CN115949204A - 装饰性镶板 - Google Patents
装饰性镶板 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN115949204A CN115949204A CN202111519446.1A CN202111519446A CN115949204A CN 115949204 A CN115949204 A CN 115949204A CN 202111519446 A CN202111519446 A CN 202111519446A CN 115949204 A CN115949204 A CN 115949204A
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- coating
- layer
- substrate
- panel according
- panel
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- Pending
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 8
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- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical class C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F15/00—Flooring
- E04F15/02—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements
- E04F15/10—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements of other materials, e.g. fibrous or chipped materials, organic plastics, magnesite tiles, hardboard, or with a top layer of other materials
- E04F15/105—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements of other materials, e.g. fibrous or chipped materials, organic plastics, magnesite tiles, hardboard, or with a top layer of other materials of organic plastics with or without reinforcements or filling materials
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
- E04C2/10—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products
- E04C2/24—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products laminated and composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/12, E04C2/16, E04C2/20
- E04C2/246—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products laminated and composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/12, E04C2/16, E04C2/20 combinations of materials fully covered by E04C2/16 and E04C2/20
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D3/06—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to radiation
- B05D3/061—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to radiation using U.V.
- B05D3/065—After-treatment
- B05D3/067—Curing or cross-linking the coating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C59/00—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor
- B29C59/02—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing
- B29C59/04—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing using rollers or endless belts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种装饰性镶板,其包括至少一个基板,基板包括上表面和底表面以及两对相对的侧边缘,其中基板包括至少一个芯层和至少一个装饰性层,并且镶板包括至少一个涂层,其中涂层设置在基板的上表面上,其中基板的上表面和涂层的上涂层表面这两者具有预定的邵氏D硬度。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种装饰性镶板,例如地板镶板、墙壁镶板或顶棚镶板。本发明还涉及用于制造这种装饰性镶板的方法。
背景技术
装饰性镶板的制造通常包括在板的表面上施加饰面层或涂层步骤,以具有所需的光泽度水平从而补充装饰,同时确保表面对污渍、划痕、磨损等的抵抗性。特别地,木基和聚合地板镶板的饰面层通常是喷涂、辊涂或幕涂的紫外线固化涂层(UV涂层)。这种UV涂层在工业应用中非常受欢迎,因为它们具有快的生产速度、瞬时的干燥时间、良好的耐磨性、高透明度和光泽饰面等优点。在异质弹性地板领域,该涂层通常施加在所谓的透明热塑性耐磨层之上。所述耐磨层具有保护功能。工业中使用耐磨层如此久远,以致耐磨层的结合剂含量和耐磨层的厚度形成了工业标准中使用级别的分类要求的基础。例如,耐磨层的厚度限定了ISO 10582“弹性地板覆盖物-异质聚(氯乙烯)地板覆盖物-规范(Resilient FloorCoverings-Heterogeneous poly(vinyl chloride)floor covering-Specifications)”中所谓的使用类别,而甚至不需要实验室测试以验证耐磨性、耐刮擦性等。
这些已知的热塑性耐磨层通常由增塑聚氯乙烯(PVC)制成,并且相对硬度较低。此类增塑PVC的增塑剂含量可高达10%至15%,相对地,PVC含量为约85%至90%。该增塑耐磨层是在弹性地板、特别是“豪华乙烯基饰面砖”的制造中也将增塑乙烯树脂主要地用作核心材料时代的残余。近年来,非增塑PVC、rPVC或刚性PVC几乎完全取代了作为弹性地板材料的核心材料的这种增塑乙烯树脂。然而,增塑耐磨层仍然存在,并且目前在市场上基本每平方米的弹性地板都仍然存在增塑耐磨层。这些常规镶板通常包括在硬度较低的耐磨层之上的附加UV涂层。
对于弹性地板的顶表面以及涂层和耐磨层的关键性能的要求,包括耐磨性(EN13329、ASTM D4060)、耐刮擦性(ISO 1518)、耐轻微划痕性(EN 16094)、耐污性(ISO26987)、防滑性(ANSI 137.1、EN 13893)等。在这些中,耐刮擦性一直是最难改进的一项,因此一直认为弹性地板不是很耐刮擦,尤其是当与以极其硬的耐刮擦三聚氰胺覆盖物为特征的层压材料相比时更是如此,已知三聚氰胺覆盖物具有良好的耐刮擦性。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供具有改进的耐刮擦性的镶板。可供选择地,本发明的目的是提供替代现有技术的可供选择的方案。
为此,本发明提供了一种装饰性镶板,特别是地板镶板、墙壁镶板或顶棚镶板,该镶板包括:
-至少一个基板,基板包括上表面和底表面,以及优选地包括两对相对的侧边缘,其中该基板包括:
o至少一个芯层;和
o至少一个装饰性层;以及
-至少一个涂层,其中所述涂层设置在基板的上表面上;
其中基板、并且特别是基板的上表面的邵氏D硬度为至少80,并且涂层、并且特别是涂层的上涂层表面的邵氏D硬度为至少85。
具体实施方式
根据本发明的镶板的益处在于,由于基板和涂层这两者的组合相对硬并且涂层设置在基板的上表面上而具有良好的耐刮擦性。将在23摄氏度的邵氏D硬度为至少80的基板与邵氏D硬度为至少85的涂层进行组合,可以省略出于保护目的而附加的耐磨层的使用。当使用根据本发明的基板和涂层时,发现根据本发明的镶板的耐刮擦性出乎意料地好。涂层优选直接设置在基板的上表面上。省略耐磨层的使用并施加邵氏D硬度为至少80的基板和邵氏D硬度为至少85的涂层,这对于本领域技术人员而言是非显而易见的。试图提高镶板的耐刮擦性的常规途径是(例如)通过添加诸如氧化铝、金刚石粉末、碳化硅等磨料颗粒从而改变涂层制剂的组成。这可以将顶表面的耐刮擦性提高到约2500g至3000g,但是进一步地,也具有不期望的效果,这显著改变了涂层的其他表面性能特征,尤其是耐微划痕性和耐污性。对于想要改进弹性地板镶板的耐刮擦性的本领域技术人员而言,遵循的另一显而易见的方法是增加通常在PVC耐磨层上设置的UV涂层的施加量,以充分强化涂层,从而(例如)承受住一些变形。然而,由于若干原因,不期望使用较厚的涂层,较厚的涂层例如可为约1mm。施加较高的涂覆量将导致排放更多的挥发性有机化合物排放物,这对室内空气质量具有负面影响。此外,较厚的涂层填充了所有表面纹理或压纹,使得镶板的表面变得基本平坦。仍然具有相当低的邵氏D硬度的相对较厚的涂层也不能满足层压地板表面的耐刮擦性。测试了以硬度较低的耐磨层和此类厚聚氨酯涂层为特征的镶板,并且根据ISO 1518示出了其耐刮擦性为约3000g,这种耐刮擦性被归类为相对低。已经发现,通常设置在装饰性层和UV涂层之间、并且其在23摄氏度的邵氏D硬度通常仅为50至55且维卡软化温度小于80摄氏度、通常小于70摄氏度的柔性热塑性耐磨层是弹性地板耐刮擦性不足的原因。这会在高温下导致更大的耐刮擦性和耐压性问题。例如当根据ISO 1518进行测试或使用牛顿硬度测试笔时,在聚氨酯/丙烯酸涂层之上足够小的表面区域中局部压力将造成刚性UV层局部变形从而进入硬度较低的耐磨层,造成其破裂或破损,在观察者看来即为划痕、凹痕或破裂。
使用邵氏D硬度为至少85的涂层和邵氏D硬度为至少80的基板所实现的协同作用使涂层能够承受局部压力,因此它不变形为硬度较低的基板,并且它将通过根据ISO 1518的5000g至6000g的耐刮擦性测试,满足与层压地板表面相同的耐刮擦性。本领域技术人员将不会考虑整体除去耐磨层,同时也不会考虑改变基板规格,因为通常认为耐磨层是异质地板的关键特征。根据本发明的涂层优选为镶板的上层或表面层。
