CN116268231A - 一种脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉的大口黑鲈饲料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉的大口黑鲈饲料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN116268231A CN116268231A CN202310220059.0A CN202310220059A CN116268231A CN 116268231 A CN116268231 A CN 116268231A CN 202310220059 A CN202310220059 A CN 202310220059A CN 116268231 A CN116268231 A CN 116268231A
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉的大口黑鲈饲料及其制备方法,属于动物饲料技术领域。本发明所述大口黑鲈饲料,包括:鱼粉、脱脂黑水虻虫粉、酪蛋白、面粉、鱼油、大豆油、大豆磷脂、磷酸二氢钙、维生素预混料、矿物质预混料。本发明针对大口黑鲈的营养生理特点,将脱脂黑水虻虫粉替换饲料中的鱼粉,与未替换饲料相比,大口黑鲈肌肉营养与质构、色度等品质,以及鱼体的体色、脂质代谢与肝、肠健康状况等未表现出明显差异。本发明通过建立以黑水虻非粮蛋白源为代表的精准高效利用的技术体系,为我国水产养殖和饲料业的可持续发展提供技术支持。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于动物饲料技术领域,尤其涉及一种脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉的大口黑鲈饲料及其制备方法。
背景技术
随着渔业养殖业的蓬勃发展,对饵料的需求量逐年递增,适合水产动物饲料的优质蛋白源十分短缺,主要为豆粕和鱼粉,而优质蛋白源鱼粉的短缺以及价格的不断高涨已成为全球性问题。因此,新型饵料蛋白原料替代鱼粉可以维持水产养殖业的可持续发展。
大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides),又名加州鲈,是一种生长快、养殖周期短、刺少、易捕捞、适温较广的肉食性鱼类,因其肉质鲜美、营养丰富等特点而受消费者喜爱。
黑水虻(Hermetia illucens),属双翅目水虻科,具有繁殖速度快、抗逆性强、食性广等优点。黑水虻能够将餐厨垃圾高效转化形成高质量的昆虫蛋白。研究发现,黑水虻干虫粉的蛋白质和脂肪含量分别为42%~44%和31%~35%。目前,有关脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉作为大口黑鲈饲料的报道相对较少。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明的目的在于提供一种脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉的大口黑鲈饲料及其制备方法,能达到节约鱼粉使用量、降低饲料成本以及开发新型优质非粮蛋白源的目的。
为了实现上述发明目的,本发明提供了以下技术方案:
本发明提供了一种脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉的大口黑鲈饲料,包括以下重量份的原料:鱼粉385-595份、脱脂黑水虻虫粉105-315份、酪蛋白6-19份、面粉179-197份、鱼油5-15份、大豆油27-32份、大豆磷脂20-40份、磷酸二氢钙10-20份、维生素预混料3-8份、矿物质预混料5-15份。
优选的,所述脱脂黑水虻虫粉的制备方法包括:采用亚临界法对黑水虻虫进行脱脂,粉碎后得到所述脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉。
