CN116033904A - 用于肿瘤微环境免疫调节作用的组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂 - Google Patents
用于肿瘤微环境免疫调节作用的组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
技术领域
本揭示大体上是关于I类HDAC抑制剂的化合物、其生产及应用。特定言之,所述化合物在肿瘤微环境(TME)中具有表观遗传免疫调节活性,且因此抑制肿瘤细胞生长。
背景技术
免疫疗法已成为用于治疗若干晚期癌症的标准照护疗法。免疫疗法的突破为免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)的开发及临床应用,诸如抗PD-1/抗PD-L1/抗CTLA-4抗体。然而,ICI可引起免疫相关不良事件,且更重要的是,仅一小部分患者获得治疗益处(反应率低)。动态及复杂肿瘤微环境(TME)为决定针对肿瘤免疫反应的关键因素。TME的组成包括癌细胞及许多与正常组织细胞交织的不同免疫细胞。许多生长因子、细胞介素及趋化介素是由TME中的不同细胞分泌。
CTL(细胞毒性T淋巴细胞)为适应性免疫的主要免疫细胞,专门用于直接杀伤癌细胞。CTL易受浸润至TME中的多种免疫抑制细胞影响,从而导致CTL不活化。众所周知的免疫抑制细胞包括Treg(调节性T细胞)、M-MDSC(单核骨髓源性抑制细胞)、PMN-MDSC(多形核骨髓源性抑制细胞)及TAM(肿瘤相关巨噬细胞)。此等免疫抑制细胞有助于抑制由CTL介导的杀伤癌细胞的细胞毒性作用。此等免疫抑制细胞执行不同的机制,导致CTL的功能障碍。
尽管已证明ICI疗法有效增加免疫活化以根除癌症,但此等疗法仍面临原发性及获得性抗药性的未解决问题。驱动对此等免疫疗法的原发性及获得性抗性的内在因素包括遗传及表观遗传机制,其经由诸如免疫编辑的方法,往往引起MHC I下调或抗原表现损失,从而导致抗原呈现的总体损失。因此,需要开发在TME中具有免疫调节活性的化合物,以藉由上调抗原加工及呈现机制刺激抗肿瘤免疫。
发明内容
简言之,本揭示的实施例提供I类HDAC抑制剂化合物,包括其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药,其能够在TME中进行表观遗传免疫调节。亦提供使用此类化合物治疗各种疾病或病况(诸如癌症)的方法。
在一个实施例中,本揭示提供一种式(I)化合物:
其中W及Y各自独立地选自CH及N;
R1独立地选自氢、卤素、C1-C3烷基及卤化C1-C3烷基,且可为单取代、二取代、三取代或四取代;
C1及C2为藉由单键或双键连接的C原子;
R2具有与关于R1所述相同的含义;且
R3为氢或C1-C3烷基;
或其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药。
在一个实施例中,式(I)化合物为6-((E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基-4-氟苯基)吡啶-3-甲酰胺,以GNTbm-01命名。在一个实施例中,式(I)化合物为5-((E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基-4-氟苯基)吡啶-2-甲酰胺,以GNTbm-02命名。在一个实施例中,式(I)化合物为4-((E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基-4-氟苯基)苯甲酰胺,以GNTbm-03命名。在一个实施例中,式(I)化合物为5-((E)-4-(吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基-4-氟苯基)吡啶-2-甲酰胺,以GNTbm-04命名。在一个实施例中,式(I)化合物为5-((E)-4-(吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基苯基)吡啶-2-甲酰胺,以GNTbm-05命名。在一个实施例中,式(I)化合物为5-((E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基苯基)吡啶-2-甲酰胺,以GNTbm-06命名。在一个实施例中,式(I)化合物为5-(4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基-4-氟苯基)吡啶-2-甲酰胺,以GNTbm-08命名。在一个实施例中,式(I)化合物为5-((E)-4-(吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基-4-(三氟甲基)苯基)吡啶-2-甲酰胺,以GNTbm-11命名。在一个实施例中,式(I)化合物为5-((E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基-4-(三氟甲基)苯基)吡啶-2-甲酰胺,以GNTbm-12命名。在一个实施例中,式(I)化合物为5-(4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基苯基)吡啶-2-甲酰胺,以GNTbm-19命名。在一个实施例中,式(I)化合物为5-(4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基-4-(三氟甲基)苯基)吡啶-2-甲酰胺,以GNTbm-25命名。在一个实施例中,式(I)化合物为4-((E)-4-(吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基-4-(三氟甲基)苯基)苯甲酰胺,以GNTbm-33命名。在一个实施例中,式(I)化合物为4-(4-(吡啶-3-基)丁酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基-4-氟苯基)苯甲酰胺,以GNTbm-37命名。在一个实施例中,式(I)化合物为4-((E)-4-(吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基苯基)苯甲酰胺,以GNTbm-38命名。在一个实施例中,式(I)化合物为4-((E)-4-(吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基-4-氟苯基)苯甲酰胺,以GNTbm-39命名。
在其他实施例中,本揭示提供包含本文所述的化合物的医药组合物或组合。
在其他实施例中,本揭示提供一种用于TME的表观遗传免疫调节及/或癌症治疗的方法,所述方法包含向有需要的个体投与有效量的医药组合物或组合,其包含式(I)化合物或其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药中的任一者或多者。
在一些实施例中,所述方法用于诱导肿瘤细胞的细胞周期停滞、诱导肿瘤细胞的凋亡、诱导组蛋白H3乙酰化、诱导免疫记忆、活化CTL、减少免疫抑制细胞。
在其他实施例中,本揭示提供有效量的化合物或其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药或医药组合物或组合在制造用于TME的表观遗传免疫调节及/或治疗有需要的个体的癌症的药物中的用途。
在一些实施例中,所述药物用于诱导肿瘤细胞的细胞周期停滞、诱导肿瘤细胞的凋亡、诱导组蛋白H3乙酰化、诱导免疫记忆、活化CTL、减少免疫抑制细胞。
在其他实施例中,本揭示提供一种治疗或预防个体的与I类HDAC相关的疾病的方法,其包含向有需要的个体投与有效量的化合物或其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药或医药组合物或组合。
在其他实施例中,本揭示提供有效量的化合物或其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药或医药组合物或组合在制造用于治疗或预防有需要的个体的与I类HDAC相关的疾病的药物中的用途。
图式简单说明
图1显示化合物GNTbm-01、GNTbm-02及GNTbm-03的结构。
图2显示NMR及高分辨率MS谱:(a)化合物GNTbm-01的1H-NMR谱资料,(b)化合物GNTbm-02的1H-NMR谱资料,(c)化合物GNTbm-03的1H-NMR谱资料,(d)化合物GNTbm-01的高分辨率MS谱资料,(e)化合物GNTbm-02的高分辨率MS谱资料,(f)化合物GNTbm-03的高分辨率MS谱资料。
图3显示处理后藉由相位差光学显微术观察到的细胞形态:藉由相位差光学显微术观察细胞形态的变化。(a)MDA-MB-231细胞,(b)SW48细胞,(c)M10细胞。
图4显示GNTbm-02在MDA-MB-231细胞中诱导细胞周期停滞于G0/G1期的评定结果:在用GNTbm-02及恩替诺特(Entinostat)以剂量依赖性及时间依赖性方式处理MDA-MB-231细胞后进行评定。细胞用PI染色,且藉由使用流式细胞仪,分析不同细胞周期阶段中的细胞百分比。(a)及(b)剂量依赖性方式。(c)及(d)时间依赖性方式。
图5显示GNTbm-02在SW48细胞中诱导细胞周期停滞于G0/G1期的评定结果:在用GNTbm-02及恩替诺特以剂量依赖性及时间依赖性方式处理SW48细胞后进行评定。细胞用PI染色,且藉由使用流式细胞仪,分析不同细胞周期阶段中的细胞百分比。(a)及(b)剂量依赖性方式。(c)及(d)时间依赖性方式。
图6显示GNTbm-02在M10细胞中诱导细胞周期停滞于G2/M期的评定结果:在用GNTbm-02及恩替诺特以剂量依赖性及时间依赖性方式处理M10细胞后进行评定。细胞用PI染色,且藉由使用流式细胞仪,分析不同细胞周期阶段中的细胞百分比。(a)及(b)剂量依赖性方式。(c)及(d)时间依赖性方式。
图7显示GNTbm-02在MDA-MB-231细胞中诱导细胞凋亡的评定结果:在用GNTbm-02及恩替诺特以剂量依赖性及时间依赖性方式处理MDA-MB-231细胞后进行评定。细胞用PI染色,且藉由使用流式细胞仪,分析处于亚G1期的细胞百分比。(a)及(b)剂量依赖性方式。(c)及(d)时间依赖性方式。
图8显示GNTbm-02在SW48细胞中诱导细胞凋亡的评定结果:在用GNTbm-02及恩替诺特以剂量依赖性及时间依赖性方式处理SW48细胞后进行评定。细胞用PI染色,且藉由使用流式细胞仪,分析处于亚G1期的细胞百分比。(a)及(b)剂量依赖性方式。(c)及(d)时间依赖性方式。
图9显示GNTbm-02在M10细胞中诱导细胞凋亡的评定结果:在用GNTbm-02及恩替诺特以剂量依赖性及时间依赖性方式处理M10细胞后进行评定。细胞用PI染色,且藉由使用流式细胞仪,分析处于亚G1期的细胞百分比。(a)及(b)剂量依赖性方式。(c)及(d)时间依赖性方式。
图10显示用GNTbm-02及恩替诺特处理的细胞中组蛋白H3的乙酰化水平的西方墨点分析结果:MDA-MB-231或SW48细胞中乙酰组蛋白H3、β-肌动蛋白的代表性免疫墨点分析。细胞用指定浓度的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特处理24小时。将对照细胞与媒剂一起培育。(a)(c)按指示用GNTbm-02或恩替诺特处理的MDA-MB-231或SW48细胞的提取物藉由SDS-PAGE解析,随后在用针对组蛋白H3乙酰化(AcH3)的抗体侦测后进行西方墨点法及免疫染色。(b)(d)AcH3蛋白表现量的定量相对于β-肌动蛋白进行标准化,显示为倍数变化。
图11示出藉由GNTbm-02 I类HDAC抑制剂诱导组蛋白H3乙酰化的时程:MDA-MB-231或SW48细胞用浓度为1μM的GNTbm-02处理2、6、24、48、72小时。(a)(c)按指示用GNTbm-02处理的MDA-MB-231或SW48细胞的提取物藉由SDS-PAGE解析,随后在用针对组蛋白H3乙酰化(AcH3)的抗体侦测后进行西方墨点法及免疫染色。(b)(d)AcH3蛋白表现量的定量相对于β-肌动蛋白进行标准化,显示为倍数变化。
图12显示用GNTbm-04、GNTbm-05、GNTbm-06、GNTbm-11、GNTbm-38、GNTbm-39及西达本胺(Chidamide)(作为阳性对照)处理的细胞中组蛋白H3的乙酰化水平的西方墨点分析结果:SW48细胞中乙酰组蛋白H3、β-肌动蛋白的代表性免疫墨点分析。细胞用指定浓度的化合物处理24小时。将对照细胞与媒剂一起培育。(a)按指示用GNTbm-04、GNTbm-05、GNTbm-11及西达本胺处理的SW48细胞的提取物藉由SDS-PAGE解析,随后再用针对组蛋白H3乙酰化(AcH3)的抗体侦测后进行西方墨点法及免疫染色。(b)按指示用GNTbm-04、GNTbm-05、GNTbm-06及西达本胺处理的SW48细胞提取物藉由SDS-PAGE解析,随后在用针对组蛋白H3乙酰化(AcH3)的抗体侦测后进行西方墨点法及免疫染色。(c)按指示用GNTbm-04、GNTbm-05、GNTbm-38、GNTbm-39及西达本胺处理的SW48细胞的提取物藉由SDS-PAGE解析,随后在用针对组蛋白H3乙酰化(AcH3)的抗体侦测后进行西方墨点法及免疫染色。所有此等数据表示相对于β-肌动蛋白标准化的AcH3蛋白表现量的定量,显示为倍数变化。
图13显示GNTbm-02加塞内昔布(Celecoxib)在各种剂量下与抗PD-1抗体组合在携带CT26肿瘤的小鼠中的治疗反应的评定结果:按指示用不同治疗模式处理携带CT26肿瘤的BALB/c小鼠。IgG,抗IgG对照(2.5mg/kg);PD-1,抗PD-1单株抗体(2.5mg/kg);塞内昔布(50mg/kg);GNTbm-02(12.5、25mg/kg)。记录总肿瘤体积(a)及(b),个别肿瘤体积(c),小鼠体重(d)及存活率(e)。在肿瘤植入后,按指示处理携带CT26肿瘤的小鼠,且当肿瘤体积达到3000mm3时实施安乐死。资料以平均值±SEM给出;*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001,使用Tukey检验的单向ANOVA。Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon检验(e)。*,与IgG对照相比。#,与PD-1组相比。
图14显示GNTbm化合物系列在携带CT26肿瘤的小鼠中的组合疗法反应的评定。按指示用不同治疗模式处理携带CT26肿瘤的BALB/c小鼠。IgG,抗IgG对照(2.5mg/kg);PD-1,抗PD-1单株抗体(2.5mg/kg);西达本胺(50mg/kg);塞内昔布(50mg/kg);GNTbm-02(5、10、20、25、50mg/kg);GNTbm-03(50mg/kg);GNTbm-04(50mg/kg);GNTbm-06(50mg/kg);瑞戈非尼(Regorafenib)(30mg/kg)。记录总肿瘤体积(a)、(b)、(f)、(j)、(n)、(r),个别肿瘤体积(c)、(g)、(k)、(o)、(s),小鼠体重(d)、(h),(l)、(p)、(t),及存活率(e)、(i)、(m)、(q)、(u)。在肿瘤植入后,按指示处理携带CT26肿瘤的小鼠,且当肿瘤体积达到3000mm3时实施安乐死。资料以平均值±SEM给出;使用Tukey检验的单向ANOVA(相对于抗IgG对照,*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001)。Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon检验(e)。
图15显示携带CT26肿瘤的BALB/c裸小鼠用不同治疗模式处理的处理结果:抗IgG对照(2.5mg/kg);抗PD-1单株抗体(2.5mg/kg);塞内昔布(50mg/kg);GNTbm-02(10mg/kg)。(a)CT26肿瘤及不同处理组(每组n=6只小鼠)的皮下注射方案。(b)总肿瘤体积。(c)肿瘤体积倍数变化。(d)小鼠体重。(e)个别肿瘤体积。在肿瘤植入后,按指示处理携带CT26肿瘤的裸小鼠,且当肿瘤体积达到3000mm3时实施安乐死。
