CN116065386B - 一种阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物及其制备方法,属于纺织品整理技术领域。本发明的制备方法包括以下步骤,将十二烷基葡萄糖苷和纳米三氧化钼溶于醇溶液得到预处理液,将再生聚酯织物浸入所述的预处理液中,通过高温高压法进行预处理,得到预处理再生聚酯织物;将三氯氧磷和碳酸氢钠溶于三氯甲烷得到整理液,将预处理再生聚酯织物浸入所述的整理液中进行反应,后经水洗、干燥得到阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物;所述反应先于3‑7℃反应50‑70min;再于20‑30℃反应40‑60min。本发明采用的纳米三氧化钼颗粒可在处理过程中扩散进入再生聚酯纤维内部,与含磷阻燃基团起到协同阻燃效应,并抑制烟雾释放,阻燃再生聚酯织物的烟雾释放量明显降低,火灾危害性降低。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于纺织品整理技术领域,尤其涉及一种阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物及其制备方法。
背景技术
聚酯纤维目前已成为使用范围最广、使用量最大的合成纤维。据中国消费调查报告显示,近年来聚酯年消费使用量已超过5000万吨,其中再生聚酯的使用量占比已逐渐增加到20-25%。再生聚酯是通过物理法或化学法对废弃聚酯进行再利用生产制成的一种合成纤维,其应用领域目前已经和原生聚酯无差异。但是聚酯纤维属于易燃纤维,且在燃烧过程中产生熔滴,容易引发火灾。另外,伴随着回收中存在的相对分子质量分布广和杂质过多等问题,导致再生聚酯燃烧时的烟雾释放量增大,提高再生聚酯的阻燃性能和抑烟性能对提升其应用时的火灾安全性能尤为重要。
环状磷酸酯阻燃剂具有较高的阻燃效率,且与聚酯纤维具有较好的相容性,能够通过相似相溶原理与聚酯纤维产生结合,因此在聚酯织物阻燃改性领域得到了较好的发展。目前合成环状磷酸酯的方法主要分两种,一种是通过酯交换法进行合成。参考文献1(孙玉发,陈迎春,周向东.涤纶织物耐久性阻燃剂的合成与应用[J].印染助剂,2017,34(10):22-25.)以亚磷酸三乙酯、三羟甲基丙烷、甲基磷酸二甲酯为原料合成了环状磷酸酯阻燃剂,改性涤纶织物也获得了较好的阻燃性能和耐水洗性能。另外一种方法是采用多元醇类化合物和三氯氧磷进行亲核取代反应。参考文献2(张玉华.螺环类磷(膦)酸酯阻燃剂的合成与应用研究[D].江苏:南京工业大学,2007.)采用季戊四醇、三氯氧磷和二乙胺为原料合成了一种含氮、磷的环状磷酸酯阻燃剂3,9-二(N,N-二乙氨基)-2,4,8,10-四氧代-3,9-二磷杂螺[5.5]十一烷-3,9-二氧。参考文献2(马作广,倪忠斌,东为富,等.一种环状磷酸酯的合成及其阻燃性能测定[J].精细化工,2018,35(2):320-325.)采用新戊二醇、三氯氧磷和1,1,1-三(4-羟基苯基)乙烷为原料合成了一种环状磷酸酯阻燃剂1,1,1-三[4-(5,5-二甲基-1,3-二氧杂环己内磷酸酯基)苯基]乙烷。
然而,环状磷酸酯阻燃剂的合成条件极为苛刻,反应过程复杂。另外,环状磷酸酯阻燃剂对聚酯材料的抑烟效果不佳,甚至会使得聚酯的烟雾释放量增大。中国发明专利CN113047031A公开了一种耐久阻燃低烟涤纶织物及其制备方法,采用环状磷酸酯和无机纳米阻燃剂(纳米氢氧化镁和纳米氢氧化铝)通过高温高压浸渍的方法对涤纶织物进行阻燃改性,使得阻燃涤纶具有耐久阻燃抑烟性。但该类无机纳米阻燃剂抑烟效率低,用量高。
三氯氧磷是制备环状磷酸酯阻燃剂的重要原料,同时具有较高的反应活性。采用三氯氧磷作为阻燃剂直接对再生聚酯织物进行阻燃抑烟整理符合节能减排和短流程的要求。为了达到该目的需要解决两个问题:(1)再生聚酯织物上的反应性基团极少,无法将三氯氧磷直接接枝在再生聚酯织物上从而提供耐久的阻燃功能;(2)三氯氧磷阻燃剂抑制再生聚酯织物熔滴的效果较差,且导致阻燃再生聚酯织物烟雾释放量升高。
因此,如何采用三氯氧磷和纳米三氧化钼对再生聚酯织物进行阻燃改性,从而赋予再生聚酯织物耐久的阻燃抑烟防熔滴性能是一个难题。
发明内容
