CN115956485A - High-yield soybean cultivation method - Google Patents
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Abstract
A cultivation method of high-yield soybean relates to a cultivation method of soybean. The invention aims to solve the problem of reduced yield and quality of soybeans caused by continuous cropping, continuous cropping and pesticide application in the prior art. The method comprises the following steps: 1. soil preparation; 2. pretreating soybean seeds; 3. mixing with a rhizobium inoculant; 4. sowing and fertilizing; 5. weeding before seedling; 6. weeding after seedling; 7. topdressing and field management. According to the invention, the red peony root extract, the Japanese cayratia extract, the clove oil and the potassium fulvate are used as protective agents, so that the damage of weeding pesticides to soybean leaves is greatly reduced, the microscopic bioactivity of plants is excited, the nutrient absorption is improved, the soybean growth is promoted, and the yield and the growth speed of soybeans are further improved. The invention can obtain a cultivation method of high-yield soybean.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a cultivation method of soybeans.
Background
Soybean is not only a protein crop, but also an oil crop, and is rich in various minerals required by human bodies. The soybean kernel contains about 40% protein, 20% fat and 30% carbohydrate. The soybean can be processed into various subsidiary foods besides the soybean oil, and the soybean has high nutritive value and is popular with people.
The soybeans are cultivated in China, and are widely cultivated all over the world. Soybean is one of the important food crops in China, and has been cultivated for five thousand years.
Soybean is one of the main food crops in the province of Heilongjiang, but in recent years, the planting area of soybean in the province of Heilongjiang gradually decreases, and continuous cropping or crop-turning is mainly caused by planting soybean in successive years, so that the yield is reduced. The continuous cropping of soybean refers to: the same crop is planted in successive years, the planting area of soybeans in the three provinces of northeast is large, alternate planting of annual units cannot be carried out in most of the planting in the northeast due to weather relations, continuous cropping of the soybeans is common, and the problems of yield reduction, quality reduction and the like are caused by successive cropping. The first crop seeds refer to the planting of soybeans in alternate years, namely the alternate planting with other crops, and the first crop seeds also cause the problems of yield reduction and quality reduction. According to the survey, the method comprises the following steps: the yield reduction range of continuous cropping seeds is increasing year by year, and the high numerical value of 40 percent of yield reduction appears in years of continuous cropping in some areas, thus aggravating plant diseases and insect pests and reducing the fat content of soybeans. The main reasons for the reduction of yield of the first-cut seeds are the pest and disease attack of roots and the environmental problems caused by the multi-year deposition of secretions, decomposition products and microorganisms of the roots of plants, and the degradation degree of soil is accelerated. The continuous cropping of the soybeans can aggravate plant diseases and insect pests and the degradation degree of soil, reduce the yield and the quality of the soybeans and have certain influence on the economic benefit of crops.
In addition, pesticides are sprayed during the growth process of soybeans, but many pesticides compete with soybean seedlings for soil, nutrition and water in a short period of drug effect exertion, and the yield and the growth speed of the soybeans are influenced. Therefore, the pesticide is improved, the harm of the pesticide to the soybeans is further reduced, and the soybean growth is facilitated.
In conclusion, a scientific and effective planting method is found to have positive significance for the healthy development of the soybean industry.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problem that the yield and the quality of soybeans are reduced due to continuous cropping, stubble-cutting and pesticide application in the prior art, and provides a cultivation method of high-yield soybeans.