图16显示GNTbm-02抑制HDAC3酶活性的作用:(a)在2μM的GNTbm-02、西达本胺或恩替诺特与HDAC3酶(包括分析缓冲液)培育20分钟、40分钟及60分钟后进行评定。显示GNTbm-02与HDAC3结合,且相比恩替诺特更强地抑制HDAC3。(b)在2μM的GNTbm-02、GNTbm-03或GNTbm-01与HDAC3酶(包括分析缓冲液)培育20分钟、40分钟及60分钟后进行评定。显示GNTbm-02与HDAC3结合,且相比GNTbm-03及GNTbm-01更强地抑制HDAC3。
图17显示GNTbm-02(10mg/kg)加塞内昔布(50mg/kg)调节携带CT26的模型的单核细胞及T细胞反应:携带CT26肿瘤的BALB/c小鼠用指定治疗模式处理,随后进行FACS分析以评定循环免疫细胞。显示平均值及SD,其中指示P值。在携带CT26的小鼠处理后第16天分离血液样品。(a)循环淋巴细胞的FACS结果。(b)循环单核球细胞的FACS结果。(c)循环颗粒球细胞的FACS结果。(d)循环CD3+T细胞的FACS结果。(e)循环CD4+T细胞的FACS结果。(f)循环CD8+T细胞的FACS结果。(g)循环Treg细胞的FACS结果。(h)循环CD11b+细胞的FACS结果。(i)循环M-MDSC(CD11b+Ly6C+)细胞的FACS结果。(j)循环CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6C+细胞的FACS结果。(k)循环PMN-MDSC(CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6C-)细胞的FACS结果。显示每组n=8-12只小鼠的平均值±SD。单向ANOVA及Dunnett多重比较检验(相对于IgG对照,*p<0.05,**p<0.01,***p<0.001)。
具体实施方式
定义
除非另外定义,否则本文所用的所有技术及科学术语具有与本揭示所属领域的一般熟习此项技术者通常所理解相同的含义,在上下文中应用所述术语描述本揭示。本说明书中使用的术语仅用于描述特定实施例,且并不意欲限制本揭示。
在提供值范围的情况下,应理解除非上下文明确指出(诸如在含有多个碳原子的基团的情况下,在此情况下提供属于所述范围的各碳原子数),否则各中间值,以下限的十分之一为单位,介于所述范围的上限与下限之间,且所述规定范围内的任何其他规定或中间值均涵盖于本揭示内。此等较小范围的上限及下限可独立地包括于较小范围内且亦涵盖于本揭示内,受规定范围内的任何具体排除的限制。当规定范围包括限值中的一者或两者时,排除彼等所包括的限值中的一者或两者的范围亦包括于本揭示中。
除非上下文另外明确指示,否则如本文及随附申请专利范围中所用的冠词“一(a/an)”用以指一个或多于一个(亦即至少一个)文法冠词对象。举例而言,“要素”意谓一个要素或多于一个要素。
如本文在说明书及申请专利范围中所用的词组“及/或”应理解为意谓如此结合的要素(亦即,在一些情况下结合存在且在其他情况下分离存在的要素)中的“任一者或两者”。用“及/或”列出的多个要素应以相同方式解释,亦即“一或多个”如此结合的要素。除由“及/或”条款具体识别的要素外,可视情况存在其他要素,无论与具体识别的彼等要素相关抑或不相关。
如本文所用,术语“卤基”及“卤素”是指选自氟、氯、溴及碘的原子。
术语“烷基”是指仅由碳原子及氢原子组成,不含不饱和度,具有一至十五个碳原子(例如C1-C15烷基)的直链或分支链烃链基团。在某些实施例中,烷基包含一至十三个碳原子(例如C1-C13烷基)。在某些实施例中,烷基包含一至八个碳原子(例如C1-C8烷基)。在其他实施例中,烷基包含一至五个碳原子(例如C1-C5烷基)。在其他实施例中,烷基包含一至四个碳原子(例如C1-C4烷基)。在其他实施例中,烷基包含一至三个碳原子(例如C1-C3烷基)。在其他实施例中,烷基包含一至两个碳原子(例如C1-C2烷基)。在其他实施例中,烷基包含一个碳原子(例如C1烷基)。在其他实施例中,烷基包含五至十五个碳原子(例如C5-C15烷基)。在其他实施例中,烷基包含五至八个碳原子(例如C5-C8烷基)。在其他实施例中,烷基包含二至五个碳原子(例如C2-C5烷基)。在其他实施例中,烷基包含三至五个碳原子(例如C3-C5烷基)。在其他实施例中,烷基是选自甲基、乙基、1-丙基(正丙基)、1-甲基乙基(异丙基)、1-丁基(正丁基)、1-甲基丙基(二级丁基)、2-甲基丙基(异丁基)、1,1-二甲基乙基(三级丁基)、1-戊基(正戊基)。烷基藉由单键连接至分子的其余部分。除非本说明书中另有特定说明,否则烷基视情况经一或多个取代基取代。如本文所用,术语“烯基”表示衍生自烃部分的单价基团,在某些实施例中,所述烃部分含有二至六个或二至八个碳原子,具有至少一个碳-碳双键。双键可为或可不为与另一基团的连接点。烯基包括但不限于例如乙烯基、丙烯基、丁烯基、1-甲基-2-丁烯-1-基、庚烯基、辛烯基及其类似基团。
术语“烷氧基”是指式-O-烷基的经由氧原子键结的基团,其中烷基为如上文所定义的烷基链。
术语“烯基”是指仅由碳原子及氢原子组成,含有至少一个碳-碳双键且具有二至十二个碳原子的直链或分支链烃链基团。在某些实施例中,烯基包含二至八个碳原子。在其他实施例中,烯基包含二至四个碳原子。烯基藉由单键连接至分子的其余部分,例如乙烯基(ethenyl)(亦即乙烯基(vinyl))、丙-1-烯基(亦即烯丙基)、丁-1-烯基、戊-1-烯基、戊-1,4-二烯基及其类似基团。除非本说明书中另有特定说明,否则烯基视情况经一或多个取代基取代。
如本文所用,术语“环烷基”表示衍生自单环或多环饱和或部分不饱和碳环化合物的单价基团。C3-C8环烷基的实例包括但不限于环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基、环戊基及环辛基。
如本文所用,术语“芳基”是指具有一或多个稠合或非稠合芳环的单环或多环碳环系统,包括但不限于苯基、萘基、四氢萘基、二氢茚基、茚基及其类似基团。
如本文所用,术语“杂芳基”是指具有至少一个芳环的单环或多环(例如双环或三环或更多)稠合或非稠合基团或环系统,其具有五至十个环原子,其中一个环原子是选自S、O及N;零、一或两个环原子为独立地选自S、O及N的额外杂原子;且其余环原子为碳。杂芳基包括但不限于吡啶基、吡基、嘧啶基、吡咯基、吡唑基、咪唑基、噻唑基、唑基、异唑基、噻二唑基、二唑基、噻吩基、呋喃基、喹啉基、异喹啉基、苯并咪唑基、苯并唑基、喹喏啉基及其类似基团。
如本文所用,术语“杂环烷基”是指非芳族3、4、5、6或7员环或双环或三环基团稠合或非稠合系统,其中(i)至少一个环含有一至三个独立地选自氧、硫及氮的杂原子,(ii)各5员环具有0至1个双键且各6员环具有0至2个双键,(iii)氮及硫杂原子可视情况经氧化,(iv)氮杂原子可视情况经四级铵化,及(iv)上述环中的任一者可与苯环稠合。代表性杂环烷基包括但不限于[1,3]二氧杂环戊烷、吡咯啶基、吡唑啉基、吡唑啶基、咪唑啉基、咪唑啶基、哌啶基、哌基、唑啶基、异唑啶基、吗啉基、噻唑啶基、异噻唑啶基及四氢呋喃基。
术语“医药学上可接受的盐”是指由医药学上可接受的无毒碱或酸(包括无机或有机碱及无机或有机酸)制备的盐。术语“医药学上可接受的盐”内所涵盖的碱性化合物的盐是指本揭示化合物的无毒盐,其一般藉由使游离碱与适合有机或无机酸反应来制备。本揭示的碱性化合物的代表性盐包括但不限于以下:乙酸盐、抗坏血酸盐、己二酸盐、海藻酸盐、天冬胺酸盐、苯磺酸盐、苯甲酸盐、碳酸氢盐、硫酸氢盐、酒石酸氢盐、硼酸盐、溴化物、丁酸盐、樟脑酸盐、樟脑磺酸盐(camphorsulfonate)、樟脑磺酸盐(camsylate)、碳酸盐、氯化物、克拉维酸盐、柠檬酸盐、环戊烷丙酸盐、二乙基乙酸盐、二葡糖酸盐、二盐酸盐、十二烷基磺酸盐、乙二胺四乙酸盐、乙二磺酸盐、依托酸盐、乙磺酸盐(esylate)、乙磺酸盐(ethanesulfonate)、甲酸盐、反丁烯二酸盐、葡庚糖酸盐、葡糖庚酸盐、葡萄糖酸盐、麸胺酸盐、甘油磷酸盐、乙醇酰胺基苯胂酸盐、半硫酸盐、庚酸盐、己酸盐、己基间苯二酚酸盐、海卓胺、氢溴酸盐、盐酸盐、2-羟基乙磺酸盐、羟基萘甲酸盐、氢碘酸盐、碘化物、异烟碱酸盐、异硫代硫酸盐、乳酸盐、乳糖酸盐、月桂酸盐、苹果酸盐、顺丁烯二酸盐、杏仁酸盐、甲磺酸盐、甲基硝酸盐、甲基硫酸盐、甲磺酸盐、黏酸盐、2-萘磺酸盐、萘磺酸盐、烟碱酸盐、硝酸盐、油酸盐、草酸盐、双羟萘酸盐(恩波酸盐)、棕榈酸盐、泛酸盐、果胶酸盐、过硫酸盐、磷酸盐/二磷酸盐、庚二酸盐、苯基丙酸盐、聚半乳糖醛酸盐、丙酸盐、水杨酸盐、硬脂酸盐、硫酸盐、次乙酸盐、丁二酸盐、单宁酸盐、酒石酸盐、茶氯酸盐、硫代氰酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐、三乙碘化物、三氟乙酸盐、十一烷酸盐、戊酸盐及其类似盐。此外,在本揭示化合物携带酸性部分时,其适合的医药学上可接受的盐包括但不限于衍生自无机碱的盐,包括铝盐、铵盐、钙盐、铜盐、三价铁盐、二价铁盐、锂盐、镁盐、三价锰盐、二价锰盐、钾盐、钠盐、锌盐及其类似盐。衍生自医药学上可接受的有机无毒碱的盐包括一级胺、二级胺及三级胺、环胺、二环己基胺及碱性离子交换树脂的盐,诸如精胺酸、甜菜碱、咖啡碱、胆碱、N,N-二苯甲基乙二胺、二乙胺、2-二乙胺基乙醇、2-二甲胺基乙醇、乙醇胺、乙胺、乙二胺、N-乙基吗啉、N-乙基哌啶、还原葡糖胺、葡糖胺、组胺酸、海卓胺、异丙胺、离胺酸、甲基还原葡糖胺、吗啉、哌哌啶、多元胺树脂、普鲁卡因(procaine)、嘌呤、可可豆碱、三乙胺、三甲胺、三丙胺、缓血酸胺及其类似物的盐。亦包括可经诸如以下的试剂四级铵化的碱性含氮基团:低碳烷基卤化物,诸如甲基、乙基、丙基及丁基氯化物、溴化物及碘化物;二烷基硫酸盐,如二甲基、二乙基、二丁基及二戊基硫酸盐;长链卤化物,诸如癸基、月桂基、肉豆蔻基及硬脂基氯化物、溴化物及碘化物;芳烷基卤化物,如苯甲基及苯乙基溴化物;及其他。
术语“个体”包括活生物体,诸如人类、猴、牛、绵羊、马、猪、牛、山羊、狗、猫、小鼠、大鼠、培养细胞及其转殖基因物种。在一优选实施例中,个体为人类。
术语“投与”包括使本揭示的活性成分发挥其预期功能的投与途径。
术语“治疗(treat/treatment)”是指减少疾病或病况的影响的方法。治疗亦可指减少疾病或病况本身的潜在病因而非仅减少症状的方法。治疗可为原生水平的任何减少,且可为但不限于疾病、病况或疾病或病况症状的完全去除。
术语“预防(prevent/prevention/preventing)”意谓抑制或避免与目标疾病相关的症状。
词组“治疗有效量”是指在适用于任何医学治疗的合理益处/风险比下,有效产生所需治疗作用的包含本揭示化合物的化合物、材料或组合物的量。
I类HDAC抑制剂化合物
癌症的表观遗传疗法(诸如组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂)可藉由上调抗原加工及呈现机制来刺激抗肿瘤免疫。表观遗传修饰在控制肿瘤的起始及进展中起重要作用。表观遗传调节主要经由影响基因表现的两个主要机制实现:藉由在DNA上添加/移除甲基发生的DNA甲基化/去甲基化,及藉由在DNA包裹的组蛋白蛋白质上酶促添加/移除乙酰基发生的组蛋白乙酰化/去乙酰化。组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(HDACis)已被认为是用于新药物开发的有前景的目标。HDAC在癌症中发挥关键作用的基本机制是藉由控制组蛋白或非组蛋白蛋白质中的乙酰化程度,所述蛋白质参与调节细胞周期、分化、凋亡、DNA损伤反应、血管生成、转移及其他细胞过程。
I类HDAC主要位于细胞核中,在人类组织中广泛表现且对控制细胞增殖、分化及细胞周期进程起重要作用。I类HDAC在某些癌症中高度表现。举例而言,HDAC1在前列腺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、乳癌、肺癌及食道癌中高度表现;HDAC2在胃、子宫颈及结肠直肠恶性肿瘤中高度表现;HDAC3在结肠癌及乳癌中高度表现。HDAC的不受控表现将引起许多抑制细胞生长的基因沉默,且因此丧失对细胞生长的监测及对细胞分化、细胞周期停滞及凋亡的控制。HDAC过度表现的失调与肿瘤恶性疾病及不良预后显著相关。许多I类HDAC抑制剂具有表观遗传免疫调节特性。
据报导,TME中藉由HDAC抑制剂的免疫调节机制涉及可溶性因子及免疫细胞两者的组分。经由HDAC抑制剂的表观遗传调控,藉由抑制特定HDAC同功异型物来改变各种基因及蛋白质的表现,从而使TME的状态转换为有利于杀伤癌细胞的模式作为结果。自先前公开的研究证实,一些HDAC抑制剂具有免疫调节特性,其将控制细胞介素/趋化介素的分泌、抗原呈现细胞、减少Treg的数目或功能且触发NK细胞的活化。其他研究显示将增强癌症抗原表现且调节如MDSC的免疫抑制细胞活性的机制。选择性I类HDAC抑制剂可增加癌细胞上PD-L1及MHC I的表现。此外,I类HDAC抑制剂下调浸润肿瘤微环境的骨髓源性抑制细胞(MDSC)。
在一个态样中,本揭示提供一种式(I)化合物:
其中W及Y各自独立地选自CH及N;
R1各自独立地选自氢、卤素、C1-C3烷基及卤化C1-C3烷基,且可为单取代、二取代、三取代或四取代;
C1及C2为藉由单键或双键连接的C原子;
R2具有与关于R1所述相同的含义;且
R3为氢或C1-C3烷基;
或其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药。
在一个实施例中,式(I)化合物具有下式(Ia):
其中W、Y、R1、C1、C2及Ar具有与所述相同的含义;或其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药。
在一个实施例中,Ar是选自六员环。在一个实施例中,R2及Ar连接至C2的原子处于对位。
在一个实施例中,W及Y是选自以下组合:(1)W为N且Y为CH,(2)W为CH且Y为N,及(3)W及Y为CH。在优选实施例中,W为N或CH且Y为CH。
在一个实施例中,R1为F或氟化C1-C3烷基。在一个实施例中,氟化C1-C3烷基为CF3。
在一个实施例中,R1为氢。
在一个实施例中,C1及C2为藉由双键连接的C原子。在另一个实施例中,C1及C2为藉由单键连接的C原子。
在一个实施例中,R2为C1-C3烷基或氟化C1-C3烷基。在一个实施例中,C1-C3烷基为CH3。在一个实施例中,氟化C1-C3烷基为CF3。
在一个实施例中,R2为氢。
在一个实施例中,R1为氢或F,且R2为氢或CH3。
在一个实施例中,R1为氢或F,R2为氢或CH3,且C1及C2为藉由双键连接的C原子。
在一个实施例中,式(I)化合物可为以下化合物:
或其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药。
本揭示涵盖式(I)化合物的所有立体异构形式。存在于式(I)化合物中的不对称性中心可全部彼此独立地具有(R)组态或(S)组态。当连至手性碳的键在本揭示的结构式中描绘为直线时,应理解,(R)及(S)均为手性碳的组态,且因此对映异构体及其混合物均涵盖在所述式内。当描绘特定组态时,意指所述对映异构体((R)或(S),在所述中心))。类似地,当列举化合物名称而无手性碳的手性名称时,应理解,(R)及(S)均为手性碳的组态,且因此个别对映异构体及其混合物涵盖于所述名称内。
本揭示包括所有可能的对映异构体、区位异构体及非对映异构体以及两种或更多种立体异构体所有比率的混合物,例如对映异构体及/或非对映异构体的混合物。因此,对映异构体为本揭示的主题,其呈左旋及右旋对映体的对映异构性纯形式,呈外消旋体形式及呈两种对映异构体的所有比率的混合物形式。在顺式/反式异构的情况下,本揭示包括顺式形式及反式形式以及此等形式所有比率的混合物。必要时,可藉由惯用方法(例如藉由层析或结晶)分离混合物,藉由使用立体化学均匀的起始物质合成或藉由立体选择性合成来进行个别立体异构体的制备。视情况,可在分离立体异构体之前进行衍生作用。立体异构体混合物的分离可在式(I)化合物合成期间在中间步骤进行,或其可对最终外消旋产物进行。绝对立体化学可藉由(必要时)用含有已知组态的立体对称中心的试剂衍生的结晶产物或结晶中间物的X射线晶体学来确定。当本揭示化合物能够互变异构化时,所有个别互变异构体以及其混合物均包括于本揭示的范畴内。本揭示包括所有此类异构体,以及此类外消旋体、对映异构体、非对映异构体及互变异构体及其混合物的盐、溶剂合物(包括水合物)及溶剂化盐。