为此,本发明所要解决的技术问题在于克服现有技术中再生聚酯织物阻燃性能差、烟雾释放量大、熔滴严重,而现有的含磷阻燃剂在再生聚酯织物上接枝量小、改性再生聚酯织物耐水洗性能差的问题。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明提供了一种阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物及其制备方法。本发明首先采用十二烷基葡萄糖苷和纳米三氧化钼通过高温高压技术对再生聚酯织物进行接枝预处理,然后采用三氯氧磷对预处理再生聚酯织物进行阻燃接枝改性,含磷阻燃基团可通过共价键接枝在再生聚酯织物上,从而赋予再生聚酯织物优异的阻燃抑烟防熔滴性能和耐水洗性能。
本发明的第一个目的是提供一种阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物的制备方法,包括以下步骤,
(1)将十二烷基葡萄糖苷和纳米三氧化钼溶于醇溶液得到预处理液,将再生聚酯织物浸入所述的预处理液中,通过高温高压法进行预处理,得到预处理再生聚酯织物;
(2)将三氯氧磷和碳酸氢钠溶于三氯甲烷得到整理液,将步骤(1)所述的预处理再生聚酯织物浸入所述的整理液中进行反应,后经水洗、干燥得到所述阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物;所述反应分为第一阶段和第二阶段,所述第一阶段是3-7℃反应50-70min;所述第二阶段是20-30℃反应40-60min。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(1)中,所述预处理液中十二烷基葡萄糖苷的浓度为15-30g/L。十二烷基葡萄糖苷具有亲水和亲油两种基团,经过处理后其亲油长链基团通过相似相溶原理嵌段进入再生聚酯纤维内部,而亲水性基团整齐的排列在再生聚酯纤维表面。另外,十二烷基葡萄糖苷可包覆在纳米三氧化钼表面,作为分散剂提高纳米三氧化钼在溶液中的分散性能。十二烷基葡萄糖苷的用量越高,接枝在再生聚酯纤维上的十二烷基葡萄糖苷的含量越高,但过高则达到饱和,导致浪费。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(1)中,所述预处理液中纳米三氧化钼的浓度为10-20g/L。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(1)中,所述纳米三氧化钼的粒径为50-80nm。纳米三氧化钼起到抑烟效果,同时与三氯氧磷具有协同阻燃效应,在高温处理阶段,再生聚酯大分子链运动加剧,产生瞬时空隙,纳米三氧化钼可扩散进入到再生聚酯纤维内部,纳米三氧化钼粒径越大,越不利于其扩散进入再生聚酯纤维内部,用量升高有助于提高抑烟效果,但过高则会达到饱和,导致浪费。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(1)中,所述高温高压法的条件为:处理温度为125-135℃;处理时间为50-80min。所述高温高压法是通过红外线染色机进行,再生聚酯纤维大分子链段在高温条件下热运动加剧,分子链会产生瞬时空隙,十二烷基葡萄糖苷的疏水长链进入到再生聚酯大分子内部,与再生聚酯纤维通过相似相溶原理进行结合,同时纳米三氧化钼也扩散进入再生聚酯纤维内部,温度降低后再生聚酯大分子热运动缓慢,大分子链段间的瞬时空隙消失,使得十二烷基葡萄糖苷的疏水长链嵌段在再生聚酯纤维内部,从而将十二烷基葡萄糖苷牢固地固定在再生聚酯纤维表面,并将纳米三氧化钼固定在再生聚酯纤维内部;处理温度升高有助于提高再生聚酯纤维大分子链段的热运动和溶胀,但过高则浪费,且对再生聚酯织物的性能产生损伤。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(1)中,所述醇溶液为水和乙醇的混合溶液。十二烷基葡萄糖苷为双亲性试剂,乙醇的加入有助于促进再生聚酯纤维的溶胀,也有助于十二烷基葡萄糖苷的溶解。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述醇溶液中乙醇的体积占比为3-7%。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(1)中,所述再生聚酯织物和预处理液的浴比为1:20-40。浴比增大有助于保证再生聚酯织物完全浸没在溶液中,提高处理的均匀性,但过高则浪费。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(2)中,所述整理液中三氯氧磷的浓度为30-50g/L。