CN117337968B - 一种具有高抗冻活性的小麦麸皮多糖-蛋白复合物制备方法 - Google Patents
一种具有高抗冻活性的小麦麸皮多糖-蛋白复合物制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种具有高抗冻活性的小麦麸皮多糖‑蛋白复合物制备方法,属于食品加工技术领域。其特征在于以小麦麸皮为原料,经麦麸蛋白和多糖提取、多糖‑蛋白复合物制备、冰壳亲和吸附,制得具有高抗冻活性的麦麸多糖‑蛋白复合物。本发明具有制备方法简单、绿色安全、产品抗冻活性高的特点,制得的抗冻多糖‑蛋白复合物对冰晶生长尺寸抑制效果高达65%~85%,作为冷冻保护剂应用于冷冻食品或生物类制品。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有高抗冻活性的小麦麸皮多糖-蛋白复合物制备方法,属于食品加工技术领域。
背景技术
抗冻剂是一类能够降低冰点、抑制冰晶生长从而提高抗冻能力的物质。目前已在多种生物中发现抗冻成分,包括极地鱼类、昆虫、细菌等体内的抗冻蛋白、耐寒生物体内的抗冻多糖以及微生物产生的冰核蛋白等,这些抗冻成分可与冰晶作用,从而达到有效控制冰晶生长的目的。有研究表明,抗冻成分的结构特征包含亲水和疏水区域,亲水区域通过与水形成氢键来抑制水分子之间的氢键,从而影响冰晶的成核与生长,疏水区域则与冰结合位点处的类冰层结构特异性结合来抑制冰晶生长。
麦麸是小麦加工最主要的副产物,我国麦麸年产量高达2000万吨,主要用于酿酒、饲料等传统生产,其利用率和附加值低。麦麸中含有12%~18%的蛋白质,其氨基酸组成丰富,包括人体全部的必需氨基酸,是一种优质的植物蛋白资源。此外,麦麸还富含膳食纤维多糖,其安全性高,具有抗氧化、增强免疫力、预防癌症等生理功能。麦麸多糖富含阿魏酸,在氧化酶的催化作用下可与蛋白质共价交联形成稳定的复合物,具有较强的两亲性。
专利(公开号CN111393518A,公开日2020年7月10日)公开了“一种菲律宾蛤仔抗冻蛋白及其提取方法与应用”,菲律宾蛤仔经培育后取肉、匀浆、离心、三次冰壳纯化、浓缩、离心、冷冻干燥得到抗冻蛋白,具有操作简单、纯度高的特点,但原料成本高、抗冻蛋白得率低。专利(公开号CN113583236A,公开日2021年11月02日)公开了“一种模拟天然抗冻蛋白结构的两亲性含糖聚类肽的制备方法”,利用R-NCA开环聚合法和“点击化学”法,在聚类肽中同时接入亲水性糖侧链和疏水性烷基侧链,得到的含糖聚类肽具有较高的抗冻活性,但制备周期长,化学试剂残留的可能性大。本发明利用小麦麸皮制备抗冻多糖-蛋白复合物具有原料成本低、操作简单、周期短、成品安全性高等优势。
本发明以小麦麸皮为原料,经酶法水解提取麦麸蛋白,经挤压、醇沉分离麦麸多糖,利用氧化酶交联作用使两者共价结合制得多糖-蛋白复合物,再利用冰壳亲和吸附法分离出具有高抗冻活性的成分,制得多糖-蛋白复合物可有效抑制冰晶生长,应用于冷冻食品或生物类制品的冻存保护。
发明内容
技术问题
本发明目的在于提供一种具有高抗冻活性的小麦麸皮多糖-蛋白复合物制备方法,通过对小麦麸皮多糖和蛋白质氧化交联,联用冰壳亲和吸附制得高抗冻活性的多糖-蛋白复合物,提供一种绿色安全、高抗冻活性的冷冻保护剂。
技术方案
本发明的技术方案概述如下:以小麦麸皮为原料,经酶法水解提取麦麸蛋白,经挤压、醇沉制得麦麸多糖,利用氧化酶交联作用制备多糖-蛋白复合物,再利用冰壳亲和吸附法分离出具有高抗冻活性的多糖-蛋白复合物,具体步骤包括:
(1)麦麸蛋白提取:按公知方法,小麦麸皮经除杂、粉碎、过筛后,与纯水按1: 10~20(w/v)比例混合,调节pH至8.0~9.0,加入碱性蛋白酶于50~60℃下反应1.5~2 h,每克麦麸中碱性蛋白酶用量为600~800酶活力单位;优选pH为8.5时加入碱性蛋白酶,在60℃下反应1.5 h,每克麦麸中碱性蛋白酶用量为800酶活力单位,此时麦麸蛋白提取率最高;反应完成后沸水浴加热20 min灭酶,以5000 rpm离心10 min,取上清液,pH调至4.0~5.0,离心、冻干后,制得麦麸蛋白;