如本文所用,无论是否具体地定义特定缩写,此等方法、方案及实例中所用的符号及惯例均与当代科学文献,例如美美国化学学会杂志(Journal of the AmericanChemical Society)或生物化学杂志(Journal of Biological Chemistry)中所用的符号及惯例一致。具体而言,但不限于此,可在实例及整个本说明书中使用以下缩写:g(公克);mg(毫克);mL(毫升);μL(微升);mM(毫莫耳);μM(微莫耳);Hz(赫兹);MHz(兆赫兹);mmol(毫莫耳);hr或hrs(小时);min(分钟);MS(质谱分析);ESI(电喷雾电离);TLC(薄层层析);及HPLC(高压液相层析)。对于所有以下实例,可利用熟习此项技术者已知的标准处理及纯化方法。除非另外指明,否则所有温度均以℃(摄氏度)表示。除非另外指出,否则所有反应均在室温下进行。本文所说明的合成方法意欲经由使用特定实例来例示可适用的化学方法且不指示本揭示的范畴。
本揭示的式(I)化合物是根据通用化学合成程序制备。例示性合成途径展示如下:
在此途径中,N,N'-二环己基碳化二亚胺(DCC)及二氯甲烷(DCM)可用于条件a,且1-乙基-3-(3-二甲胺基丙基)碳化二亚胺(EDC)、羟基苯并三唑(HOBt)及N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)可用于条件b。
熟习此项技术者亦可基于需要引入对方法的其他适当修改,例如在合成期间对易受某些反应条件影响的基团使用适合的保护/去保护剂、分离及纯化中间物以用于后续反应、选择适当的溶剂等。举例而言,上文所描绘的途径中的化合物(β)的-OH基团可在与化合物(α)反应之前受保护,且所得产物可经去保护以得到化合物(γ)等。
医药组合物/组合
在另一态样中,本揭示提供一种医药组合物/组合,其包含式(I)中任一者的化合物或其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药,以及医药学上可接受的载剂。
医药组合物/组合可进一步包含一或多种第二药剂。在一个实施例中,第二药剂为免疫检查点抑制剂、NSAID、酪胺酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)或抗癌剂。在另一个实施例中,医药组合物/组合包含本文所述的化合物及免疫检查点抑制剂及/或NSAID或视情况选用的酪胺酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)。
在一个实施例中,免疫检查点抑制剂可与本文所述的医药组合组合使用以刺激针对癌细胞的免疫系统且治疗癌症。免疫检查点抑制剂为抗细胞毒性T淋巴球抗原4(CTLA-4)抗体或药剂、抗计划性细胞死亡蛋白质1(PD-1)抗体或药剂、抗计划性死亡配体1(PD-L1)抗体或药剂、抗T细胞免疫球蛋白及黏蛋白域3(TIM-3)抗体或药剂、抗B淋巴球及T淋巴球衰减因子(BTLA)抗体或药剂、抗含V域Ig的T细胞活化抑制因子(VISTA)抗体或药剂、抗淋巴球活化基因3(LAG-3)抗体或药剂、KIR(杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体)抑制剂或抗体、A2AR(腺苷A2A受体)抑制剂或抗体、CD276抑制剂或抗体或VTCN1抑制剂或抗体。更优选地,免疫检查点抑制剂为派姆单抗(pembrolizumab)、兰利珠单抗(lambrolizumab)、皮立珠单抗(pidilizumab)、纳武单抗(nivolumab)、度伐利尤单抗(durvalumab)、阿维鲁单抗(avelumab)或阿特珠单抗(atezolizumab)。PD-1或PD-L1抑制剂的实例包括但不限于阻断人类PD-1的人类化抗体,诸如兰利珠单抗(抗PD-1Ab,商品名Keytruda)或皮立珠单抗(抗PD-1Ab)、Bavencio(抗PD-L1 Ab,阿维鲁单抗)、Imfinzi(抗PD-L1 Ab,度伐利尤单抗)及Tecentriq(抗PD-L1 Ab,阿特珠单抗)以及全人类抗体,诸如纳武单抗(抗PD-1Ab,商品名Opdivo)及西米普利单抗(cemiplimab-rwlc)(抗PD-1Ab,商品名Libtayo)。其他PD-1抑制剂可包括可溶性PD-1配体的呈现,包括但不限于亦称为B7-DC-Ig或AMP-244的PD-L2 Fc融合蛋白及当前正在研究及/或开发用于疗法的其他PD-1抑制剂。另外,免疫检查点抑制剂可包括但不限于阻断PD-L1的人类化或全人类抗体,诸如度伐利尤单抗及MIH1(抗CD274(PD-L1,B7-H1)单株抗体)及当前正在研究的其他PD-L1抑制剂。
NSAID为一类减轻疼痛、减少发热且在较高剂量下减少炎症的药物。大多数NSAID抑制环氧合酶1(COX-1)及环氧合酶2(COX-2)的活性,从而抑制凝血脂素及前列腺素的合成。据认为,抑制COX-2引起消炎、镇痛及退热作用,而彼等亦抑制COX-1的NSAID,尤其阿司匹林,在大剂量下可能会引起胃肠道出血及溃疡。COX-2抑制剂广泛用于治疗自体免疫性疾病及发炎性疾病。环氧合酶(COX)具有两种同功异型物,亦即COX-1及COX-2,为负责由前列腺素D2(PGD2)、PGE2、PGF2α、前列环素PGI2及凝血脂素TXA2组成的前列腺素生物活性脂质合成的速率决定步骤的酶。COX-1组成性表现于身体组织中以维持恒稳前列腺素,且参与若干生物功能,诸如血管生成、血管扩张及组织维持。然而,COX-2在正常条件下的表现量低。COX-2由诸如感染、损伤及疼痛的刺激迅速诱导,从而启动促炎性过程。选择性COX-2抑制剂为一种类型的非类固醇消炎药(NSAID)。在一些实施例中,NSAID包括但不限于阿司匹林(aspirin)、布洛芬(ibuprofen)、吲哚美辛(indomethacin)、萘普生(naproxen)及COX-2抑制剂。在本揭示的一些实施例中,NSAID为COX2抑制剂。在一些实施例中,COX2抑制剂包括但不限于西乐葆(通用名称为塞内昔布)、罗非昔布(Rofecoxib)、艾瑞昔布(Imrecoxib)及依他昔布(Etoricoxib)。优选地,COX2抑制剂为塞内昔布。
酪胺酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)为具有抑制胞溶质或受体酪胺酸激酶的活性的小分子家族。TKI藉由各种机制抑制此等生长因子信号传导路径。其与ATP、受质竞争或竞争二聚化位点,且亦可异位地起作用。若干不同类别的TKI证实对胞溶质或受体酪胺酸激酶的抑制,诸如经由直接竞争ATP与酪胺酸激酶的结合、异位抑制酪胺酸激酶及抑制配体与受体酪胺酸激酶的结合。TKI在治疗癌症方面发挥愈来愈重要的作用,尤其VEGFR抑制剂,诸如阿西替尼(Axitinib)、乐伐替尼(Lenvatinib)、卡博替尼(Cabozantinib)及瑞戈非尼(Regorafenib)。在本揭示的一些实施例中,TKI为受体酪胺酸激酶的抑制剂。优选地,TKI为血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGFR)的抑制剂。更优选地,TKI为卡博替尼、瑞戈非尼、阿西替尼、阿法替尼(Afatinib)、尼达尼布(Ninetedanib)、克唑替尼(Crizotinib)、阿来替尼(Alectinib)、曲美替尼(Trametinib)、达拉非尼(Dabrafenib)、舒尼替尼(Sunitinib)、鲁索替尼(Ruxolitinib)、维罗非尼(Vemurafenib)、索拉非尼(Sorafenib)、普纳替尼(Ponatinib)、恩拉非尼(Encorafenib)、布加替尼(Brigatinib)、帕唑帕尼(Pazopanib)、达沙替尼(Dasatinib)、伊马替尼(Imatinib)、乐伐替尼、凡德他尼(Vandetanib)、索凡替尼(surufatinib)或斯特替尼(Sitravatinib)。
额外抗癌剂为本文所述或此项技术中已知的任何抗癌剂。在一个实施例中,额外抗癌剂为化学疗法或基于铂的双重化学疗法。在某些实施例中,额外抗癌剂为酪胺酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)。在一个实施例中,额外抗癌剂为抗VEGF或抗VEGFR抗体或化合物。在其他实施例中,抗癌剂为铂剂(例如顺铂(cisplatin)、卡铂(carboplatin))、有丝分裂抑制剂(例如紫杉醇(paclitaxel)、白蛋白结合的紫杉醇、多烯紫杉醇(docetaxel)、taxotere、docecad)、氟化长春花生物碱(例如长春氟宁(vinflunine)、javlor)、长春瑞宾(vinorelbine)、长春花碱(vinblastine)、依托泊苷(etoposide)或培美曲塞吉西他滨(pemetrexed gemcitabin)。在一个实施例中,额外抗癌剂为5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)。在某些实施例中,额外抗癌剂为此项技术中已知的任何其他抗癌剂。
为了制备本揭示的医药组合物/组合,根据习知医药混配技术,将一或多种本揭示化合物作为活性成分与医药载剂充分混合,所述载剂可视投与(例如经口或非经肠,诸如肌肉内)所需的制备形式而采取多种形式。在制备口服剂型的组合物时,可采用任何常用医药介质。因此,对于液体口服制剂,诸如悬浮液、酏剂及溶液,适合的载剂及添加剂包括水、二醇、油、醇、调味剂、防腐剂、着色剂及其类似物;对于固体口服制剂,诸如散剂、胶囊、囊片、凝胶胶囊及锭剂,适合的载剂及添加剂包括淀粉、糖、稀释剂、成粒剂、润滑剂、黏合剂、崩解剂及其类似物。因为锭剂及胶囊易于投与,所以其代表最有利的口服单位剂型,在此情况下显然采用固体医药载剂。必要时,锭剂可藉由标准技术包覆糖衣或包覆肠溶包衣。对于注射剂,载剂将通常包含无菌水,但亦可包括其他成分,例如用于诸如辅助溶解或保存的目的。亦可制备可注射悬浮液,在此情况下,可采用适当液体载剂、悬浮剂及其类似物。本文中的医药组合物每个单位剂型(例如锭剂、胶囊、散剂、注射剂、一茶匙量及其类似物)将含有递送如上所述的有效剂量所必需的量的活性成分。
可并入本揭示的新颖组合物以用于经口或藉由注射投与的液体形式包括:水溶液、适当调味的糖浆、水性或油性悬浮液及具有可食用油(诸如棉籽油、芝麻油、椰子油或花生油)的调味乳液,以及酏剂及类似医药媒剂。适用于水性悬浮液的分配剂或悬浮剂包括:合成胶及天然胶,诸如黄蓍胶、阿拉伯胶、海藻酸盐、葡聚糖、羧甲基纤维素钠、甲基纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮或明胶。
用于经口投与的锭剂及胶囊通常以单位剂型呈现,且含有习知赋形剂,诸如黏合剂、填充剂(包括纤维素、甘露醇、乳糖)、稀释剂、制锭剂、润滑剂(包括硬脂酸镁)、清洁剂、崩解剂(例如聚乙烯吡咯啶酮及淀粉衍生物,诸如羟基乙酸淀粉钠)、着色剂、调味剂及润湿剂(例如月桂基硫酸钠)。
口服固体组合物可藉由掺合、填充或制锭的习知方法制备。可重复掺合操作以将活性成分分布在含有大量填充剂的整个组合物中。此类操作为习知的。
对于非经肠投与,可制备含有化合物及无菌媒剂的流体单位剂量。视媒剂及浓度而定,化合物可为悬浮或溶解的。非经肠溶液通常藉由将化合物溶解于媒剂中、藉由过滤灭菌、填充适合的小瓶且密封来制备。有利地,诸如局部麻醉剂、防腐剂及缓冲剂的佐剂亦可溶解于媒剂中。为了提高稳定性,组合物可在已填充小瓶的后冷冻且在真空下移除水。除了化合物可悬浮于媒剂中而非溶解且藉由在悬浮于无菌媒剂中之前暴露于环氧乙烷来灭菌之外,以实质上相同方式制备非经肠悬浮液。有利地,组合物中可包括界面活性剂或润湿剂以促进本申请案化合物的均匀分布。
藉由吸入投与的医药制剂可自吹入器或喷雾器加压包装递送。
治疗性应用
在另一态样中,本揭示提供一种用于TME的表观遗传免疫调节的方法,其包含向有需要的个体投与有效量的本文所述的化合物或医药组合物/组合。
在另一态样中,本揭示提供一种治疗或预防个体的与I类HDAC相关的疾病的方法,其包含向有需要的个体投与有效量的本文所述的化合物或医药组合物/组合。
在一个实施例中,所述方法包含进一步投与一或多种第二药剂。在一些实施例中,第二药剂为免疫检查点抑制剂、NSAID、TKI或抗癌剂。在另一个实施例中,医药组合物/组合包含本文所述的化合物及免疫检查点抑制剂及/或NSAID或视情况选用的TKI。免疫检查点抑制剂、NSAID、TKI或抗癌剂的实施例为本文所述的实施例。
本揭示化合物可用于治疗或预防任何疾病及/或病况,其中需要抑制I类HDAC。特定言之,本揭示化合物具有TME的表观遗传免疫调节,由此改良免疫疗法。抑制HDAC酶活性可导致肿瘤生长减弱。因此,本揭示提供用于治疗或预防肿瘤或癌症的方法。
根据本揭示教示可治疗的癌症的实例包括但不限于侵袭性乳癌、腺癌、肺癌(非小细胞、鳞状细胞癌、腺癌及大细胞肺癌)、肝癌、结肠直肠癌、脑癌、头颈癌(例如神经/神经胶质母细胞瘤)、乳癌、卵巢癌、膀胱移行细胞癌、前列腺癌、口腔鳞状细胞癌、骨肉瘤、肾上腺皮质癌、胃肠道肿瘤包括结肠直肠癌、胆道癌诸如胆囊癌(GBC)、膀胱癌、食道癌、胃癌、子宫颈癌、唾液腺癌、腹泻良性赘瘤、原位导管癌、甲沟炎、胆管癌、肾癌、胰脏癌、髓母细胞瘤、神经胶质母细胞瘤、管腔型、HER2阳性及三阴性乳房肿瘤、血液科恶性疾病及白血病(急性骨髓性白血病(AML)、前体B细胞急性淋巴母细胞性白血病(ALL)、一部分T细胞ALL及慢性骨髓性白血病(CML))。
化合物或其医药学上可接受的盐经口、经鼻、经皮、经肺、经吸入、经颊、经舌下、经腹膜内、经皮下、经肌肉内、经静脉内、经直肠、经胸膜内、经鞘内及非经肠投与。在一个实施例中,化合物经口投与。熟习此项技术者将认识到某些投与途径的优势。
根据多种因素选择利用化合物的给药方案,所述因素包括患者的类型、物种、年龄、体重、性别及医学病况;待治疗病况的严重程度;投与途径;患者的肾脏及肝脏功能;及所采用的特定化合物或其盐。一般熟练的医师或兽医可容易地确定及开出预防、对抗或阻止病况进展所需的药物的有效量。
现已藉助于书面描述来描述本揭示,熟习此项技术者将认识到本揭示可在多种实施例中实践,且前述描述及下文实例是出于说明而非限制以下申请专利范围的目的。
实例
制备本揭示的例示性化合物的材料及方法描述于下文中。
GNTbm-01、GNTbm-02、GNTbm-03、GNTbm-04、GNTbm-05、GNTbm-06、GNTbm-08、GNTbm-11、GNTbm-12、GNTbm-19、GNTbm-25、GNTbm-33、GNTbm-37、GNTbm-38、GNTbm-39、恩替诺特-API(活性医药成分)及西达本胺-API由GNTbm[GNT Biotech&Medicals Co.Ltd(Taiwan,China)]提供。塞内昔布胶囊产品(200mg)是购自(Pfizer,Taiwan,China)。瑞戈非尼(HY-1031,30mg/kg,每日口服,MedChemExpress USA)。以下抗体及试剂用于动物实验:小鼠抗PD-1(CD279)单株抗体(RMP1-14;Bio X Cell)及大鼠抗IgG2a同型单株抗体(2A3;Bio X Cell)。在Bruker microTOF上记录电喷雾电离质量,且使用Waters质谱仪将电喷雾质谱(ESMS)记录为m/z值。除非另外说明,否则所有市售化学品及溶剂为试剂级且不经进一步纯化即使用。使用Merck 60F254硅胶玻璃背衬盘(20×20cm),藉由薄层层析监测所有反应的完成。在UV照射(254nm)下目视侦测所得层析图的可视化。在Bruker AVANCE400MHz PLUS及Bruker AVANCE III HD600MHz上记录1H NMR及13C NMR,且化学位移以百万分率(ppm,δ)记录。多重性记录为s(单峰)、brs(宽单峰)、d(二重峰)、t(三重峰)、q(四重峰)、dd(二重峰的二重峰)、td(二重峰的三重峰)及m(多重峰)。偶合常数(J)以赫兹表示。藉由Waters ACQUITY Arc系统,使用C18管柱(Waters XSelect HSS T3 5μm,4.6mm×250mm)在40℃下操作测定最终化合物的纯度。使用含有0.1%三氟乙酸的水作为移动相A及甲醇作为移动相B进行溶离。溶离条件:0分钟时,相A 90%+相B10%;6分钟时,相A 70%+相B 30%;12分钟时,相A 50%+相B 50%;18分钟时,相A10%+相B 90%;23分钟时,相A 90%+相B10%。移动相的流动速率为1mL/min,样品的注射体积为10μL,且运行时间为30分钟。在254nm处侦测到峰。发现最终化合物的纯度>90%。
制备实例
实例1 GNTbm-01
合成途径展示如下:
6-胺基吡啶-3-甲酸(1).