三氯氧磷的活泼氯与预处理再生聚酯表面接枝的活性羟基反应,将含磷阻燃基团通过共价键接枝在再生聚酯织物上,从而提供阻燃功能,三氯氧磷的用量的升高有助于进一步提高改性再生聚酯织物的阻燃性能,但过高接枝会达到饱和,导致浪费。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(2)中,所述整理液中碳酸氢钠的浓度为10-20g/L。碳酸氢钠的作用是去除活性氯和羟基反应生成的酸,有利于促进反应进一步进行。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(2)中,所述预处理再生聚酯织物和整理液的浴比为1:20-40。浴比增大有助于保证再生聚酯织物完全浸没在溶液中,提高处理的均匀性,但过高则浪费。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(2)中,所述第一阶段中由于三氯氧磷的三个活泼氯反应温度不同,在该阶段处理使得三氯氧磷第一个活泼氯基团发生反应。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(2)中,所述第二阶段使得三氯氧磷第二以及第三个活泼氯基团发生反应。分两步反应是使得三氯氧磷与再生聚酯织物表面活性羟基的反应速率不至于太快,使得接枝更为均匀,容易控制。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(2)中,所述水洗为采用蒸馏水室温洗涤,目的是使得三氯氧磷未反应的活性氯发生水解,并洗除表面未反应的三氯氧磷。
本发明的第二个目的是提供一种所述的方法制备的阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物。
本发明的原理是:
(1)再生聚酯纤维大分子链段在高温条件下热运动加剧,分子链会产生瞬时空隙,十二烷基葡萄糖苷的疏水长链进入到聚酯大分子内部,与再生聚酯纤维通过相似相溶原理进行结合,同时纳米三氧化钼也扩散进入再生聚酯纤维内部,温度降低后再生聚酯大分子热运动缓慢,大分子链段间的瞬时空隙消失,使得十二烷基葡萄糖苷的疏水长链嵌段在再生聚酯纤维内部,从而将十二烷基葡萄糖苷牢固地固定在再生聚酯纤维表面,并将纳米三氧化钼固定在再生聚酯纤维内部。另外,十二烷基葡萄糖苷的亲水链段则整齐的排列在再生聚酯纤维表面,十二烷基葡萄糖苷的亲水链段带有较多的活性羟基,为后续阻燃基团的接枝提供反应性基团。
(2)三氯氧磷具有三个活性氯基团,可与改性再生聚酯纤维接枝的羟基发生亲核取代反应,通过共价键接枝在再生聚酯纤维上,从而将含磷阻燃基团通过化学键接枝在再生聚酯织物上,从而提供优异的阻燃性能和耐水洗性能。
(3)再生聚酯织物为热塑性纤维,在燃烧过程中容易产生熔滴,引起二次火灾,且烟雾释放量大,三氯氧磷的阻燃效果好,但防熔滴效果不佳,阻燃效率有限;十二烷基葡萄糖苷含有碳碳长链和葡萄糖单元环,接枝在再生聚酯织物上后构筑支架效应,使得再生聚酯织物的燃烧性能发生较大的变化,形成支架效应后,再生聚酯纤维燃烧产生的熔滴则附着在十二烷基葡萄糖苷燃烧形成的炭骨架上,从而抑制熔滴滴落。因此,在三氯氧磷提供的含磷阻燃基团和十二烷基葡萄糖苷提供的支架效应的共同作用下,接枝再生聚酯织物具有优异的阻燃性能和防熔滴性能。
(4)三氯氧磷中的含磷阻燃基团主要通过气相阻燃机理起到阻燃效果,纳米三氧化钼有助于促进形成热稳定性残炭,覆盖在基质表面,隔绝热量和氧气的交换,与含磷阻燃基团产生协同阻燃效应,可增强含磷基团的阻燃效率,且可改变再生聚酯纤维的热降解方式,抑制炭微粒的形成,使之形成焦炭,从而起到抑制烟雾释放的效果。
本发明的技术方案相比现有技术具有以下优点:
(1)本发明所述的制备方法将十二烷基葡萄糖苷嵌段到再生聚酯纤维内部,从而将其牢固地固定在再生聚酯表面,并提供反应性基团,通过与三氯氧磷发生亲核取代反应,从而将含磷阻燃基团通过共价键接枝在再生聚酯织物上,从而提供耐久的阻燃功能;另外,利用十二烷基葡萄糖苷与再生聚酯纤维形成支架效应,在燃烧过程中抑制熔滴产生,达到阻燃防熔滴的效果。
(2)本发明所述的制备方法采用的纳米三氧化钼颗粒可在处理过程中扩散进入再生聚酯纤维内部,与含磷阻燃基团起到协同阻燃效应,并抑制烟雾释放,阻燃再生聚酯织物的烟雾释放量明显降低,火灾危害性降低。
