CN117293302B - 一种钠离子电池复合正极材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种钠离子电池复合正极材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN117293302B CN117293302B CN202311578149.3A CN202311578149A CN117293302B CN 117293302 B CN117293302 B CN 117293302B CN 202311578149 A CN202311578149 A CN 202311578149A CN 117293302 B CN117293302 B CN 117293302B
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- transition metal
- metal oxide
- positive electrode
- sodium ion
- ion battery
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 229920000447 polyanionic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000009831 deintercalation Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 26
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 11
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 6
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;nickel Chemical compound [Ni].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229940078494 nickel acetate Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000387 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Cu+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229940071125 manganese acetate Drugs 0.000 description 4
- UOGMEBQRZBEZQT-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);diacetate Chemical compound [Mn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O UOGMEBQRZBEZQT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 235000019837 monoammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoferriooxy)iron hydrate Chemical compound O.O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- DCYOBGZUOMKFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);iron(3+);octadecacyanide Chemical class [Fe+2].[Fe+2].[Fe+2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-] DCYOBGZUOMKFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000006012 monoammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229960003351 prussian blue Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000013225 prussian blue Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002228 NASICON Substances 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- PVFSDGKDKFSOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Fe+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O PVFSDGKDKFSOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;zinc Chemical compound [Zn].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000155 iron(II) phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UEGPKNKPLBYCNK-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium acetate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O UEGPKNKPLBYCNK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000011654 magnesium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940069446 magnesium acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011285 magnesium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoyttriooxy)yttrium Chemical compound O=[Y]O[Y]=O SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种钠离子电池复合正极材料及其制备方法。本发明通过简便的“全干法”合成工艺,制备高熵混合聚阴离子化合物/层状过渡金属氧化物复合正极材料。利用高熵效应稳定聚阴离子化合物三维立体网络晶体结构,拓宽Na+扩散通道路径、降低Na+扩散能垒,减缓高度均一复合材料体系中层状过渡金属氧化物在Na+脱嵌时相变引发的体积变化;同时,复合材料体系中大颗粒度和高致密度的层状过渡金属氧化物颗粒的引入,克服了聚阴离子材料纳米级颗粒尺寸形态和过量导电碳造成的低振实密度和体积能量密度的缺陷,提升了充放电比容量。本发明提供的钠离子电池复合正极材料振实密度高,具有高的比容量及优异的循环稳定性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及钠离子电池领域,特别是涉及一种钠离子电池复合正极材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
钠离子电池(SIB)的研究与开发有望在一定程度上缓解由于锂资源短缺引发的储能电池发展受限问题,正极材料占据整个钠离子电池原材料成本的1/3左右,当前已经发现的钠离子电池正极材料主要包括层状过渡金属氧化物、普鲁士蓝类和聚阴离子化合物。层状过渡金属氧化物正极材料NaxMO2(M=Fe、Mn、Ni、Co、Cr 、Cu等及其组合)以其能量密度高、结构简单、易合成而得到了广泛关注,具有很高的应用潜力,但受限于充放电过程中相变导致的晶体结构不稳定,循环性能往往较差;普鲁士蓝类正极材料具有大的离子扩散通道和开放的框架结构,有利于钠离子的脱嵌,但以共沉淀为主的材料合成工艺难以避免络合水残留带来的过渡金属溶解、晶体结构破坏等问题;聚阴离子正极材料具有开放的三维骨架及较好的循环性能,但该类化合物的导电率较差,为提高其电子和离子导电性,往往需要采取碳包覆和掺杂手段,导致其体积能量密度下降。高熵正极材料,是指一种将5种或5种以上的金属化合物相互固溶而得到的新型材料,在高熵正极材料中,元素的随机无序排布和它们的协同作用会表现出“鸡尾酒效应”,即总体大于各个单个部分之和,继而表现出优异的性能,例如极高的结构稳定性、异常的介电常数、超高的钠离子电导率等。这些特性激发了研究者们对高熵正极材料的研究兴趣。