向6-胺基吡啶-3-甲酸甲酯(1.2g)的溶液中添加含LiOH(3.309g)的MeOH,且将混合物在40~65℃下搅拌4~8小时。冷却至室温后,用10% HCl(水溶液)调节至酸性条件,藉由抽吸过滤,且将产物在烘箱上干燥约24小时,得到固体产物化合物1。
6-胺基吡啶-3-甲酸2-(三甲基硅烷基)乙酯(2).
在-5~10℃下,向化合物1(1.5g)及三苯基膦(2.848g)于THF中的溶液中添加2-(三甲基硅烷基)乙醇(1.84mL mmol)及偶氮二甲酸二异丙酯(DIAD,2.56mL)。且将混合物在室温下搅拌约8小时。浓缩混合物,且藉由硅胶管柱层析纯化,得到化合物2。
6-((E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)吡啶-3-甲酸2-(三甲基硅烷基)乙酯(3).
在冰浴下向DCC(86.9mg)于DCM中的溶液中添加含化合物2(50mg)及(E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酸(67.2mg)的DCM。且将混合物在室温下搅拌约8小时。使用乙酸乙酯萃取产物,且用水洗涤有机层。合并的有机层经MgSO4干燥,浓缩且藉由硅胶管柱层析纯化,得到化合物3。
6-((E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)吡啶-3-甲酸(4).
向化合物3(50mg)于THF(11mL)中的溶液中添加12N HCl(11mL),且将混合物在室温下搅拌4~10小时。浓缩混合物,且藉由硅胶管柱层析纯化,得到化合物4。
6-((E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基-4-氟苯基)吡啶-3-甲酰胺(5).
将4-氟苯-1,2-二胺(72.9mg)、EDC(89.7mg)、HOBt(46.8mg)于DMF中的溶液在-10~10℃下搅拌20~60分钟。添加含化合物4(85.9mg)的DMF及Et3N(161μL),且将混合物在室温下搅拌约72小时。混合物用水稀释且用EtOAc萃取。合并的有机层经MgSO4干燥,浓缩且藉由硅胶管柱层析纯化,得到化合物5。1H NMR(400MHz,丙酮-d6):δ2.46(3H,s),3.52(2H,d),4.95(2H,br),6.39(1H,td),6.59(3H,m),7.21(1H,t),7.77(1H,dd),8.38(3H,m),9.08(1H,s),9.75(1H,s)。13C NMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6):δ23.77,40.47,101.16,101.41,101.80,102.03,123.05,124.73,125.54,128.76,128.86,129.21,129.56,132.84,136.68,138.02,145.71,147.16,148.12,156.82,163.76,170.27;ESI-MS m/z:428.1496[M+Na+]。
实例2 GNTbm-02
合成途径展示如下:
5-((E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)吡啶-2-甲酸(6).
将(E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酸(769mg)及DCC(895mg)于DCM中的溶液在-10~10℃下搅拌20~60分钟。添加含6-胺基吡啶-3-甲酸(500mg)的DCM,且将混合物在室温下搅拌约48小时。过滤混合物以收集固体粉末。将固体粉末溶解于MeOH中,过滤且藉由旋转蒸发仪浓缩,得到粗化合物6。
5-((E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基-4-氟苯基)吡啶-2-甲酰胺(7).
将4-氟苯-1,2-二胺(42.4mg)及EDC(52.2mg、HOBt(26mg)于DMF中的溶液在-10~10℃下搅拌20~60分钟。添加含5-((E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)吡啶-2-甲酸(化合物6)(50mg)的DMF,且将混合物在室温下搅拌约16小时。混合物用水稀释且用EtOAc萃取。合并的有机层经MgSO4干燥,浓缩且藉由硅胶管柱层析纯化,得到化合物7。1H NMR(400MHz,丙酮-d6):δ2.46(3H,s),3.45(2H,d),4.90(1H,br),6.45(1H,m),6.55(2H,m),6.66(1H,dd),7.19(1H,d),7.53(1H,dd),7.76(1H,dd),8.15(1H,d),8.31(1H,dd),8.47(1H,d),8.91(1H,s),9.66(1H,s),9.72(1H,s)。13C NMR(100MHz,MeOD-d):δ41.93,104.06,104.32,105.16,105.39,124.08,125.12,125.94,128.14,128.41,128.65,130.93,132.17,135.42,139.91,141.19,146.07,147.83,158.38,165.26,168.08,172.56。ESI-MS m/z:428.1479[M+Na+]。
实例3 GNTbm-03
合成途径展示如下:
4-((E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)苯甲酸(8).
将(E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酸(671.9mg)及DCC(782.4mg)于DCM中的溶液在-10~10℃下搅拌20~60分钟。添加含4-胺基苯甲酸(400mg)的DCM,且将混合物在室温下再搅拌5~10小时。过滤混合物以收集固体粉末。将固体粉末溶解于MeOH中,过滤且藉由旋转蒸发仪浓缩,得到粗化合物8。
4-((E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基-4-氟苯基)苯甲酰胺(9).
将4-氟苯-1,2-二胺(255.4mg)、EDC(314.4mg)及HOBt(164mg)于DMF中的溶液在-10~10℃下搅拌20~60分钟。添加含4-((E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)苯甲酸(化合物8)(300mg)的DMF,且将混合物在室温下搅拌约24小时。混合物用水稀释且用EtOAc萃取。合并的有机层经MgSO4干燥,浓缩且藉由硅胶管柱层析纯化,得到化合物9。1H NMR(400MHz,丙酮-d6):δ2.46(3H,s),3.39(2H,d),4.90(1H,br),6.39(1H,td),6.56(3H,m),7.20(2H,m),7.77(3H,m),8.00(2H,m),8.46(1H,s),8.95(1H,s),9.46(1H,s)。13C NMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6):δ23.75,40.77,101.48,102.55,118.23,119.42,123.07,124.98,128.51,128.62,128.76,128.90,129.05,129.59,132.85,141.97,145.51,147.14,156.79,159.82,162.19,165.03,169.36。ESI-MS m/z:405.1731[M+H+]。
实例4 GNTbm-04、GNTbm-05、GNTbm-11、GNTbm-33、GNTbm-37、GNTbm-38及GNTbm-39
合成途径展示如下:
(E)-4-(吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酸乙酯(11)。将烟碱醛10(10g,93mmol)、PPh3(36.7g,140mmol)、丙烯酸乙酯(15.3mL,140mmol)于正己醇(50mL)中的溶液在120~160℃下搅拌12~18小时。混合物用EA稀释,用水、盐水洗涤且经Na2SO4干燥。过滤混合物且浓缩至干燥。藉由管柱层析纯化粗产物,得到呈黄色液体状的化合物11(6g,34%)。1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ8.58(d,J=1.8Hz,1H),8.46(dd,J=4.8,1.5Hz,1H),7.70(dt,J=7.9,1.8Hz,1H),7.24(dd,J=7.9,4.9Hz,1H),6.48(d,J=16.0Hz,1H),6.38(dt,J=15.9,7.0Hz,1H),4.18(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),3.27(dd,J=7.0,1.3Hz,2H),1.29(t,J=7.1Hz,3H)。
(E)-4-(吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酸(12)向溶液11(6g,31mmol)于THF(100mL)中的溶液中添加LiOH(2.25g于50mL H2O中,94mmol),且在RT(室温)下搅拌1~4小时。浓缩混合物以移除THF。水溶液用1N HCl(水溶液)酸化。将混合物浓缩至干燥,且藉由管柱层析纯化粗产物,得到呈白色固体状的化合物12(3.7g,72%)。1H NMR(600MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.58(d,J=2.0Hz,1H),8.42(dd,J=4.7,1.5Hz,1H),7.87(dt,J=8.0,1.9Hz,1H),7.34(dd,J=8.0,4.7Hz,1H),6.52(d,J=16.0Hz,1H),6.45(dt,J=16.0,6.5Hz,1H),3.21(d,J=6.5Hz,2H)。
GNTbm-04、GNTbm-05、GNTbm-11、GNTbm-33、GNTbm-38及GNTbm-39的合成程序。向化合物12(1eq)、化合物13(1.1eq)及HATU(1.1eq)于DMF中的溶液中添加DIPEA(1~2.5eq)。将混合物在室温下搅拌1~4小时(藉由LCMS监测)。将苯胺(1.1eq)、HATU(1.1eq)及DIPEA(1~2.5eq)添加至反应混合物中。将混合物在室温下再搅拌1~4小时(藉由LCMS监测)。混合物用EA稀释,用水、盐水洗涤且经Na2SO4干燥。过滤混合物且浓缩至干燥。藉由管柱层析纯化粗产物,得到所需产物。
GNTbm-04,产率:45mg,40%。1H NMR(600MHz,DMSO-d6)δ10.60(s,1H),9.86(s,1H),8.92(d,J=1.8Hz,1H),8.63(d,J=1.8Hz,1H),8.44(d,J=4.8Hz,1H),8.25(dd,J=8.7,2.1Hz,1H),8.09(d,J=9Hz,1H),7.91(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.38-7.32(m,2H),6.62-6.55(m,3H),6.39(td,J=8.7,2.4Hz,1H),5.20(s,2H),3.42(d,J=6Hz,2H)。13C NMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6):δ40.48,101.95,102.12,102.41,102.56,119.74,122.81,123.69,125.78,126.52,126.73,126.79,129.29,132.28,132.57,138.25,138.95,144.37,144.41,147.80,148.40,159.74,161.33,162.27,169.76。LCMS(ESI)m/z 392.4[M+H]+。HPLC纯度:96.12%。
GNTbm-05,产率:88mg,53%。1H NMR(600MHz,DMSO-d6)δ10.60(s,1H),9.94(s,1H),8.92(d,J=1.6Hz,1H),8.63(d,J=1.5Hz,1H),8.44(d,J=4.7Hz,1H),8.26(dd,J=8.5,2.0Hz,1H),8.11(d,J=8.6Hz,1H),7.91(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.50(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),7.36(dd,J=7.9,4.8Hz,1H),6.94(t,J=7.6Hz,1H),6.82(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),6.65(t,J=7.9Hz,1H),6.61-6.57(m,2H),4.88(s,2H),3.42(d,J=6.0Hz,2H)。13C NMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6):δ40.49,116.75,117.01,122.76,123.68,124.16,124.29,125.67,125.78,126.58,129.29,132.28,132.56,138.26,138.97,141.56,144.44,147.80,148.39,161.86,169.76。LCMS(ESI)m/z 374.3[M+H]+。HPLC纯度:99.32%。
GNTbm-11,产率:48mg,22%。1H NMR(600MHz,DMSO-d6)δ10.62(s,1H),10.01(s,1H),8.94(d,J=1.9Hz,1H),8.63(d,J=1.6Hz,1H),8.44(d,J=4.6Hz,1H),8.26(dd,J=8.6,2.3Hz,1H),8.11(d,J=8.6Hz,1H),7.91(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.77(s,1H),7.36(dd,J=7.9,4.7Hz,1H),7.27(d,J=8.5Hz,1H),6.91(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),6.62-6.55(m,2H),5.63(s,2H),3.42(d,J=6.0Hz,2H)。13C NMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6):δ40.49,115.71,121.95,122.90,122.94,123.68,125.76,126.55,129.30,132.28,132.57,138.42,138.97,144.13,145.75,147.80,162.50,169.79。LCMS(ESI)m/z 442.4[M+H]+。HPLC纯度:93.63%。
GNTbm-33,产率:63mg,16%。1H NMR(600MHz,DMSO-d6)δ10.32(s,1H),9.60,(s,1H),8.63(d,J=1.9Hz,1H),8.44(dd,J=4.7,1.5Hz,1H),7.97(d,J=8.7Hz,2H),7.91(dt,J=8.0,1.8Hz,1H),7.74(d,J=8.7Hz,2H),7.51(d,J=1.2Hz,1H),7.36(dd,J=7.9,4.8Hz,1H),7.27(dd,J=8.5,1.7Hz,1H),6.88(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),6.62-6.55(m,2H),5.65(s,2H),3.38(d,J=5.5Hz,2H)。13C NMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6):δ40.70,115.22,115.42,115.63,118.21,122.44,123.33,123.69,123.79,124.10,125.89,126.19,128.71,128.82,129.06,132.34,132.54,142.05,146.76,147.78,148.35,165.15,169.21。LCMS(ESI)m/z441.4[M+H]+。HPLC纯度:96.40%。
GNTbm-33,产率:108mg,47%。1H NMR(600MHz,DMSO-d6)δ10.30(s,1H),9.56(s,1H),8.63(d,J=1.9Hz,1H),8.44(dd,J=4.7,1.4Hz,1H),7.96(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),7.91(dt,J=8.0,1.9Hz,1H),7.73(d,J=8.7Hz,2H),7.36(dd,J=7.9,4.7Hz,1H),7.16(d,J=7.5Hz,1H),6.96(dt,J=7.9,1.4Hz,1H),6.78(dd,J=8.0,1.2Hz,1H),6.62-6.57(m,3H),4.87(s,2H),3.37(d,J=5.5Hz,2H)。13C NMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6):δ40.69,116.10,116.24,118.23,118.34,123.46,123.68,126.20,126.32,126.60,128.66,129.0,129.04,132.33,132.53,141.87,143.08,147.78,148.34,164.67,169.17。LCMS(ESI)m/z 373.4[M+H]+。HPLC纯度:94.41%。
GNTbm-39,产率:60mg,25%。1H NMR(600MHz,DMSO-d6)δ10.30(s,1H),9.49(s,1H),8.62(d,J=2.0Hz,1H),8.44(dd,J=4.7,1.6Hz,1H),7.95(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),7.90(dt,J=8.0,1.9Hz,1H),7.72(d,J=8.7Hz,2H),7.36(dd,J=7.9,4.8Hz,1H),7.11(dd,J=8.4,6.6Hz,1H),6.62-6.57(m,2H),6.54(dd,J=11.2,2.9Hz,1H),6.35(td,J=8.5,2.8Hz,1H),5.20(s,2H),3.37(d,J=5.5Hz,2H)。13C NMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6):δ40.69,101.35,101.52,101.92,102.07,118.20,118.32,119.40,123.68,126.20,128.42,128.49,128.68,128.89,129.05,132.33,132.53,141.89,145.38,145.45,147.78,148.34,160.14,161.73,164.95,169.17。LCMS(ESI)m/z 391.4[M+H]+。HPLC纯度:94.66%。
GNTbm-37的合成
向GNTbm-39(0.11g,0.3mmol)于MeOH(2mL)中的溶液中添加Pd/C(22mg),且在室温下搅拌8~16小时。经由硅藻土垫过滤混合物且将滤液浓缩至干燥,得到呈白色固体状的GNTbm-37(95mg,86%)。
GNTbm-37,产率:110mg,49%。1H NMR(600MHz,DMSO-d6)δ10.20(s,1H),9.52(s,1H),8.45(s,1H),8.41(d,J=4.0Hz,1H),7.93(d,J=8.2Hz,2H),7.70(d,J=8.1Hz,2H),7.66(d,J=7.6Hz,1H),7.32(dd,J=7.3,4.9Hz,1H),7.10(t,J=7.1Hz,1H),6.54(dd,J=11.1,2.0Hz,1H),6.35(t,J=7.2Hz,1H),5.21(s,2H),2.66(t,J=7.4Hz,2H),2.38(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),1.93(m,J=7.4Hz,2H)。13C NMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6):δ26.20,31.56,35.63,99.13,101.36,101.52,101.91,102.06,118.07,119.44,123.45,128.44,128.64,135.84,136.95,142.06,145.39,145.47,147.22,149.63,160.13,161.71,164.98,171.20。LCMS(ESI)m/z 393.4[M+H]+。HPLC纯度:95.87%。
GNTbm-06及GNTbm-12.
