CN116083608A - 一种鉴定肺炎克雷伯菌并检测其耐药性及毒力的试剂盒及方法 - Google Patents
一种鉴定肺炎克雷伯菌并检测其耐药性及毒力的试剂盒及方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种鉴定肺炎克雷伯菌并检测其耐药性和毒力的试剂盒,包括检测如下目标片段的试剂:肺炎克雷伯菌特异片段、KPC酶基因保守片段、NDM酶基因保守片段和pLVPK‑like质粒片段。本发明还提供了使用前述试剂盒检测的分子诊断技术,对于任意临床分离菌株,能在2.5小时内明确其是否为肺炎克雷伯菌、是否对碳青霉烯耐药、携带耐药基因类型及是否为高毒力菌株,灵敏性好,特异度高,应用前景广阔。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于微生物鉴定领域,具体涉及一种鉴定肺炎克雷伯菌并检测其耐药性及毒力的试剂盒及方法。
背景技术
肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumonia,KP),属肠杆菌科克雷伯氏菌属,为革兰氏染色阴性的粗短杆菌。单个或呈短链,不运动,有明显荚膜。肺炎克雷伯菌对外界抵抗力强,对多数抗生素易产生耐药性,是革兰阴性肠杆科细菌的一类重要细菌,广泛存在于动物黏膜表面以及土壤、水等环境中;在人体内,肺炎克雷伯菌主要定植于消化道,仅少量定植于鼻咽部。肺炎克雷伯菌在国内国外均是重要的条件致病菌和医源性感染菌。
中国细菌耐药监测网(CHINET,https://www.chinets.com/Data/GermYear)的数据显示,临床肺炎克雷伯菌株分离率逐年上升,目前仍高居不下,2021年CHINET细菌监测结果显示,301917株临床分离菌株中肺炎克雷伯菌分离率14.12%,仅次于大肠埃希菌18.96%。随着碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的临床广泛使用,碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌(Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia,CRKP)菌株临床分离率的不断攀升。临床肺炎克雷伯菌分离株对美罗培南、亚胺培南的耐药率分别从2005年的2.9%和3.0%上升到了2021年的24.4%和23.1%,上升幅度8倍左右,且在近5年持续高位滞留。肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯的主要耐药机制是产碳青霉烯酶,最常见类型为KPC酶,少量菌株同时产NDM酶。目前临床上对CRKP所致感染常选用头孢他啶/阿维巴坦进行治疗,但其对产NDM酶CRKP无效,可导致治疗失败。氨曲南可抑制NDM酶的活性,其与头孢他啶/阿维巴坦连用可用于产NDM酶CRKP所致感染。由此,明确肺炎克雷伯菌是否对碳青霉烯耐药,并确定耐药基因类型十分重要。
由于携带碳青霉烯酶基因的耐药质粒和毒力质粒的不断进化,碳青霉烯耐药的高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌株(Carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae,CRhvKP)的报道也越来越多。由于同时存在高毒力和碳青霉烯耐药,CRhvKP通常导致难治性的致死性的感染,甚至被称为新一代“超级细菌”,给临床治疗和医院感染防控带来极大挑战。CRhvKP虽然近几年才出现,但传播能力强,且导致的病死率远高于CRKP所致感染。CRhvKP是一种真正的超级细菌,具有高传染性、高抗性和高毒性,对人类健康构成严重威胁。
因此,做好肺炎克雷伯菌的监测工作,准确判断并早期识别肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性及毒力,针对不同表型的肺炎克雷伯菌启动适宜的治疗措施和医院感染防控措施,对减少患者死亡和减少高风险肺炎克雷伯菌株(CRKP和CRhvKP)的院内传播具有重要意义。
然而,目前临床检验科微生物实验室通常先使用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)进行菌种鉴定,然后通过药敏实验判断菌株的耐药性,最后通过血平板拉丝实验进行毒力判定,一般报告时间超过96h。并且,通过血平板拉丝实验进行毒力判定十分粗糙且准确度低。因此,为做好医院肺炎克雷伯菌监测工作,积极应对CRKP和CRhvKP带来的严峻临床挑战和医院感染防控压力,抢先对患者进行积极救治,及时调整医院感染防控措施,急需开发一种快速准确监测肺炎克雷伯菌的分子诊断技术。