优选的,所述亚临界的溶剂为丁烷,压力为0.3-5MPa,温度为35-50℃,时间为35-50min。
优选的,所述粉碎的粒径为50-70目。
优选的,所述维生素预混料每千克所含的维生素含量如下:VA 810000IU,VD3198000 IU,VE 4500mg,VK31440 mg,VB1900 mg,VB21350mg,VB6830 mg,VC 13000mg,VB3110 mg,肌醇12000mg。
优选的,矿物质预混料每千克所含的矿物质含量如下:铁12000mg、铜400mg、锌3000mg、锰1500mg、镁60000mg、钴40mg、碘100mg、硒30mg。
本发明还提供了上述大口黑鲈饲料的制备方法,将所述原料混合,调质温度和湿度,进行膨化、制粒,得到所述大口黑鲈饲料。
优选的,所述调质温度为35-50℃,湿度为28%。
优选的,所述膨化的温度为128℃。
优选的,所述制粒后还包括风干;所述风干温度为24-26℃,时间为4h。
相对于现有技术,本发明具有如下有益效果:
本发明提供了一种脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉的大口黑鲈饲料,包括以下重量份的原料:鱼粉385-595份、脱脂黑水虻虫粉105-315份、酪蛋白6-19份、面粉179-197份、鱼油5-15份、大豆油27-32份、大豆磷脂20-40份、磷酸二氢钙10-20份、维生素预混料3-8份、矿物质预混料5-15份。本发明针对大口黑鲈的营养生理特点,将脱脂黑水虻虫粉替换饲料中的鱼粉,与未替换饲料相比,大口黑鲈肌肉营养与质构、色度等品质,以及鱼体的体色、脂质代谢与肝、肠健康状况等未表现出明显差异。本发明通过建立以黑水虻非粮蛋白源为代表的精准高效利用的技术体系,为我国水产养殖和饲料业的可持续发展提供技术支持。
附图说明
图1为大口黑鲈体色测定部位;
图2为大口黑鲈肌肉测定部位与指标选择;
图3为不同饲料对大口黑鲈的肌肉质构品质的影响;
图4为不同饲料对大口黑鲈体表及肌肉亮度与色度的影响;
图5为不同饲料对大口黑鲈肌纤维特性的影响;
图6为不同饲料中的砷、镉及铜三种重金属含量的影响;
图7为不同饲料对大口黑鲈腹腔脂肪组织脂肪细胞面积的影响;上为大口黑鲈腹腔脂肪组织HE染色观察;中为大口黑鲈腹腔脂肪组织的脂肪细胞面积测算;下为大口黑鲈腹腔脂肪组织的脂肪细胞面积的大小分布;
图8为不同饲料对大口黑鲈肝脏组织及细胞形态的影响;
图9为不同饲料对大口黑鲈中肠形态结构的HE染色观察。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了一种脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉的大口黑鲈饲料,包括以下重量份的原料:鱼粉385-595份、脱脂黑水虻虫粉105-315份、酪蛋白6-19份、面粉179-197份、鱼油5-15份、大豆油27-32份、大豆磷脂20-40份、磷酸二氢钙10-20份、维生素预混料3-8份、矿物质预混料5-15份。
本发明饲料中,所述鱼粉能提供给大口黑鲈所需的蛋白;所述脱脂黑水虻虫粉,提供给大口黑鲈所需的蛋白;所述酪蛋白,脱脂黑水虻替代鱼粉后,不足的那部分蛋白质,由酪蛋白补充;所述面粉,给大口黑鲈提供碳水化合物与能量;所述鱼油与大豆油及大豆磷脂,均为大口黑鲈提供必需脂肪酸与能量;所述磷酸二氢钙为大口黑鲈提供磷与钙等常量矿物元素;所述维生素预混料与所述矿物质预混分别为大口黑鲈提供必需的维生素与矿物元素。
在本发明中,所述脱脂黑水虻虫粉的制备方法优选包括:采用亚临界法对黑水虻虫进行脱脂,粉碎后得到所述脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉;所述黑水虻虫为风干的黑水虻虫;所述亚临界的溶剂优选为分析纯丁烷,压力优选为0.3-5MPa,更优选为3MPa,温度优选为35-50℃,更优选为40℃,时间优选为40-50min,更优选为40min;所述粉碎的粒径优选为50-70目,更优选为60目。本发明制备的脱脂黑水虻虫粉利用亚临界溶剂丁烷作为萃取剂,在密闭、无氧、较低压力的容器内,依据有机物相似相溶的原理,通过萃取物料与萃取剂在浸泡过程中的分子扩散过程,达到固体物料中的脂溶性成分转移到液态的萃取剂中,再通过减压蒸发的过程将萃取剂与目标产物分离,最终得到目标产物。
