CN117065776A - 一种光催化氧化糠醛制备糠酸的催化剂及其应用 - Google Patents
一种光催化氧化糠醛制备糠酸的催化剂及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/24—Nitrogen compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D307/68—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen
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Abstract
本发明公开一种光催化氧化糠醛制备糠酸的催化剂及其应用,属于可再生能源技术领域,通过在g‑C3N4添加贵金属,当金属和g‑C3N4配位络合时,贵金属的加入改变了g‑C3N4的电子结构以及带隙结构进而提高其光催化活性;再通过不同条件下制备的催化剂以及不同条件下对光催化反应的影响,可知,40℃下通氧气进行光催化反应,其糠醛的转化率和糠酸的产率较高;本发明以糠醛为原料,通过加入g‑C3N4基催化剂进行光催化制备糠酸,成本低廉,原料易得,生产流程简单,实现了生物质原料的高效利用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于可再生能源技术领域,具体涉及一种光催化氧化糠醛制备糠酸的催化剂及其应用。
背景技术
糠醛作为一种最常见的来源于木质纤维素类生物质的工业化学品,是最具竞争力的生物质基平台化合物之一。糠醛具有醛基、二烯基醚官能团,化学性质非常活跃,可通过氧化、氢化和缩合等反应生成各种衍生物,糠醛的化学结构是呋喃型杂环醛,因此也被称为呋喃甲醛,呋喃杂环同时表现出二烯芳香族化合物的特性。糠醛含有醛基官能团,因而化学活性很高,反应能力较强;与空气接触时,特别是在糠醛中含有酸时,会自动氧化变成棕色,甚至变成黑褐色树脂状物质。因此,糠醛常被作为合成大量的工业化学品的基础原料,被广泛应用于医药、农药和合成塑料等领域,是呋喃环系最重要的衍生物之一。
糠酸又叫a-呋喃甲酸,主要由糠醛氧化制得。糠酸是一种很重要的有机合成中间体,是合成四氢呋喃甲酸、糠酰胺、糠酸酯和糠酰氯等产品的重要原料。在塑料工业中可用于生产增塑剂、热固性树脂等;在食品工业中可用作防霉剂、防腐剂。糠酸还可用作合成一种新的抗癌药物的中间体,是一种很重要的有机合成原料,因而用途十分广泛。
传统的糠酸制备方法主要包括当量氧化剂氧化法、Cannizarro歧化法及催化氧化法。其中,当量氧化剂在使用时存在部分局限性,比如三废多、选择性低氧化剂原子利用率低、氧化剂本身安全性等问题。Cannizarro歧化反应简单,一般在碱性条件下可实现两分子糖醛到一分子糠酸和一分子糠醇的转化,但是反应中生成当量的糠醇,使其分离操作烦琐,且结构不稳定、分离成本较高。
作为备受青睐的非金属半导体光催化剂,石墨相氮化碳具有许多优点:带间能级可调节、可见光吸收范围较宽、化学稳定性较高及富含氮原子的边缘结构。同时,g-C3N4还无毒无害,被广泛地应用于污染物降解、光解水制氢、氧化反应和加氢反应等领域,是一种环保型碳材料。然而,由于g-C3N4具有带隙宽度大、光发生载体和孔隙的重组率高、可见光利用率低等缺点,其性能仍有很大的提升空间,因此开始有效地对g-C3N4进行改性,并开发性能更好的复合光催化剂。通常通过异质结构建、形貌调节、贵金属改性、金属和非金属元素掺杂等方法来提高。目前,掺杂贵金属负载氮化碳是将Au、Ag、Pt、Pb等贵金属沉积在g-C3N4材料的表面或掺杂到g-C3N4晶体的晶格内以提高其光催化性能。由于Ag在诸多贵金属中制备成本较低,制备简单,化学性质稳定,故在贵金属改性中得到了广泛的应用。
中国发明专利申请号202110973897.6公开了一种用于糠醛氧化制糠酸的复合催化剂的制备方法,首先分别将硝酸铜、钼酸钴和硝酸钴加入容器中,然后加入去离子水,70℃搅拌下使其完全溶解,滴加草酸铵溶液调pH至8-9,静置陈化12h,用去离子水洗10次沉淀,110℃鼓风干燥5h后转入马弗炉中,550℃焙烧5h,即得催化剂;四口烧瓶中加入纯水、催化剂,通入空气作为氧源,控制反应温度为60℃,滴加糠醛35g后反应30min,将催化剂趁热滤出套用,母液加入活性炭,70-80℃回流脱色30-60min,将活性炭滤出后缓慢降温,降至0-5℃后过滤,得糠酸湿品,湿品50℃烘箱中真空干燥5h得糠酸产品;该方法制备催化剂过程较复杂,且焙烧时间较长易造成能源消耗。