例举的邵氏D硬度特别是在温度为23摄氏度的邵氏D硬度。
优选地,涂层直接设置在基板的上表面上。通常,装饰性层设置在芯层的上表面上。因此,在优选的实施方案中,涂层直接设置在基板的装饰性层上。如上所述,对于根据本发明的镶板,可以省略在装饰性层和表面涂层之间的耐磨层的使用。
在优选的实施方案中,涂层覆盖基板、并且特别是装饰性层的上表面的至少1%、优选至少25%、更优选至少50%、并且甚至更优选至少95%。还可以想到的是,基板、并且特别是装饰性层的上表面基本上完全覆盖有涂层。
涂层、并且特别是涂层的上涂层表面的邵氏D硬度为至少85。然而,还可以想的是,该涂层、并且特别是该涂层的上涂层表面的邵氏D硬度为至少90。该涂层的上涂层表面的邵氏D硬度可(例如)在90至95的范围内。将硬度在上述范围内的涂层与根据本发明的基板进行组合可以获得良好的实验结果。可以想到的是,镶板包括多个涂层。优选地,至少一个、并且可能各个涂层的邵氏D硬度为至少85。特别地,直接施加到该镶板的上表面上的涂层的邵氏D硬度为至少85。还可以想到的是,涂层的组合的上涂层表面的邵氏D硬度为至少85,可能至少90或在85至95的范围内。
根据本发明的涂层优选至少部分交联。因此,涂层可为交联涂层。在优选的实施方案中,涂层包含至少一种热固性树脂。例如,可以想到的是,涂层包含聚氨酯、特别是热固性聚氨酯,并且/或者涂层包含丙烯酸树脂、特别是热固性丙烯酸树脂。使用交联涂层是有益的,因为这为涂层提供了良好的刚性和/或强度。由于涂层的交联特性,可以至少部分地防止涂层的破裂。
在优选的实施方案中,涂层包含至少一种可交联预聚物和至少一种光引发剂和/或至少一种添加剂。光引发剂通常被配置为能够引发UV固化和/或交联。可以使用的预聚物的非限制性实例为丙烯酸预聚物或聚氨酯预聚物。预聚物可(例如)包括丙烯酸清漆和/或聚氨酯。可供选择地,至少一种预聚物可为环氧多元醇涂料。在另一优选的实施方案中,涂层包含至少一种可交联低聚物、至少一种单体和/或至少一种光引发剂。可交联低聚物可(例如)为丙烯酸低聚物或聚氨酯低聚物。任选地,涂层可以包含至少一种添加剂,(例如)以进一步改进耐刮擦性、耐磨性、防滑性、耐UV性和/或其他因素。
涂层优选为聚合物基涂层。未固化涂料和/或涂层通常包含至少一种可交联预聚物、至少一种光引发剂和/或至少一种添加剂。涂层可(例如)包括至少一种丙烯酸清漆和/或聚氨酯。当应用至少一种光引发剂时,通常将这至少一种光引发剂配置为能够引发UV固化、电子束固化和/或交联。可以施加其他添加剂以改进耐刮擦性、耐磨性、防滑性和/或耐UV性。所述光引发剂可为当暴露于UV时分解成自由基以引发涂料直接在表面上交联的任何化合物。所述光引发剂可为任何自由基光引发剂或阳离子光引发剂。可以想到的是,至少一种光引发剂可为选自由以下所组成的组中的化合物:丙烯酸酯基制剂或苯乙烯基制剂、2-苯甲酰基苯甲酸甲酯、2-羟基-2-甲基-1-苯基-1-丙酮、苄基二甲基缩酮、1-羟基-环己基苯基-酮、或苯甲酰甲酸甲酯、或其他光引发剂、或它们的任意组合。可能的是,该光引发剂可以占该涂层配方的总重量的约2重量%至约10重量%、优选2重量%至约5重量%、更优选3重量%。在应用可交联低聚物的情况下,至少一种可交联低聚物优选为丙烯酸低聚物或聚氨酯低聚物。涂层可为聚氨酯丙烯酸涂层。涂层还可以包括选自由以下所组成的组中的材料:热塑性材料、热固性材料、聚氨酯涂料、丙烯酸涂料、环氧多元醇涂料、聚丙烯(PP)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、耐磨材料、防滑材料、耐水材料、耐化学性材料、耐热材料、或它们的组合。优选地,涂层基本上不含聚氯乙烯(PVC)。还可以想到的是,镶板本身基本上不含PVC。可供选择地,装饰性层可包含PVC,或者装饰性层可为PVC层。
在一个可能的实施方案中,涂层包含多个耐磨颗粒,特别是选自氧化铝、刚玉、碳化硅、二氧化钛、氧化钛和/或金刚石颗粒或金刚石粉末的组。可以想到的是,至少一部分耐磨颗粒分散在涂层中。在施加多个涂层的情况下,可以想到的是,至少一个涂层包含多个耐磨颗粒。例如,仅涂层的上层可以包含多个耐磨颗粒,或者可供选择地,仅涂层的底层可以包含多个耐磨颗粒。在至少一个涂层包含多个耐磨颗粒的情况下,有益的是(特别是)基于涂层制剂的总重量,涂层所含的耐磨颗粒在0.1重量%至5重量%、优选0.5重量%至5重量%的范围内。当施加上述量时,耐磨颗粒可以积极地影响涂层的特性,同时不改变其主要目标。在其他实施方案中,至少一个涂层还可以包含抗微生物剂、抗病毒剂、抗菌剂和/或抗真菌剂。
涂层还可包含抗微生物剂,该抗微生物剂可以在固化步骤之前添加到涂层中。当应用抗微生物剂时,据认为,包埋在涂层中的抗微生物剂能够抑制微生物的出现和/或生长,所述微生物例如为真菌、细菌(即革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性菌,如金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Kleibsella pneumoniae)和沙门氏菌(Salmonella)等)、酵母菌和其他病原体,包括地板镶板表面的非病原体。可以想到,抗微生物剂可以是有机的或无机的,优选无毒且不含重金属。抗微生物剂可选自由季铵化合物、倍半萜烯醇、卤代苯基醚、卤代碳酰苯胺、卤代水杨酰苯胺、双酚化合物、常规酚、甲醛、吡啶衍生物和六氯酚组成的组。上述抗微生物剂优于消毒剂,例如碘及其复合物,因为这些消毒剂具有高度着色性并且可能对涂层的化学、机械和物理性质,特别是为了保持镶板的美观所期望的涂层的透光度/透明度造成不利影响。如果采用抗微生物剂,则抗微生物剂优选以约0.05重量%至约5重量%,优选约0.070重量%至约3.5重量%,更优选约0.080重量%至约3重量%存在于涂层中。实验发现,涂层中所述量的抗微生物剂能够经受得住固化过程中的交联/聚合反应,或者换句话说,在固化过程中不被破坏,不会对涂层的化学、机械和物理性能造成不良影响。还通过实验发现涂层中所述量的抗微生物剂能够保持涂层的寿命,同时也足以抑制微生物的形成和/或生长。