由于本发明亚临界萃取所用溶剂丁烷的沸点在0℃以下,萃取后获得的脱脂黑水虻虫粉的营养成分保存度较高,高于高温蒸煮下的萃取或有机溶剂萃取下的脱脂黑水虻虫粉。同时,亚临界萃取属于非热加工,无氧加工,萃取压力低,有节能措施,运行成本低,无工艺废水污染,具有较好的环保优势。
在本发明中,所述维生素预混料每千克所含的维生素含量优选如下:VA810000IU,VD3198000 IU,VE 4500mg,VK31440 mg,VB1900mg,VB21350 mg,VB6830 mg,VC13000mg,VB3110 mg,肌醇12000mg;矿物质预混料每千克所含的矿物质含量优选如下:铁12000mg、铜400mg、锌3000mg、锰1500mg、镁60000mg、钴40mg、碘100mg、硒30mg。
本发明还提供了上述大口黑鲈饲料的制备方法,将所述原料混合,调质温度和湿度,进行膨化、制粒,得到所述大口黑鲈饲料。
在本发明中,所述调质温度优选为35-50℃,更优选为40℃,湿度优选为25%-40%,更优选为28%;所述膨化的温度优选为105-138℃,更优选为128℃;所述制粒的直径优选为3-6mm,更优选为5mm;所述制粒后还优选包括风干;所述风干温度优选为24-26℃,更优选为25℃,时间优选为10-15h,更优选为12h。本发明采用膨化方法处理原料,得到的膨化饲料可以长时间浮于水面,在投喂饲料时不需要设置投饲台,既能方便鱼的摄食,也便于直接观察鱼的吃食情况并及时调质投喂量,也有利于间接观察鱼类的健康生长情况;本发明制备得到的膨化饲料在水中稳定性好,能避免饲料沉入泥中,从而减轻了饲料中营养成份的溶失和浪费,也降低了水质污染。
下面结合实施例对本发明提供的技术方案进行详细的说明,但是不能把它们理解为对本发明保护范围的限定。
实施例1
脱脂黑水虻虫粉的制备
将风干的黑水虻虫于丁烷溶剂、3MPa、40℃温度条件下进行亚临界脱脂40min,粉碎至60目后,得到所述脱脂黑水虻虫粉。
实施例2
大口黑鲈饲料的制备
准确称量鱼粉595g、实施例1制备的脱脂黑水虻虫粉105g、酪蛋白6g、面粉197g、鱼油10g、大豆油27g、大豆磷脂30g、磷酸二氢钙15g、维生素预混料5g和矿物质预混10g后,混合,调质温度至40℃,湿度为28%,于128℃条件下膨化10min、制粒,于25℃条件下风干12h,得到粒径为5mm的大口黑鲈饲料。
实施例3
具体制备方法与实施例2相同,不同的是原料为:鱼粉490g、实施例1制备的脱脂黑水虻虫粉210g、酪蛋白13g、面粉187g、鱼油10g、大豆油30g、大豆磷脂30g、磷酸二氢钙15g、维生素预混料5g和矿物质预混10g。
实施例4
具体制备方法与实施例2相同,不同的是原料为:鱼粉385g、实施例1制备的脱脂黑水虻虫粉315g、酪蛋白19g、面粉179g、鱼油10g、大豆油32g、大豆磷脂30g、磷酸二氢钙15g、维生素预混料5g和矿物质预混10g。
对比例1
商品饲料,来自四川通威股份有限公司加州鲈膨化颗粒饲料。
对比例2
冰鲜鱼。
对比例3
具体制备方法与实施例2相同,不同的是原料为:鱼粉700g、面粉205g、鱼油10g、大豆油25g、大豆磷脂30g、磷酸二氢钙15g、维生素预混料5g和矿物质预混10g。
对比例4
具体制备方法与实施例2相同,不同的是原料为:鱼粉175g、实施例1制备的脱脂黑水虻虫粉525g、酪蛋白32g、面粉162g、鱼油10g、大豆油36g、大豆磷脂30g、磷酸二氢钙15g、维生素预混料5g和矿物质预混10g。
对比例5
具体制备方法与实施例2相同,不同的是原料为:实施例1制备的脱脂黑水虻虫粉700g、酪蛋白43g、面粉147g、鱼油10g、大豆油40g、大豆磷脂30g、磷酸二氢钙15g、维生素预混料5g和矿物质预混10g。
实验例1-2中的CD为对比例1;FM为对比例2;R0为对比例3;R15为实施例2;R30为实施例3;R45为实施例4;R75为对比例4;R100为对比例5。
实验例1