研究发现,肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药的主要耐药机制是产碳青霉烯酶,最常见类型为KPC酶,少量菌株产NDM酶,但KPC酶基因和NDM酶基因存在多种变体。同时,研究还发现了诸多与肺炎克雷伯菌毒力相关的高毒力基因,如rmpA、kfu、aerobactin、iroN、entB、ybtS、fimH、mrkD、allS、rmpA2、iucA,以及高毒力质粒pLVPK-like。因此,通过对相关基因的PCR分析检测,是构建肺炎克雷伯菌的分子诊断技术的潜在途径。然而,如何恰当地选择靶基因以及靶基因区域,合理设计引物,实现灵敏、准确的肺炎克雷伯菌鉴定和耐药性与毒力的判断,还有待进一步探索。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种快速准确监测肺炎克雷伯菌的分子诊断技术,准确判断并早期识别肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性及毒力,以期做好肺炎克雷伯菌的监测工作并指导临床用药。
本发明提供了一种鉴定肺炎克雷伯菌并检测其耐药性和毒力的试剂盒,包括检测如下目标片段的试剂:肺炎克雷伯菌特异片段、KPC酶基因保守片段、NDM酶基因保守片段和pLVPK-like质粒片段。
进一步地,上述试剂是多重PCR用试剂。
更进一步地,上述多重PCR用试剂包括扩增所述目标片段的引物。
更进一步地,上述检测肺炎克雷伯菌特异片段的引物序列如SEQ ID NO.1和SEQID NO.2所示;
和/或检测KPC酶基因保守片段的引物序列如SEQ ID NO.3和SEQ ID NO.4所示;
和/或检测NDM酶基因保守片段的序列如SEQ ID NO.5和SEQ ID NO.6所示;
和/或检测pLVPK-like质粒片段的引物序列如SEQ ID NO.7和SEQ ID NO.8所示。
进一步地,上述的试剂盒还包括多重PCR缓冲液、多重PCR混合酶、双蒸水。
本发明还提供了一种鉴定肺炎克雷伯菌并检测其耐药性和毒力的方法,包括使用上述的试剂盒检测待测菌株的步骤。
进一步地,上述检测目标片段的试剂是多重PCR用试剂,包括如下步骤:
(1)将多重PCR用试剂与待测菌株混合;
(2)进行PCR扩增反应,得到PCR扩增产物;
(3)对PCR扩增产物进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳。
更进一步地,上述步骤(2)所述PCR扩增反应条件为:
预变性:90~95℃,8~15min;
扩增循环25~35个循环,包括:变性:90~95℃,25~35s;退火:55~65℃,40~50s;延伸:70~75℃,40~50s;
最后延伸:70~75℃,3~8min。
进一步地,上述方法还包括根据琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果对待测菌株的种类、耐药性和毒力进行判读的步骤。
更进一步地,琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果出现748bp的片段,判定待测菌株为肺炎克雷伯菌;
琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果出现375bp的片段,判定菌株为携带KPC碳青霉烯酶基因的耐药菌株;
琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果出现578bp的片段,判定菌株为携带NDM碳青霉烯酶基因的耐药菌株;
琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果出现212bp的片段,判定菌株为携带pLVPK-like高毒力质粒的高毒力菌株。
本发明的有益效果:本发明提供了一种判断菌株是否为肺炎克雷伯菌,并同时判断菌株耐药性、菌株耐药基因类型及菌株毒力的试剂盒及使用该试剂盒检测的分子诊断技术。本发明试剂盒对特定的基因片段进行PCR扩增和分析,对于任意临床分离菌株,能在2.5小时内明确其是否为肺炎克雷伯菌、是否对碳青霉烯耐药、携带耐药基因类型及是否为高毒力菌株,灵敏性好,特异度高,应用前景广阔。
显然,根据本发明的上述内容,按照本领域的普通技术知识和惯用手段,在不脱离本发明上述基本技术思想前提下,还可以做出其它多种形式的修改、替换或变更。
以下通过实施例形式的具体实施方式,对本发明的上述内容再作进一步的详细说明。但不应将此理解为本发明上述主题的范围仅限于以下的实例。凡基于本发明上述内容所实现的技术均属于本发明的范围。
附图说明
图1为待测定菌株电泳结果(1.阳性对照,2.CRhvKP 7288,3.CRKP 090299,4.CSKP3314,5.CRKP 090300,6.CRKP 140076,7.CRhvKP 6987,8.金黄色葡萄球菌6320,9.粪肠球菌4907,10.屎肠球菌6745,11.鲍曼不动杆菌8389,12.铜绿假单胞菌5543,13.阴沟肠杆菌7482,14.大肠埃希菌7898,15.黏质沙雷菌9021,16.奇异变形杆菌6202,17.洋葱伯克霍尔德菌6563,18.阴性对照)。
