CN115820762B - 合成(s)-烟碱及其中间体的方法 - Google Patents
合成(s)-烟碱及其中间体的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115820762B CN115820762B CN202310133879.6A CN202310133879A CN115820762B CN 115820762 B CN115820762 B CN 115820762B CN 202310133879 A CN202310133879 A CN 202310133879A CN 115820762 B CN115820762 B CN 115820762B
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- pyridine
- butanol
- amino
- nicotine
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- SNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N (-)-Nicotine Chemical compound CN1CCC[C@H]1C1=CC=CN=C1 SNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 229960002715 nicotine Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 229930182840 (S)-nicotine Natural products 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 title description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title description 4
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butanol Substances CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 108090000340 Transaminases Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 125000000250 methylamino group Chemical group [H]N(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 102000003929 Transaminases Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000007069 methylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000011987 methylation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- NGVDGCNFYWLIFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridoxal 5'-phosphate Chemical compound CC1=NC=C(COP(O)(O)=O)C(C=O)=C1O NGVDGCNFYWLIFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims description 11
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- 239000012022 methylating agents Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 7
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- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- VAYGXNSJCAHWJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl sulfate Chemical compound COS(=O)(=O)OC VAYGXNSJCAHWJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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- WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylamine Chemical compound CCCN WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- RQEUFEKYXDPUSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-phenylethylamine Chemical compound CC(N)C1=CC=CC=C1 RQEUFEKYXDPUSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N L-alanine Chemical compound C[C@H](N)C(O)=O QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000004279 alanine Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodomethane Chemical compound IC INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
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- 102000014898 transaminase activity proteins Human genes 0.000 description 18
- SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nicotine Natural products CN1CCCC1C1=CC=CN=C1 SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 16
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
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- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 9
- JGFZNNIVVJXRND-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-diisopropylethylamine Substances CCN(C(C)C)C(C)C JGFZNNIVVJXRND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 description 8
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- LMBFAGIMSUYTBN-MPZNNTNKSA-N teixobactin Chemical compound C([C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H]1C(N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C[C@@H]2NC(=N)NC2)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)O[C@H]1C)[C@@H](C)CC)=O)NC)C1=CC=CC=C1 LMBFAGIMSUYTBN-MPZNNTNKSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- YYROPELSRYBVMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(Cl)(=O)=O)C=C1 YYROPELSRYBVMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- DPNGWXJMIILTBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N myosmine Chemical compound C1CCN=C1C1=CC=CN=C1 DPNGWXJMIILTBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 