不同饲料对大口黑鲈生长性能及肌肉品质的影响
1、检测实施例2-4、对比例1-5各种饲料的粗蛋白、粗脂肪和氨基酸组成,采用全自动氨基酸分析仪对各处理饲料进行氨基酸组成和含量进行测定:按标准方法(AOAC,2005)分析饲料的营养成分。将样品放置在105℃电热恒温干燥箱中烘干至恒重以测定水分。粗蛋白含量通过凯氏定氮法(Kjeltec 2300,FOSS,Sweden)测定。粗脂肪测定采用索氏抽提法(Soxtec 2050,FOSS,Sweden)测定。粗灰分测定采用马弗炉灼烧法(GB/T5009.4—2016)。具体结果见表1和表2。
表1实施例2-4、对比例1-5饲料配方及其常规营养成分(g/kg)
注:R0,R15,R30,R45,R75,R100:脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉的百分率分别为0,15,30,45,75,100(%)
表2实施例2-4、对比例1-5饲料的氨基酸组成(g/100g风干物质基础)
2、饲养管理
在陕西省安康市汉滨区双龙镇青山村向北100米的岚河流水网箱中进行养殖试验,试验为期90天,试验鱼从陕西省安康市汉滨区某养殖场购买。将试验鱼暂养于网箱2周,驯食。正式试验之前,禁食24h,挑选规格相近的大口黑鲈408尾(138.26±12.01g/尾)随机分于24个网箱(1m×1m×3m)中,分为8组,分别饲喂实施例2-4、对比例1-5各种饲料,每组3个重复,每个重复17尾鱼。
试验期间,每天投喂饲料两次(6:00和18:00),直至大口黑鲈饱食为止。每次投喂30min后用手操网捞出漂浮于水面的残饵,烘干后测其重量并记录。实验期间,水温24~27℃,pH值7.8~8.0,盐度27~29,溶解氧>5㎎/L,氨氮浓度<0.05㎎/L。
3、大口黑鲈生长与生物学性状的检测
养殖试验结束时,禁食24h,对每组存活鱼的数量进行计数,然后用手操网将鱼捞出并随即以丁香酚(30mg.kg-1)进行麻醉。在鱼体麻醉状态下测其体重与体长并测其背部、侧线部及腹部体色。解剖鱼体,取出其内脏团并称重,再分离其中的肝脏、肠道,分别称其重量并测量肠长。剥去鱼皮,检测鱼体背部肌肉的色度,同时剖取背肌1×1×1㎝用于肌肉质构与肌肉剪切力值等指标测定。再分别取1-2g肌肉与肝脏与腹腔脂肪,分别于液氮及4%甲醛溶液中保存备用。
各参数计算公式如下:
增重率(WGR,%)=(终末均重-初始均重)/初始均重×100;
存活率(SR,%)=终末尾数/初始尾数×100;
饲料系数(FER)=(终末体重+死亡体重-初始体重)/投饲饲料总量;
肥满度(CF,g/cm3)=体重/体长3×100;
脏体指数(VSI,%)=内脏重/体重×100;
肝体指数(HSI,%)=肝脏重/体重×100;
腹脂率(AFR,%)=腹脂重/体重×100%;
含肉率/%=(鱼体总重-去鳃鳞鳍内脏骨的质量/鱼体总质量)×100%。
数据统计与分析
实验数据均以平均值+标准差(mean+SE)表示,采用SPSS22.0软件进行方差性检验和单因素分析(One-WayANOVA),若达到显著水平,若达到显著水平,进行Tukey氏多重比较,P<0.05为差异显著。
不同饲料对大口黑鲈生长与生物学性状的结果如表3所示。
表3不同饲料对大口黑鲈生长与生物学性状的影响
由表3可知,随脱脂黑水虻替代鱼粉水平的上升,大口黑鲈末尾均重呈下降趋势;与R0组相比,R75组终末尾均重显著降低(P<0.05),R15、R30、R45、R100组终末尾均重与R0组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。同样,脱脂黑水虻替代鱼粉水平的上升,大口黑鲈增重率下降、饲料系数上升、蛋白质效率下降,但与RO相比,各组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料投喂量、成活率、肥满度、脏体指数、肝体指数、腹脂率以及含肉率在6组中均无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,采用本发明的技术方案,对大口黑鲈生长与生物学性状无消极作用,可以替代现有技术中以鱼粉为主要蛋白质来源的饲料。
