CN116802037A - 大于铸造模具的铸造部件 - Google Patents
大于铸造模具的铸造部件 Download PDFInfo
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- CN116802037A CN116802037A CN202280011595.3A CN202280011595A CN116802037A CN 116802037 A CN116802037 A CN 116802037A CN 202280011595 A CN202280011595 A CN 202280011595A CN 116802037 A CN116802037 A CN 116802037A
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C39/00—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor
- B29C39/02—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
- B29C39/028—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles having an axis of symmetry
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C39/00—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor
- B29C39/22—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C39/26—Moulds or cores
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
- B29C44/02—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
- B29C44/34—Auxiliary operations
- B29C44/56—After-treatment of articles, e.g. for altering the shape
- B29C44/5627—After-treatment of articles, e.g. for altering the shape by mechanical deformation, e.g. crushing, embossing, stretching
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C69/00—Combinations of shaping techniques not provided for in a single one of main groups B29C39/00 - B29C67/00, e.g. associations of moulding and joining techniques; Apparatus therefore
- B29C69/001—Combinations of shaping techniques not provided for in a single one of main groups B29C39/00 - B29C67/00, e.g. associations of moulding and joining techniques; Apparatus therefore a shaping technique combined with cutting, e.g. in parts or slices combined with rearranging and joining the cut parts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2793/00—Shaping techniques involving a cutting or machining operation
- B29C2793/0027—Cutting off
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2075/00—Use of PU, i.e. polyureas or polyurethanes or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/04—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped cellular or porous