公开号为CN114212802A的中国专利文件,公开了一种普鲁士蓝类钠离子正极材料的制备方法,通过向溶液中加入第一非离子表面活性剂和抗氧化剂及第二非离子表面活性剂后的共沉淀反应、陈化、洗涤、真空干燥、浸泡、再过滤、蒸干等二段除水工艺,除去晶格中的水分,工艺繁琐且能耗高,不利于工业化推广应用。公开号为CN116130621A的中国专利文件,公开了一种聚阴离子型钠离子电池正极材料及其制备和应用,首先将钠源、钒源、锰源、磷源、掺杂离子源、导电剂或导电剂前驱体加入到溶剂中加热搅拌后的喷雾干燥工艺制得前驱体粉体,之后进行二步烧结处理制得聚阴离子正极材料,导电碳材料的加入势必会降低材料的可加工性、降低振实密度和体积能量密度。公开号为CN115692684A的中国专利文件,公开了一种多元复合正极材料及其制备方法和电池,通过液相法制备NaxNiyFezMnuBivCswO2复合正极材料,其溶胶凝胶法的制备工艺过程复杂,且包含危险Cs元素及存在污水处理难题,限制了其实际推广应用。
如何克服上述所提及的钠离子电池正极材料的技术缺陷,扬长避短来提升材料的结构稳定性及电化学性能,且制备方法简便、易实现规模化生产,是亟待解决的技术问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种钠离子电池复合正极材料及其制备方法,制备的钠离子电池复合正极材料具有高比容量、高振实密度和优异循环稳定性的特点,该制备方法高效简单,成本低廉,易于大规模工业化生产。
为实现上述目的,本发明钠离子电池复合正极材料为高熵混合聚阴离子化合物和层状过渡金属氧化物的复合物。所述高熵混合聚阴离子化合物为Na4Fe2.75(A, B, C, D,E)0.05(PO4)2P2O7,其中A、B、C、D、E是对Fe元素的取代掺杂,包括但不限于Li、Ni、Mn、Mg、Zn、Cr、Al、Ti、Cu、Zr、Y、Ce、La中的任意五种元素的组合;所述层状过渡金属氧化物为NaNixFeyMnzMnO2,M包括Sn、Ti、Al、Mg中的任意一种,且x+y+z+n=1;所述的高熵混合聚阴离子化合物和层状过渡金属氧化物的重量比为1:0.1~10。
本发明钠离子电池复合正极材料的制备方法,具体步骤为:
S1,按照化学式Na4Fe2.75(A, B, C, D, E)0.05(PO4)2P2O7中元素的摩尔配比称取相应的金属源和P源,混合后进行干法球磨10~20h,得到前驱体;将前驱体在450~550℃氩气气氛下煅烧8~15h,随炉冷却至室温,得到高熵混合聚阴离子化合物;
S2,按照化学式NaNixFeyMnzMnO2中元素的摩尔配比称取相应的金属源,混合后进行干法球磨10~20h,得到前驱体;将前驱体在800~1000℃空气气氛下煅烧8~15h,随炉冷却至室温,得到层状过渡金属氧化物;
S3,将高熵混合聚阴离子化合物和层状过渡金属氧化物按1:0.1~10的重量比称取,混合后进行干法球磨20~40h,得到钠离子电池复合正极材料。
步骤S1和S2中金属源包括但不限于金属盐和金属氧化物,P源包括但不限于NH4H2PO4和H3PO4,球磨机转速≥800转/分,球料重量比为10∶1~20∶1;步骤S3中球磨机转速为200~500转/分,球料重量比为10∶1~20∶1。
本发明通过简便的“全干法”合成工艺,制备高熵混合聚阴离子化合物/层状过渡金属氧化物复合正极材料。高熵效应稳定聚阴离子化合物三维立体网络晶体结构的同时增强电子和离子扩散动力学,拓宽Na+扩散通道路径、降低Na+扩散能垒,减缓高度均一复合材料体系中层状过渡金属氧化物在Na+脱嵌时相变引发的体积膨胀,而复合材料体系中大颗粒度和高致密度的层状过渡金属氧化物颗粒的引入,克服了聚阴离子材料纳米级颗粒尺寸形态和加入过量导电碳造成的低振实密度和体积能量密度偏低的本征缺陷,提升了充放电比容量。本发明提供的钠离子电池复合正极材料振实密度高,具有高的比容量及优异的循环稳定性。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下优点:
1、本发明的复合正极材料兼具聚阴离子正极材料超高循环耐久性及过渡金属氧化物正极材料高振实密度的优点,材料复合化带来显著的协同效应,1C经200圈充放电循环后的放电比容量保持率可达90.1%~94.26%;
2、微米级过渡金属氧化物大颗粒和纳米级高熵混合聚阴离子化合物颗粒形成高度均一的复合材料体系,振实密度为1.57~2.34 g/cm3,明显高于聚阴离子正极材料的振实密度。