4、对大口黑鲈肌肉物理特性的检测
采用质构分析仪的TPA(texture profile analysis)模式测肌肉物理特性。在TPA探头初始速度2mm/s,测试速度1mm/s,测试后速度5mm/s,50%形变量测试模式及促发力为5.0g条件下,分别测得肌肉硬度、粘附性、内聚性、弹性、胶黏性、咀嚼性等肌肉质构指标。
采用重量法测肌肉离心失水率。称取鱼肉2.0g,用滤纸筒包好,4000r/min离心15min后,称重,以前后质量的减少量计算离心失水率。计算公式如下:离心失水率%=(离心前重量-离心后重量)/离心前重量×100%。
采用重量法测肌肉蒸煮损失率。将切好的肌肉块称重并装入塑料袋,连袋一起放入80℃水浴锅中蒸汽加热1h,然后取出肉块,用吸水纸吸干肉样表面水分,再次称重,通过两次肉块重量的变化来计算蒸煮损失率。计算公式如下:蒸煮损失率%=(蒸煮前重量-蒸煮后重量)/蒸煮前重量×100%。不同饲料饲喂下大口黑鲈肌肉物理特性的检测结果如表4和图3所示。
表4不同饲料对大口黑鲈肌肉物理特性的影响
由表4和图3可知,在大口黑鲈肌肉物理特性指标中,R75组硬度显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),R100组硬度显著低于R0组(P<0.05);R0、R30、R75、R100Z组内聚性显著高于R45组(P<0.05);R0、R15、R30、R75组弹性无显著性差异(P>0.05),R75组肌肉弹性显著高于R100组(P<0.05);R75组咀嚼性显著高于R0、R45以及R100组(P<0.05);R45、R75组剪切力无显著差异(P>0.05),R45组剪切力显著高于R0、R15、R30以及R100组(P<0.05);R75组离心失水率最低,与R0组无显著性差异(P>0.05);黏附性、胶黏性、pH值、蒸煮损失率在各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,采用本发明的技术方案,在肌肉物理特性方面能保持和原饲料相同水平,可以替代现有技术中以鱼粉为主要蛋白质来源的饲料。
5、鱼体肌肉常规营养成分与氨基酸组成与含量测定
采用AOAC(Association of Official Agricultural Chemists;美国官方分析化学师协会)标准检测法检测肌肉常规营养成分,并用全自动氨基酸分析仪对各处理大口黑鲈背部肌肉进行氨基酸组成和含量的测定,具体结果见表5和表6。
表5不同饲料对大口黑鲈肌肉常规营养成分的影响(%,鲜基)
由表5可知,在肌肉常规成分指标中,R30与R45组肌肉粗蛋白含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),其中R45组粗蛋白含量最低;R75组肌肉粗脂肪含量显著低于R0组(P<0.05)。
表6不同饲料对大口黑鲈肌肉氨基酸含量的影响(g/100g,新鲜肌肉)
注:必需氨基酸=苏氨酸+缬氨酸+蛋氨酸+异亮氨酸+亮氨酸+苯丙氨酸+赖氨酸+精氨酸+组氨酸+色氨酸;非必需氨基酸=天冬氨酸+谷氨酸+甘氨酸+丙氨酸+酪氨酸+胱氨酸+丝氨酸+脯氨酸;呈味氨基酸=谷氨酸+天冬氨酸+苯丙氨酸+丙氨酸+甘氨酸+酪氨酸;*代表羟脯氨酸含量是用南京建成试剂盒测得的数据。
由表6可知,R75组天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸均是6组中最高值;甘氨酸、丙氨酸、胱氨酸、组氨酸、脯氨酸在各组中无显著差异(P>0.05)。R30组羟脯氨酸含量显著高于R0和R75组(P<0.05),R0、R15、R45、R75与R100组羟脯氨酸含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,采用本发明的技术方案,在肌肉常规成分、氨基酸含量方面能保持和原饲料相同水平,可以替代现有技术中以鱼粉为主要蛋白质来源的饲料。
6、大口黑鲈体色及背部肌肉色度的测定