(3)本发明所述的制备方法所采用的十二烷基葡萄糖苷无毒、易生物降解;本发明所述的制备方法流程简便,反应条件温和,具有广阔的应用前景和重要的实际应用价值。
附图说明
为了使本发明的内容更容易被清楚地理解,下面根据本发明的具体实施例并结合附图,对本发明作进一步详细的说明,其中:
图1为本发明实施例1再生聚酯整理前后的垂直燃烧图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明,以使本领域的技术人员可以更好地理解本发明并能予以实施,但所举实施例不作为对本发明的限定。
在本发明中,除非另有说明,纳米三氧化钼颗粒的粒径为50-80nm。
在本发明中,除非另有说明,高温高压处理是在红外线染色机进行。
实施例1
一种阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物及其制备方法,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)将23g十二烷基葡萄糖苷、15g纳米三氧化钼溶于1L乙醇/水混合溶液(乙醇体积占比5%)得到预处理液,将再生聚酯织物浸入所述的预处理液中,通过高温高压法于130℃处理65min,得到预处理再生聚酯织物;
其中,再生聚酯织物和预处理液的浴比为1:30。
(2)将40g三氯氧磷和15g碳酸氢钠溶于1L三氯甲烷得到整理液,将预处理再生聚酯织物浸入整理液中,先于5℃反应60min,再于25℃反应50min,最后采用蒸馏水室温洗涤、干燥得到阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物;
其中,所述预处理再生聚酯织物和整理液的浴比为1:30。
实施例2
一种阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物及其制备方法,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)将16g十二烷基葡萄糖苷、11g纳米三氧化钼溶于1L乙醇/水混合溶液(乙醇体积占比4%)得到预处理液,将再生聚酯织物浸入所述的预处理液中,通过高温高压法于125℃处理80min,得到预处理再生聚酯织物;
其中,再生聚酯织物和预处理液的浴比为1:20。
(2)将32g三氯氧磷和11g碳酸氢钠溶于1L三氯甲烷得到整理液,将预处理再生聚酯织物浸入整理液中,先于3℃反应70min,再于20℃反应60min,最后采用蒸馏水室温洗涤、干燥得到阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物;
其中,所述预处理再生聚酯织物和整理液的浴比为1:20。
实施例3
一种阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物及其制备方法,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)将30g十二烷基葡萄糖苷、20g纳米三氧化钼溶于1L乙醇/水混合溶液(乙醇体积占比6%)得到预处理液,将再生聚酯织物浸入所述的预处理液中,通过高温高压法于135℃处理50min,得到预处理再生聚酯织物;
其中,再生聚酯织物和预处理液的浴比为1:40。
(2)将50g三氯氧磷和20g碳酸氢钠溶于1L三氯甲烷得到整理液,将预处理再生聚酯织物浸入整理液中,先于7℃反应50min,再于30℃反应40min,最后采用蒸馏水室温洗涤、干燥得到阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物;
其中,所述预处理再生聚酯织物和整理液的浴比为1:40。
对比例1
基本同实施例1,不同之处在于,步骤(1)中不加入纳米三氧化钼颗粒。
对比例2
基本同实施例1,不同之处在于,步骤(1)中不加入十二烷基葡萄糖苷。
对比例3
基本同实施例1,不同之处在于,不进行步骤(1)的处理。
测试例
对实施例1-3和对比例1-3的再生聚酯织物的阻燃性能、抑烟性能和耐水洗性能进行测试。
织物的极限氧指数(LOI)按照GB/T 5454-1997《纺织品燃烧性能实验氧指数法》标准测定。
织物的损毁长度按照GB/T 5455-2014《纺织品燃烧性能垂直方向损毁长度阴燃和续燃时间的测定》标准测定。
织物的比光密度按照ISO 5659.2-2019《塑料烟生成第2部分:单室法测定烟密度试验方法》进行测试。