3、本发明的制备方法高效简便,全程无溶剂加入,无需复杂的设备和工序,易于大规模工业化生产,所采用的原料不含贵重稀缺元素、来源广泛、成本低廉,便于工业化推广应用。
附图说明
图1为对比例1过渡金属氧化物正极材料的X射线衍射(XRD)图谱;
图2为对比例2高熵混合聚阴离子化合物正极材料的X射线衍射(XRD)图谱;
图3为对比例2高熵混合聚阴离子化合物正极材料10000倍扫描电镜二次电子图像;
图4为对比例2高熵混合聚阴离子化合物正极材料70000倍扫描电镜二次电子图像;
图5为实施例1钠离子电池复合正极材料的500倍扫描电镜二次电子图像;
图6为实施例1钠离子电池复合正极材料的5000倍扫描电镜二次电子图像;
图7为实施例1和对比例1正极材料组装的钠离子半电池的循环性能对比曲线图。
具体实施方式
为更好的理解本发明,下面结合附图和实施例对本发明做进一步说明,但是本发明要求保护范围并不局限于实施例的表述范围。
实施例1
将0.2mol碳酸钠、0.275mol乙酸铁、0.005mol乙酸镍、0.005mol乙酸锰、0.005mol乙酸铜、0.0025mol氧化铬、0.005mol二氧化钛、0.4mol磷酸二氢铵按照化学式计量摩尔比Na: Fe: Ni: Mn: Cu: Cr: Ti: P=4: 2.75: 0.05: 0.05: 0.05: 0.05: 0.05: 4称取相应的量,混合后进行干法球磨20h,得到前驱体,球磨机转速1500转/分,球料重量比为20∶1;将前驱体在500℃氩气气氛下煅烧12h,随炉冷却至室温,得到高熵混合聚阴离子化合物Na4Fe2.75(Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ti)0.05(PO4)2P2O7。
将0.05mol碳酸钠、0.033mol乙酸镍、0.0165mol氧化铁、0.03mol二氧化锰、0.004mol氧化锡按照化学式计量摩尔比Na: Ni: Fe: Mn: Sn=1: 0.33: 0.33: 0.3:0.04称取相应的量,混合后进行干法球磨15h,得到前驱体,球磨机转速1500转/分,球料重量比为20∶1;将前驱体在1000℃空气气氛下煅烧15h,随炉冷却至室温,得到层状过渡金属氧化物NaNi0.33Fe0.33Mn0.30Sn0.04O2。
将高熵混合聚阴离子化合物和层状过渡金属氧化物按1:1的重量比称取,混合后进行干法球磨30h,球磨机转速为300转/分,球料重量比为15∶1,制得钠离子电池复合正极材料Na4Fe2.75(Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ti)0.05(PO4)2P2O7/ NaNi0.33Fe0.33Mn0.30Sn0.04O2。
实施例2
将0.4mol硝酸钠、0.1375mol氧化铁、0.005mol乙酸锂、0.005mol乙酸锌、0.0025mol氧化镧、0.005mol氧化镁、0.0025mol氧化铝、0.4mol磷酸按照化学式计量摩尔比Na: Fe: Li: Zn: La: Mg: Al: P=4: 2.75: 0.05: 0.05: 0.05: 0.05: 0.05: 4称取相应的量,混合后进行干法球磨15h,得到前驱体,球磨机转速800转/分,球料重量比为15∶1;将前驱体在450℃氩气气氛下煅烧15h,随炉冷却至室温,得到高熵混合聚阴离子化合物Na4Fe2.75(Li, Zn, La, Mg, Al)0.05(PO4)2P2O7。
将0.1mol硝酸钠、0.06mol氧化镍、0.02mol硝酸铁、0.015mol二氧化锰、0.005mol氧化钛按照化学式计量摩尔比Na: Ni: Fe: Mn: Ti=1: 0.6: 0.2: 0.15: 0.05称取相应的量,混合后进行干法球磨10h,得到前驱体,球磨机转速800转/分,球料重量比为10∶1;将前驱体在900℃空气气氛下煅烧8h,随炉冷却至室温,得到层状过渡金属氧化物NaNi0.6Fe0.2Mn0.15Ti0.05O2。
将高熵混合聚阴离子化合物和层状过渡金属氧化物按1:10的重量比称取,混合后进行干法球磨40h,球磨机转速为200转/分,球料重量比为10∶1,制得钠离子电池复合正极材料Na4Fe2.75(Li, Zn, La, Mg, Al)0.05(PO4)2P2O7/ NaNi0.6Fe0.2Mn0.15Ti0.05O2。
实施例3