A cultivation method of high-yield soybean is specifically completed according to the following steps:
1. land preparation: selecting fertile land in which the previous crop can be mechanically ploughed, ridged and pressed together with the soybean rotation dry field crop to reach a state of waiting for sowing;
2. pretreatment of soybean seeds:
selecting soybean varieties which have full seeds and no insect eyes and are not planted in the place within five years as soybean seeds, treating the soybean seeds by ultrasonic waves, and then sun-drying the soybean seeds to obtain the pretreated soybean seeds;
3. mixing with a rhizobium inoculant:
mixing the pretreated soybean seeds with a soybean rhizobium inoculant to obtain the soybean seeds after seed dressing;
4. sowing and fertilizing:
fertilizing the ridge stand, sowing the seed-mixed soybean seeds into the ridge stand, planting 4500-5500 plants per mu, and compacting the ridge stand once;
5. weeding before seedling:
after sowing, spraying a herbicide by using an unmanned aerial vehicle to carry out closed weeding;
6. weeding after seedling:
after 1-3 compound leaves grow on the soybean seedlings, broad-leaved grass removing pesticide is sprayed on the stem leaves of the soybean seedlings, and then protective agent is sprayed, wherein the spraying amount is 1L/hm 2 ～3L/hm 2 After 4-5 compound leaves grow on the soybean seedlings, the gramineous weed removing pesticide is sprayed on the stem leaves of the soybean seedlings, and then the protective agent is sprayed, wherein the spraying amount is 2L/hm 2 ～4L/hm 2 ；
The protective agent in the sixth step consists of red peony root extract, japanese cayratia extract, clove oil and potassium fulvate solution; wherein the mass ratio of the red peony root extract to the cayratia japonica extract to the clove oil to the potassium fulvate solution is (10-25) to (5-15) to (3-7) to (100-150);
7. topdressing and field management:
and (3) dressing urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate at the later growth stage to the early flowering stage of soybean seedlings, wherein the dressing depth is 3-4 cm below the roots of the plants, and after dressing, ridging, immediately filling water, performing field management, and harvesting timely to finish the cultivation method of high-yield soybeans.
The invention has the advantages that:
1. according to the invention, the soybean seeds are pretreated by ultrasonic waves, so that the permeability of soybean seed coats is increased, and the germination of the seeds is facilitated; the emergence rate of soybean seeds reaches more than 95 percent;
2. the invention selects the soybean variety which is not planted in the place for five years as the bean seed, thus reducing the harm caused by continuous cropping or stubble-cutting;
3. according to the invention, the rhizobium japonicum microbial inoculum is used for dressing seeds, and the special organic fertilizer and the special compound fertilizer for soybeans are applied, so that the soil is improved, the physical and chemical properties of the soil are improved, the good development of the soybeans is promoted, and the harm caused by continuous cropping or stubble-meeting is reduced;
4. according to the invention, the red peony root extract, the cayratia japonica extract, the clove oil and the potassium fulvate are used as protective agents, and after the herbicide pesticide is sprayed, the protective agent is sprayed, so that the protective effect is synergistically enhanced, the damage of the herbicide pesticide to soybean leaves is greatly reduced, the microscopic bioactivity of plants is excited, the nutrient absorption is improved, the soybean growth is promoted, and the yield and the growth speed of soybeans are further improved;
5. the cultivation method of the high-yield soybean solves the problem that the yield and the quality of the soybean are reduced due to continuous cropping, continuous cropping and pesticide application in the prior art, and is suitable for popularization and application.
The invention can obtain a cultivation method of high-yield soybean.
Detailed Description
The first embodiment is as follows: the embodiment provides a cultivation method of high-yield soybeans, which is specifically completed according to the following steps:
1. land preparation: selecting the previous crops as fertile lands which can be mechanically ploughed, ridged and pressed together with the soybean rotation dry field crops to reach a state of waiting for sowing;
2. pretreatment of soybean seeds:
selecting soybean varieties which have full seeds and no insect eyes and are not planted in the place within five years as soybean seeds, treating the soybean seeds by ultrasonic waves, and then sun-drying the soybean seeds to obtain the pretreated soybean seeds;
3. mixing with a rhizobium inoculant:
mixing the pretreated soybean seeds with a soybean rhizobium inoculant to obtain the soybean seeds after seed dressing;
4. sowing and fertilizing:
fertilizing the ridge stand, sowing the seed-mixed soybean seeds into the ridge stand, planting 4500-5500 plants per mu, and compacting the ridge stand once;
5. weeding before seedling:
after sowing, spraying a herbicide by using an unmanned aerial vehicle to carry out closed weeding;
6. weeding after seedling:
after 1-3 compound leaves grow on the soybean seedlings, broad-leaved grass removing pesticide is sprayed on the stem leaves of the soybean seedlings, and then protective agent is sprayed, wherein the spraying amount is 1L/hm 2 ～3L/hm 2 After 4-5 compound leaves grow on the soybean seedlings, the stem leaves of the soybean seedlings are sprayed with gramineous weed removing pesticide, and then the protective agent is sprayed, wherein the spraying amount is 2L/hm 2 ～4L/hm 2 ；
The protective agent in the sixth step consists of red peony root extract, japanese cayratia extract, clove oil and potassium fulvate solution; wherein the mass ratio of the red peony root extract to the cayratia japonica extract to the clove oil to the potassium fulvate solution is (10-25) to (5-15) to (3-7) to (100-150);
7. topdressing and field management:
and (3) dressing urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate at the later growth stage to the early flowering stage of soybean seedlings, wherein the dressing depth is 3-4 cm below the roots of the plants, and after dressing, ridging, immediately filling water, performing field management, and harvesting timely to finish the cultivation method of high-yield soybeans.