拭干鱼体表面水分后,用3nh分光测色仪(NS800,三恩时科技有限公司,中国深圳)分别测定鱼体背部、侧线部和腹部的色度,每个部位重复测定三次,取平均值为其色度值。剖去鱼皮,露出大口黑鲈背部肌肉部,以同样的方法,测肌肉色度。以国际照明委员会推荐使用的LAB表色系统,其色度值结果分别用L*、a*和b*表示其亮度、红度与黄度。具体结果如表7和图4所示。
表7不同饲料对大口黑鲈背部、侧线部、腹部体表色度及肌肉色度的影响
由表7和图4可知,脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈背部、侧线部、腹部以及肌肉色度的L*(亮度)、a*(红/绿色度)以及b*(黄/蓝色度)值无显著性影响(P>0.05)。脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈背肌肉色L*(亮度)和a*(红/绿色度)无显著影响(P>0.05),R45和R100组的b*(黄/蓝色度)值显著低于R0组(P<0.05),R0、R15、R30、R75组b*(黄/蓝色度)值无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,采用本发明的技术方案,在肌肉色度方面能保持和原饲料相同水平,可以替代现有技术中以鱼粉为主要蛋白质来源的饲料。
7、大口黑鲈肌肉组织形态的测定
将固定液中保存的鱼体背部肌肉块取出,用梯度浓度的酒精脱水后,包埋于石蜡中。将石蜡进行切片并进行HE染色与观察。用数码相机在显微镜(NikonNi-U,Japan)对切片进行图像采集,以观察肌纤维结构特征,具体结果见图5。
由图5可知,单位视野下R45与其它组相比,表现出有更少的肌纤维束。但总体来看,大口黑鲈肌肉肌纤维束在各组间无显著差异。
8、大口黑鲈肌肉砷、镉及铜三种重金属含量的测定
《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB2762—2017)规定,鱼类等水产动物总砷含量不得检测,无机砷含量应≦0.1mg/kg,同时要求,鱼类等水产动物镉含量应≦0.1mg/kg的标准与要求。GB15199-94《食品中铜限量卫生标准》食品中铜的含量应≤10mg/kg。
按照GB 5009.11-2014检测大口黑鲈肌肉中砷含量,按照GB 5009.15-2014检测大口黑鲈肌肉中镉含量,按照GB 5009.13-2017检测大口黑鲈肌肉中铜含量。具体结果见表8和图6。
表8不同饲料对大口黑鲈肌肉砷、镉、铜三种重金属含量的影响(鲜基,mg/kg)
表8和图6显示,脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉后,饲料中的砷、铜含量显上升趋势,饲料镉含量呈下降趋势,其中饲料砷0.04~0.54mg/kg,饲料镉0.04~0.54mg/kg,饲料铜1~35.2mg/kg。
在大口黑鲈肌肉中,砷、镉含量均为零,铜含量范围为0.18~0.25mg/kg,铜的平均含量为0.75mg/kg。由此可以看出,采用本发明饲料的大口黑鲈肌肉砷、镉与铜含量均符合以上食品与卫生限量要求,因此,通过本试验饲料饲养出的大口黑鲈既安全也卫生。
实验例2
不同饲料对大口黑鲈脂质代谢及健康的影响
1、大口黑鲈腹腔脂肪组织细胞面积的检测
将固定于多聚甲醛溶液的腹腔脂肪组织取出,然后进行不同浓度的酒精进行脱水并以石蜡包埋,再制作组织切片并经苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,光学显微镜观察并拍照,应用Image J软件根据脂肪细胞轮廓,检测每个脂肪细胞面积,最后取平均值。
具体结果见图7。
图7显示,随着脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉的水平上升,大口黑鲈腹腔脂肪组织的脂肪细胞面积呈现先下降后上升趋势,同时显示出R45比其它各组脂肪细胞面积更小的趋势,但统计学显示,脂肪细胞面积在各组间均无显著差异。
2、大口黑鲈肝脏组织细胞形态的检测