中国发明专利申请号202011108544.1公开了一种制备糠酸的方法,制备方法如下:取糠醛1mmol、二甲亚砜10mL、10mol%Chimassorb 944和10mol%钨酸钠加入到25ml高压反应釜中,上紧螺丝后,充入氧气,置换三次后充氧压至2MPa,磁力搅拌下升温至80℃反应12小时,反应完成后,冷却至室温,加入N,N-二甲基甲酰胺作为内标,加甲醇稀释后,利用气相色谱检测;此方法反应时间较长,工业化成产效率低。
中国发明专利申请号201611098903.3公开了一种糠醛氧化酯化制糠酸甲酯的方法,具体包括将醋酸钴、醋酸铜、2-甲基-菲罗啉溶解于乙醇中搅拌,加入载体Mg(OH)2,水浴45℃下搅拌2h,旋蒸除去溶剂,烘干,将其在惰性气氛中700℃焙烧3h,得到催化剂CoCuNC/MgO;将催化剂、糠醛、甲醇加入到高压反应釜,选择氧气或空气为氧源,在反应温度为60~120℃,反应压力为0.1~1MPa等条件下反应1~12h,将糠醛催化氧化为糠酸甲酯;该方法在制备过程中使用了多种有机试剂,对环境不友好且制备过程较为复杂。
发明内容
鉴于上述现有技术存在催化剂制备工艺复杂、价格昂贵、环境不友好、催化剂稳定性差及反应活性低等问题,提出本发明,即采用光催化氧化糠醛的方法来制备糠酸。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明提供如下技术方案:
本发明提供一种催化氧化糠醛制备糠酸的催化剂,所述催化剂为金属-含氮化合物,金属-含氮化合物催化剂为金属掺杂改性含氮化合物,在惰性气体下高温煅烧制得。
优选的,金属为银、铜、金、铂、钯、钌中的一种或两种。
优选的,含氮化合物为尿素、单氰胺、双氰胺。
优选的,催化剂中金属银的负载量为0.5%~10%。
优选的,高温煅烧的温度为300~800℃。
优选的,惰性气体为氮气、氩气。
优选的,还原性气体为氢气、CO或者两者的混合气。
本发明还提供上述催化剂在光催化氧化糠醛制备糠酸中的应用,将糠醛、金属-含氮化合物和溶剂混合通氧气进行光催化氧化制得糠酸。
优选的,溶剂为水。
优选的,光催化氧化为太阳光、可见光、紫外光。
有益效果:
(1)相对于传统的g-C3N4催化剂,本发明以金属对g-C3N4进行掺杂改性,提高催化剂的光催化活性,具有优异的稳定性和催化性。
(2)本发明以氧气为氧源催化氧化制备糠醛,整个反应过程中唯一的副产物为水,其是一种绿色氧化剂,便宜无污染。
(3)本发明采用光催化氧化的新方法,反应条件温和,产物选择性高,催化剂价廉易得。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1~3所制备催化剂的X射线衍射谱图;
图2为本发明实施例1~3所制备催化剂催化糠醛转化率的反应结果图;
图3为本发明实施例1~3所制备催化剂催化糠酸产率的反应结果图;
图4为本发明实施例1,4,5所制备催化剂催化糠醛转化率的反应结果图;
图5为本发明实施例1,4,5所制备催化剂催化糠酸产率的反应结果图。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的上述目的、特征和优点能够更加明显易懂,下面结合说明书实施例对本发明的具体实施方式做详细的说明。
实施例1
称取硝酸银0.1575g,尿素20g,溶于50ml超纯水中,搅拌12h,70℃油浴蒸发,烘箱80℃干燥后研磨,在卧式炉内通入氮气,以4℃/min的升温速率升至500℃并煅烧2小时。等降至室温后再通入氢气以4℃/min的升温速率升至500℃再煅烧2小时,研磨后得到Ag含量为g-C3N4质量的0.5%的催化剂,记为0.5%Ag-g-C3N4(N2+H2)。
实施例2
称取硝酸银0.3150g,尿素20g,溶于50ml超纯水中,搅拌12h,70℃油浴蒸发,烘箱80℃干燥后研磨,在卧式炉内通入氮气,以4℃/min的升温速率升至500℃并煅烧2小时。等降至室温后再通入氢气以4℃/min的升温速率升至500℃再煅烧2小时,研磨后得到Ag含量为g-C3N4质量的1%的催化剂,记为1%Ag-g-C3N4(N2+H2)。
实施例3
称取硝酸银1.575g,尿素20g,溶于50ml超纯水中,搅拌12h,70℃油浴蒸发,烘箱80℃干燥后研磨,在卧式炉内通入氮气,以4℃/min的升温速率升至500℃并煅烧2小时。等降至室温后再通入氢气以4℃/min的升温速率升至500℃再煅烧2小时,研磨后得到Ag含量为g-C3N4质量的5%的催化剂,记为5%Ag-g-C3N4(N2+H2)。
实施例4
称取硝酸银0.1575g,尿素20g,溶于50ml超纯水中,搅拌12h,70℃油浴蒸发,烘箱80℃干燥后研磨,在卧式炉内通入空气,以4℃/min的升温速率升至500℃并煅烧2小时。等降至室温后再通入氢气以4℃/min的升温速率升至500℃再煅烧2小时,研磨后得到Ag含量为g-C3N4质量的0.5%的催化剂,记为0.5%Ag-g-C3N4(空气+H2)。