在优选的实施方案中,涂层基本上是透明和/或半透明的。以这种方式,使用涂层将不会对装饰性层的外观产生负面影响。例如,通过包含至少一种消光剂如消光粉的涂层还可以增强镶板的美学外观。还可以想到的是,对该涂层进行准分子精加工步骤,以在该涂层的顶表面处、例如在距该顶表面1μm至5μm内获得更高的密度。例如,可以想到的是,涂层的上部具有比涂层的其余部分更高的密度。例如,涂层的上部的约2μm至5μm的层可具有比涂层的其余部分更高的密度。因此,可以想到的是,涂层包括整体形成在涂层的上部的(高密度)外壳层。
至少一个涂层优选为其体积中的厚度基本上相等。涂层的厚度优选在0.01mm至0.30mm的范围内、优选在10μm至50μm的范围内。由于相对高的邵氏D硬度,这种相对薄的涂层仍可为镶板提供足够的刚性和耐刮擦性。
可以想到的是,基板的芯层包含至少一种维卡改性剂,特别是为了进一步改进芯层的材料性能。芯层可(例如)包含至少一种被配置为提高维卡软化温度的添加剂。芯层的维卡软化温度优选为至少80摄氏度、更优选为至少85摄氏度。还可以想到的是,芯层的维卡软化温度在80摄氏度至95摄氏度、或85摄氏度至95摄氏度的范围内。芯层的维卡软化温度(例如)也可以基本上为90摄氏度。任选地,芯层的维卡软化温度可以高于95摄氏度或高于100摄氏度。至少一种添加剂可(例如)包括丙烯腈苯乙烯丙烯酸酯共聚物(ASA)、丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯共聚物ABS、热固性体系和/或环氧体系。该添加剂也可称为维卡改性剂。当基板的芯层包含矿物与热塑性塑料之比为至少3:1的热塑性矿物复合物时,至少一种维卡改性剂的使用可能是特别令人关注的。这是为了确保邵氏D硬度在高温下得以保持和/或控制。
至少一部分涂层、特别是上涂层表面的表面粗糙度Ra优选为至少1μm、优选Ra为至少2μm、更优选Ra为至少3μm。涂层的至少一部分可包括多个微起伏,同时保持表面粗糙度Ra为至少3μm,其中微起伏的至少一部分的峰谷高度Rz为15μm或以下,并且/或者其中,微起伏的至少一部分的峰谷高度Rz为至少15μm。这种实施方案将使得涂层的表面能够具有足够的防滑性,因此镶板本身也具有足够的防滑性。获得的粗糙度和/或峰谷高度可以(例如)通过具有多个涂层得以实现,其中各涂层具有带复合效果的微起伏和/或微褶痕。
基板上表面的足够的表面粗糙度可以积极地有助于涂层和基板之间的结合。特别优选地,基板的(表面)粗糙度(Ra)为至少0.5μm。更优选地,基板的粗糙度为至少1μm。因此,基板的上表面的粗糙度可为至少0.5μm、优选为至少1μm。这些特性使得上芯层和涂层之间能够适当地结合。根据本发明的镶板的基板的上表面优选具有优选通过机械或化学手段施加的宏观纹理,该宏观纹理具有模仿真石或木质表面的深度和/或高度。优选地,最大纹理深度为至多0.6mm、优选为约0.3mm,且变化为最大0.1mm。
根据本发明的镶板的基板的上表面通常的邵氏D硬度为至少80。然而,在优选的实施方案中,镶板的基板的上表面的邵氏D硬度为至少85、并且可为至少90。优选地,涂层的上涂层表面的邵氏D硬度高于基板的上表面的邵氏D硬度。优选地,涂层和基板的邵氏D硬度的差异为5以内。
镶板优选地包括至少一个装饰层。可以想到,如果采用该装饰层,则将至少一个装饰层附接到所述芯层。还可以想到装饰层是印刷层。还可以想到的是,至少一个装饰性层为印刷层、特别是数字印刷层。装饰层也可以形成芯层的整体部分。在镶板的有利实施方案中,芯层的上表面的至少一部分设置有至少一种装饰图案或装饰图像。例如可以通过印刷,例如通过数字和/或喷墨印刷来提供这种装饰性图像或图案。还可能的是,至少一个装饰图案由设置在芯层或镶板的上表面中的浮雕形成。还可以想到,装饰层或装饰性层是单独的层,例如包括高压层压板(HPL)、贴面层和/或瓷砖。在优选的实施方案中,至少一个装饰性层包括热塑性膜或纤维素板层。例如,装饰层可能包括多个含木素纤维素的浸渍层,而且还可以包括木贴面、热塑性层、石材贴面、贴面层等和/或所述材料的组合。贴面层优选选自由木贴面、软木贴面、竹贴面等组成的组。其他材料,例如瓷砖或瓷器、真石贴面、橡胶贴面、装饰性塑料或乙烯树脂、油毡以及箔或薄膜形式的层压装饰性热塑性材料。热塑性材料可以是PP、PET、PVC等。装饰性层的设计可以从设计数据库中选择,该数据库包括数字处理的设计、传统图案、图片或图像文件、定制的数字艺术品、随机图像图案、抽象艺术、木纹图像、陶瓷或混凝土风格图像、或用户定义的图案。这些设计可以使用激光印刷机、喷墨印刷机或任何其他数字印刷方式(包括常规印刷方法)进行印刷或复制。还可以使用各种类型的墨水来满足装饰层的设计需求。优选地,在印刷方法期间使用的墨水包括例如但不限于防水性、耐光性、无酸、金属样、光泽、光辉、闪光或深黑色等特性。理想的是装饰性层通过涂层为基本上透明的涂层在视觉上暴露。装饰层可以包括图案,其中图案通过数码印刷、喷墨印刷、轮转凹版印刷机、电子线轴(ELS)轮转凹版印刷机、自动塑料印刷机、胶版印刷、柔版印刷或轮转印刷机印刷。装饰性层的厚度优选在0.05mm和0.10mm的范围内,例如基本上为0.07mm。
芯层也可以称为载体层、载体镶板、载体芯和/或镶板芯。芯层特别地被配置为具有刚性和强度以能够浮动安装,并且还设置有基本上平坦的表面,在该表面上设置有装饰性层。