The second embodiment is as follows: the present embodiment differs from the present embodiment in that: the previous crop in the step one is wheat or corn. The other steps are the same as those in the first embodiment.
The third concrete implementation mode: the present embodiment differs from the first or second embodiment in that: the airing time in the step two is 1-2 days; the ultrasonic treatment in the step two is as follows: soaking the soybean seeds in water at the temperature of 25-30 ℃, wherein the power of ultrasonic wave is 30-50W, and the time of ultrasonic wave treatment is 2-4 h. The other steps are the same as in the first or second embodiment.
The fourth concrete implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment and one of the first to third embodiments is as follows: the volume ratio of the mass of the soybean seeds to the rhizobium japonicum microbial inoculum is (50 kg-60 kg) 300mL. The other steps are the same as those in the first to third embodiments.
The fifth concrete implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment and one of the first to fourth embodiments is: the fertilizing amount in the fourth step is 300 kg/hectare to 400 kg/hectare; the fertilizer in the fourth step is a mixture of a special soybean organic fertilizer and a special soybean compound fertilizer, wherein the mass ratio of the special soybean organic fertilizer to the special soybean compound fertilizer is 1 (2-3). The other steps are the same as those in the first to fourth embodiments.
The sixth specific implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment and one of the first to fifth embodiments is as follows: the herbicide is a mixed solution of 65% by mass of metolachlor missible oil and 40% by mass of metolachlor missible oil, wherein the volume ratio of the 65% by mass of metolachlor missible oil to the 40% by mass of metolachlor missible oil is 2; the spraying amount of the herbicide in the fifth step is 4L/hm 2 ～6L/hm 2 . The other steps are the same as those in the first to fifth embodiments.
The seventh embodiment: the difference between this embodiment and the first to sixth embodiments is: the broadleaf pesticide in the sixth step is a mixed solution of 44% of a water aqua of turfing and water, wherein the mass ratio of the 44% of the water aqua of turfing to the water is (8 mL-10 mL) 2kg, and the spraying amount of the broadleaf pesticide is 1.5 kg/mu-2.5 kg/mu; the gramineous weed pesticide in the sixth step is a mixed solution of 10% quizalofop-p-ethyl missible oil and water, wherein the mass ratio of the 10% quizalofop-p-ethyl missible oil to the water is (31 mL-35 mL): 30kg, and the spraying amount of the gramineous weed pesticide is 25 kg/mu-35 kg/mu. The other steps are the same as those in the first to sixth embodiments.
The specific implementation mode is eight: the difference between this embodiment and the first to seventh embodiments is: the red paeony root extract in the sixth step is prepared by the following steps:
drying and crushing red paeony root powder, sieving with a 40-mesh sieve, adding ethanol according to the proportion of 1g (10 mL-15 mL) of material-liquid ratio, soaking for 10-20 h, performing ultrasonic extraction at 50-70 ℃ for 50-120 min, collecting an extracting solution, centrifuging, and collecting supernatant fluid, namely the red paeony root extract. The other steps are the same as those in the first to seventh embodiments.