将固定于4%多聚甲醛溶液的大口黑鲈肝脏组织取出,然后将组织经不同浓度酒精梯度脱水并进行石蜡包埋,将石蜡中的组织进行切片并进行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色。将染好色的组织切片于光学显微镜下进行图片采集并观察。
具体结果见图8。
由图8可知,各试验组大口黑鲈肝细胞排列紧密,细胞核和细胞膜界限清晰,未见明显肝细胞肿胀等不良细胞现象,各组间无显著差异。
3、大口黑鲈肠道组织形态结构的检测
将固定于4%多聚甲醛溶液中的大口黑鲈中肠组织取出,然后用梯度浓度的酒精脱水后进行石蜡包埋,将样品进行切片并经苏木精-伊红(HE)染色。将染色后的切片于光学显微镜观察拍照。
具体结果见图9。
由图9可知,各组大口黑鲈肠道黏膜组织清晰,肠绒毛结构完整、高度一致、排列有序,肠绒毛异常病理现象,各组间无显著差异。
综上所述,随脱脂虻虫粉替代水平的增加,大口黑鲈的生长与饲料效率下降,且在75-100%替代水平下下降较明显;随脱脂虻虫粉替代水平的增加,大口黑鲈肌肉营养与质构、色度等品质,以及鱼体的体色、脂质代谢与肝、肠健康状况等未表现出明显差异;结合大口黑鲈生长情况,建议虻虫粉替代鱼粉以低于75%为宜。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉的大口黑鲈饲料,其特征在于,包括以下重量份的原料:鱼粉385-595份、脱脂黑水虻虫粉105-315份、酪蛋白6-19份、面粉179-197份、鱼油5-15份、大豆油27-32份、大豆磷脂20-40份、磷酸二氢钙10-20份、维生素预混料3-8份、矿物质预混料5-15份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的大口黑鲈饲料,其特征在于,所述脱脂黑水虻虫粉的制备方法包括:采用亚临界法对黑水虻虫进行脱脂,粉碎后得到所述脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉。
3.根据权利要求2所述的大口黑鲈饲料,其特征在于,所述亚临界的溶剂为丁烷,压力为0.3-5MPa,温度为35-50℃,时间为35-50min。
4.根据权利要求2所述的大口黑鲈饲料,其特征在于,所述粉碎的粒径为50-70目。
5.根据权利要求1所述的大口黑鲈饲料,其特征在于,所述维生素预混料每千克所含的维生素含量如下:VA810000IU,VD3198000IU,VE4500mg,VK31440mg,VB1900mg,VB21350mg,VB6830mg,VC13000mg,VB3110mg,肌醇12000mg。
6.根据权利要求1所述的大口黑鲈饲料,其特征在于,矿物质预混料每千克所含的矿物质含量如下:铁12000mg、铜400mg、锌3000mg、锰1500mg、镁60000mg、钴40mg、碘100mg、硒30mg。
7.权利要求1-6任意一项所述的大口黑鲈饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,将所述原料混合,调质温度和湿度,进行膨化、制粒,得到所述大口黑鲈饲料。
8.根据权利要求7所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述调质温度为35-50℃,湿度为25%-40%。
9.根据权利要求7所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述膨化的温度为105-138℃。
10.根据权利要求7所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制粒后还包括风干;所述风干温度为24-26℃,时间为10-15h。
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CN115606714A (zh) * | 2022-09-27 | 2023-01-17 | 西北农林科技大学 | 一种提高大口黑鲈肌肉品质的小球藻鲈鱼饲料的制备方法 |
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