(2)麦麸多糖分离:调节麦麸水分含量至15%~25%,设定挤压机转速为130~170rpm,挤压温度为130~150℃;优选麦麸含水量20%,挤压机转速150 rpm,挤压温度140℃,此时多糖得率最高;挤压后的小麦麸皮经粉碎后与纯水1:20~30(w/v)混合,在25℃下搅拌8~12 h,以5000 rpm离心10 min,上清液加入无水乙醇至体系乙醇浓度为20%(v/v),以5000rpm离心20 min,上清液中继续加入无水乙醇至体系乙醇浓度为30%~60%(v/v),以5000 rpm离心20 min;优选体系乙醇浓度为50%,此时麦麸多糖纯度最大,并且结合的阿魏酸含量最多,反应活性最强;离心后所得沉淀经透析、冻干后,制得麦麸多糖;
(3)多糖-蛋白复合物制备:配制麦麸多糖水溶液和蛋白水溶液,浓度均为1%~2%(w/v),将两者等浓度、等体积混合,加入漆酶,每克多糖中酶用量为400~500酶活力单位,在30~50℃下反应2~3 h;优选加入漆酶在40℃下反应3h,每克多糖中酶用量为500酶活力单位,此时复合物得率最高;反应完成后沸水浴加热灭酶20 min,5000 rpm离心20 min制得多糖-蛋白复合物;
(4)冰壳亲和吸附:按公知方法,在圆底烧瓶中加入1/5~1/3的纯水,在-60~-80℃干冰浴中以100~120 rpm旋转40~50 s,形成均匀冰壳,将未冻结溶液倒出。在形成冰壳的圆底烧瓶中加入烧瓶容量1/5~1/2、浓度为0.5%~1%(w/v)的多糖-蛋白复合物水溶液,在-1~-2℃的冰浴中以50~60 rpm旋转30~45 min,将未冻结溶液倒出,冻结的冰壳融化后冻干,制得具有高抗冻活性的多糖-蛋白复合物。
有益效果
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下优点:
(1)本发明以麦麸为原料生产蛋白和多糖,制备高活性的抗冻多糖-蛋白复合物,实现小麦加工副产物的增值利用;
(2)本发明采用氧化酶氧化交联麦麸多糖和蛋白,反应条件温和、操作简单易行;
(3)本发明生产的多糖-蛋白复合物具有高抗冻活性特点,对冰晶生长尺寸抑制效果高达65%~85%,可作为添加剂应用于冷冻食品或生物类制品的冻存保护。
具体实施方式
实施例1
小麦麸皮经除杂、粉碎、过筛后,与纯水按1: 10(w/v)比例混合,调节pH至8.0,加入碱性蛋白酶于55℃下反应2 h,每克麦麸中碱性蛋白酶用量为600酶活力单位,反应完成后沸水浴加热灭酶20 min,5000 rpm离心10 min,取上清液,pH调节至4.0,离心、冻干后,制得麦麸蛋白;调节麦麸水分含量至15%,设定挤压机转速为130 rpm,挤压温度为150℃,挤压后的小麦麸皮经粉碎后与纯水1:20(w/v)混合,在25℃下搅拌12 h,以5000 rpm离心10min,上清液加入无水乙醇至体系乙醇浓度为20%(v/v),以5000 rpm离心20 min,上清液中继续加入无水乙醇至体系乙醇浓度为30%(v/v),以5000 rpm离心20 min,离心后所得沉淀经透析、冻干后制得麦麸多糖;配制麦麸多糖水溶液和蛋白水溶液,浓度均为1%(w/v),将两者等体积混合,加入漆酶,每克多糖中酶用量为500酶活力单位,在30℃下反应3 h,沸水浴加热灭酶20 min,5000 rpm离心20 min制得多糖-蛋白复合物;在圆底烧瓶中加入1/5的纯水,在-60℃干冰浴中以100 rpm旋转50s,形成均匀冰壳,将未冻结溶液倒出。在形成冰壳的圆底烧瓶中加入烧瓶容量1/5、浓度为0.5%(w/v)的多糖-蛋白复合物水溶液,在-1℃的冰浴中以50 rpm旋转45 min,将未冻结溶液倒出,冻结的冰壳融化后冻干,制得具有高抗冻活性的多糖-蛋白复合物。制得的多糖-蛋白复合物对-8℃下冰晶生长尺寸抑制效果为65%。
实施例2
预处理后的小麦麸皮与纯水按1: 20(w/v)比例混合,调节pH至9.0,加入碱性蛋白酶于50℃下反应2 h,每克麦麸中碱性蛋白酶用量为700酶活力单位,灭酶、离心同实施例1,上清液pH调节至5.0,离心、冻干步骤同实施例1。调节麦麸水分含量至25%,设定挤压机转速为170 rpm,挤压温度为130℃;挤压后的小麦麸皮经粉碎后与纯水1:30(w/v)混合,在25℃下搅拌8 h,离心、调节体系乙醇浓度至20%(v/v)、离心同实施例1。上清液中继续加入无水乙醇至体系乙醇浓度为60%(v/v),离心、透析、冻干步骤同实施例1。配制麦麸多糖水溶液和蛋白水溶液,浓度均为1.5%(w/v),将两者等体积混合,加入漆酶,每克多糖中酶用量为400酶活力单位,在50℃下反应2 h,灭酶、离心步骤同实施例1。在圆底烧瓶中加入1/4的纯水,在-70℃干冰浴中以110 rpm旋转45 s,形成均匀冰壳,将未冻结溶液倒出。在形成冰壳的圆底烧瓶中加入烧瓶容量1/3、浓度为1%(w/v)的多糖-蛋白复合物水溶液,在-2℃的冰浴中以60 rpm旋转30 min,冰壳融化和冻干步骤同实施例1。制得的多糖-蛋白复合物对-8℃下冰晶生长尺寸抑制效果为70%。