合成途径展示如下:
(E)-4-(6-甲基-3-吡啶基)丁-3-烯酸(15),向具有溴化2-羧乙基(三苯基)鏻(37.7g,90.8mmol)的干燥圆底烧瓶中添加无水THF(200ml),且将溶液冷却至-20~40℃。向白色悬浮液中逐滴添加含2.00M NaHMDS的THF(82.6ml)。将所得橙色溶液在-20~40℃下搅拌1-5小时。添加6-甲基吡啶-3-甲醛(10.0g,82.6mmol),且将所得混合物在室温下搅拌8-20小时。用水(10mL)淬灭反应混合物且浓缩至干燥。向混合物中添加水(300mL)且用EA(200mL)及DCM(200mL)洗涤。移除有机层,且水层藉由6N HCl(水溶液)酸化,并用EA(200mL)及DCM(200mL)洗涤。移除有机层,且水层用4N NaOH(水溶液)调节pH值并浓缩至干燥。藉由管柱层析纯化残余物,得到呈白色固体状的(E)-4-(6-甲基-3-吡啶基)丁-3-烯酸(5.10g,35%)。
GNTbm-06及GNTbm-12的合成程序。向化合物15(1eq)、化合物13b(1.1eq)及HATU(1.1eq)于DMF中的溶液中添加DIPEA(1~2.5eq)。将混合物在室温下搅拌1~4小时(藉由LCMS监测)。将苯胺(1.1eq)、HATU(1.1eq)及DIPEA(1~2.5eq)添加至反应混合物中。将混合物在室温下再搅拌1~4小时(藉由LCMS监测)。混合物用EA稀释,用水、盐水洗涤且经Na2SO4干燥。过滤混合物且浓缩至干燥。藉由管柱层析纯化粗产物,得到所需产物。
GNTbm-06,产率:95mg,43%。1H NMR(600MHz,DMSO-d6)δ10.59(s,1H),9.94(s,1H),8.91(s,1H),8.47(s,1H),8.26(dd,J=8.7,2.0Hz,1H),8.11(d,J=8.6Hz,1H),7.80(d,J=8.1Hz,1H),7.50(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),7.22(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),6.94(t,J=7.6Hz,1H),6.82(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),6.65(t,J=7.6Hz,1H),6.57(d,J=16.1Hz,1H),6.50(dt,J=15.5,7.0Hz,1H),4.88(s,2H),3.40(d,J=6.7Hz,2H),2.45(s,3H)。13C NMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6):δ23.71,40.49,116.75,117.01,122.75,122.98,124.16,124.29,124.48,125.66,126.56,129.25,129.47,132.80,138.28,138.96,139.05,141.55,144.43,147.12,156.80,161.86,169.87。LCMS(ESI)m/z 388.4[M+H]+。HPLC纯度:94.56%。
GNTbm-12,产率:45mg,14%。1H NMR(600MHz,DMSO-d6)δ10.61(s,1H),10.01(s,1H),8.94(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),8.48(d,J=1.7Hz,1H),8.26(dd,J=8.6,2.3Hz,1H),8.11(d,J=8.6Hz,1H),7.80(dd,J=8.1,2.0Hz,1H),7.77(s,1H),7.27(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),7.22(d,J=8.1Hz,1H),6.91(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),6.57(d,J=16.1Hz,1H),6.50(dt,J=15.8,6.9Hz,1H),5.63(s,2H),3.40(d,J=6.8Hz,2H),2.45(s,3H)。13C NMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6):δ23.70,40.49,115.71,121.92,122.90,122.94,122.98,124.46,126.53,129.26,129.47,132.80,138.43,138.96,144.11,145.74,147.12,156.81,162.49,169.89。LCMS(ESI)m/z456.5[M+H]+。HPLC纯度:92.94%。
实例6 GNTbm-08、GNTbm-19及GNTbm-25
合成途径展示如下:
4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁酸(17)向15(1g,5.6mmol)于MeOH(10mL)中的溶液中添加Pd/C(200mg)且在室温下搅拌1~8小时。经由硅藻土垫过滤混合物且将滤液浓缩至干燥,得到呈白色固体状的化合物17(1g,99%)。1H NMR(600MHz,DMSO-d6)δ12.07(s,1H),8.26(d,J=2.0Hz,1H),7.49(dd,J=7.9,2.3Hz,1H),7.16(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),2.55(t,J=7.7Hz,1H),2.41(s,1H),2.20(t,J=7.4Hz,1H),1.77(quint,J=7.5Hz,1H)。
GNTbm-08、GNTbm-19及GNTbm-25的合成程序。向化合物17(1eq)、化合物13b(1.1eq)及HATU(1.1eq)于DMF中的溶液中添加DIPEA(1~2.5eq)。将混合物在室温下搅拌1~4小时(藉由LCMS监测)。将苯胺(1.1eq)、HATU(1.1eq)及DIPEA(1~2.5eq)添加至反应混合物中。将混合物在室温下再搅拌1~4小时(藉由LCMS监测)。混合物用EA稀释,用水、盐水洗涤且经Na2SO4干燥。过滤混合物且浓缩至干燥。藉由管柱层析纯化粗产物,得到设计产物。
GNTbm-8,产率:35mg,25%。1H NMR(600MHz,DMSO-d6)δ10.41(s,1H),9.85(s,1H),8.86(d,J=2.3Hz,1H),8.31(d,J=1.9Hz,1H),8.23(dd,J=8.6,2.4Hz,1H),8.07(d,J=8.5Hz,1H),7.53(dd,J=7.9,2.1Hz,1H),7.34(dd,J=8.6,6.4Hz,1H),7.17(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),6.58(dd,J=11.1,2.9Hz,1H),6.39(td,J=12.8,2.8Hz,1H),5.19(s,2H),2.62(t,J=7.5Hz,2H),2.42(s,3H),2.40(t,J=7.5Hz,2H),1.92(quint,J=7.5Hz,2H)。13C NMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6):δ23.54,26.90,31.10,35.47,101.97,102.14,102.42,102.57,119.78,122.68,126.31,126.67,126.74,133.58,136.13,138.53,138.83,144.16,144.33,148.78,155.29,159.72,161.31,162.29,171.76。LCMS(ESI)m/z 408.5[M+H]+。HPLC纯度:93.92%。
GNTbm-19,产率:43mg,20%。1H NMR(600MHz,DMSO-d6)δ10.42(s,1H),9.92(s,1H),8.86(s,1H),8.31(s,1H),8.25(d,J=8.5Hz,1H),8.09(d,J=8.5Hz,1H),7.53(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),7.50(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.17(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),6.94(t,J=7.6Hz,1H),6.82(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),6.65(t,J=7.6Hz,1H),4.88(s,2H),2.62(t,J=7.4Hz,2H),2.42(s,3H),2.40(t,J=7.4Hz,2H),1.92(quint,J=7.4Hz,2H)。13C NMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6):δ23.53,26.09,31.10,35.47,116.76,117.02,122.68,124.20,124.23,125.63,126.36,133.25,136.14,138.36,136.85,141.51,144.20,148.77,155.28,161.87,171.77。LCMS(ESI)m/z390.4[M+H]+。HPLC纯度:99.12%。
GNTbm-25,产率:30mg,12%。1H NMR(600MHz,DMSO-d6)δ10.43(s,1H),10.00(s,1H),8.88(d,J=1.7Hz,1H),8.31(s,1H),8.24(dd,J=8.7,1.8Hz,1H),8.09(d,J=8.5Hz,1H),7.77(s,1H),7.53(dd,J=8.1,1.8Hz,1H),7.26(d,J=8.3Hz,1H),7.17(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),6.91(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),5.62(s,2H),2.62(t,J=7.5Hz,2H),2.42(s,3H),2.40(t,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.92(quint,J=7.4Hz,2H)。13C NMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6):δ23.54,26.09,31.11,35.48,115.73,116.07,116.28,131.89,122.69,122.89,122.94,124.06,125.85,126.34,133.58,136.14,138.52,138.86,143.88,145.71,148.78,155.30,162.52,171.80。LCMS(ESI)m/z 458.5[M+H]+。HPLC纯度:92.03%。
实例7测定西达本胺、GNTbm-02、GNTbm-03、GNTbm-04及GNTbm-06的饱和溶解度
将5mg化合物样品添加至含有ddH2O的5ml容量瓶中,且在培育箱中在25℃下以100rpm震荡90分钟。经由0.22μm过滤器过滤所得悬浮液。在256nm处以分光亮度法测定化合物的浓度。各样品的饱和溶解度一式三份地测定且报告平均值及标准偏差。
实例8活体外细胞毒性分析
使用六种不同细胞株,包括人类乳癌细胞株MDA-MB-231(6×103)、MDA-MB-453(2.4×104)、SK-BR-3(6×103)、人类乳房上皮细胞株M10(6×103)、人类胃癌NCI-N87(2.4×104)及人类结肠直肠腺癌SW48(2.4×104),且接种于96孔盘中。细胞株是获自生物资源保存及研究中心BCRC。所有细胞株用包括GNTbm化合物系列、西达本胺(作为阳性对照)及恩替诺特(作为阳性对照)的化合物处理,其中剂量范围为50μM至0.39μM,且随后在37℃、5% CO2下培育72小时。72小时后,使用MTT分析(CaymanTM)确定细胞活力。MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-453、SK-BR-3细胞株维持在补充有10% FBS、0.2%抗生素(MycoZapTM,Pluse-CL)的DMEM/F12中。M10细胞株维持在补充有10% FBS、0.2%抗生素(MycoZapTM,Pluse-CL)的MEM Alpha(gibcoTM)中。NCI-N87细胞株维持在补充有10% FBS、0.2%抗生素(MycoZapTM,Pluse-CL)的RPMI 1640(CORNINGTM)中。SK-BR-3细胞株维持在补充有10% FBS、0.2%抗生素(MycoZapTM,Pluse-CL)的DMEM(CORNINGTM)中。
实例9测定HDAC 1、2及3酶抑制的IC50的量测结果
根据标准方案(荧光HDAC 1、2及3分析套组,BPS BioscienceTM)进行HDAC分析。将剂量范围介于20μM至1.28nM的所有化合物以及作为阳性对照的西达本胺及恩替诺特与套组缓冲液混合,且在37℃下培育1小时。在1小时后,将分析显影剂添加至样品中且在荧光波长下读取吸亮度。确定各样品中对HDAC 1、2及3活性的相对抑制。
实例10测定GNTbm-02对HDAC3的酶抑制动力学
根据标准方案(荧光HDAC3分析套组,BPS BioscienceTM)进行HDAC3酶动力学分析。将2μM剂量的GNTbm-01、GNTbm-02及GNTbm-03化合物系列、西达本胺及恩替诺特与套组缓冲液混合,且在37℃下培育20分钟、40分钟及60分钟。在培育后,将分析显影剂添加至样品中且在荧光波长下读取吸亮度。确定各样品中对HDAC3活性的相对抑制。
实例11测定GNTbm-02与恩替诺特(MS-275)的间对HDAC 1-11酶抑制的IC50的比较
完成的分析报告来自BPS Bioscience Inc.(6042Cornerstone Court West,Ste.B,San Diego,CA 92121,USA)。研究的目的为使用活体外酶分析测定GNTbm-02及阳性对照恩替诺特(MS-275)的两种化合物对重组HDAC1、HDAC2、HDAC3、HDAC4、HDAC5、HDAC6、HDAC7、HDAC8、HDAC9及HDAC11的活性的影响。根据标准方案(荧光HDAC 1-11分析套组,BPSBioscienceTM)进行HDAC分析。将剂量范围介于10μM至0.51nM的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特(阳性对照)与套组缓冲液混合,且在37℃下培育0.5小时。在0.5小时后,将分析显影剂添加至样品中且在荧光波长下读取吸亮度。确定各样品中对HDAC 1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9 11活性的相对抑制。更多细节描述于下文。将所有化合物溶解于DMSO中。首先在100%DMSO中进行化合物的连续稀释,最高浓度为1mM。随后将各中间化合物稀释液(在100% DMSO中)直接稀释10倍于分析缓冲液中,得到10% DMSO于HDAC分析缓冲液中的中间稀释液,且将5μl稀释液添加至50μl反应物中,使得所有反应中DMSO的最终浓度为1%。HDAC酶的酶促反应在37℃下在含有HDAC分析缓冲液、5μg BSA、HDAC受质、HDAC酶及测试化合物的50μl混合物中一式两份地进行30分钟。在酶促反应后,将50μl 2×HDAC显影剂添加至HDAC酶的各孔中且将盘在室温下再培育15分钟。使用Tecan Infinite M1000微量盘读取器在360nm激发及460nm发射下量测荧光强度。HDAC活性分析在各浓度下一式两份地进行。使用计算机软件GraphpadPrism分析荧光强度数据。在不存在化合物的情况下,将各数据集中的荧光强度(Ft)定义为100%活性。在不存在HDAC的情况下,将各数据集中的荧光强度(Fb)定义为0%活性。在各化合物存在下的活性百分比根据以下方程序计算:活性%=(F-Fb)/(Ft-Fb),其中F=在化合物存在下的荧光强度。随后使用由方程式Y=B+(T-B)/1+10((LogEC50-X)×希尔斜率)生成的S形剂量反应曲线的非线性回归分析标绘相对于一系列化合物浓度的活性%值,其中Y=活性百分比,B=最小活性百分比,T=最大活性百分比,X=化合物的对数且希尔斜率=斜率因子或希尔是数。藉由引起半最大活性百分比的浓度确定IC50值。
实例12藉由流动式细胞测量术分析细胞凋亡及细胞周期停滞
进行PI/RNase染色分析(BD BioscienceTM),以揭示用GNTbm化合物、西达本胺及恩替诺特处理后细胞周期停滞及凋亡细胞的存在。人类乳癌细胞株MDA-MB-231(1.5×105)及人类乳房上皮细胞株M10(1.5×105)分别用GNTbm化合物、西达本胺及恩替诺特(1.625至25μM)处理72小时,或用指定剂量处理3小时至72小时。人类结肠直肠腺癌SW48细胞(5×105)用GNTbm化合物系列、西达本胺及恩替诺特(按指定剂量)处理72小时,或以指定剂量的浓度处理3小时至72小时。在处理后,收获细胞,用80%乙醇固定24小时,用1×PBS洗涤且在室温下用PI/RNase染色15分钟。接着使用流式细胞仪在1小时内分析细胞。
实例13西方墨点分析
分析人类乳癌MDA-MB-231细胞及人类结肠直肠腺癌SW48细胞。MDA-MB-231及SW48是获自生物资源保存及研究中心(BCRC)。MDA-MB-231及SW48在37℃下,在不补充CO2的潮湿空气中,在含有10%热不活化胎牛血清(Thermo Scientific)、1倍浓度的MycoZap抗生素(目录号VZA-2011,Lonza)的Leibovitz's L-15(目录号11415114,Thermo FisherScientific)中生长。细胞用GNTbm化合物系列、西达本胺或恩替诺特处理不同时段或以不同剂量进行处理。细胞用指定剂量处理24小时,或细胞用指定剂量处理不同时段。细胞集结粒用具有蛋白酶及磷酸酶抑制剂(目录号K272,BioVision)的RIPA缓冲液(目录号20-188,Merck)溶解,且藉由离心澄清。等量总蛋白质藉由SDS-PAGE解析且转移至聚偏二氟乙烯膜(目录号1620177,BIO-RAD)。将墨点与针对β-肌动蛋白(目录号sc-47778,Santa CruzBiotechnology)、组蛋白3ac(目录号61637,Active Motif)的初级抗体及HRP二级抗体抗兔(ab6721,Abcam)及抗小鼠(sc-2005,Santa Cruz)一起培育。使用ECL西方墨点法受质(目录号sc-2048,Santa Cruz Biotechnology)使墨点显影。用iBright FL1000(Thermo FisherScientific)成像系统分析影像墨点。