具体实施方式
本发明所用原料与设备均为已知产品,通过购买市售产品所得。
实施例1、肺炎克雷伯菌鉴定、耐药性及毒力的快速分子诊断技术实施流程
1.用无菌枪头吸取100μ1无菌双蒸水于1.5ml EP管,使用无菌接种环挑取临床分离菌株于EP管中,充分重悬混匀,制得待测定菌株菌悬液。
2.菌落PCR基因扩增
使用表1中的引物进行基因扩增,PCR扩增体系及PCR反应条件如下。
表1
(1)PCR扩增体系(25μ1)
1.TaKaRa,Multiplex PCR Assay Kit Ver.2;2.引物KPF/KPR、KPCF/KPCR、NDMF/NDMR和pLVPKF/pLVPKR进行1:1:1:1混合。所有试剂耗材都可以通过商业途径获得。
(2)PCR反应条件
3.PCR产物琼脂糖凝胶电泳
用电子秤称取2g琼脂糖,加入到200ml锥形瓶中,再向瓶中加入100ml含有0.5mg/LTris-硼酸电泳缓冲液(0.5×TBE)。将锥形瓶置于微波炉加热至琼脂糖完全熔化,室温自然冷却至60℃左右,加入10μl TS-GelRed核酸凝胶染料摇晃混匀。根据样本数量选取电泳模具,将清洁槽子放入模具中,插好梳子,将混匀的2%琼脂糖凝胶倒入模具中,冷却30分钟,待琼脂糖凝胶完全凝固后小心拔出梳子,将凝胶放入电泳槽中。
用移液枪吸取5μl PCR产物加入点样孔,同时吸取5μl 100bp DNA Ladder加入点样孔为标志。接通电泳仪电源,在0.5×TBE缓冲液完全浸泡下,电压选择180V,电泳时间25min。电泳结束后,关闭电泳仪电源,取出凝胶,在凝胶成像仪下观察电泳结果并采集图片保存。
4.结果判读
参照表2,对待测定菌株进行判读。
表2
1.菌株为肺炎克雷伯菌;2.菌株携带KPC碳青霉烯酶;3.菌株携带NDM碳青霉烯酶;4.菌株同时携带KPC和NDM碳青霉烯酶;5.菌株携带pLVPK-like高毒力质粒;6.菌株携带KPC碳青霉烯酶和pLVPK-like高毒力质粒;7.菌株携带NDM碳青霉烯酶和pLVPK-like高毒力质粒;8.菌株携带KPC碳青霉烯酶、NDM碳青霉烯酶和pLVPK-like高毒力质粒。
对比例1
参照实施例1的方法,仅将以pLVPK-like质粒特异片段为目标片段的引物替换为以iucA基因片段为目标片段的引物,如下:
正向引物:incAF(SEQ ID NO.9):CGACAATCAATGGCTATTCC
反向引物:incAR(SEQ ID NO.10):ATTCCACGCTTCACTTCTT
其余方法步骤不变。
对比例2
参照实施例1的方法,不加入以pLVPK-like质粒特异片段为目标片段的引物,其余方法步骤不变。
采用拉丝实验鉴定菌株毒力,方法如下:用无菌接种环,轻轻沾染待测定菌株进行拉丝实验,如拉丝大于5mm,判定为拉丝实验阳性。
对比例3
参照实施例1的方法,仅将以KPC酶/NDM酶基因保守片段为目标片段的引物替换为以KPC酶/NDM酶基因非保守片段为目标片段的引物,如下:
KPC酶基因:
正向引物:KPC1F(SEQ ID NO.11):TGTTGCTGAAGGAGTTGG
反向引物:KPC1R(SEQ ID NO.12):GACGACGGCATAGTCATT
NDM酶基因:
正向引物:NDM1F(SEQ ID NO.13):ACTGGATCAAGCAGGAGAT
反向引物:NDM1R(SEQ ID NO.14):AAACGCCTCTGTCACATC
其余方法步骤不变。
对比例4
参照实施例1的方法,将以KPC酶/NDM酶基因保守片段为目标片段的引物替换为以KPC酶/NDM酶基因非保守片段为目标片段的引物,如下:
KPC酶基因:
正向引物:KPC1F(SEQ ID NO.11):TGTTGCTGAAGGAGTTGG
反向引物:KPC1R(SEQ ID NO.12):GACGACGGCATAGTCATT
NDM酶基因:
正向引物:NDM1F(SEQ ID NO.13):ACTGGATCAAGCAGGAGAT
反向引物:NDM1R(SEQ ID NO.14):AAACGCCTCTGTCACATC
将以pLVPK-like质粒特异片段为目标片段的引物替换为以iucA基因片段为目标片段的引物,如下:
正向引物:incAF(SEQ ID NO.9):CGACAATCAATGGCTATTCC
反向引物:incAR(SEQ ID NO.10):ATTCCACGCTTCACTTCTT
其余方法步骤不变。
对比例5
参照实施例1的方法,将以KPC酶/NDM酶基因保守片段为目标片段的引物替换为以KPC酶/NDM酶基因非保守片段为目标片段的引物,如下:
KPC酶基因:
正向引物:KPC1F(SEQ ID NO.11):TGTTGCTGAAGGAGTTGG
反向引物:KPC1R(SEQ ID NO.12):GACGACGGCATAGTCATT
NDM酶基因:
正向引物:NDM1F(SEQ ID NO.13):ACTGGATCAAGCAGGAGAT