实施例3
预处理后的小麦麸皮与纯水按1: 15(w/v)比例混合,调节pH至8.5,加入碱性蛋白酶于60℃下反应1.5 h,每克麦麸中碱性蛋白酶用量为800酶活力单位,灭酶、离心同实施例1,上清液pH调节至4.5,离心、冻干步骤同实施例1。调节麦麸水分含量至20%,设定挤压机转速为150 rpm,挤压温度为140℃;挤压后的小麦麸皮经粉碎后与纯水1:25(w/v)混合,在25℃下搅拌10 h,离心、调节体系乙醇浓度至20%(v/v)、离心同实施例1。上清液中继续加入无水乙醇至体系乙醇浓度为50%(v/v),离心、透析、冻干步骤同实施例1。配制麦麸多糖水溶液和蛋白水溶液,浓度均为2%(w/v),将两者等体积混合,加入漆酶,每克多糖中酶用量为500酶活力单位,在40℃下反应3 h,灭酶、离心同实施例1。在圆底烧瓶中加入1/3的纯水,在-80℃干冰浴中以120 rpm旋转40 s,形成均匀冰壳,将未冻结溶液倒出。在形成冰壳的圆底烧瓶中加入烧瓶容量1/2、浓度为1%(w/v)的多糖-蛋白复合物水溶液,在-2℃的冰浴中以60rpm旋转30 min,冰壳融化和冻干步骤同实施例1。制得的多糖-蛋白复合物对-8℃下冰晶生长尺寸抑制效果为85%。
以上详细说明了本发明的实施方式,但这只是为了便于理解而举的实例,不应被视为是对本发明范围的限制。同样,任何所属技术领域的技术人员均可根据本发明的技术方案及其较佳实施例的描述,做出各种可能的等同改变和替换,但所有这些改变和替换都应属于本发明的权利要求的保护范围。
Claims (2)
1.一种具有高抗冻活性的小麦麸皮多糖-蛋白复合物制备方法,其特征在于,以小麦麸皮为原料,经麦麸蛋白和多糖提取、多糖-蛋白复合物制备、冰壳亲和吸附,制得高抗冻活性的多糖-蛋白复合物,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)麦麸蛋白提取:小麦麸皮经除杂、粉碎、过筛后,与纯水按质量体积比1: 10~20混合,调节pH至8.0~9.0,加入碱性蛋白酶,于50~60℃下反应1.5~2 h,每克麦麸中碱性蛋白酶用量为600~800酶活力单位,反应完成后沸水浴加热灭酶20 min,以5000 rpm离心10 min,取上清液,pH调节至4.0~5.0,离心、沉淀冻干后,制得麦麸蛋白;
(2)麦麸多糖分离:调节麦麸水分含量至15%~25%,设定挤压机转速为130~170 rpm,挤压温度为130~150℃,挤压后的小麦麸皮经粉碎后与纯水按质量体积比1:20~30混合,在25℃下搅拌8~12 h,以5000 rpm离心10 min,上清液加入无水乙醇至体系乙醇体积浓度为20%,以5000 rpm离心20 min,上清液中继续加入无水乙醇至体系乙醇体积浓度为30%~60%,经离心、透析、冻干后,制得麦麸多糖;
(3)多糖-蛋白复合物制备:配制麦麸多糖水溶液和蛋白水溶液,质量体积浓度均为1%~2%,将两者等浓度、等体积混合,加入漆酶,每克多糖中酶用量为400~500酶活力单位,在30~50℃下反应2~3 h,沸水浴加热灭酶20 min,5000 rpm离心20 min制得多糖-蛋白复合物;
(4)冰壳亲和吸附:在圆底烧瓶中加入1/5~1/3的纯水,在-60~-80℃干冰浴中以100~120 rpm旋转40~50 s,形成均匀冰壳,将未冻结溶液倒出,在形成冰壳的圆底烧瓶中加入烧瓶容量1/5~1/2、质量体积浓度为0.5%~1%的多糖-蛋白复合物水溶液,在-1~-2℃的冰浴中以50~60 rpm旋转30~45 min,将未冻结溶液倒出,冻结的冰壳融化后冻干,制得具有高抗冻活性的多糖-蛋白复合物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种具有高抗冻活性的小麦麸皮多糖-蛋白复合物制备方法,其特征在于,制得的多糖-蛋白复合物对-8℃下冰晶生长尺寸抑制效果为65%~85%,用于冷冻食品或生物类制品的冻存保护。
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