实例14动物模型中的抗癌活性
动物研究由中国台北医学大学机构动物护理及使用委员会(TMU IACUC,编号:LAC-2019-0286、LAC-2020-0306)批准及监督。对于所有动物实验,在各处理组中使用六至八周龄雄性BALB/c小鼠。藉由皮下注射1×106或5×106个CT26细胞[(CRL-2638;鼠类结肠直肠腺癌)建立肿瘤。CT26细胞株是购自ATCC。CT26肿瘤细胞在37℃、5% CO2下在补充有10%(v/v)FBS的McCoy's 5A中生长。将CT26细胞与基质胶(目录号354248,)混合且接种至小鼠左侧腹中,并藉由量测两个垂直直径来确定肿瘤生长。在随机分组及处理的前,使肿瘤生长8-11天(肿瘤尺寸约150-250mm3)。当肿瘤直径达到3000mm3以上时,对动物实施安乐死。在肿瘤植入后第8、11、14、17、20及23天,藉由腹膜内投与给予携带CT26的小鼠2.5mg/kg的抗IgG(目录号BE0089,批次号716719J3,Bio X Cell)及抗PD-1(目录号BE0146,批次号735019J3,Bio X Cell)抗体,且将所有抗体在100μL无菌PBS(pH 7.4)(Invitrogen LifeTechnologies)中稀释至适当浓度。瑞戈非尼(HY-1031,30mg/kg,每日口服,MedChemExpress USA)、塞内昔布(50mg/kg,每日口服胶囊/)、西达本胺-K30(50mg/kg,每日口服,产自中国台湾台北GNTbm)及GNTbm-02/k30、GNTbm-03/k30、GNTbm-04/k30、GNTbm-05/k30、GNTbm-06/k30、GNTbm-11/k30、GNTbm-38/k30、GNTbm-39/k30化合物(50、25或12.5mg/kg,溶解于水中以形成储备溶液,每日口服)自第8天至第23天每日以不同剂量经口投与以处理荷瘤小鼠,持续16天。自处理开始量测抗癌活性,直至肿瘤体积达到3,000mm3。肿瘤体积计算为长度×宽度2×0.5。
实例15动物模型的存活率
自第8天至第23天,进行16天的抗体或药物投与。荷瘤小鼠体内的肿瘤继续生长。每三天或四天量测一次小鼠的肿瘤体积(每周两次)。当肿瘤体积达到3,000mm3时,荷瘤小鼠被视为死亡。对所有处理组进行记录及分析。
实例16荷瘤小鼠动物模型中的肿瘤再攻击研究
所有处理后具有PR/CR反应的小鼠均在对侧用CT26细胞再攻击(请参见表6)。在第33天,其为第一次肿瘤评定(第26天)后7天(第33天),用CT26进行再攻击,其中将5×106个CT26细胞注射至各小鼠的右侧腹。在用CT26细胞再攻击的后,使肿瘤再生长7天(第40天)以确定基线为1倍。再过10天(第50天)的后,针对再攻击评估肿瘤生长。若满足以下两个准则,则反应将视为复发:首先,当时与基线相比,肿瘤尺寸超过2倍;其次,第50天的肿瘤体积超过300mm3。复发发生在免疫记忆活性未充分活化时。若抑制肿瘤生长,则意谓免疫记忆经活化。
实例17流动式细胞测量术
以下抗体及试剂用于流动式细胞测量术:CD8a PerCP-Cy5.5(53-6.7;BioLegend)、CD4 PE(GK 1.5;BioLegend)、CD25 PerCP-Cy5.5(PC61;BioLegend)、Foxp3 PE(MF14;BioLegend)、CD3 APC(17A2;BioLegend)、CD11b APC(M1/70;BioLegend)、Ly-6CPerCP-Cy5.5(HK 1.4;BioLegend)、Ly-6G PE(1A8;BioLegend)、MHC-ll-PE(BM8;BioLegend)、CD45 FITC(30-F11;BioLegend)。流动式细胞测量术在FACS Caliber流式细胞仪(BD Biosciences)上进行,且用FACS Diva软件(BD Biosciences)分析数据。为了评定循环细胞群的水平,在开始使用或不使用GNTbm-02(12.5-50mg/kg)或西达本胺(50mg/kg,作为阳性对照)加塞内昔布(50mg/kg)的抗PD-1抗体(2.5mg/kg)处理后第8、12、16天自小鼠采集血液样品。自右侧或左侧面部静脉采集150微升血液于K2EDTA BD Microtainer(BDBiosciences)中。立即使用2mL 1×RBC溶解缓冲液(Qiagen,Valencia,CA)溶解来自抗凝血液样品的RBC 10分钟,且将样品在冰冷的PBS(BD Biosciences)中洗涤两次。用适当的抗体对样品进行染色。为了分析,吾等使用先前建立的如CD45+CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6C-(PMN-MDSC)、CD45+CD11b+Ly6G-Ly6C+细胞(M-MDSC)、CD45+CD3+CD25+Foxp3+细胞(Treg)、CD45+CD11b+MHC-ll+Ly6C+细胞(TAM)及CD45+CD3+CD4+/CD45+CD3+CD8+细胞(CD4+或CD8+T细胞)此等细胞的表型标准。总单核细胞用作公分母。为了评定肿瘤中肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞的水平,首先在开始使用或不使用GNTbm-02或西达本胺加塞内昔布的抗PD-1抗体处理后12天,自小鼠切除的肿瘤样品纯化瘤内CD8+、CD4+、调节性T细胞(Treg)、PMN-MDSC、M-MDSC及TAM细胞。简言之,收获原发性肿瘤组织,称重且切碎成细小碎片。将含1mg/mL胶原蛋白酶IV(Sigma-Aldrich)的HBSS(Invitrogen Life Technologies)以每200mg肿瘤组织1mL的比率添加至各样品中。样品在37℃下在翻转震荡器上培育150分钟。所得组织匀浆经0.4μm过滤且在PBS(BDBiosciences)中洗涤三次,经由Percoll梯度分离以分离单核细胞,且每个样品1×106个细胞用于抗体标记。使用先前已建立的CD45+CD3+CD8+的表型标准评定CD8+T细胞水平。使用先前已建立的D45+CD3+CD25+Foxp3+的表型标准评定Treg细胞水平。使用先前已建立的CD45+CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6C-/CD45+CD11b+Ly6G-Ly6C+的表型标准评定PMN-MDSC/M-MDSC细胞水平。使用先前已建立的CD45+CD11b+MHC-ll+Ly6C+的表型标准评定TAM细胞水平,且使用总单核细胞作为公分母。
实例18裸小鼠模型中的抗癌活性
动物研究由中国台北医学大学机构动物护理及使用委员会(TMU IACUC,编号:LAC-2019-0086)批准及监督。对于所有动物实验,在各处理组中使用六至八周龄雄性BALB/C裸小鼠(中国台湾实验动物中心)。藉由将5×106个CT26细胞与基质胶(目录号354248,)一起皮下注射至小鼠左侧腹中来建立肿瘤,且藉由量测两个垂直直径来确定生长。在随机分组及处理之前,使肿瘤生长8天(肿瘤尺寸约100~150mm3)。当肿瘤体积达到3000mm3时,对动物实施安乐死。在植入后第8、11、14、17、20及23天,藉由腹膜内投与给予携带CT26的小鼠2.5mg/kg的抗IgG(目录号BE0089,批次号716719J3,Bio X Cell)及抗PD-1(目录号BE0146,批次号735019J3,Bio X Cell)抗体,且将所有抗体在100μL无菌PBS(pH7.4)(Invitrogen Life Technologies)中稀释至适当浓度。在植入后第8天经口投与GNTbm化合物及塞内昔布(胶囊/200mg)。GNTbm化合物(溶解于DMSO中以形成储备溶液)藉由水稀释或悬浮,且自第8天至第23天每日以不同剂量经口投与以处理荷瘤小鼠。自第8天至第23天以50mg/kg经口投与来自胶囊的塞内昔布以处理荷瘤小鼠。自处理开始量测抗癌活性,直至肿瘤体积达到3,000mm3。肿瘤体积计算为长度×宽度2×0.5。
结果
强效且新颖的I类HDAC抑制剂的一系列合成的吡啶甲酰胺及苯甲酰胺衍生物(称为GNTbm化合物系列)
GNTbm已开发一系列具有强效表观遗传免疫调节特性的新颖I类HDAC抑制剂,其可抑制HDAC 1、2及3的酶活性。吾等研究发现,在肿瘤微环境(TME)中具有强效调节能力的I类HDAC抑制剂极大地增强针对肿瘤生长的免疫反应。因此,设计且合成此类新颖I类HDAC抑制剂为用于增强免疫疗法的治疗效果的一项令人感兴趣的任务。已在控制TME的领域中研究基于苯甲酰胺的I类HDAC抑制剂,诸如恩替诺特(MS-275)、妥西司他(Tucidinostat)(西达本胺/HBI-8000)及莫西司他(Mocetinostat)等。在本研究中,吾等基于吡啶甲酰胺的结构设计且合成一系列强效且新颖的I类HDAC抑制剂。GNTbm-01[6-((E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基-4-氟苯基)吡啶-3-甲酰胺]为第一个基于甲酰胺核心结构合成的新颖化合物,如图1及表1中所示。如表4中所示,分析化合物GNTbm-01对HDAC 1、2及3的酶促抑制。结果表明,当与恩替诺特或西达本胺相比时,GNTbm-01化合物为较弱的I类HDAC抑制剂。吾等使结构优化且改变N原子的位置,从而创造新颖的化合物GNTbm-02[5-((E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基-4-氟苯基)吡啶甲酰胺],如图1及表1中所示。GNTbm-02化合物具有与GNTbm-01化合物相同的分子式(C22H20FN5O2),但仅吡啶甲酰胺核心中的N原子位置变化。如表4中所示,当与恩替诺特或西达本胺相比时,GNTbm-02化合物在抑制HDAC 1、2及3的酶活性方面非常强效。结果亦表明,GNTbm-02在抑制HDAC 1、2及3酶活性方面比GNTbm-01更强效。接下来,吾等设计移除N原子(亦即经C原子置换)的基于苯甲酰胺的化合物GNTbm-03,且测试与GNTbm-02相比对HDAC 1、2及3的酶活性的抑制的差异。合成的基于苯甲酰胺的I类HDAC抑制剂GNTbm-03[[4-((E)-4-(6-甲基吡啶-3-基)丁-3-烯酰胺基)-N-(2-胺基-4-氟苯基)苯甲酰胺]]展示于图1及表1中。如表4中所示,显示GNTbm-03抑制HDAC 1、2及3的酶活性。结果表明,当与恩替诺特或西达本胺相比时,GNTbm-03强效抑制I类HDAC 1、2及3酶活性。亦显示,当与GNTbm-02相比时,GNTbm-03对HDAC 1、2及3的酶活性具有类似的抑制作用。综合而言,基于吡啶甲酰胺的衍生物GNTbm-02为其化学类别中第一个I类HDAC抑制剂。吾等对设计强效且新颖的I类HDAC抑制剂的基于吡啶甲酰胺及基于苯酰胺的衍生物非常感兴趣。合成且分析一系列新颖的GNTbm化合物,诸如GNTbm-04、GNTbm-05、GNTbm-06、GNTbm-08、GNTbm-11、GNTbm-12、GNTbm-19、GNTbm-25、GNTbm-33、GNTbm-37、GNTbm-38及GNTbm-39。
分析GNTbm-02、GNTbm-03、GNTbm-04及GNTbm-06的饱和溶解度
溶解度为口服生物可用性的一个非常重要的决定性参数。对GNTbm-02、GNTbm-03、GNTbm-04及GNTbm-06的饱和溶解度的分析展示于表2中。结果显示,当与GNTbm-02及GNTbm-04相比时,西达本胺的饱和溶解度降低。GNTbm-02及GNTbm-04的饱和溶解度分别为33.6及7.2μg/mL。此等结果表明,与西达本胺相比,GNTbm-02及GNTbm-04可能具有更好的口服生物可用性。
GNTbm化合物系列的活体外细胞毒性分析
吾等评估GNTbm化合物系列在数种癌细胞株中的细胞毒性作用,包括三种人类乳癌细胞株(SK-BR-3、MDA-MB-453及MDA-MB-231)、人类结肠直肠腺癌SW48、人类胃癌NCI-N87及人类乳房上皮细胞株M10(正常细胞株)。结果表明,作为阳性对照的西达本胺或恩替诺特明显诱导细胞毒性作用,尤其在SK-BR-3及MDA-MB-453细胞中。如表3、8及9中所示,全部六种细胞株均对处理敏感。当与恩替诺特相比时,化合物GNTbm-01部分诱导细胞毒性作用。如表3中所示,结果表明,与GNTbm-01相比,GNTbm-02在诱导细胞毒性作用方面非常强效,尤其在SK-BR-3、MDA-MB-453及SW48细胞中。此结果表明,GNTbm-02中含有吡啶甲酰胺核心的结构极其重要。用苯甲酰胺置换吡啶甲酰胺核心结构会阻碍细胞毒性作用。如表3中所示,化合物GNTbm-03在SK-BR-3、MDA-MB-231及SW48细胞中诱导细胞毒性作用比GNTbm-02弱。此结果表明,具有吡啶甲酰胺核心结构的GNTbm-02在诱导细胞毒性方面优于具有苯甲酰胺核心结构的GNTbm-03。综合而言,此等结果表明GNTbm-02为强效且新颖的I类HDAC抑制剂,且具有诱导数种人类癌细胞中的细胞毒性的强效能力。此外,吾等有兴趣评估数种新颖的基于吡啶甲酰胺及基于苯甲酰胺的合成衍生物的细胞毒性作用。如表8中所示,分析基于吡啶甲酰胺的化合物的细胞毒性作用。GNTbm-04、GNTbm-05、GNTbm-06及GNTbm-11在六种细胞株中诱导细胞毒性作用比西达本胺或恩替诺特更强效。在基于苯甲酰胺的化合物中,GNTbm-33、GNTbm-38及GNTbm-39在诱导细胞毒性作用方面比西达本胺或恩替诺特更强效。此等数据表明,此等新颖的基于吡啶甲酰胺及基于苯甲酰胺的衍生物在诱导细胞毒性作用方面比众所周知的I类HDAC抑制剂西达本胺或恩替诺特强效。
用于抑制HDAC 1、2及3的基于吡啶甲酰胺的GNTbm化合物系列
已证明GNTbm化合物系列抑制HDAC 1、2及3酶活性。如表4及表10中所示,作为阳性对照的恩替诺特为选择性地抑制HDAC 1、2及3酶活性的强效I类HDAC抑制剂。西达本胺(妥西司他)为另一种强效HDAC抑制剂,在中国经NMPA批准用于复发性或难治性外周T细胞淋巴瘤(PTCL)及晚期ER+/Her-2-乳癌。西达本胺为一种亚型选择性抑制剂,用于抑制HDAC 1、2、3及10的酶活性。在表4中,恩替诺特及西达本胺均显示出对HDAC 1、2及3的酶活性的强效抑制。接下来,评估GNTbm-01且证明与恩替诺特相比,对HDAC 1、2及3的酶活性的抑制具有温和的效力,如表4中所示。引人注目的是,GNTbm-02在奈莫耳水平上具有抑制HDAC 1、2及3酶活性的极强效的活性。在抑制HDAC 1、2及3的酶活性方面,GNTbm-02与恩替诺特或西达本胺的比较显示出类似的抑制作用。此等结果表明GNTbm-02为强效及选择性I类HDAC抑制剂。如表4中所示,GNTbm-03为具有类似于GNTbm-02的抑制作用的强效HDAC抑制剂。接下来,研究对HDAC 3酶动力学的抑制。如图16a中所示,西达本胺及GNTbm-02显示出比恩替诺特强的对HDAC 3酶活性的抑制作用。如图16b中所示,GNTbm-02及GNTbm-03显示出比GNTbm-01强的对HDAC 3酶活性的抑制作用。综合而言,所有此等结果表明,含有吡啶甲酰胺核心结构的GNTbm-02可具有更强效的抑制HDAC 1、2及3酶活性的能力。此外,吾等有兴趣评估如表10中所示的所有新颖的基于吡啶甲酰胺的合成化合物。GNTbm-04、GNTbm-05、GNTbm-06、GNTbm-08及GNTbm-11在抑制HDAC 3酶活性方面比西达本胺或恩替诺特更强效。GNTbm-05及GNTbm-06在抑制HDAC 1酶活性方面比西达本胺或恩替诺特更强效。然而,吾等亦评估如表11中所示的新颖的基于苯甲酰胺的合成化合物。GNTbm-38及GNTbm-39在抑制HDAC 1、2及3活性方面似乎比西达本胺或恩替诺特弱。
GNTbm-02为基于吡啶甲酰胺的亚型选择性I类HDAC抑制剂
为了进一步确认对HDAC 1-11酶活性的亚型选择性抑制,GNTbm-02由BPSBioscience Inc.(6042Cornerstone Court West,Ste.B,San Diego,CA 92121,USA)测试。如表5中所示,使用恩替诺特(MS-275)作为阳性对照,分析对HDAC 1-11(除HDAC 10的外)酶活性的抑制作用。此结果表明,在相同条件下,GNTbm-02在抑制HDAC 1、2及3方面比恩替诺特更强效。GNTbm-02抑制I类HDAC1、HDAC2及HDAC3的IC50分别为0.39、0.91及0.73μM。然而,恩替诺特抑制I类HDAC1、HDAC2及HDAC3的IC50分别为0.95、2.3及4.6μM。包括4、5、6、7、8、9及11的其他HDAC不受浓度高达10μM的GNTbm-02或恩替诺特抑制。此等结果表明GNTbm-02为强效及亚型选择性I类HDAC抑制剂。GNTbm-02为基于吡啶甲酰胺的I类HDAC抑制剂。然而,恩替诺特为基于苯甲酰胺的I类HDAC抑制剂。GNTbm-02在抑制HDAC 1、2及3酶活性方面比恩替诺特更强效。
GNTbm化合物系列显著影响人类癌细胞增殖及形态。
GNTbm-02对人类癌细胞增殖的抑制作用展示于图3中。使用不同浓度的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特处理MDA-MB-231细胞72小时。如图3a中所示,GNTbm-02及恩替诺特的抑制作用效力相似,在12.5μM的浓度下显著抑制细胞增殖。如图3b中所示,当用浓度为3.125μM的GNTbm-02或恩替诺特处理72小时时,对SW48细胞的抑制作用效力更明显。接下来,M10细胞用浓度为12.5μM的GNTbm-02或恩替诺特处理,其显著抑制细胞增殖,如图3c中所示。综合而言,此等结果表明GNTbm-02具有抑制细胞增殖的强效能力。