将0.4mol乙酸钠、0.1375mol氧化铁、0.005mol氧化镍、0.005mol乙酸铜、0.005mol氧化铈、0.0025mol氧化铬、0.005mol氧化锆、0.4mol磷酸二氢铵按照化学式计量摩尔比Na:Fe: Ni: Cu: Ce: Cr: Zr: P=4: 2.75: 0.05: 0.05: 0.05: 0.05: 0.05: 4称取相应的量,混合后进行干法球磨10h,得到前驱体,球磨机转速1200转/分,球料重量比为10∶1;将前驱体在550℃氩气气氛下煅烧8h,随炉冷却至室温,得到高熵混合聚阴离子化合物Na4Fe2.75(Ni, Cu, Ce, Cr, Zr)0.05(PO4)2P2O7。
将0.1mol乙酸钠、0.052mol氧化镍、0.022mol硝酸铁、0.022mol乙酸锰、0.002mol氧化铝按照化学式计量摩尔比Na: Ni: Fe: Mn: Al=1: 0.52: 0.22: 0.22: 0.04称取相应的量,混合后进行干法球磨20h,得到前驱体,球磨机转速1200转/分,球料重量比为15∶1;将前驱体在800℃空气气氛下煅烧12h,随炉冷却至室温,得到层状过渡金属氧化物NaNi0.52Fe0.22Mn0.22Al0.04O2。
将高熵混合聚阴离子化合物和层状过渡金属氧化物按1:0.1的重量比称取,混合后进行干法球磨20h,球磨机转速为400转/分,球料重量比为20∶1,制得钠离子电池复合正极材料Na4Fe2.75(Ni, Cu, Ce, Cr, Zr)0.05(PO4)2P2O7/ NaNi0.52Fe0.22Mn0.22Al0.04O2。
实施例4
将0.2mol碳酸钠、0.275mol硝酸铁、0.005mol氧化镍、0.005mol乙酸铜、0.005mol乙酸锰、0.0025mol氧化铬、0.0025mol氧化钇、0.4mol磷酸二氢铵按照化学式计量摩尔比Na: Fe: Ni: Cu: Mn: Cr: Y: P=4: 2.75: 0.05: 0.05: 0.05: 0.05: 0.05: 4称取相应的量,混合后进行干法球磨10h,得到前驱体,球磨机转速1200转/分,球料重量比为10∶1;将前驱体在550℃氩气气氛下煅烧8h,随炉冷却至室温,得到高熵混合聚阴离子化合物Na4Fe2.75(Ni, Cu, Mn, Cr, Y)0.05(PO4)2P2O7。
将0.1mol乙酸钠、0.045mol乙酸镍、0.04mol硝酸铁、0.012mol二氧化锰、0.003mol乙酸镁按照化学式计量摩尔比Na: Ni: Fe: Mn: Mg=1: 0.45: 0.4: 0.12: 0.03称取相应的量,混合后进行干法球磨20h,得到前驱体,球磨机转速1200转/分,球料重量比为15∶1;将前驱体在800℃空气气氛下煅烧10h,随炉冷却至室温,得到层状过渡金属氧化物NaNi0.45Fe0.4Mn0.12Mg0.03O2。
将高熵混合聚阴离子化合物和层状过渡金属氧化物按1:0.5的重量比称取,混合后进行干法球磨30h,球磨机转速为500转/分,球料重量比为10∶1,制得钠离子电池复合正极材料Na4Fe2.75(Ni, Cu, Mn, Cr, Y)0.05(PO4)2P2O7/ NaNi0.45Fe0.4Mn0.12Mg0.03O2。
对比例1
将0.05mol碳酸钠、0.033mol乙酸镍、0.0165mol氧化铁、0.03mol二氧化锰、0.004mol氧化锡按照化学式计量摩尔比Na: Ni: Fe: Mn: Sn=1: 0.33: 0.33: 0.3:0.04称取相应的量,混合后进行干法球磨15h,得到前驱体,球磨机转速1500转/分,球料重量比为20∶1;将前驱体在1000℃空气气氛下煅烧15h,随炉冷却至室温,得到层状过渡金属氧化物NaNi0.33Fe0.33Mn0.30Sn0.04O2。
图1为对比例1制得的 NaNi0.33Fe0.33Mn0.30Sn0.04O2正极材料的X射线衍射图谱,产物结晶形态良好晶型完整,物相组成为单一O3相,无其余物相出现,表明元素掺杂形成了单相O3相结构的层状钠离子电池正极材料。
对比例2
将0.2mol碳酸钠、0.275mol乙酸铁、0.005mol乙酸镍、0.005mol乙酸锰、0.005mol乙酸铜、0.0025mol氧化铬、0.005mol二氧化钛、0.4mol磷酸二氢铵按照化学式计量摩尔比Na: Fe: Ni: Mn: Cu: Cr: Ti: P=4: 2.75: 0.05: 0.05: 0.05: 0.05: 0.05: 4称取相应的量,混合后进行干法球磨20h,得到前驱体,球磨机转速1500转/分,球料重量比为20∶1;将前驱体在500℃氩气气氛下煅烧12h,随炉冷却至室温,得到高熵混合聚阴离子化合物Na4Fe2.75(Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ti)0.05(PO4)2P2O7。
