生物集流体上并干燥所述材料;
g.完成干燥之后,对所产生的电极进行压制;
h.将制备的阳极置于惰性氩气氛中以除去水和氧气含量,然后置于半电芯中;和
i.在阳极材料上施加电池涂覆处理以产生半电芯电池。
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