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/04—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped cellular or porous
- B29K2105/041—Microporous
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Molding Of Porous Articles (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及一种由至少两个段组成的部件,所述至少两个段由一个或多个支撑件以可动方式彼此连接,其中所述部件由铸造体或铸造体的多个部分组成,所述铸造体在铸造模具的铸造空间中铸制,并且当所述部件通过一个或多个所述可动的支撑件定位使其获得其沿轴线A的最大长度L时,所述部件长于所述铸造空间的最大尺寸,并且,本发明还涉及该部件的制备方法。
Description
本发明涉及长于铸造模具的铸造空间的最大空间尺寸的部件,以及其制备方法。
铸造模制品对于大量部件而言是非常高效的制备方法,因其可以高度自动化的方式进行。具有各种不同轮廓要求的铸件的制备由例如DE 10 2005 008 263A1或者US1,220,072已知。但是,有时需要超出铸造模具尺寸的铸件。
因此,本发明的一个目标是,由铸件创建部件,使部件长于铸造空间的大小。
令人惊讶的是,这已经实现,即铸件是分段的,而这些段通过可动的连接元件连接。
因此,本发明提供了一种根据权利要求1所述的制备铸件的方法,并提供了根据权利要求13所述的以这种方式制备的铸件。
附图
图1示出铸件,图2所示的部件可基于该铸件制备。
图1a示出铸件的侧视图,所述铸件具有截面为半圆形的珠状物,并且,在铸件沿虚线切割成一定尺寸后,该珠状物仍存在并作为连接元件,从而连接由所述铸件切割成一定尺寸所形成的两个段。
图1b示出铸件的俯视图,所述铸件带有突出的连接元件,图1c示出透视图。
图2示出由图1所示的铸件通过沿其中的虚线切开而制备的部件,该部件由两个段组成,所述两个段通过由珠状物形成的连接元件彼此连接并沿轴线A折出,使该部件达到其最大长度L且为图1所示铸件宽度的两倍以上。
具体实施方式
在实施方案1中,本发明的主题是一种用于制备部件的方法,所述部件由至少两个段组成,所述至少两个段通过一个或多个连接元件优选以可动方式彼此连接,其中在第一步中,在铸造模具的铸造空间中铸制铸件,并且
a)所述铸件包括所述连接元件和所述部件的段,或者
b)所述铸件在铸造后被处理,使其包括所述连接元件和所述部件的段,
在第二步中,在所述连接部件处弯曲所述部件,使其沿轴线A达到最大长度L,该最大长度L长于所述铸造空间的最大尺寸M。与仅由单独的段组成的部件相比,通过本发明的方法由多个单独的段但由连接元件连接而组成的部件具有许多优点。对于许多应用领域来说,它常常更容易处理。例如,与由2个分开的段组成的部件相比,具有连接元件可使部件的组装更简单,因为部件可以例如连接方式被结合,因此有时可以省去多种操作,例如施加粘合剂。通过连接元件连接多个段,可以使力在各段之间传递。如果部件通过粘合剂结合方式来实施,这可以用于尤其是改善连接元件区域内各段边缘的附着。连接元件还可用于释放邻接区域的负荷。
连接元件的长度可以用于在两个段之间建立确定的距离,特别地,该距离即使在粘合操作中也不会改变。
由连接元件产生的间隙尤其可用于缆线或导管通过。
连接元件本身以及各段都可具有不同的配置。
在优选实施方案中,连接元件是圆形或椭圆形的。在其他优选实施方案中,连接元件是片状的。连接元件可在各个段的邻接边缘中间连接所述各个段,但它们也可以更靠近各段的一侧。例如,当这些段被粘合剂结合到一个表面时,这可以是优势。如果连接元件直接在结合表面上,它们同样可用粘合剂结合。这样做的好处是,段复合材料对表面具有更容易、更好的粘合剂可结合性。特别是当连接元件是片状形式的,并且这些片状物如此以使其可结合到表面上以及在段之间,这在优选的实施方案中具有优势。举例而言,优势是段复合材料有更好的粘合性,更容易加工,更好的保护结合位点使其免受土壤或水分的渗透。
各段通过本发明的方法按照部件要求进行配置。相对的表面可具有相同的或不同的形式。优选的部件的段有至少一个平坦表面,便于固定在平坦底座上。其他优选实施方案在其表面配置方面与它们的安装位点相匹配。在优选实施方案中,段包括其他配置元素,如孔,例如用于固定、压纹、表面构造等。
该方法的设计是这样的:在部件中,至少两个段通过连接元件彼此结合。然而,该方法也可以设计成该部件也可以由2个以上的段组成,所述段通过连接元件彼此连接。通过连接元件连接的段也被称为段复合材料。