图2为对比例2制得的Na4Fe2.75(Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ti)0.05(PO4)2P2O7正极材料的X射线衍射图谱,产物结晶度高晶型完整,物相组成为单相NASICON结构Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7相(JCPDF Card No. 01-082-3226),属空间群为Pn21a的正交晶系,无其余杂相出现,表明多元掺杂形成的是单相NASICON结构的混合聚阴离子化合物。图3为对比例2制备的高熵混合聚阴离子化合物在10000倍放大观察到的二次电子扫描电镜图像,可见其颗粒尺寸从纳米至微米级大小不等,进一步放大至70000倍如图4清晰可见大量数十纳米大小的细颗粒及纳米级微细片层结构。该高熵体系纳米级颗粒尺寸和片层结构有利于提升聚阴离子正极材料的内在电子传导性,从而增强界面电子电导率,加速Na+的迁移速率。
但由此获得的超细纳米晶粒会显著降低正极材料振实密度,导致较低的体积能量密度,从而限制了其实际应用。通过将高熵混合聚阴离子化合物与层状过渡金属氧化物的长时、低速球磨制备得到的复合材料见图五、图六,数十微米棱角分明的层状过渡金属氧化物颗粒与粒度更细的高熵混合聚阴离子化合物颗粒形成的复合体系的测试结果如下表1所示,复合正极材料的振实密度相比混合聚阴离子化合物获得大幅度提升,从而提高了电极面密度和电池能量密度,进而满足钠离子电池应用化需求。该复合材料的循环性能也获得大幅度提升,以200mAh/g恒流充放电200圈后的放电比容量保持率为91.45%,而对比例1以200mAh/g恒流充放电200圈后的放电比容量保持率仅为56.54%,层状过渡金属氧化物与聚阴离子化合物形成高度均一的复合体系,使聚阴离子化合物均匀地填充在含有过渡金属元素的氧化物的颗粒之间,利用聚阴离子化合物超级稳定的储钠结构,对抗钠离子脱嵌时相变引发的体积变化,从而起到缓冲充放电过程中晶格的膨胀和收缩,提高材料的循环稳定性。
Claims (2)
1.一种钠离子电池复合正极材料,其特征在于,所述的钠离子电池复合正极材料为高熵混合聚阴离子化合物和层状过渡金属氧化物的复合物;所述高熵混合聚阴离子化合物为Na4Fe2.75(A, B, C, D, E)0.05(PO4)2P2O7,其中A、B、C、D、E是对Fe元素的取代掺杂,包括但不限于Li、Ni、Mn、Mg、Zn、Cr、Al、Ti、Cu、Zr、Y、Ce、La中的任意五种元素的组合;所述层状过渡金属氧化物为NaNixFeyMnzMnO2,M包括Sn、Ti、Al、Mg中的任意一种,且x+y+z+n=1;所述高熵混合聚阴离子化合物和层状过渡金属氧化物的重量比为1:0.1~10;高熵混合聚阴离子化合物具有数十纳米大小的细颗粒及纳米级微细片层结构特征,均匀地填充在数十微米棱角分明的层状过渡金属氧化物颗粒之间,形成高度均一的复合材料体系;
所述的钠离子电池复合正极材料的制备方法包括如下步骤:
S1,按照化学式Na4Fe2.75(A, B, C, D, E)0.05(PO4)2P2O7中元素的摩尔配比称取相应的金属源和P源,混合后进行干法球磨10~20h,得到前驱体;将前驱体在450~550℃氩气气氛下煅烧8~15h,随炉冷却至室温,得到高熵混合聚阴离子化合物;
S2,按照化学式NaNixFeyMnzMnO2中元素的摩尔配比称取相应的金属源,混合后进行干法球磨10~20h,得到前驱体;将前驱体在800~1000℃空气气氛下煅烧8~15h,随炉冷却至室温,得到层状过渡金属氧化物;
S3,将高熵混合聚阴离子化合物和层状过渡金属氧化物按1:0.1~10的重量比称取,混合后进行干法球磨20~40h,制得钠离子电池复合正极材料;
步骤S1和S2中金属源包括但不限于金属盐和金属氧化物,P源包括但不限于NH4H2PO4和H3PO4,球磨机转速800~1500转/分,球料重量比为10∶1~20∶1;步骤S3中球磨机转速为200~500转/分,球料重量比为10∶1~20∶1。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种钠离子电池复合正极材料,其特征在于,由微米级过渡金属氧化物大颗粒和纳米级高熵混合聚阴离子化合物颗粒组成的高度均一的复合材料体系的振实密度为1.57~2.34 g/cm3。
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