101710205573 Alanine aminotransferase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101710092506 Aspartate aminotransferase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101710203251 Aspartate aminotransferase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101710200994 Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102100036608 Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 101710201058 Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101710192252 Aspartate/prephenate aminotransferase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 239000012359 Methanesulfonyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- SJRJJKPEHAURKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylmorpholine Chemical compound CN1CCOCC1 SJRJJKPEHAURKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- QARBMVPHQWIHKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanesulfonyl chloride Chemical compound CS(Cl)(=O)=O QARBMVPHQWIHKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;potassium Chemical compound [K].OP(O)(O)=O PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001644 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-MZCSYVLQSA-N Deuterated methanol Chemical compound [2H]OC([2H])([2H])[2H] OKKJLVBELUTLKV-MZCSYVLQSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone Chemical compound C=CN1CCCC1=O WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960003512 nicotinic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N nicotinic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 2
- FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N thionyl chloride Chemical compound ClS(Cl)=O FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DAUCYRIVLLXANE-JTQLQIEISA-N (4S)-4-(methylamino)-4-pyridin-3-ylbutan-1-ol Chemical compound OCCC[C@H](NC)C1=CC=CN=C1 DAUCYRIVLLXANE-JTQLQIEISA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYKUKUCHPMASKF-VIFPVBQESA-N (S)-nornicotine Chemical compound C1CCN[C@@H]1C1=CC=CN=C1 MYKUKUCHPMASKF-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 1
- VSTXCZGEEVFJES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-cycloundecyl-1,5-diazacycloundec-5-ene Chemical compound C1CCCCCC(CCCC1)N1CCCCCC=NCCC1 VSTXCZGEEVFJES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMYNFMYTOJXKLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-azaniumyl-2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound NCC(O)C(O)=O BMYNFMYTOJXKLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YHBIGBYIUMCLJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-fluoro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-amine Chemical compound FC1=CC=C2SC(N)=NC2=C1 YHBIGBYIUMCLJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000005751 Alcohol Oxidoreductases Human genes 0.000 description 1
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- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- CSKNSYBAZOQPLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonyl chloride Chemical compound ClS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 CSKNSYBAZOQPLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
- C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
- C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D213/36—Radicals substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms
- C07D213/38—Radicals substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms having only hydrogen or hydrocarbon radicals attached to the substituent nitrogen atom
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
- C12P13/001—Amines; Imines
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- C12P17/00—Preparation of heterocyclic carbon compounds with only O, N, S, Se or Te as ring hetero atoms
- C12P17/10—Nitrogen as only ring hetero atom
- C12P17/12—Nitrogen as only ring hetero atom containing a six-membered hetero ring
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- C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