在所述方法的优选实施方案2中,所述方法包括实施方案1或其优选实施方案中任一个的所有特征,铸造模具的铸造空间在三个空间方向上具有最大高度h、最大宽度b和最大深度t,并且所述部件的最大长度L符合以下条件之一:
在所述方法的优选实施方案3中,所述方法包括实施方案2或其优选实施方案中任一个的所有特征,此外,其中深度t不大于宽度b,且宽度b不大于高度h,部件的最大长度L符合以下条件:
在所述方法的优选实施方案4中,所述方法包括实施方案2或其优选实施方案中任一个的所有特征,部件的最大长度L还符合以下条件:
在所述方法的优选实施方案5中,所述方法包括实施方案1或其优选实施方案中任一个的所有特征,并且铸造模具的铸造空间在三个空间方向上具有最大高度h、最大宽度b和最大深度t,并且部件的最大长度L是深度t、宽度b或高度h的至少两倍。
在所述方法的优选实施方案6中,所述方法包括实施方案2或其优选实施方案中任一个的所有特征,此外,其中深度t不大于宽度b,宽度b不大于高度h,部件的最大长度L是高度h的至少两倍。
段复合材料也可以许多倍于上述最大长度,因为通过连接元件连接的2个以上的段是由一个铸件制备的。在这里,通过对多个单独的段的适当配置,也可以制备出所有可能的中间长度的段复合材料。在优选实施方案中,各单独的段和连接元件是统一制备的。段复合材料的长度可用简单的方式来调整,优选通过调整段复合材料中外部的段的长度。这通常是最简单的方式。在优选的实施方案中,特定安装条件可能需要段复合材料的多个段具有不同形状和/或不同长度。
在所述方法的优选实施方案7中,所述方法包括前述实施方案中任一个或其优选实施方案中任一个的所有特征,铸造空间中铸制的铸件已具有段和连接元件。这些段和连接元件优选已与成品部件中的段和连接元件相对应。它们可在未加工的情况下或借助进一步加工操作而呈现出成品部件中的段和连接元件的具体形式。该制备过程的优点是部件已可即时使用,无需再做很多额外的工作。当然,不可能避免惯常处理,如去除铸造边缘或铸造槽。为了实现廉价制备的目的,优选在铸造后进行需要最少额外操作步骤的加工操作。然而,如果有的话,可能有必要在移除的铸件上添加部件的个别配置元素,这些元素只能安装在铸模中,其复杂程度过高。举例而言,此处优选是孔、压纹、缺口或按尺寸切割,或其组合。
在所述方法的优选实施方案8中,所述方法包括前述实施方案1至6中任一个或其优选实施方案中任一个的所有特征,单个段或连接元件,或者多个段和连接元件,是通过将铸件切割成一定尺寸而获得的。这种制备方法的优点是可以节省用于铸造模具的生产成本,而且相较于在铸件具有细小突出部的情况,填充铸造模具的操作可能配置更快。同时,与实施方案7相比,该实施方案自然需要至少一个额外的操作步骤,即,铸件的准备工作。
铸件的准备工作也被称为按尺寸切割。按尺寸切割可以理解为任何方式的准备工作。优选的按尺寸切割方法是用锋利物品(也称为切割工具)进行切割。优选的切割工具是刀、剪子、钳子、锯子、电弧、激光、水射流或压缩空气。各种切割工具可以组合使用。优选的切割工具是水射流。水射流的优点是切割边缘非常干净,因此几乎不会出现材料过热的情况。此外,水射流的使用带来了巨大的成型自由。
根据物品数量和生产成本,实施方案7和实施方案8都可能是有利的。在这两个实施方案中,原则上均可以制备几乎任何形状的段和连接元件,如上所述。
在所述方法的优选实施方案9中,所述方法包括前述实施方案8或其优选实施方案中任一个的所有特征,部件由矩形铸件制备。矩形铸件的优点是可以用非常简单的方式制备,而且在下文所述的部件的优选准备形式中,只产生很少的所用材料浪费。
在所述方法的优选实施方案10中,所述方法包括前述实施方案9或其优选实施方案中任一个的所有特征,准备好矩形铸件,以获得优选的矩形段,优选用水射流切割成一定尺寸,使至少两个段通过至少一个连接元件保持连接。矩形段的形状尤其导致了在由矩形铸件进行的准备工作中的低水平浪费。用于制备矩形段的部分优选与铸件的表面之一平行。
在所述方法的优选实施方案11中,所述方法包括前述实施方案8至10中任一个或其优选实施方案中任一个的所有特征,连接元件从其余的矩形铸件的表面突出。这个突出的连接元件也称为珠状物。原则上,也可以通过准备优选为矩形的铸件来制备该连接元件。可容易地制备从其余的矩形主体突出的连接元件(也称为珠状物),这意味着容易将相应的切割形状纳入铸造模具中,并且具有较高的机械强度。后面的连接元件优选以珠状物形式置于段的侧边缘上——这些段要通过连接元件保持连接。
在所述方法的优选实施方案12中,所述方法包括前述实施方案11或其优选实施方案中任一个的所有特征,至少一个连接元件在与铸件表面成直角的截面上是椭圆形或半圆形的。这样做的好处是,这样的珠状物形状容易制备并且特别稳定。