反向引物:NDM1R(SEQ ID NO.14):AAACGCCTCTGTCACATC
不加入以pLVPK-like质粒特异片段为目标片段的引物,其余方法步骤不变。采用拉丝实验鉴定菌株毒力,方法参照对比例2。
以下通过实验例证明本发明的有益效果。
实验例1、肺炎克雷伯菌鉴定、耐药性及毒力的快速分子诊断技术应用
1.根据2021年CHINET细菌监测结果,临床分离菌株主要菌种为金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、黏质沙雷菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、奇异变形杆菌和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌。选取临床样本(脑脊液、胸水、腹水、血液、脓肿穿刺液、痰液、肺泡灌洗液、尿液等)分离的金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌、黏质沙雷菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、奇异变形杆菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、碳青霉烯敏感肺炎克雷伯菌、碳青霉烯耐药肺炎克雷伯菌和碳青霉烯耐药高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌菌株为待测定菌株,所有待测定菌株通过基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)进行菌种确定。将待测定菌株中的肺炎克雷伯菌菌株,采用微量肉汤稀释法进行碳青霉烯药物敏感性测定,使用Illumina HiSeq X10测序平台进行全基因组测序,然后将测序结果进行拼接和注释,明确待测定肺炎克雷伯菌菌株耐药基因类型及毒力情况。
2.使用本专利所述快速分子诊断技术对待测定菌株进行判定,判定内容包括是否为肺炎克雷伯菌、是否对碳青霉烯耐药、携带碳青霉烯耐药基因类型及是否为高毒力菌株。
3.结果:金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌、黏质沙雷菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、奇异变形杆菌和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌在748bp附近无条带产生,判定为非肺炎克雷伯菌;肺炎克雷伯菌3314仅在748bp附近产生条带,判定为碳青霉烯敏感肺炎克雷伯菌;肺炎克雷伯菌090300在748bp和375bp附近均产生条带,判定为产KPC酶的碳青霉烯耐药肺炎克雷伯菌;肺炎克雷伯菌090299和140076在748bp、375bp和578bp附近均产生条带,判定为产KPC和NDM酶的碳青霉烯耐药肺炎克雷伯菌;肺炎克雷伯菌6987和7288在748bp、375bp和212bp附近均产生条带,判定为产KPC酶且携带高毒力质粒的碳青霉烯耐药高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌。具体见表3和图1
表3待测定菌株判断结果
从结果可见:对于任意临床分离菌株,使用本发明实施例1的快速分子诊断技术,能在2.5小时内准确判定菌株是否为肺炎克雷伯菌、是否对碳青霉烯耐药、携带的碳青霉烯耐药基因类型及是否为高毒力菌株。
实验例2、肺炎克雷伯菌鉴定、耐药性及毒力的快速分子诊断技术灵敏度和特异度试验
收集脑脊液、胸水、腹水、血液、脓肿穿刺液、痰液、肺泡灌洗液、尿液等各类型临床样本,分离病原菌。根据2021年CHINET细菌监测结果,重点分离下列菌种菌株:金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、黏质沙雷菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、奇异变形杆菌和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌。所有临床分离菌株使用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)进行菌种鉴定。将MALDI-TOF-MS鉴定为肺炎克雷伯菌的临床分离菌株,采用微量肉汤稀释法进行碳青霉烯药物敏感性测定,使用Illumina HiSeq X10测序平台进行全基因组测序,然后将测序结果进行拼接和注释,明确临床样本分离的肺炎克雷伯菌菌株碳青霉烯耐药基因类型及高毒力质粒携带情况。