The specific implementation method nine: the difference between this embodiment and the first to eighth embodiments is: the cayratia japonica extract in the sixth step is prepared by the following steps:
drying and crushing cayratia japonica, sieving the cayratia japonica with a 40-mesh sieve, adding ethanol according to the proportion of 1g (10 mL-15 mL) of material-liquid ratio, soaking for 10 h-20 h, performing ultrasonic extraction at 50-70 ℃ for 50 min-120 min, collecting an extracting solution, and performing reduced pressure concentration until a solvent is volatilized to dry to obtain a cayratia japonica extract; the mass fraction of the potassium fulvate solution in the sixth step is 80-90%. The other steps are the same as those in the first to eighth embodiments.
The specific implementation mode is ten: the difference between this embodiment and the first to ninth embodiments is: in the seventh step, 6-7 kg of urea and 8-10 kg of monopotassium phosphate are applied to each mu of land. The other steps are the same as those in the first to ninth embodiments.
The following examples were used to demonstrate the beneficial effects of the present invention:
example 1: a cultivation method of high-yield soybean is specifically completed according to the following steps:
1. land preparation:
the experimental sites are: harbin city district; selecting fertile land with corn as the previous crop to mechanically turn over, ridging and pressing to reach the state of waiting for sowing;
2. pretreatment of soybean seeds:
selecting soybean varieties which have plump seeds and do not have insect eyes and are not planted in the place within five years as soybean seeds, treating the soybean seeds by adopting ultrasonic waves, and then drying the soybean seeds in the sun for 1 day to obtain pretreated soybean seeds;
the soybean variety in the second step is Henong 71;
the ultrasonic treatment in the step two is as follows: soaking soybean seeds in water at the temperature of 25 ℃, wherein the power of ultrasonic waves is 50W, and the time of ultrasonic treatment is 2h;
3. mixing with a rhizobium inoculant:
mixing the pretreated soybean seeds with a soybean rhizobium inoculant to obtain the soybean seeds after seed dressing;
the ratio of the mass of the soybean seeds to the volume of the rhizobium japonicum microbial inoculum in the third step is 55kg;
the rhizobium japonicum microbial inoculum described in the third step is purchased from Jiangsu Zhifeng Biotech limited;
4. sowing and fertilizing:
fertilizing the ridge, sowing the mixed soybean seeds into the ridge, planting 5000 soybean seeds per mu, and rolling the ridge once;
the fertilizing amount in the fourth step is 350 kg/hectare;
the fertilizer in the fourth step is a mixture of a special soybean organic fertilizer and a special soybean compound fertilizer, wherein the mass ratio of the special soybean organic fertilizer to the special soybean compound fertilizer is 1;
the special organic fertilizer for the soybeans is purchased from Shijiazhuang cereal fertilizer industry science and technology Limited company; the special compound fertilizer for the soybeans is N10-P20-K15, and is purchased from Tianchi chemical fertilizer Limited liability company in Jilin city;
5. weeding before seedling:
after sowing, spraying a herbicide by using an unmanned aerial vehicle to carry out closed weeding;
the herbicide is a mixed solution of 65% by mass of metolachlor missible oil and 40% by mass of metolachlor missible oil, wherein the volume ratio of the 65% by mass of metolachlor missible oil to the 40% by mass of metolachlor missible oil is 2;
the spraying amount of the herbicide in the step five is 5L/hm 2 ；
6. Weeding after seedling:
after 3 compound leaves grow on the soybean seedlings, broad-leaved grass removing pesticide is sprayed on the stem leaves of the soybean seedlings, and then protective agent is sprayed, wherein the spraying amount is 2L/hm 2 After 5 compound leaves of soybean seedlings grow, spraying gramineous weed removing pesticide on stem leaves of the soybean seedlings, and then spraying protective agent with the spraying amountIs 3L/hm 2 ；
The broadleaf pesticide in the sixth step is a mixed solution of 44% of a water aqua of ametryn and water, wherein the mass ratio of the 44% of the water aqua of ametryn to water is 10mL, and the spraying amount of the broadleaf pesticide is 2 kg/mu;
the gramineous weed pesticide in the sixth step is a mixed solution of 10% quizalofop-p-ethyl missible oil and water, wherein the mass ratio of the 10% quizalofop-p-ethyl missible oil to the water is 33mL 30kg, and the spraying amount of the gramineous weed pesticide is 30 kg/mu;
the protective agent in the sixth step consists of red peony root extract, japanese cayratia extract, clove oil and potassium fulvate solution; wherein the mass ratio of the red peony root extract to the cayratia japonica extract to the clove oil to the potassium fulvate solution is 15;
the red paeony root extract in the sixth step is prepared by the following steps:
drying and crushing red paeony root powder, sieving with a 40-mesh sieve, adding ethanol according to a ratio of material to liquid of 1g to 15mL, soaking for 20h, performing ultrasonic extraction at 70 ℃ for 100min, collecting an extracting solution, centrifuging, and collecting supernatant, namely a red paeony root extract;
the cayratia japonica extract in the sixth step is prepared by the following steps:
drying and crushing cayratia japonica, sieving the cayratia japonica with a 40-mesh sieve, adding ethanol according to the material-liquid ratio of 1g to 15mL, soaking for 20h, performing ultrasonic extraction at 70 ℃ for 100min, collecting an extracting solution, and performing reduced pressure concentration until a solvent is volatilized to obtain a cayratia japonica extract;
the mass fraction of the potassium fulvate solution in the sixth step is 90%;
7. topdressing and field management:
after the soybean seedlings grow to the early stage of flowering, additionally applying urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate, wherein the additional application depth is 3-4 cm below the roots of the soybean seedlings, and after additional application, earthing up, immediately filling water, managing in the field, and harvesting timely to finish the cultivation method of the soybean with high yield;
and in the seventh step, 7kg of urea and 9kg of monopotassium phosphate are additionally applied to each mu of land.
Comparative example 1: the present embodiment is different from embodiment 1 in that: and (5) omitting a protective agent, namely spraying broad-leaved weed removing pesticide on the stem leaves of the soybean seedlings after 3 multiple leaves grow out of the soybean seedlings in the sixth step, and spraying gramineous weed removing pesticide on the stem leaves of the soybean seedlings after 5 multiple leaves grow out of the soybean seedlings. The other steps and parameters were the same as in example 1.
The yield per acre and the isoflavone content of soybeans obtained by cultivating soybeans by the methods described in example 1 and comparative example 1 are shown in Table 1;
TABLE 1
| Soybean acre yield (kg/mu) | Soy isoflavone content (μ g/g) | |
| Example 1 | 405 | 7165.3 |
| Comparative example 1 | 329 | 6354.7 |
As can be seen from table 1, the cultivation method of high-yield soybeans in example 1 can effectively reduce the harm caused by continuous cropping or stubble-cutting, the damage of the herbicide to soybean leaves is greatly reduced by applying the protective agent, the microscopic bioactivity of plants is stimulated, the nutrient absorption is improved, the soybean growth is promoted, and the yield, the growth speed and the quality of soybeans are further improved.
Claims (10)
1. A cultivation method of high-yield soybean is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1. land preparation: selecting the previous crops as fertile lands which can be mechanically ploughed, ridged and pressed together with the soybean rotation dry field crops to reach a state of waiting for sowing;
2. pretreatment of soybean seeds:
selecting soybean varieties which have full seeds and no insect eyes and are not planted in the place within five years as soybean seeds, treating the soybean seeds by ultrasonic waves, and then sun-drying the soybean seeds to obtain the pretreated soybean seeds;
3. mixing with a rhizobium inoculant:
mixing the pretreated soybean seeds with a soybean rhizobium inoculant to obtain the soybean seeds after seed dressing;
4. sowing and fertilizing:
fertilizing the ridge stand, sowing the seed-mixed soybean seeds into the ridge stand, planting 4500-5500 plants per mu, and compacting the ridge stand once;
5. weeding before seedling:
after sowing, spraying a herbicide by using an unmanned aerial vehicle to carry out closed weeding;
6. weeding after seedling:
after 1-3 compound leaves grow on the soybean seedlings, broad-leaved grass removing pesticide is sprayed on the stem leaves of the soybean seedlings, and then protective agent is sprayed, wherein the spraying amount is 1L/hm 2 ～3L/hm 2 After 4-5 compound leaves grow on the soybean seedlings, the gramineous weed removing pesticide is sprayed on the stem leaves of the soybean seedlings, and then the protective agent is sprayed, wherein the spraying amount is 2L/hm 2 ～4L/hm 2 ；
The protective agent in the sixth step consists of red peony root extract, japanese cayratia extract, clove oil and potassium fulvate solution; wherein the mass ratio of the red peony root extract to the cayratia japonica extract to the clove oil to the potassium fulvate solution is (10-25) to (5-15) to (3-7) to (100-150);
7. topdressing and field management:
and (3) dressing urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate at the later growth stage to the early flowering stage of soybean seedlings, wherein the dressing depth is 3-4 cm below the roots of the plants, and after dressing, ridging, immediately filling water, performing field management, and harvesting timely to finish the cultivation method of high-yield soybeans.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the previous crop in step one is wheat or corn.