原则上,该部件可由任何可铸材料组成;优选聚合物。优选实例包括丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)、赛璐珞、橡胶、聚酰胺(PA)、聚乳酸(PLA)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚醚酮(PEK)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚氨酯(PU)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)。优选聚酰胺、聚氨酯和聚苯乙烯。优选聚酰胺、聚氨酯和聚苯乙烯。非常特别优选聚氨酯。这些材料也可以是发泡的。特别优选的发泡材料是微孔聚氨酯。
聚氨酯的制备是已知的;特别是微孔聚氨酯的制备,在例如WO 2009/037207、WO2016/033307或WO 2018/087387中记载。
这里所说的“微孔”是指孔优选具有0.01mm至0.5mm,更优选0.01mm至0.15mm的直径。
微孔聚氨酯更优选具有以下材料特性中的至少一种:按照DIN EN ISO 1183-1A的密度为200至1300kg/m3,优选270至1200kg/m3;按照DIN 53504(按照DIN EN ISO 527)的抗拉强度≥20N/mm2,优选>40N/mm2,更优选20至80N/mm2;按照DIN 53504(按照DIN EN ISO527)的断裂伸长率≥200%,优选≥230%,更优选300%至700%;和/或按照DIN ISO 34-1B(b)的抗撕裂蔓延性(tear propagation resistance)≥6N/mm,优选≥8N/mm,更优选≥10N/mm。在其他优选实施方案中,微孔聚氨酯具有上述材料特性中的两种,更优选三种;特别优选的实施方案具有上述全部四种材料特性。
基于微孔聚氨酯弹性体通常在模具中制备,在该模具中,反应性起始成分被混合,然后相互反应。这里可使用的模具通常是常规模具,例如金属模具,所述模具借助其形状,可确保铸件具有本发明的三维形状。
聚氨酯可以通过众所周知的方法制备,例如通过使用以下起始材料在一阶段或两阶段方法中制备:
(a)异氰酸酯,
(b)对异氰酸酯有反应的化合物,
(c)水
任选地在以下物质的存在下
(d)催化剂,
(e)发泡剂,
(f)助剂和/或添加剂。
微孔聚氨酯的制备有利地在0.85至1.20的NCO/OH比下进行,其中将加热的起始成分混合,并以与所需模制品密度相应的量引入铸造模具中。
铸件在最多60分钟后就已固化。
引入铸造模具的反应混合物的量优选使所得模制品具有已描述的密度。
优选地,将起始成分在15℃至120℃,优选30℃至110℃的温度下引入铸造模具。制备铸件的压实度为1.1至8,优选2至6。
微孔聚氨酯是通过“一步”法,借助于低压方法,或特别是通过反应性注射成型(RIM)技术,在开放的或优选封闭的铸造模具中适当地制备。反应特别是在封闭的铸造模具中伴随压实而进行。举例来说,反应性注射成型技术描述于H.Piechota和H.在“Integralchaumstoffe”[整体泡沫](Carl Hanser-Verlag,慕尼黑,维也纳,1975年);D.J.Prepelka和J.L.Wharton在Journal of Cellular Plastics,1975年3/4月,第87至98页,以及U.Knipp在Journal of Cellular Plastics,1973年3/4月,第76至84页。
所使用的异氰酸酯(a)可以是通常已知的环脂族、脂族和/或芳族多异氰酸酯。特别适用于制备本发明的复合元件的是芳族二异氰酸酯,优选二苯基甲烷2,2'-,2,4'-和/或4,4'-二异氰酸酯(MDI)、萘1,5-二异氰酸酯(NDI)、甲苯2,4-和/或2,6-二异氰酸酯(TDI)、四亚甲基间苯二亚甲基2,4-二异氰酸酯(TMXDI)、3,3'-二甲基二苯基二异氰酸酯、二苯基乙烷1,2-二异氰酸酯、对苯二异氰酸酯(PPDI),和/或(环)脂族异氰酸酯,例如优选六亚甲基1,6-二异氰酸酯(HDI)、二环己基甲烷4,4'-、2,4'-和2,2'-二异氰酸酯(H12 MDI)、1-异氰酸酯-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸酯甲基环己烷,和/或多异氰酸酯,例如多苯多亚甲基多异氰酸酯。异氰酸酯可以以纯化合物形式、以混合物和/或改性形式使用,例如以脲二酮、异氰尿酸酯、脲基甲酸酯或双缩脲的形式,优选以含有尿烷和异氰酸酯基团的反应产物的形式,称为异氰酸酯预聚物。优选使用任选改性的二苯甲烷2,2'-、2,4'-和/或4,4'-二异氰酸酯(MDI)、萘1,5-二异氰酸酯(NDI)、甲苯2,4-和/或2,6-二异氰酸酯(TDI)和/或3,3'-二甲基二苯基二异氰酸酯和/或这些异氰酸酯的混合物。