基板、特别是芯层可以包括复合材料。芯层可以例如包含填料和至少一种粘合剂。粘合剂可选自但不限于热塑性或热固性树脂,包括但不限于乙烯树脂、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚氨酯(PU)、丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)、三聚氰胺和/或聚丙烯(PP)。优选地,填料相对于粘合剂的重量百分比为至少1:1,更优选至少2:1,最优选至少3:1。芯层中使用的填料材料可以包括有机或无机材料,包括但不限于纤维素材料、纤维材料、牛皮纸、锯末、木屑、木纤维、长木纤维、短木纤维、沙子、石灰、火山灰、植物基纤维(如蘑菇纤维、棉纤维、竹纤维、蕉麻纤维、菠萝纤维)、镁化合物、氧化镁、碳酸镁、石灰石、聚合物纤维、玻璃纤维、碳基纤维,聚合物球粒、或尺寸为1微米至1000微米的由但不限于陶瓷、玻璃、聚合物、复合材料或金属制成的空心微球或颗粒。优选地,芯层包括选自由以下所组成的组中的至少一种填料:矿物,优选碳酸钙;以及颜料、改性剂、纤维,例如:玻璃纤维、木材、麦秆和/或麻类。纤维可为松散纤维和/或互连纤维以形成织造或非织造层。优选地,芯层还包括至少一种选自由以下所组成的组中的附加填料:钢、玻璃、聚丙烯、木材、丙烯酸、氧化铝、乌拉草纤维(curaua)、碳、纤维素、椰子、凯夫拉尔合成纤维(kevlar)、尼龙、聚酰胺纤维(perlon)、聚乙烯、PVA、石棉、荚蒾纤维(viburnum)和菲奎叶纤维(fique)。这可以进一步增加镶板本身的强度和/或镶板的耐水性和/或耐火性。
可以想到的是,至少一个芯层包括复合材料,特别是矿物复合材料,更特别是矿物热塑性复合物。芯层可以例如包括氧化镁或基于MgO的复合材料。芯层可以例如包含MgCl2和/或MgSO4。复合芯层可(例如)包含至少20重量%的氧化镁。可能的复合芯层的非限制性实例是包含30重量%至40重量%氧化镁、10重量%至20重量%氯化镁或硫酸镁、10重量%至15重量%水、5重量%至10重量%氢氧化镁、5重量%至10%重量碳酸钙、5重量%至50%重量木质纤维素(例如木纤维或软木)和/或10重量%至15%重量添加剂的芯层。据发现,复合芯层、特别是矿物复合芯层,具有良好的热稳定性,这也有利于镶板本身。至少一个芯层的密度优选在1200kg/m3和2000kg/m3之间,更优选在1400kg/m3和1600kg/m3之间。然而,也可以想到至少一个芯层的密度为约2000kg/m3。例如,当芯层包括热塑性矿物复合材料时,后者是可能的。矿物材料可选自由氧化镁、碳酸镁、含氧硫酸镁、氯氧化镁水泥(MOC)、氯化镁(MgCl2)、硫酸镁(MgSO4)、索雷耳(Sorel)水泥、纤维水泥、MOS水泥、石灰石、钙碳酸盐、方解石矿物、石头、白垩、粘土、硅酸钙和/或滑石组成的组。在一些实施方案中,矿物材料优选作为至少200目、优选大于300目的颗粒矿物填料存在。热塑性矿物复合芯层可(例如)包含60重量%至70重量%的碳酸钙、20重量%至25重量%的聚氯乙烯和可能的5重量%至10重量%的添加剂。至少一个芯层可以包括密度梯度,例如其中上表面附近的密度高于底表面附近的密度,或者其中上表面附近和底表面附近的密度高于位于所述上表面和底表面之间的中心区域的密度。可能的芯层的另一非限制性实例是包含纤维素和热固性树脂的基于HDF的芯层。还可以想到,芯层是包含纤维素和/或基于氧化镁的地质聚合物的木基芯。镶板和/或芯层优选是防水的。
在优选的实施方案中,芯层可包含至少一种添加剂材料,有利地包括特别被配置为改进混合物的流变性的表面活性物质(表面活性物质,SAS),例如甲基纤维素、“Badimol”增塑材料和其他阳离子活性SAS。芯部也可以包含膨润土。膨润土为适于增加镶板自身的流变性和防水性能的精细研磨的天然产物。芯层还可以包含前述材料中的任何材料的组合或复合物。可以想到的是,复合材料包含至少20重量%的填料和/或15重量%至50重量%的结合剂。发现该范围确保了芯层的足够的稳定性和强度,同时还使芯层具有必要的柔性并还改进了耐高温性。有益的是,应用刚性为至少3500MPa的基板或芯层,特别是当根据EN310或ASTM D790测定时更是如此。
基板和/或芯层可以例如具有至少4mm的厚度。例如,芯层的厚度可能在3mm和9mm之间,优选在4mm和5.5mm之间或在5.5mm和7mm之间。可以想到的是,至少一个芯层包括至少一个加强层。加强层可以(例如)是加强网。可能地,芯包括至少两个加强层,其中第一加强层位于上表面附近并且其中另一加强层位于底表面附近。优选地,至少一个加强层包括网或网状物,优选地包括玻璃纤维、黄麻和/或棉。
基板、特别是芯层,可以任选地包括互补耦接部件。芯可以(例如)包括至少一对相对的侧边,所述相对的侧边设有互补耦接部件。当应用互补耦接部件时,其通常被构造成用于互连相邻的镶板。通常,芯层的至少一对相对侧边设置有互补耦接部件。例如,芯层在其相对侧边中的至少两个上包括至少一对互补耦接部件。所述耦接部件可以(例如)是被构造成用于在多个方向上相互耦接相邻镶板的互锁耦接部件。优选地,所述互锁耦接部件在水平和竖直这两个方向上提供锁定。可以应用本领域已知的任何合适的互锁耦接部件。例如,所述互锁耦接部件可以是互补的榫槽、凸和凹接收部件、突出的条带和构造成接收所述条带的凹槽的形式或任何其他合适的形式。可以想到,互补耦接部件在接合时需要向下的剪式运动,或者通过水平移动锁定在一起。还可以设想,互连耦接机构包括榫舌和凹槽,其中榫舌设置在一对相对侧边中的一个侧边上,并且凹槽设置在同一对相对侧边的另一个侧边上,或者相对于该榫舌的相邻侧上。这种耦接机构的设计在本领域中是公知的,并且已经证明非常适用于诸如浮动地板之类的地板覆盖物用镶板。在其他实施方案中,互连耦接机构可能具有互锁特征,其防止互连镶板的任何自由移动(活动)。这种互锁特征可以是设置在相应的相对侧边上的凸起和相应的凹部,相邻的镶板通过该凸起和凹部彼此互锁。可以想到,在互锁耦接部件中提供加强件以提高强度并防止其在镶板的安装期间破损。例如,互补或互锁耦接部件可以用以下材料来加强,所述材料例如为但不限于玻璃纤维网、加强片材、碳纤维、碳纳米管、陶瓷、玻璃、金属或非金属杆阵列、或者在芯层中整体形成的高分子化合物。还可以设想,在互锁耦接部件的表面上添加微化技术或纳米技术的加强涂层。根据本发明的镶板和/或通过根据本发明的方法获得的镶板适用于地板、墙壁或顶棚覆盖物,优选地以锁定机构为特征。这样,“悬浮”覆盖物可以通过将各个镶板在所有四边相互连接来进行组装,而无需粘合剂。