GNTbm化合物系列诱导人类癌症MDA-MB-231及SW48细胞的细胞周期停滞于G0/G1或G2/M期
为了研究抑制细胞增殖的机制,使用流动式细胞测量术分析细胞周期停滞。如图4a中所示,使用1.625至25μM的不同浓度的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特处理MDA-MB-231细胞72小时。结果表明,GNTbm-02及恩替诺特具有相似的机制,其在3.125μM的浓度下显著诱导细胞周期停滞于G0/G1期,如图4a及b中所示。如图4c及d中所示,藉由用浓度为12.5μM的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特以时间依赖性方式处理使细胞周期停滞于G0/G1期。结果表明,用GNTbm-02或恩替诺特处理1天显著诱导细胞周期停滞于G0/G1期。在SW48细胞中,亦显示类似机制。如图5a及b中所示,使用0.39至6.25μM的不同浓度的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特处理SW48细胞72小时。结果表明,GNTbm-02及恩替诺特在3.125μM的浓度下显著诱导细胞周期停滞于G0/G1期,如图5a及b中所示。结果显示,在3.125μM的相同浓度下,GNTbm-02(76.9%)似乎比恩替诺特(72.1%)更强效地诱导细胞周期停滞于G0/G1期。如图5c及d中所示,藉由用浓度为6.25μM的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特以时间依赖性方式处理使细胞周期停滞于G0/G1期。结果表明,用GNTbm-02或恩替诺特处理2天显著诱导细胞周期停滞于G0/G1期。综合而言,所有此等数据表明,GNTbm-02及恩替诺特具有经由诱导细胞周期停滞于G0/G1期来抑制人类癌细胞增殖的类似机制。此外,吾等有兴趣评估数种强效的基于吡啶甲酰胺及基于苯甲酰胺的新颖合成衍生物,诸如GNTbm-04、GNTbm-05、GNTbm-38及GNTbm-39。如表12中所示,GNTbm-04显著诱导SW48细胞的细胞周期停滞于G0/G1期。此类似于西达本胺诱导的细胞周期停滞于G0/G1期。然而,化学结构相似的GNTbm-05、GNTbm-38及GNTbm-39显著诱导SW48细胞的细胞周期停滞于G2/M期。因此,此等强效化合物的化学结构非常相似,但细胞周期停滞机制极为不同。
GNTbm-02诱导M10细胞的细胞周期停滞于G2/M期
如图6a及b中所示,人类乳房上皮细胞株M10用1.625至25.0μM的不同剂量的GNTbm-02或恩替诺特处理72小时。结果表明,浓度为12.5μM的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特显著诱导M10细胞的细胞周期停滞于G2/M期。恩替诺特(20.2%)在诱导细胞周期停滞于G2/M期方面比GNTbm-02(16.2%)更强效,如图6a及b中所示。如图6c及d中所示,藉由用浓度为12.5μM的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特以时间依赖性方式处理使细胞周期停滞于G2/M期。结果表明,用GNTbm-02及恩替诺特处理2天显著诱导M10细胞的细胞周期停滞于G2/M期。此等结果表明,GNTbm-02及恩替诺特对人类癌细胞的处理经由诱导细胞周期停滞于G0/G1期来显著抑制癌细胞增殖;然而,GNTbm-02及恩替诺特对人类正常细胞的处理经由诱导细胞周期停滞于G2/M期来显著抑制细胞增殖。
GNTbm化合物系列在数种细胞株中诱导凋亡
为了研究GNTbm-02是否诱导癌细胞凋亡,用1.625至25.0μM的不同浓度的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特(作为阳性对照)处理MDA-MB-231细胞72小时后的结果展示于图7a及b中。结果表明,浓度为6.25μM的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特显著诱导凋亡(增加亚G1期的百分比),如图7a及b中所示。如图7c及d中所示,藉由用GNTbm-02及恩替诺特以时间依赖性方式处理MDA-MB-231细胞来诱导细胞凋亡。结果表明,浓度为12.5μM的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特持续72小时(3天)显著诱导MDA-MB-231细胞的凋亡。如图7中所示,当与GNTbm-02相比时,恩替诺特在以剂量依赖性或时间依赖性方式诱导凋亡方面非常强效。接下来,亦在SW48细胞中评估细胞凋亡。如图8a及b中所示,GNTbm-02及恩替诺特以剂量依赖性方式诱导凋亡。结果表明,用0.39至6.25μM的不同浓度的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特处理72小时诱导SW48细胞的细胞凋亡。如图8a及b中所示,GNTbm-02及恩替诺特在6.25μM的浓度下显著诱导凋亡72小时。如图8c及d中所示,证明用恩替诺特及GNTbm-02处理在6.25μM的固定浓度下以时间依赖性方式诱导凋亡。浓度为6.25μM的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特持续72小时(3天)显著诱导SW48细胞的凋亡。如图8中所示,与GNTbm-02相比,恩替诺特在以剂量依赖性或时间依赖性方式诱导SW48细胞凋亡方面非常强效。最后,亦研究藉由GNTbm-02及恩替诺特在正常细胞株M10中诱导细胞凋亡。如图9a及b中所示,用1.625至25.0μM的不同浓度的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特处理72小时诱导细胞凋亡。浓度为12.5μM的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特持续72小时显著诱导M10细胞的凋亡。如图9c及d中所示,GNTbm-02及恩替诺特处理在12.5μM的浓度下以时间依赖性方式诱导凋亡。结果表明,GNTbm-02及恩替诺特以12.5μM的固定浓度处理M10细胞72小时(3天)显著诱导凋亡,如图9c及d中所示。如图9中所示,与GNTbm-02相比,恩替诺特以剂量依赖性或时间依赖性方式非常强效地诱导M10细胞的凋亡。但是,如图7中所示,与MDA-MB-231细胞的结果相比,当用浓度为25.0μM的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特处理72小时时,M10细胞似乎对诱导凋亡更具抗性。接下来,吾等有兴趣研究GNTbm-04、GNTbm-05、GNTbm-38及GNTbm-39在SW48细胞中诱导凋亡的活性。在用指定剂量处理72小时的SW48细胞中评估由此等化合物诱导的凋亡。如表13中所示,GNTbm-04、GNTbm-05、GNTbm-38及GNTbm-39强效诱导SW48细胞的凋亡。
GNTbm化合物系列在数种人类癌症细胞株中诱导组蛋白H3乙酰化
GNTbm-02及恩替诺特经证实为强效的I类HDAC抑制剂。研究GNTbm-02及恩替诺特以剂量依赖性或时间依赖性方式在MDA-MB-231及SW48细胞中诱导的组蛋白H3乙酰化。如图10a及b中所示,用0.1至10.0μM的不同浓度的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特处理MDA-MB-231细胞24小时诱导组蛋白H3乙酰化。结果表明,浓度为1.0μM的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特显著增加组蛋白H3乙酰化的水平。如图10c及d中所示,SW48细胞在藉由用0.1至10.0μM的不同浓度的GNTbm-02及恩替诺特处理24小时来诱导组蛋白H3乙酰化方面更敏感。如图11a及b中所示,用浓度为1.0μM的GNTbm-02处理2、6、24、48及72小时以时间依赖方式诱导MDA-MB-231细胞的组蛋白H3乙酰化。结果表明,GNTbm-02在MDA-MB-231细胞中处理6小时后强效诱导组蛋白H3乙酰化。如图11c及d中所示,亦在SW48细胞中证实类似结果。用浓度为1.0μM的GNTbm-02处理SW48细胞2、6、24、48及72小时以时间依赖性方式显示组蛋白H3乙酰化。GNTbm-02在6小时处理后强效诱导SW48细胞的组蛋白H3乙酰化水平。综合而言,所有此等数据表明,GNTbm-02为强效I类HDAC抑制剂,且诱导数种人类癌症细胞株的组蛋白H3乙酰化。此外,吾等有兴趣分析新颖化合物是否具有更强大的活性以增加SW48细胞中的组蛋白3乙酰化表现,如图12中所示。如图12a中所示,在SW48细胞中,细胞用相同剂量的GNTbm-04、GNTbm-05、GNTbm-11及作为阳性对照的西达本胺处理24小时。与西达本胺的阳性对照相比,剂量为0.25μM的GNTbm-05及GNTbm-04在诱导SW48细胞的组蛋白3乙酰化方面非常强效。类似结果亦表明,剂量为0.25μM的GNTbm-04、GNTbm-05及GNTbm-06在诱导SW48细胞的组蛋白3乙酰化方面非常强效,如图12b中所示。此外,评估诱导组蛋白3乙酰化的四种强效化合物(GNTbm-04、GNTbm-05、GNTbm-38、GNTbm-39),如图12c中所示。结果表明,GNTbm-05、GNTbm-04、GNTbm-38及GNTbm-39在诱导SW48细胞的组蛋白3乙酰化表现方面比西达本胺更强效。
GNTbm化合物系列在携带CT26的小鼠模型中具有表观遗传免疫调节特性
为了研究GNTbm-02是否具有表观遗传免疫调节特性,使用携带CT26结肠肿瘤的BALB/c小鼠的活体内动物模型进行评估。携带鼠类CT26结肠肿瘤的BALB/c小鼠按指示用不同治疗模式处理。IgG,抗IgG对照(媒剂,2.5mg/kg);PD-1,抗PD-1单株抗体(2.5mg/kg);GNTbm-02 12.5及25.0mg/kg;塞内昔布胶囊50mg/kg携带CT26肿瘤的小鼠的肿瘤尺寸在第8天生长至约150-200mm3。总肿瘤体积及肿瘤尺寸的倍数变化展示于图13a及b中。结果表明,与抗PD-1抗体(2.5mg/kg)加GNTbm-02(25.0mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合的方案或在不存在抗PD-1抗体的情况下GNTbm-02 25mg/kg加塞内昔布50mg/kg的方案相比,抗PD-1抗体(2.5mg/kg)加GNTbm-02(12.5mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合的方案对肿瘤生长具有更显著的抑制作用。因此,肿瘤生长的抑制作用为抗PD-1抗体加GNTbm-02(12.5mg/kg)与塞内昔布组合方案>抗PD-1抗体加GNTbm-02(25.0mg/kg)与塞内昔布组合方案>GNTbm-02(25.0mg/kg)与塞内昔布组合方案>抗PD-1抗体>抗IgG方案。然而,结果亦表明,GNTbm-02与塞内昔布组合具有抑制肿瘤生长的强效抑制作用。先前,吾等研究表明,HDAC抑制剂与COX-2抑制剂组合显著调节TME,且因此提高对肿瘤生长的抑制作用及免疫反应率。此等结果表明,GNTbm-02为强效且新颖的表观遗传免疫调节剂。如图13c中所示分析个别肿瘤体积。在此研究中,吾等定义完全反应(CR,在处理结束后三天,荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长≦0.5倍);部分反应(PR,在处理结束后三天,肿瘤尺寸>0.5倍肿瘤生长,但≦2倍肿瘤生长);稳定疾病(SD,在处理结束后三天,荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长在二至五倍的间);进行性疾病(PD,在处理结束后三天,荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长等于或大于五倍)来评估处理功效。结果表明,抗PD-1抗体(2.5mg/kg)组实现5个CR、1个PR、3个SD及8个PD,ORR(客观反应率)为35.3%;抗PD-1抗体(2.5mg/kg)加GNTbm-02(25mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组实现3个CR、3个PR、2个SD及1个PD,ORR为66.7%;抗PD-1抗体(2.5mg/kg)加GNTbm-02(12.5mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组实现5个CR、2个PR、1个SD及0个PD,ORR为87.5%;GNTbm-02(25mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组实现2个CR、4个PR、2个SD及1个PD,ORR为66.7%。此等结果表明,12.5mg/kg剂量的GNTbm-02为最优选剂量,且GNTbm-02具有强效免疫调节活性。如图13d中所示的携带CT26肿瘤的小鼠的体重表明,此等方案无引起体重减轻的明显毒性。最后,如图13e中所示分析存活率。在肿瘤植入后,当肿瘤体积达到3000mm3时,对携带CT26肿瘤的小鼠实施安乐死。结果表明,抗PD-1抗体组实现30%的存活率;抗PD-1抗体(2.5mg/kg)加GNTbm-02(25mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组实现33%的存活率;GNTbm-02(25mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组实现56%的存活率;抗PD-1抗体(2.5mg/kg)加GNTbm-02(12.5mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组实现63%的存活率。综合而言,此等数据表明,与单独的抗PD-1抗体相比,GNTbm-02加塞内昔布或GNTbm-02加塞内昔布与抗PD-1抗体的组合显著提高ORR及存活率。吾等数据亦表明,在抗PD-1抗体加GNTbm-02与塞内昔布组合的组合方案中,剂量为12.5mg/kg的GNTbm-02显示出比25.0mg/kg更好的功效。接下来,吾等有兴趣使用新颖合成化合物,诸如GNTbm-02、GNTbm-03、GNTbm-04、GNTbm-06及作为阳性对照的西达本胺来评估肿瘤微环境活性的调节。藉由包覆在PVP-K30上制备的西达本胺的固体分散体用于改良西达本胺-API的水溶性,最终将改良PK(药物动力学)概况。因此,吾等使用此项技术中常用的制备技术来生产诸如GNTbm-02、GNTbm-03、GNTbm-04、GNTbm-06的测试化合物及作为阳性对照的西达本胺的固体分散体。所有测试化合物均包覆在PVP-K30上,以制备命名为GNTbm-02/k30、GNTbm-03/k30、GNTbm-04/k30、GNTbm-06/k30及西达本胺/k30的固体分散体。先前研究已证实,西达本胺/k-30与瑞戈非尼的组合在携带CT-26肿瘤的小鼠中经由免疫调节机制具有非常强效的抗癌活性。进一步研究GNTbm-02/k-30与瑞戈非尼的组合的抗癌活性,以确认其在携带CT26肿瘤的小鼠中的效力。吾等定义更严格的标准:CR(在处理结束后三天,荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长≦0.5倍);PR(在处理结束后三天,荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤尺寸>0.5倍肿瘤生长,但≦1倍肿瘤生长);SD(在处理结束后三天,荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长在一至五倍的间);PD(在处理结束后三天,荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长等于或大于五倍)来评估处理功效。如图14(f)至图14(i)所示,评估GNTbm-02/k-30与瑞戈非尼的组合对比西达本胺/k-30与瑞戈非尼的组合。结果表明,GNTbm-02/k-30(50mg/kg)与瑞戈非尼(30mg/kg)的组合具有强效的肿瘤生长抑制作用,但弱于西达本胺/k-30与瑞戈非尼的组合(ORR:10%对比30%)。然而,如图14(i)至图(m)中所示的GNTbm-03/k-30表明,GNTbm-03/k-30与瑞戈非尼的组合与西达本胺/k-30与瑞戈非尼的组合相比具有类似的抗癌活性(ORR:40%对比30%)。GNTbm-04/k-30与瑞戈非尼的组合在抑制肿瘤生长方法比西达本胺/k-30与瑞戈非尼的组合更强效,如图14(n)至图14(q)所示(ORR:50%对比30%)。GNTbm-06/k-30与瑞戈非尼的组合与西达本胺/k-30与瑞戈非尼的组合相比具有类似的抗癌活性,如图14(r)至图14(u)所示(ORR:50%对比30%)。在处理16天后,吾等继续监测肿瘤尺寸直至第60天。当在第一次肿瘤评定后具有CR或PR反应的小鼠的肿瘤生长再次出现且肿瘤尺寸达到至少5倍时,将其定义为复发(relapse/recurrence)。如表14中所示,西达本胺/k-30与瑞戈非尼的组合显示0%的肿瘤复发,GNTbm-02/k-30与瑞戈非尼的组合显示100%的肿瘤复发,GNTbm-03/k-30与瑞戈非尼的组合显示25%的肿瘤复发,GNTbm-04/k-30与瑞戈非尼的组合显示20%的肿瘤复发,GNTbm-06/k-30与瑞戈非尼的组合显示0%的肿瘤复发。除了研究中仅1只小鼠具有PR的GNTbm-02/k-30与瑞戈非尼组合组的外,结果表明,GNTbm化合物与瑞戈非尼组合可在活化免疫系统以避免复发方面具有更强效的活性。此外,吾等亦研究GNTbm化合物系列的表观遗传免疫调节特性,包括GNTbm-05/k-30、GNTbm-11/k-30、GNTbm-38/k-30及GNTbm-39/k-30。如表14中所示,评估GNTbm-05/k-30、GNTbm-11/k-30、GNTbm-38/k-30、GNTbm-39/k-30及西达本胺/k-30与瑞戈非尼组合的功效比较。结果表明,西达本胺/k30(50mg/kg)与瑞戈非尼(30mg/kg)组合组实现2个CR、4个PR、4个SD及0个PD,ORR为60%;GNTbm-05/k30(50mg/kg)与瑞戈非尼(30mg/kg)组合组实现3个CR、0个PR、4个SD及3个PD,ORR为30%;GNTbm-11/k30(50mg/kg)与瑞戈非尼(30mg/kg)组合组实现1个CR、1个PR、4个SD及4个PD,ORR为20%;GNTbm-38/k30(50mg/kg)与瑞戈非尼(30mg/kg)组合组实现8个CR、0个PR、2个SD及0个PD,ORR为80%;GNTbm-39/k30(50mg/kg)与瑞戈非尼(30mg/kg)组合组实现2个CR、1个PR、5个SD及2个PD,ORR为30%。综合而言,此等活体内动物数据表明,当所有GNTbm化合物与阳性对照西达本胺进行比较时,在与瑞戈非尼组合的情况下,GNTbm-38/k30显示优越的表观遗传免疫调节活性,实现80%的ORR,而在不与瑞戈非尼组合的情况下,单独的GNTbm-38/k-30实现56%的ORR。