对异氰酸酯有反应性的化合物(b)具有统计平均值为至少1.8且至多3.0个泽尔维季诺夫(Zerewitinoff)活性氢原子,该数值也称为对异氰酸酯有反应性的化合物(b)的官能度,并表示由一摩尔量的一种分子中理论上计算该分子中对异氰酸酯有反应性的基团的数量。官能度优选为1.8至2.6,更优选为1.9至2.2,特别是2。
特别优选的是聚酯二元醇,优选聚己酸内酯,和/或聚醚多元醇,优选聚醚二元醇,更优选基于环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷和/或环氧丁烷的那些聚醚二醇,优选聚丙二醇。特别优选的聚醚是聚四氢呋喃(PTHF)。
特别优选选自以下的聚酯醇:基于己二酸、琥珀酸、戊二酸、癸二酸或其混合物以及1,2-乙二醇和1,4-丁二醇混合物的共聚物,基于己二酸、琥珀酸、戊二酸、癸二酸或其混合物以及1,4-丁二醇和1,6-己二醇的混合物的共聚物,基于己二酸和3-甲基-1,5-戊二醇和/或聚丁二醇(聚四氢呋喃,PTHF)的聚酯。特别优选基于己二酸和乙烷-1,2-二醇和丁烷-1,4-二醇混合物的共聚酯,或基于己二酸、琥珀酸、戊二酸、癸二酸或其混合物和聚丁二醇(PTHF)的聚酯。
微孔聚氨酯的另一个重要成分是水。水作为发泡剂。它可单独使用或与其他发泡剂一起使用。优选使用水作为唯一的发泡剂。
为了加速反应,在制备预聚物时,以及任选地在预聚物与交联剂组分的反应中,都可以向反应混合物中添加常用催化剂(e)。催化剂(e)可以单独加入,也可以彼此的共混物加入。这些催化剂优选为有机金属化合物,如有机羧酸的锡(II)盐,例如二辛酸锡(II)、二月桂酸锡(II)、二乙酸二丁基锡和二月桂酸二丁基锡,或铋盐,优选羧酸的铋盐;铋优选为2或3氧化态,特别是3氧化态。所用的羧酸优选具有6至14个碳原子的羧酸,更优选具有8至12个碳原子的羧酸。合适的铋盐的例子是新癸酸铋(III)、2-乙基己酸铋和辛酸铋,以及叔胺,如四甲基乙二胺、N-甲基吗啉、二乙基苄胺、三乙胺、二甲基环己胺、二氮杂环辛烷、N,N'-二甲基哌嗪、N-甲基,N'-(4-N-二甲基氨基)丁基哌嗪、N,N,N',N",N"-五甲基二乙二胺等。
其他有用的催化剂包括:脒,例如2,3-二甲基-3,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶,三(二烷基氨基烷基)均六氢三嗪,特别是三(N,N-二甲基氨基丙基)均六氢三嗪,四烷基氢氧化铵,例如四甲基氢氧化铵,碱金属氢氧化物,例如氢氧化钠,和碱金属醇盐,例如甲醇钠和异丙醇钾,以及具有10至20个碳原子和任选地未定数量的OH基的长链脂肪酸的碱金属盐。
根据要建立的反应性,催化剂(e)的用量为0.001重量%至0.5重量%,基于预聚物计。
也可以选择使用聚氨酯生产中惯用的发泡剂(f)。合适的实例包括低沸点液体,这些液体在放热的加聚反应作用下蒸发。合适的液体是那些对有机多异氰酸酯具有惰性且沸点低于100℃的液体。优选使用的这类液体的实例是卤化的,优选氟化的烃类化合物,例如二氯甲烷和二氯一氟甲烷;全氟或部分氟化的烃类化合物,例如三氟甲烷、二氟甲烷、二氟乙烷、四氟乙烷和七氟丙烷;烃类化合物,例如正丁烷和异丁烷、正戊烷和异戊烷以及这些烃类化合物的工业级混合物;丙烷、丙烯、己烷、庚烷、环丁烷、环戊烷和环己烷;二烷基醚,例如二甲醚、二乙醚和呋喃;羧酸酯,例如甲酸甲酯和甲酸乙酯;酮类,例如丙酮,和/或氟化和/或全氟化叔烷基胺,例如全氟二甲基异丙胺。也可以使用这些低沸点液体彼此的混合物和/或这些低沸点液体与其他取代或未取代的烃类化合物的混合物。
在生产这种由包括结合形式的尿素基团的弹性体所组成的多孔弹性模制品时,低沸点液体的最佳用量取决于要达到的预期密度和优选额外使用的水的用量。一般来说,基于组分(b)的重量计,1重量%至15重量%,优选2重量%至11重量%的量,可得到满意的结果。更优选地,仅使用水(d)作为发泡剂。
在本发明的模制品的制备中,可使用助剂(g)。例如,这些助剂包括众所周知的表面活性物质、泡沫稳定剂、孔调节剂、填料、阻燃剂、成核剂、氧化抑制剂、稳定剂、抗微生物剂、润滑和脱模助剂、染料和颜料。
有用的表面活性物质包括,例如,用于促进起始材料的均质化并任选地适用于调节孔结构的化合物。实例包括乳化剂,例如蓖麻油硫酸钠盐或脂肪酸钠盐,和脂肪酸与胺的盐,例如油酸二乙胺、硬脂酸二乙醇胺、蓖麻油酸二乙醇胺,磺酸的盐,例如十二烷基苯磺酸或二萘甲基二磺酸和蓖麻油酸的碱金属盐或铵盐;泡沫稳定剂,如硅氧烷-氧化烯共聚物和其他有机硅氧烷、乙氧基化烷基酚、乙氧基化脂肪醇、石蜡油、蓖麻油酯或蓖麻油酸酯、土耳其红油和花生油,以及孔调节剂,例如石蜡、脂肪醇和二甲基聚硅氧烷。同样适用于改善乳化作用、孔结构和/或其稳定性的是具有聚氧化烯和氟代烷基作为侧基的低聚丙烯酸酯。表面活性物质的用量通常为0.01至5重量份,基于100重量份高分子量聚羟基化合物(b)计。