共252株临床分离菌株进行灵敏度和特异度试验,其中金黄色葡萄球菌20株、粪肠球菌10株、屎肠球菌8株、大肠埃希菌13株、阴沟肠杆菌10株、黏质沙雷菌10株、鲍曼不动杆菌15株、铜绿假单胞菌15株、奇异变形杆菌8株、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌8株、碳青霉烯敏感肺炎克雷伯菌(CSKP)10株、碳青霉烯耐药肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)80株和碳青霉烯耐药高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌(CRhvKP)45株,具体见表6。分别使用本发明实施例1的所述快速分子诊断技术和对比例1~5的方法对252株临床分离菌株进行判定,判定内容包括是否为肺炎克雷伯菌、是否对碳青霉烯耐药、携带的碳青霉烯耐药基因类型及是否为高毒力菌株。
肺炎克雷伯菌鉴定、耐药性及毒力诊断技术组合见表4。
表4肺炎克雷伯菌鉴定、耐药性及毒力诊断技术
检测灵敏度、特异性的计算方法如下:
灵敏度=诊断技术判定正确肺炎克雷伯菌菌株数/所有肺炎克雷伯菌菌株数×100%。
特异度=诊断技术判定正确非肺炎克雷伯菌菌株数/所有非肺炎克雷伯菌菌株数×100%。
检测结果见表5。
表5灵敏度和特异度
从结果可见:本发明所述分子诊断技术对判定临床分离菌株是否为肺炎克雷伯菌、是否对碳青霉烯耐药、携带的碳青霉烯耐药基因类型及是否为高毒力菌株的特异性好,灵敏度高,显著优于其他判定方案。
综上,本发明提供了一种判断菌株是否为肺炎克雷伯菌,并同时判断菌株耐药性、菌株耐药基因类型及菌株毒力的试剂盒及使用该试剂盒检测的分子诊断技术。本发明试剂盒对特定的基因片段进行PCR扩增和分析,对于任意临床分离菌株,能在2.5小时内明确其是否为肺炎克雷伯菌、是否对碳青霉烯耐药、携带耐药基因类型及是否为高毒力菌株,灵敏性好,特异度高,应用前景广阔。
Claims (10)
1.一种鉴定肺炎克雷伯菌并检测其耐药性和毒力的试剂盒,其特征在于,包括检测如下目标片段的试剂:肺炎克雷伯菌特异片段、KPC酶基因保守片段、NDM酶基因保守片段和pLVPK-like质粒片段。
2.如权利要求1所述的试剂盒,其特征在于,所述试剂是多重PCR用试剂。
3.如权利要求2所述的试剂盒,其特征在于,所述多重PCR用试剂包括扩增所述目标片段的引物。
4.如权利要求3所述的试剂盒,其特征在于,所述检测肺炎克雷伯菌特异片段的引物序列如SEQ ID NO.1和SEQ ID NO.2所示;
和/或检测KPC酶基因保守片段的引物序列如SEQ ID NO.3和SEQ ID NO.4所示;
和/或检测NDM酶基因保守片段的序列如SEQ ID NO.5和SEQ ID NO.6所示;
和/或检测pLVPK-like质粒片段的引物序列如SEQ ID NO.7和SEQ ID NO.8所示。
5.如权利要求2所述的试剂盒,其特征在于,还包括多重PCR缓冲液、多重PCR混合酶、双蒸水。
6.一种鉴定肺炎克雷伯菌并检测其耐药性和毒力的方法,其特征在于,包括使用权利要求1~5任一项所述的试剂盒检测待测菌株的步骤。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述检测目标片段的试剂是多重PCR用试剂,包括如下步骤:
(1)将多重PCR用试剂与待测菌株混合;
(2)进行PCR扩增反应,得到PCR扩增产物;
(3)对PCR扩增产物进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)所述PCR扩增反应条件为:
预变性:90~95℃,8~15min;
扩增循环25~35个循环,包括:变性:90~95℃,25~35s;退火:55~65℃,40~50s;延伸:70~75℃,40~50s;
最后延伸:70~75℃,3~8min。
9.如权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括根据琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果对待测菌株的种类、耐药性和毒力进行判读的步骤。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果出现748bp的片段,判定待测菌株为肺炎克雷伯菌;
琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果出现375bp的片段,判定菌株为携带KPC碳青霉烯酶基因的耐药菌株;
琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果出现578bp的片段,判定菌株为携带NDM碳青霉烯酶基因的耐药菌株;
琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果出现212bp的片段,判定菌株为携带pLVPK-like高毒力质粒的高毒力菌株。
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