确认GNTbm化合物系列的表观遗传免疫调节特性
分析且确认GNTbm-02与塞内昔布(一种选择性COX-2抑制剂)组合的最优选剂量。IgG,抗IgG对照(媒剂,2.5mg/kg);PD-1,抗PD-1单株抗体(2.5mg/kg);GNTbm-02,5、10、20及25.0mg/kg;塞内昔布胶囊50mg/kg携带CT26肿瘤的小鼠的肿瘤尺寸在第8天生长至约150-200mm3。如图14a及b中所示的总肿瘤体积及肿瘤尺寸的倍数变化表明,GNTbm-02(10mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组在抑制肿瘤生长方面比GNTbm-02(20mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组或GNTbm-02(5mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组更强大。此结果亦表明,GNTbm-02与塞内昔布以最优选比率组合对控制TME至关重要,且提高携带CT26的小鼠模型中肿瘤生长的抑制作用。如图14c中所示的个别肿瘤体积及ORR表明,抗PD-1抗体(2.5mg/kg)组实现5个CR、1个PR、3个SD及8个PD,ORR(客观反应率)为35.3%;GNTbm-02(5mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组实现2个CR及1个PR、1个SD及5个PD,ORR为33.3%;GNTbm-02(10mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组实现2个CR、6个PR、0个SD及1个PD,ORR为88.9%;GNTbm-02(20mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组实现2个CR、3个PR、1个SD及3个PD,ORR为55.6%;GNTbm-02(25mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组实现2个CR、4个PR、2个SD及1个PD,ORR为66.7%。此等数据表明,GNTbm-02(10mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组实现最优选ORR,其产生于控制TME的最优选比率。此结果亦在图13中观察到,其中抗PD-1抗体(2.5mg/kg)加GNTbm-02(12.5mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合方案实现更好的ORR。自此等数据表明,GNTbm-02 10mg/kg与塞内昔布50mg/kg组合对TME的调节具有强效活性,且因此提高免疫反应率。如图14d中所示的携带CT26肿瘤的小鼠的体重表明,此等方案不具有引起体重减轻的明显毒性。最后,如图14e中所示分析存活率。在肿瘤植入后,当肿瘤体积达到3000mm3时,对携带CT26肿瘤的小鼠实施安乐死。结果表明,抗PD-1抗体组实现30%的存活率;GNTbm-02(5mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组实现22%的存活率;GNTbm-02(10mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组实现44%的存活率;GNTbm-02(20mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组实现33%的存活率;GNTbm-02(25mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组实现56%的存活率。综合而言,此等数据表明,与单独的抗PD-1抗体相比,GNTbm-02加塞内昔布显著提高ORR及存活率。吾等数据亦表明,当GNTbm-02与塞内昔布组合时,10mg/kg剂量的GNTbm-02比其他剂量更好。
具有或不具有抗PD-1的GNTbm-02加塞内昔布或GNTbm化合物系列与瑞戈非尼组合明显地诱导免疫记忆
研究用如图13及14中所示的不同方案处理后诱导的免疫记忆的状态,如表6及7中所示。小鼠用不同方案处理16天,且随后进行第一次肿瘤评定(第26天)。具有CR或PR的小鼠进入7天的冲洗阶段(直至第33天),而无需任何进一步处理。随后,藉由再将相同种类的癌细胞(CT26;5×106)接种于相对的侧腹进行再攻击约7天(第40天),且随后将肿瘤体积确定为基线(1倍)。使再攻击肿瘤生长10天(第50天),且随后量测肿瘤尺寸以将免疫记忆评估为阳性或阴性。若评估为阴性,则必须满足两个条件:肿瘤体积超过300mm3且当与基线相比时,肿瘤尺寸超过2倍。若先前处理后诱导的免疫记忆具有活性且对识别具有相同抗原的癌细胞具有特异性,则在再攻击期间接种的肿瘤的生长将受到抑制,且因此将免疫记忆定义为阳性。若免疫记忆未经诱导或未完全活化,则在再攻击期间接种的肿瘤的生长将不会受到抑制。藉由此评估方法,研究GNTbm-02加塞内昔布与或不与抗PD-1抗体组合方案,以回答所述方案是否具有诱导免疫记忆的特性。如表6中所示,抗PD-1抗体组仅具有2只实现CR的小鼠,其在再攻击后显示0%的肿瘤进展。结果表明,此等CR小鼠实现100%的活性免疫记忆。GNTbm-02(25mg/kg)加塞内昔布(50mg/kg)与抗PD-1抗体(2.5mg/kg)组合组的方案实现4只小鼠的CR/PR,在再攻击后亦显示0%的肿瘤进展。其亦表明100%具有活性免疫记忆。GNTbm-02(12.5mg/kg)加塞内昔布(50mg/kg)与抗PD-1抗体(2.5mg/kg)组合组的方案实现7只小鼠的CR/PR,在再攻击后显示29%具有肿瘤进展。其表明71%具有活性免疫记忆。GNTbm-02(25mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组的方案实现6只小鼠的CR/PR,在再攻击后显示17%具有肿瘤进展。其亦表明83%具有活性免疫记忆。然而,如表7中所示,GNTbm-02(10mg/kg)与塞内昔布(50mg/kg)组合组的方案实现7只小鼠的CR/PR,在再攻击后显示14%具有肿瘤进展。其表明86%具有活性免疫记忆。根据此等资料,具有CR的小鼠比具有PR的小鼠具有更强的免疫记忆活性。综合而言,GNTbm-02加塞内昔布与或不与ICI组合诱导强效免疫记忆活性。同样的现象亦反映在其他GNTbm化合物与瑞戈非尼的组合中。如表14中所示,GNTbm-02/k-30(50mg/kg)与瑞戈非尼(30mg/kg)组合组实现1只小鼠的CR/PR,在再攻击后亦显示0%的肿瘤进展;GNTbm-03/k-30(50mg/kg)与瑞戈非尼(30mg/kg)组合组实现4只小鼠的CR/PR,在再攻击后亦显示0%的肿瘤进展;GNTbm-04/k-30(50mg/kg)与瑞戈非尼(30mg/kg)组合组实现5只小鼠的CR/PR,在再攻击后亦显示0%的肿瘤进展;GNTbm-06/k-30(50mg/kg)与瑞戈非尼(30mg/kg)组合组实现5只小鼠的CR/PR,在再攻击后亦显示0%的肿瘤进展。此等结果表明,GNTbm化合物与瑞戈非尼组合在诱导免疫记忆方面为显著的。
用GNTbm-02加塞内昔布处理后的抗肿瘤活性是经由免疫调节作用,导致CTL的活化
如图13及14中所示处理的小鼠为具有完整免疫系统的正常小鼠。GNTbm-02加塞内昔布与或不与抗PD-1抗体组合的方案在野生型正常小鼠中显著实现高总反应率(ORR)。接下来,研究在BALB/c裸小鼠模型(具有T细胞功能缺陷)中用GNTbm-02加塞内昔布与或不与抗PD-1抗体组合的方案进行处理。如图15a中所示,裸小鼠藉由皮下注射接种CT26细胞。8天后,当肿瘤体积平均为约123.8mm3时,则将小鼠随机分为四组,且用抗IgG抗体、抗PD-1抗体、GNTbm-02加塞内昔布与抗PD-1抗体的组合及GNTbm-02加塞内昔布处理15天。如图15b及c中所示,所有此等处理组均不显著抑制具有T细胞功能缺陷的裸小鼠的肿瘤生长。此等结果表明,GNTbm-02加塞内昔布藉由调节TME中CTL(细胞毒性T淋巴细胞)的活化而在抑制肿瘤生长方面具有强效活性。如图15d中所示,所有处理组均未显示显著体重减轻。如图15e中所示,处理组的所有小鼠均显示在裸小鼠中的抗癌活性低,且其中无一者实现ORR。此等结果表明,为了藉由GNTbm-02加塞内昔布与或不与抗PD-1抗体组合的组合方案实现对肿瘤生长的显著抑制,具有功能性T细胞的免疫系统为必不可少的(图13、14及15)。此亦表明,GNTbm-02加塞内昔布藉由调节TME中T细胞(CTL)的活化以杀伤癌细胞来抑制肿瘤生长。此抗癌活性是经由免疫调节作用而非细胞毒性作用。综合而言,吾等确认GNTbm-02具有强效表观遗传免疫调节活性,且当与塞内昔布组合时,相比于单独的GNTbm-02在调节TME方面更强效。
GNTbm-02加塞内昔布的抗肿瘤活性与免疫抑制细胞的减少相关
已证明HDACi处理藉由降低Treg细胞活性及增强CD8 T细胞浸润来改变TME。为了确定用GNTbm-02加塞内昔布处理产生的对肿瘤生长的抑制作用是否与免疫反应增强相关,吾等检测循环白血球群。在处理的最后一天(亦即在处理期的第16天),自携带CT26肿瘤的小鼠采集血液样品且藉由FACS分析进行研究。吾等观察到在用GNTbm-02加塞内昔布处理后,循环血液中的淋巴球细胞显著增加且颗粒球降低(图17a及c)。然而,循环单核球细胞中不存在显著差异(图17b)。吾等亦观察到在用GNTbm-02加塞内昔布处理后,循环血液中的CD3+T细胞显著增加(图17d)。在用抗PD-1或GNTbm-02加塞内昔布处理后,观察到CD8+T细胞的适度增加(图17f)。然而,循环CD4+T细胞及Treg中不存在显著差异(图17e及g)。除FoxP3+Treg以外,亦存在其他免疫抑制骨髓细胞募集至TME,包括肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAM)及骨髓源性抑制细胞(MDSC)。在未成熟的骨髓细胞迁移至肿瘤时,此等细胞通常响应于自癌细胞释放的趋化介素及细胞介素而激活变成TAM。MDSC自未成熟的骨髓细胞发育而来,且藉由抑制抗癌T细胞活性来促进TME中的免疫抑制。MDSC存在于两个表型定义的亚群中:颗粒球Ly6G+Ly6C-(PMN-MDSC)及单核球Ly6C+Ly6G-MDSC(M-MDSC)。用GNTbm-02加塞内昔布处理引起循环中表型定义的CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6C+及M-MDSC的略微减少,而单独用抗PD-1处理导致CD11b+群体的减少(图17h、i及j)。在用GNTbm-02加塞内昔布处理后,PMN-MDSC没有减少(图17k)。
概言之,由于免疫疗法为用于抗癌疗法,尤其用于治疗晚期癌症的重要的有前景的领域,因此评定所主张的揭示用于免疫疗法中的潜在应用。当与GNTbm-02相比时,发现GNTbm-02与塞内昔布组合具有更强大的免疫调节活性,用于抑制肿瘤微环境(TME)中的肿瘤生长。此外,当GNTbm-02加塞内昔布与免疫检查点抑制剂(诸如抗PD-1/抗PD-L1/抗CTLA-4抗体)组合使用时,显示具有更强大的抗癌活性,经由归因于抗PD-1/抗PD-L1/抗CTLA-4抗体阻断CTL(细胞毒性T淋巴细胞)的抑制信号及GNTbm-02加塞内昔布在TME中的免疫调节活性的协同效应,显著提高反应率。基于研究,GNTbm-02为一种新颖的表观遗传免疫调节剂,具有用于癌症治疗的巨大潜力。此外,吾等对GNTbm化合物系列的免疫调节活性感兴趣。吾等数据表明,GNTbm-02、GNTbm-03、GNTbm-04、GNTbm-06及GNTbm-38在与塞内昔布或瑞戈非尼组合时,非常强效地具有表观遗传免疫调节活性以控制TME。此等结果表明,GNTbm化合物系列为新颖且强大的表观遗传免疫调节剂。
上文提及的表提供如下:
表1:化合物GNTbm-01、GNTbm-02及GNTbm-03的1H-NMR及13C-NMR谱研究(400MHz,d6-丙酮)。
表2:对GNTbm-02、GNTbm-03、GNTbm-04及GNTbm-06的饱和溶解度的分析
*BDL:低于侦测极限
表3:恩替诺特、GNTbm-01、GNTbm-02及GNTbm-03针对不同癌症及正常细胞细胞株的IC50值。
IC50,半最大细胞毒性浓度。
SD,标准偏差
±,为估计的IC50区间
表4:西达本胺、恩替诺特、GNTbm-01、GNTbm-02及GNTbm-03对个别HDAC1-3同功异型物的抑制作用。
表5:恩替诺特及GNTbm-02对个别HDAC1-11同功异型物(不包括HDAC10)的抑制作用
表6:用GNTbm-02加塞内昔布与抗PD-1抗体处理明显诱导免疫记忆
+:肿瘤尺寸大于300mm3及≥2倍(相对于肿瘤再攻击后7天量测的肿瘤尺寸标准化)
表7:用GNTbm-02与塞内昔布的组合处理明显诱导免疫记忆。
+:肿瘤尺寸大于300mm3及≥2倍(相对于肿瘤再攻击后7天量测的肿瘤尺寸标准化)
表8:基于吡啶甲酰胺的HDAC抑制剂针对不同癌细胞株的IC50值。
IC50,半最大细胞毒性浓度。
SD,标准偏差
±,为估计的IC50区间
表9:基于苯甲酰胺的HDAC抑制剂针对不同癌细胞株的IC50值。
IC50,半最大细胞毒性浓度。
SD,标准偏差
±,为估计的IC50区间
表10:基于吡啶甲酰胺的化合物对个别HDAC1-3同功异型物的抑制作用。
表11:基于苯甲酰胺的化合物对个别HDAC1-3同功异型物的抑制作用。
表12:GNTbm化合物系列诱导SW48细胞的细胞周期停滞于G0/G1或G2/M期。
表13:GNTbm化合物系列诱导SW48细胞的细胞凋亡。
表14:GNTbm化合物系列与酪胺酸激酶抑制剂瑞戈非尼的组合在携带CT26肿瘤的小鼠模型中的功效。
*:复发定义为在第一次肿瘤评定后,具有CR或PR反应的小鼠的肿瘤生长至少5倍时。
#:对CT26再攻击具有抗性的小鼠。
&:在第40天的第二次肿瘤评定
本揭示的一般熟习此项技术者应理解,在不脱离本申请案的精神及范畴的情况下,可对本揭示的教示及揭示内容作出变化及修改。基于以上内容,本申请案意图涵盖其任何变化及修改,其限制条件为变化或修改属于如随附申请专利范围或其等效物所定义的范畴内。
Claims (20)
3.如权利要求1所述的化合物,或其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药,其中Ar是选自六员环,且R2及Ar连接至C2的原子处于对位。
4.如权利要求1所述的化合物,或其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药,其中W及Y是选自以下组合:(1)W为N且Y为CH,
(2)W为CH且Y为N,及(3)W及Y为CH。
5.如权利要求1所述的化合物,或其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药,其中W为N且Y为CH。
6.如权利要求1所述的化合物,或其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药,其中R1为F或氟化C1-C3烷基。
7.如权利要求1所述的化合物,或其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药,其中C1及C2为藉由双键连接的C原子。
8.如权利要求1所述的化合物,或其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药,其中C1及C2为藉由单键连接的C原子。
9.如权利要求1所述的化合物,或其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药,其中R2为C1-C3烷基或氟化C1-C3烷基。
11.一种医药组合物或组合,其包含如权利要求1至10中任一项所述的化合物或其医药学上可接受的盐、水合物、立体异构体、溶剂合物或前药及医药学上可接受的载剂。
12.如权利要求11所述的医药组合物或组合,其进一步包含一或多种第二药剂。
13.如请求项权利要求12所述的医药组合物或组合,其中所述第二药剂为免疫检查点抑制剂、NSAID、TKI或抗癌剂或其组合。
14.一种如权利要求11所述的医药组合物或组合的用途,其用于制造用于有需要的个体的肿瘤微环境(TME)的表观遗传免疫调节及/或癌症治疗的药物。
15.如权利要求14所述的用途,其中所述医药组合物或组合进一步包含一或多种第二药剂。
16.如权利要求15所述的的用途,其中所述第二药剂为免疫检查点抑制剂、NSAID、TKI或抗癌剂或其组合。
17.如权利要求14所述的的用途,其中所述药物用于诱导肿瘤细胞的细胞周期停滞、诱导肿瘤细胞的凋亡、诱导组蛋白H3乙酰化、诱导免疫记忆、活化CTL、减少免疫抑制细胞。
18.一种如权利要求11所述的的医药组合物或组合的用途,其用于制造用于治疗或预防有需要的个体的与I类HDAC相关的疾病的药物。
19.如权利要求18所述的的用途,其中所述医药组合物或组合进一步包含一或多种第二药剂。
20.如权利要求19所述的的用途,其中所述第二药剂为免疫检查点抑制剂、NSAID、TKI或抗癌剂或其组合。
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