3. The method for cultivating high-yield soybean according to claim 1, wherein the airing time in the second step is 1 to 2 days; the ultrasonic treatment in the step two is as follows: soaking the soybean seeds in water at the temperature of 25-30 ℃, wherein the power of ultrasonic wave is 30-50W, and the time of ultrasonic wave treatment is 2-4 h.
4. The method for cultivating high-yield soybean according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the mass of the soybean seeds to the volume of the rhizobium japonicum microbial inoculum in step three is (50 kg-60 kg): 300mL.
5. The method for cultivating high yield soybean according to claim 1, wherein the fertilizing amount in the fourth step is 300 kg/ha to 400 kg/ha; the fertilizer in the fourth step is a mixture of a special organic fertilizer for soybeans and a special compound fertilizer for soybeans, wherein the mass ratio of the special organic fertilizer for soybeans to the special compound fertilizer for soybeans is 1 (2-3).
6. The method for cultivating high-yield soybean according to claim 1, wherein the herbicide in the fifth step is a mixture of 65% by mass of the metolachlor emulsifiable concentrate and 40% by mass of the metolachlor emulsifiable concentrate, wherein the volume ratio of the 65% by mass of the metolachlor emulsifiable concentrate to the 40% by mass of the metolachlor emulsifiable concentrate is 2; the spraying amount of the herbicide in the fifth step is 4L/hm 2 ～6L/hm 2 。
7. The cultivation method of high-yield soybean according to claim 1, wherein the broadleaf weed pesticide in the sixth step is a mixed solution of 44% of a water aqua of picloram and water, wherein the mass ratio of the 44% of the water aqua of picloram to water is (8 mL-10 mL): 2kg, and the spraying amount of the broadleaf weed pesticide is 1.5 kg/mu-2.5 kg/mu; the gramineous weed pesticide in the sixth step is a mixed solution of 10% quizalofop-p-ethyl missible oil and water, wherein the mass ratio of the 10% quizalofop-p-ethyl missible oil to the water (31-35 mL) is 30kg, and the spraying amount of the gramineous weed pesticide is 25-35 kg/mu.
8. The method for cultivating high-yield soybean according to claim 1, wherein the red peony root extract in the sixth step is prepared by the steps of:
drying and crushing red paeony root powder, sieving the crushed red paeony root powder with a 40-mesh sieve, adding ethanol according to the proportion of 1g (10 mL-15 mL) of material-liquid ratio, soaking for 10 h-20 h, performing ultrasonic extraction at 50-70 ℃ for 50 min-120 min, collecting an extracting solution, centrifuging, and collecting supernatant fluid, namely the red paeony root extract.
9. The method for cultivating high-yield soybean according to claim 1, wherein the cayratia japonica extract in the sixth step is prepared by the following steps:
drying and crushing cayratia japonica, sieving the cayratia japonica with a 40-mesh sieve, adding ethanol according to the proportion of 1g (10 mL-15 mL) of material-liquid ratio, soaking for 10 h-20 h, performing ultrasonic extraction at 50-70 ℃ for 50 min-120 min, collecting an extracting solution, and performing reduced pressure concentration until a solvent is volatilized to dry to obtain a cayratia japonica extract; the mass fraction of the potassium fulvate solution in the sixth step is 80-90%.
10. The method for cultivating high-yield soybean according to claim 1, wherein 6 to 7kg of urea and 8 to 10kg of monopotassium phosphate are topdressed per mu in step seven.
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