填料,特别是增强型填料,被理解为指本身已知的常规有机和无机填料、增强剂和增重剂。具体的实例包括:无机填料,如硅质矿物,例如片状硅酸盐,如叶蛇纹石、蛇纹石、角闪石、闪石、温石棉、滑石;金属氧化物,如高岭土、铝氧化物、硅酸铝、钛氧化物和铁氧化物,金属盐,如白垩、重晶石,和无机颜料,如硫化镉、硫化锌,以及玻璃颗粒。有用的有机填料的实例包括:炭黑、三聚氰胺、可膨胀石墨、松香、环戊二烯基树脂和接枝聚合物。
所采用的增强填料优选包括纤维,例如碳纤维或玻璃纤维,特别是当需要高耐热性或非常高的硬度时,在这种情况下,纤维可以和粘附促进剂和/或粘附浆料一起提供。
无机和有机填料可以单独或作为混合物使用,并通常将其以基于形成成分(a)至(c)的重量计,0.5重量%至50重量%,优选1重量%至30重量%的量加入反应混合物中。
合适的阻燃剂是例如,磷酸三甲苯酯、磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯、磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯、磷酸三(1,3-二氯丙基)酯、磷酸三(2,3-二溴丙基)酯和四(2-氯乙基)亚乙基二磷酸酯。
除了已经提到的卤代磷酸盐外,还可用于根据本发明生产的多孔聚氨酯(PU)弹性体的阻燃的物质是无机阻燃剂,如红磷、氧化铝水合物、三氧化二锑、三氧化二砷、聚磷酸铵和硫酸钙,或氰尿酸衍生物,例如蜜胺,或至少两种阻燃剂的混合物,如磷酸铵和蜜胺,以及任选地淀粉和/或可膨胀石墨。一般来说,已发现,每100重量份的形成成分(a)至(c),使用5至50重量份,优选5至25重量份的阻燃剂或上述混合物是合适的。
所使用的成核剂可以是,例如,滑石、氟化钙、苯亚膦酸钠、氧化铝和细粒聚四氟乙烯,其用量为至多5重量%,基于形成成分(a)至(c)的总重量计。
可添加到本发明的多孔PU弹性体中的合适的抗氧化剂和热稳定剂例如包括周期表第一主族金属的卤化物,例如卤化钠、卤化钾、卤化锂,以及任选地结合卤化铜(I),例如氯化物、溴化物或碘化物,立体位阻的酚、对苯二酚,以及这些类的取代化合物和它们的混合物,它们优选以基于形成成分(a)至(c)的重量计不超过1重量%的浓度使用。
水解稳定剂的例子是各种取代的碳二亚胺,如2,2′,6,6′-四异丙基二苯基碳二亚胺或基于1,3-双(1-甲基-1异氰酸酯乙基)苯的碳二亚胺,例如文献DE-A 19821668、DE-A19821666、DE-A 10004328、DE-A 19954500、DE-A 19809634或DE-A 4318979中所述,其用量一般最高达2.0重量%,基于形成成分(a)至(c)的重量计。
润滑剂和脱模剂是硬脂酸、硬脂醇、硬脂酸酯和硬脂酰胺,以及季戊四醇的脂肪酸酯;所述润滑剂和脱模剂一般也是以基于形成成分(a)至(c)的重量计,最高达1%的重量加入。
还可以进一步添加有机染料如苯胺黑,颜料例如二氧化钛、硫化镉、硫硒化镉、酞菁、群青蓝或碳黑。
有关上述其他惯用助剂和添加剂的更多详细内容,可见于技术文献。
在方法的优选实施方案13中,方法包括前述实施方案中的任一个或其优选实施方案中任一个的所有特征,成分由微孔聚氨酯构成。
本发明主题的另一部分以及实施方案14是通过根据前述实施方案1至13中的任一个或其优选实施方案中任一个所述的方法制备的部件。
Claims (13)
1.一种制备部件的方法,所述部件包括由一个或多个连接元件彼此连接的至少两个段,
其中,在第一步中,在铸造模具的铸造空间中铸制铸件,并且
a)所述铸件包括所述连接元件和所述部件的段,或者
b)所述铸件在铸造后被处理,使其包括所述连接元件和所述部件的段,以及
在第二步中,在所述连接元件处弯曲所述部件,使其沿轴线A达到最大长度L,且该最大长度L长于所述铸造空间的最大尺寸M。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述铸造模具的铸造空间在三个空间方向上具有最大高度h、最大宽度b和最大深度t,并且所述部件的最大长度L符合以下条件之一:
或
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述深度t不大于所述宽度b,所述宽度b不大于所述高度h,并且所述部件的最大长度L符合以下条件:
4.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述部件的最大长度L符合以下条件:
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述铸造模具的铸造空间在三个空间方向上具有最大高度h、最大宽度b和最大深度t,并且所述部件的最大长度L是所述最大高度h、所述最大宽度b或所述最大深度t的至少两倍。
6.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述深度t不大于所述宽度b,所述宽度b不大于所述高度h,并且所述部件的最大长度L是所述高度h的至少两倍。