实施例5
称取硝酸银0.1575g,尿素20g,溶于50ml超纯水中,搅拌12h,70℃油浴蒸发,烘箱80℃干燥后研磨,在卧式炉内通入氮气,以4℃/min的升温速率升至500℃并煅烧2小时,研磨后得到Ag含量为g-C3N4质量的0.5%的催化剂,记为0.5%Ag-g-C3N4(N2)。
性能测试
对实施例1~3制备Ag掺杂氮化碳催化剂进行X射线衍射图,测试结果如图1所示,由图1可以看出,显示了不同比例催化剂的X射线衍射图,可以观察到在27.4°有明显的归属于氮化碳的衍射峰。所有催化剂在约为38.11°、44.30°、64.44°和77.40°都出现了对应于Ag(111)、(200)、(220)和(311)晶面的衍射峰,综上所述,说明银被成功的掺杂到氮化碳中。
表1为实施例1~3的反应条件以及糠醛转化率和糠酸产率。
表1
表2为实施例1、4、5的反应条件以及糠醛转化率和糠酸产率。
表2
由图2和图3可以看出,实施例1~3制备的催化剂中实施例10.5%Ag-g-C3N4(N2+H2)的催化性能最好,其中糠醛的转化率可达58%,糠酸的产率可达25%,而且随着催化剂的用量增加时,糠醛转化率可达60%,糠酸产率可达30%。
由图4和图5可以看出,实施例1,4,5制备的催化剂中,仅通入氮气煅烧的催化剂的催化性能低于通入空气和氢气以及氮气和氢气煅烧的催化剂。说明可能是由于氢气气氛下缩短了g-C3N4禁带宽度,并将AgNO3中Ag还原出来,改善了其氧化还原能力。
其中实施例4的催化剂使糠醛的转化率最高,可达60%。而且在没有氧气通入的情况下进行催化,其产率和转化率也低于通入氧气进行催化的情况。
对实施例1~5制备的Ag掺杂碳纳米催化剂进行糠醛催化活性测试,测试方法为:
(1)称取50ml超纯水,加入0.05g NaOH,83μL糠醛,超声溶解,取样200μL;
(2)将烧杯中物质倒入光反应器,并加入0.05g催化剂,经40℃磁力搅拌1h,在黑暗中进行吸附,每隔30min取样一次,共取样两次;
(3)使用可见光照射,并通入流速为30mL/min的氧气,保持反应温度为40℃,磁力搅拌8h,进行反应,每隔1h取样一次,共取样7次;
(4)反应结束后,过滤抽取100μL的反应样品液稀释至1mL,使用Agilent1260Series高效液相色谱仪来进行分析,流动相为100%乙腈:水=50:50,柱温为30℃,流速为0.6mL/min,检测波长:220nm,进样量为10μL。
相对于传统的氮化碳光催化剂,本方法以贵金属银掺杂进行掺杂改性氮化碳,实现了使糠醛催化氧化的高效利用。
本发明通过使用金属银掺杂改性氮化碳,得到Ag-g-C3N4催化剂具有良好的稳定性和优异的催化性能。
本发明通过使用生物质衍生物糠醛为原料制备的糠酸,催化过程简单,适合于工业化应用。
本发明以氧气为氧源催化氧化糠醛,在整个反应过程中的副产物为水,是一种绿色氧化剂,便宜无污染。
应说明的是,以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非限制,尽管参照较佳实施例对本发明进行了详细说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解,可以对本发明的技术方案进行修改或者等同替换,而不脱离本发明技术方案的精神和范围,其均应涵盖在本发明的权利要求范围当中。
Claims (7)
1.一种光催化氧化糠醛制备糠酸的催化剂,其特征在于:所述催化剂为金属-含氮化合物,所述金属-含氮化合物催化剂为金属掺杂改性含氮化合物,在惰性气体下高温煅烧制得,所述金属为银、铜、金、铂、钯、钌中的一种或两种,所述含氮化合物为尿素、单氰胺、双氰胺。
2.根据权利要求1所述的光催化氧化糠醛制备糠酸的催化剂,其特征在于:所述催化剂中金属银的负载量为0.5%~10%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的光催化氧化糠醛制备糠酸的催化剂,其特征在于:所述高温煅烧的温度为300~800℃。
4.根据权利要求1所述的光催化氧化糠醛制备糠酸的催化剂,其特征在于:所述惰性气体为氮气、氩气。
5.权利要求1所述的催化剂在光催化氧化糠醛制备糠酸中的应用,其特征在于:将糠醛、金属-含氮化合物催化剂、溶剂混合通氧气进行光催化氧化制得糠酸。
6.根据权利要求5所述的催化剂在光催化氧化糠醛制备糠酸中的应用,其特征在于:所述溶剂为水。
7.根据权利要求5所述的催化剂在光催化氧化糠醛制备糠酸中的应用,其特征在于:所述光催化氧化为太阳光、可见光、紫外光。
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