织物的燃烧性能按照GB/T 17591-2006《阻燃织物》标准评定。
水洗方法参照AATCC 61-2006《家用和商用耐洗涤色牢度的加速试验》。
表1所示为最终测得的再生聚酯织物的阻燃性能和耐水洗性能:
表1
从表1和图1可以看出,本发明阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物的损毁长度不高于12.5cm,无熔滴产生,烟雾释放比光密度不高于53.5,极限氧指数(LOI)高于28.4%(未整理再生聚酯织物的损毁长度为30cm,产生熔滴,引燃脱脂棉,比光密度为73.5,LOI为19.6%)。经20次洗涤后损毁长度不高于14.5cm,无熔滴产生,表明阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物具有优异的阻燃性能、抑烟性能和耐水洗性能。经对比例1和实施例1对比发现,加入纳米三氧化钼后阻燃再生聚酯织物的阻燃性能进一步升高,比光密度大大降低,表明纳米三氧化钼具有良好的抑烟性能和协同阻燃性能。三氯氧磷改性再生聚酯织物的损毁长度为18.3cm,有熔滴产生,引燃脱脂棉,比光密度为86.1,水洗20次后损毁长度为30cm。表明单独经过三氯氧磷改性再生聚酯织物仍存在熔滴现象,比光密度升高,阻燃性能不佳。
显然,上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明所作的举例,并非对实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。而由此所引申出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明创造的保护范围之中。
Claims (9)
1.一种阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤,
(1)将十二烷基葡萄糖苷和纳米三氧化钼溶于醇溶液得到预处理液,将再生聚酯织物浸入所述的预处理液中,通过高温高压法进行预处理,得到预处理再生聚酯织物;所述高温高压法的条件为:处理温度为125-135℃;处理时间为50-80min;
(2)将三氯氧磷和碳酸氢钠溶于三氯甲烷得到整理液,将步骤(1)所述的预处理再生聚酯织物浸入所述的整理液中进行反应,后经水洗、干燥得到所述阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物;所述反应分为第一阶段和第二阶段,所述第一阶段是3-7℃反应50-70min;所述第二阶段是20-30℃反应40-60min。
2.根据权利要求1所述的阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤(1)中,所述预处理液中十二烷基葡萄糖苷的浓度为15-30g/L。
3.根据权利要求1所述的阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤(1)中,所述预处理液中纳米三氧化钼的浓度为10-20g/L。
4.根据权利要求1所述的阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤(1)中,所述纳米三氧化钼的粒径为50-80nm。
5.根据权利要求1所述的阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤(1)中,所述再生聚酯织物和预处理液的浴比为1:20-40。
6.根据权利要求1所述的阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤(2)中,所述整理液中三氯氧磷的浓度为30-50g/L。
7.根据权利要求1所述的阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤(2)中,所述整理液中碳酸氢钠的浓度为10-20g/L。
8.根据权利要求1所述的阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤(2)中,所述预处理再生聚酯织物和整理液的浴比为1:20-40。
9.权利要求1-8任一项所述的方法制备的阻燃抑烟防熔滴再生聚酯织物。
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