7.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法,其中单个段或连接元件,或者多个段或连接元件,是通过将所述铸件切割成一定尺寸而获得的。
8.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法,其中所述部件由矩形铸件制备。
9.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法,其中将所述矩形铸件切割成一定尺寸以得到矩形段,使得至少两个段通过至少一个连接元件保持连接。
10.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法,其中至少一个连接元件从其余的矩形铸件的表面突出。
11.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法,其中至少一个连接元件在与弯曲平面呈直角的截面上为椭圆形或半圆形的。
12.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法,其中所述部件由微孔聚氨酯组成。
13.由根据权利要求1至12所述的方法制备的部件。
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US1220072A (en) | 1915-11-13 | 1917-03-20 | Louis Cohen | Method of wireless signaling. |
GB1220072A (en) * | 1967-05-03 | 1971-01-20 | Baxenden Chemical Company Ltd | Improvements relating to foamed materials |
DE4318979A1 (de) | 1993-06-08 | 1994-12-15 | Basf Ag | Carbodiimide und/oder oligomere Polycarbodiimide auf Basis von 1,3-Bis-(1-methyl-1-isocyanato-ethyl)-benzol, ein Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und ihre Verwendung als Hydrolysestabilisator |
DE19809634A1 (de) | 1998-03-06 | 1999-09-09 | Basf Ag | Carbodiimide und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
DE19821666A1 (de) | 1998-05-14 | 1999-11-25 | Basf Ag | Carbodiimide auf der Basis von 1,3-Bis-(1-methyl-1-isocyanatoethyl)-benzol |
DE19821668B4 (de) | 1998-05-14 | 2012-03-08 | Basf Se | Carbodiimidgemische auf der Basis von 1,3-Bis-(1-methyl-1-isocyanato-ethyl)-benzol, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung, ihre Verwendung sowie Polyurethanelastomere und ihr Herstellungsverfahren |
DE19954500A1 (de) | 1999-11-11 | 2001-05-17 | Basf Ag | Carbodiimide mit Carboxyl- oder Caboxylatgruppen |
DE10004328A1 (de) | 2000-02-01 | 2001-08-02 | Basf Ag | Carbodiimide |
DE102005008263A1 (de) | 2005-02-22 | 2006-08-24 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von zylindrischen Formkörpern auf der Basis von zelligen Polyurethanelastomeren |
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