镶板可以包括至少一个另外的层,例如但不限于背衬层。根据本发明的方法还可以包括将至少一个背衬层设置和/或附接至芯层的底表面的步骤。在采用背衬层的情况下,背衬层可以通过粘合剂粘附在芯层的底表面上。背衬层优选由聚合物材料制成,例如但不限于聚氨酯。背衬层也可以是吸音层。这种吸音背衬层可以进一步有助于镶板的良好声学特性。这种背衬层也可以称为声学层。背衬层可以由乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)、辐照交联的聚乙烯(IXPE)、发泡聚丙烯(XPP)和/或发泡聚苯乙烯(XPS)的发泡层、优选低密度发泡层构成。然而,还可以想到,背衬层包括非织造纤维,例如麻类或软木等天然纤维;和/或回收/可再循环的材料,例如PET。如果采用背衬层,则背衬层的密度优选在65kg/m3和300kg/m3之间,最优选在80kg/m3和150kg/m3之间。
本发明还涉及一种用于制造装饰性镶板的方法,装饰性镶板特别是地板镶板、墙壁镶板或顶棚镶板,该方法包括以下步骤:
a)设置至少一个基板,基板包括上表面和底表面以及优选地包括两对相对的侧边缘,其中基板包括:
o至少一个芯层;以及
o至少一个装饰性层;并且
其中基板的上表面的邵氏D硬度为至少80;以及
b)在基板的上表面上施加至少一个涂层,其中涂层为可交联涂层;以及
c)固化所述涂层,从而获得邵氏D硬度为至少85的交联涂层。
该方法能够提供根据本发明的镶板。在步骤a)中应用的基板可为用于根据本发明的镶板的任何基板。镶板的基板的上表面特别是在23摄氏度的邵氏D硬度可(例如)为至少85、并且可为至少90。可以想到的是,涂层、并且特别是该涂层的上涂层表面的邵氏D硬度为至少90。涂层的上涂层表面的邵氏D硬度可(例如)在90至95的范围内。优选地,涂层的上涂层表面的邵氏D硬度高于基板的上表面的邵氏D硬度。固化步骤也可称为干燥步骤。然而,还可以想到的是,固化步骤为UV固化步骤。
(在步骤b)中施加的)涂层优选地包含至少一种可交联预聚物和至少一种光引发剂。还可以想到的是,涂层包含至少一种热固性树脂。根据本发明的方法能够施加相对薄的涂层。这不仅在经济原因方面是有利的,而且出于环境原因方面也是有利的,因为它可以减少特别是在制造过程中排放的挥发性有机化合物的量。例如可以以每层5g/m2至15g/m2的重量,优选以5Ra至15Ra的平均厚度施加至少一个涂层。优选地,至少一个涂层的施加量小于100g/m2,更优选小于75g/m2。例如还可以想到,以40g/m2至60g/m2范围内的重量施加至少一个涂层。优选地,以至少40g/m2和任选最多100g/m2的量施加涂层。这对涂层能够达到一定的耐磨性需求有积极贡献。涂层可以由多个层组成。各层可以在范围为100mJ/cm2至200mJ/cm2且波长为150nm至400nm的不同能量水平干燥或预固化,这将激活光引发剂并引起链式反应。至少一层可经受高达700mJ/cm2至900mJ/cm2的相对高的能量水平,从而使所得的固化涂层组合物具有相对低的孔隙率。可以与在低于220nm的非常低的波长和高能量水平的固化步骤同时或在其之前进行涂层的顶层的固化。在这种情况下,可以并甚至期望减少光引发剂的量,因为在即使没有光引发剂的情况下丙烯酸化合物也将被激活,从而使得在涂层的顶部形成非常高密度的顶层或(整体)外壳层。在未固化条件下,(未固化的)涂层的粘度优选在25摄氏度小于5000Pa.s、优选在25摄氏度为500Pa.s和3000Pa.s之间、并且更优选在25摄氏度为800Pa.s和1500Pa.s之间。因此,在将涂层施加到镶板上之前和/或过程中,将所述粘度值应用于涂层的材料。所施加的未固化涂层的表面张力优选低于38达因/厘米。在优选的实施方案中,基板层的表面能与涂层的表面张力的比例为至少1:1、并且更优选至少1.5:1。涂层的厚度优选为0.01mm至0.30mm。
该方法还可以包括在基板、并且特别是在芯层(的上表面)上施加纹理的步骤。在以机械方式施加的纹理为特征的镶板的情况下,例如用压纹或纹理化的辊或压板,可以将纹理直接施加到芯部,从而具有视觉特征。纹理可为(例如)石材、饰面砖或木质纹理。该纹理的最大深度优选为0.6mm。当施加纹理时,优选在涂覆步骤之前以机械方式施加纹理,并且最优选在挤出或热层压步骤过程中施加纹理。更具体而言,优选地,特别是在高温和/或高压下通过纹理辊或纹理板将0.3mm至0.6mm深的纹理施加在基板的上表面上。该基板通常包括芯部和至少一个设计要素,优选为印刷膜和/或数字印刷的视觉化产物。整个设计的纹理的深度之间的变化优选为0.1mm内,以避免涂层对纹理的不均匀填充。因此,优选以小于100g/m2的重量或量施加涂层或UV固化的饰面,以得到深的表面纹理。
可以(例如)经由辊涂施加涂层。例如可以想到的是,应用EPDM辊。更特别地,可以应用邵氏D硬度为约35和/或表面能为25mN/m或25dyn/cm的乙丙橡胶(EPDM)辊。然而,还可以想到的是,通过喷涂施加至少一个涂层。涂层可以包括多个耐磨颗粒,特别地选自氧化铝、刚玉、碳化硅、二氧化钛、氧化钛和/或金刚石颗粒或金刚石粉末的组。可以想到的是,至少一部分的耐磨颗粒分散在涂层中。根据本发明的方法还可以包括将至少一个装饰性图像施加到芯层上的步骤。该方法还可以包括在芯层上设置至少一个装饰性层的步骤。优选在施加涂层之前提供所述步骤。涂层可以直接施加在装饰层和/或装饰性层上。
现在将参考以下非限制性条款更详细地阐述本发明。
1.一种装饰性镶板,特别是地板镶板、墙壁镶板或顶棚镶板,该镶板包括:
-至少一个基板,基板包括上表面和底表面以及优选地包括两对相对的侧边缘,其中该基板包括:
o至少一个芯层;以及
o至少一个装饰性层;以及
-至少一个涂层,其中涂层设置在基板的上表面上;
其中基板的上表面的邵氏D硬度为至少80,并且/或者其中涂层的邵氏D硬度为至少85。
2.根据条款1所述的镶板,其中涂层直接设置在基板的装饰性层上。
3.根据条款1或条款2所述的镶板,其中涂层的邵氏D硬度为至少90。
4.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中涂层的邵氏D硬度在90至95的范围内。
5.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中涂层包含至少一种热固性树脂。
6.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中涂层包含至少一种可交联预聚物和至少一种光引发剂。
7.根据条款6所述的镶板,其中预聚物为丙烯酸预聚物或聚氨酯预聚物。
8.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中涂层包含多个耐磨颗粒,耐磨颗粒特别选自由以下所组成的组:氧化铝、刚玉、碳化硅、二氧化钛、氧化钛、金刚石颗粒或它们的组合。
9.根据条款8所述的镶板,其中涂层所含的耐磨颗粒在0.5重量%至5重量%的范围内。
10.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中涂层基本上透明。
11.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中涂层包含至少一种消光剂。
12.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中涂层基本上不含聚氯乙烯。
13.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中涂层的厚度在0.01mm至0.30mm的范围内。
14.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中芯层的维卡软化温度为至少80摄氏度、优选至少85摄氏度、优选至少90摄氏度。
15.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中涂层的表面粗糙度Ra为至少3μm。
16.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中镶板或涂层包括多个涂层。
17.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中基板的上表面的邵氏D硬度为至少85。
18.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中至少一个装饰性层为印刷层。
19.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中至少一个装饰性层包括热塑性膜或纤维素板层。
20.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中基板的芯层包含矿物热塑性复合物。
21.根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,其中基板、并且特别是芯层包括至少一对相对的侧边缘,并且优选每对相对的侧边缘设置有互补耦接部件。
22.一种用于制造装饰性镶板的方法,装饰性镶板特别是地板镶板、墙壁镶板或顶棚镶板、特别是根据前述条款中任一项所述的镶板,该方法包括以下步骤:
a)设置至少一个基板,基板包括上表面和底表面以及优选地包括两对相对的侧边缘,其中基板包括:
o至少一个芯层;以及
o至少一个装饰性层;并且
其中基板的上表面的邵氏D硬度优选为至少80;以及
b)在基板的上表面上施加至少一个涂层,其中涂层为可交联涂层;
c)固化涂层,特别是从而获得邵氏D硬度为至少85的交联涂层。
23.根据条款22所述的方法,其中(在步骤b)中施加的)涂层包含至少一种可交联预聚物和至少一种光引发剂,并且/或者其中涂层包含至少一种热固性树脂。
24.根据条款22或23所述的方法,其中固化步骤为UV固化步骤。
25.根据条款22至24中任一项所述的方法,其中以至少40g/m2的量施加涂层。
26.根据条款22至25中任一项所述的方法,其中涂层包含多个耐磨颗粒,耐磨颗粒优选选自由以下所组成的组:氧化铝、碳化硅、二氧化钛、氧化钛和/或金刚石颗粒或它们的组合。
27.根据条款22至26中任一项所述的方法,包括将纹理施加到基板的上表面的步骤,纹理的最大深度优选为0.6mm。
28.根据条款27所述的方法,其中与装饰性层的设计同步地施加纹理。
29.根据条款22至28中任一项所述的方法,其中芯层的维卡软化温度为至少80摄氏度、优选至少85摄氏度、优选至少90摄氏度。
显然,本发明不限于所述的实例,而是可以在所附权利要求的范围内有许多变型,这对于本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。不需要详细阐述上述发明构思的全部可以想到的组合的实例,因为本领域技术人员将理解,可以(重新)组合许多发明构思以便实现特定应用。
本专利出版物中使用的动词“包括”及其变体应理解为不仅表示“包括”,而且还应理解为表示词语“包含”、“基本上由……组成”、“由……形成”以及它们的变体。
Claims (28)
1.一种装饰性镶板,特别是地板镶板、墙壁镶板或顶棚镶板,所述镶板包括:
-至少一个基板,所述基板包括上表面和底表面,其中所述基板包括:
o至少一个芯层;以及
o至少一个装饰性层;以及
-至少一个涂层,其中所述涂层设置在所述基板的所述上表面上;
其中所述基板的所述上表面的邵氏D硬度为至少80,并且其中所述涂层的邵氏D硬度为至少85。
2.根据权利要求1所述的镶板,其中所述涂层直接设置在所述基板的所述装饰性层上。
3.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的镶板,其中所述涂层的邵氏D硬度为至少90。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的镶板,其中所述涂层的邵氏D硬度在90至95的范围内。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的镶板,其中所述涂层包含至少一种热固性树脂。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的镶板,其中所述涂层包含至少一种可交联预聚物和至少一种光引发剂。
7.根据权利要求6所述的镶板,其中所述预聚物为丙烯酸预聚物或聚氨酯预聚物。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的镶板,其中所述涂层包含多个耐磨颗粒,所述耐磨颗粒特别选自以下组:氧化铝、刚玉、碳化硅、二氧化钛、氧化钛、金刚石颗粒或它们的组合。
9.根据权利要求8所述的镶板,其中所述涂层所含的耐磨颗粒在0.5重量%至5重量%的范围内。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的镶板,其中在固化加工后,所述涂层基本上透明。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的镶板,其中所述涂层包含至少一种消光剂。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的镶板,其中所述涂层的厚度在0.01mm至0.30mm的范围内。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的镶板,其中所述芯层的维卡软化温度为至少80摄氏度、优选至少85摄氏度、更优选至少90摄氏度。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的镶板,其中所述涂层的表面粗糙度Ra为至少3μm。
15.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的镶板,包括多个涂层。
16.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的镶板,其中所述基板的所述上表面的邵氏D硬度为至少85。
17.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的镶板,其中所述至少一个装饰性层为印刷层。
18.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的镶板,其中所述至少一个装饰性层包括热塑性膜或纤维素板层。
19.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的镶板,其中所述基板的所述芯层包含矿物热塑性复合物。
20.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的镶板,其中所述基板、并且特别是所述芯层包括至少一对相对的侧边缘,并且其中每对相对的侧边缘设置有一个或多个互补耦接部件。
21.一种用于制造装饰性镶板的方法,所述装饰性镶板特别是地板镶板、墙壁镶板或顶棚镶板,所述方法包括以下步骤:
a)设置至少一个基板,所述基板包括上表面和底表面以及两对相对的侧边缘,其中所述基板包括:
o至少一个芯层;以及
o至少一个装饰性层;并且
其中所述基板的所述上表面的邵氏D硬度为至少80;以及
b)在所述基板的所述上表面上施加至少一个涂层,其中所述涂层为可交联涂层;
c)固化所述涂层,从而获得邵氏D硬度为至少85的交联涂层。
22.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其中所述涂层包含至少一种可交联预聚物和至少一种光引发剂,并且/或者其中所述涂层包含至少一种热固性树脂。
23.根据权利要求21或22所述的方法,包括将纹理施加到所述基板的所述上表面的步骤,所述纹理的最大深度优选为0.6mm。
24.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其中与所述装饰性层的设计同步地施加所述纹理。
25.根据权利要求21至24中任一项所述的方法,其中所述固化步骤为UV固化步骤。
26.根据权利要求21至25中任一项所述的方法,其中以至少40g/m2的量施加所述涂层。
27.根据权利要求21至26中任一项所述的方法,其中所述涂层包含多个耐磨颗粒,所述多个耐磨颗粒优选选自由以下所组成的组:氧化铝、碳化硅、二氧化钛、氧化钛和/或金刚石颗粒或它们的组合。
28.根据权利要求21至27中任一项所述的方法,其中所述芯层的维卡软化温度为至少80摄氏度、优选至少85摄氏度、优选至少90摄氏度。
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