- C07B2200/07—Optical isomers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种合成(S)‑烟碱及其中间体的方法,属于杂环化合物合成领域。本发明先在氨基供体参与下,4‑羟基‑1‑(3‑吡啶)‑1‑丁酮通过转氨酶手性催化,引入手性氨基,得到(S)‑4‑氨基‑4‑(3‑吡啶)‑1‑丁醇,再利用甲基化试剂对(S)‑4‑氨基‑4‑(3‑吡啶)‑1‑丁醇进行N‑甲基化,得到(S)‑4‑(甲基氨基)‑4‑(3‑吡啶)‑1‑丁醇。该中间体与酰化剂或卤化剂反应将羟基转化为磺酸酯或卤素,最后在碱性条件下关环得(S)‑烟碱。本发明原料廉价易得,反应条件温和、操作简单、成本较低,能够高选择性地得到单一构型的(S)‑烟碱,特别适用于工业化(S)‑烟碱的生产。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于杂环化合物合成领域,具体涉及合成(S)-烟碱及其中间体的方法。
背景技术
烟碱又称为尼古丁,是烟草中含量最多的一种生物碱。烟碱在烟叶中具有强烈的生理活性,通常烟叶中烟碱含量为1~3%,特种烟叶中含量可达10~14%,当烟叶中烟碱含量>1%时,该烟叶便具备提取价值。烟碱的工业品有两种,一种是40%硫酸烟碱,烟碱含量≥40%,另一种被称为纯烟碱,烟碱含量>95%,烟碱主要用于生产电子烟、戒烟药、杀虫剂和卷烟添加剂等。
近几年来随着精细化工、制药、有机合成、国防、农业和烟草工业的发展,烟碱的应用越来越广泛,国内外市场对烟碱的需求量与日俱增,所以烟碱有广阔的发展前景。
目前已有化学合成烟碱的相关报道,专利WO2020098978A1报道了一种由麦斯明制备(S)-烟碱的方法,该方法采用具有亚胺还原活性的酶还原麦斯明得到具有高光学纯度的中间体降烟碱,再使用甲醛和甲酸进行氨甲基化反应得到(S)-烟碱,其化学反应过程如下:
,
但是在上述专利中,麦斯明是以烟酸酯和乙烯基吡咯烷酮为原料制备的,其中乙烯基吡咯烷酮价格比较高昂,生产成本较高。
专利WO2014174505A2公开了一种光学活性的烟碱的制备方法,采用羰基还原酶还原4-(甲基氨基)-1-吡啶-3-基丁烷-1-酮,再经过碱性关环反应得到(S)-烟碱,其化学反应过程如下:
,该工艺原料不易得,无法实现规模化生产,且反应条件苛刻,得到的产物收率低。
发明内容
为了解决目前化学法合成烟碱成本高,收率低的难题,本发明提供一种合成(S)-烟碱及其中间体的方法。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:
本发明提供一种用于制备(S)-烟碱的手性中间体(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇(式Ⅱ)的制备方法,
在转氨酶和辅酶磷酸吡哆醛催化下,4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮和氨基供体进行转氨化反应生成(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇;所述转氨酶为NCBI登录号为XP_007730450、5FR9_A、WP_040602310、XP_748821的转氨酶中的一种或其同源物。
所述中间体(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇具有以下结构式:
,式Ⅱ。
优选的,上述转氨化反应温度为20~32℃,反应pH为6.5~8.0,反应时间为6~24h。进一步优选的,所述转氨化反应温度为28~30℃,反应pH为7.0~8.0,应时间为8~12h。
优选的,4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮和转氨酶的质量比为1:1~7,进一步优选为1:3~7。辅酶磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)是转氨酶催化反应所需辅料,本领域技术人员可根据需要选择用量。本发明中,转氨酶以酶液的形式加入到反应体系中,酶液中转氨酶的含量为15~20%。
优选的,上述转氨化反应中,将4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮溶于磷酸二氢钾缓冲液配制成溶液后加入转氨化反应体系,4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮的浓度范围为1~12g/L;优选的,浓度范围为4~6g/L。
优选的,4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮和氨基供体的摩尔比为1:1~20,进一步优选为1:9~10。所述氨基供体为异丙胺、正丙胺,丙氨酸、α-苯乙胺的一种或几种,优选异丙胺。
本发明还提供一种用于制备(S)-烟碱的手性中间体(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的合成方法,包括以下步骤:
在转氨酶和辅酶磷酸吡哆醛催化下,4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮和氨基供体进行转氨化反应生成(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇;所述转氨酶为NCBI登录号为XP_007730450、5FR9_A、WP_040602310、XP_748821的转氨酶中的一种或其同源物;
利用甲基化试剂对(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇进行N-甲基化,得到(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇,其具有以下结构式:
,式Ⅲ。
优选的,所述甲基化试剂为硫酸二甲酯或碘甲烷、或甲酸与甲醛组合物中的一种或几种,优选硫酸二甲酯。
优选的,所述(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-醇和甲基化试剂的摩尔比为1:1.05~1.3;进一步优选的,所述(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-醇和甲基化试剂的摩尔比为1:1.05~1.1。
优选的,所述甲基化反应温度为0~10℃;进一步优选的,所述反应温度为5~10℃。
优选的,所述反应的时间为4~8h,优选的,所述反应时间为4~6h。
本发明还提供(S)-烟碱的合成方法,
手性中间体(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇与酰化试剂或卤代试剂反应,将其醇羟基转化为磺酸酯基或卤素;控制反应条件为碱性,产物不经分离直接进行关环反应,得到最终产物(S)-烟碱。
优选的,所述酰化试剂为甲磺酰氯、苯磺酰氯、对甲苯磺酰氯中的一种或几种,优选甲磺酰氯或对甲苯磺酰氯;所述卤化试剂为氢溴酸、二氯亚砜中的一种或几种。
优选的,所述(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇与酰化试剂或卤化试剂的摩尔比为1:1.0~2.0;优选的摩尔比为1:1.0~1.1,反应温度-5~25℃,时间为1~3h。优选的温度为20~25℃,时间1.5~2h。
酰化反应或者卤化反应常常需要碱进行催化。优选的,所述碱包括但不限于三乙胺、N-甲基吗啉、N,N-二异丙基乙胺、吡啶、1,8-二氮杂二环十一碳-7-烯(DBU),优选三乙胺、N,N-二异丙基乙胺。三乙胺或N,N-二异丙基乙胺与(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的摩尔比为1~2:1。
本发明方法无需对酰化或卤代产物进行提纯,将得到的反应液在碱性条件下(pH>8)直接升温即可实现关环反应得到目标产物(S)-烟碱,如果pH<8,需要补加适量碱将pH调节至大于8。
优选的,所述关环反应温度为20~50℃,优选的反应温度为40~50℃,反应时间为2~3h。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下优点:
1、本发明经过生物转氨酶转氨化反应和N-甲基化反应先得到(S)-烟碱中间体,再由该中间体进一步反应得到(S)-烟碱,相较于已有报道中使用昂贵的金属催化剂制备(S)-烟碱,其价格大大降低。所用试剂均为常用的廉价试剂,且收率也得到提高,因而可大大降低生产成本。
2、本发明反应条件较为温和,每步反应均可不经分离直接进行下步反应,操作简单,原料来源广,因此易于实现工业化生产。
3、本发明制备的(S)-烟碱具有很高的光学纯度,达99.5%以上,无其他有害的烟草化合物,可直接用于进一步的产品开发。
附图说明
图1为实施例1中步骤(1)所得产物4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的液相色谱图。
图2为实施例1中步骤(1)所得产物4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的光学纯度谱图。
图3为实施例1中步骤(1)所得产物4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的质谱图。
图4为实施例1中步骤(1)所得产物4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的H-NMR谱图。
图5为实施例1中步骤(1)所得产物4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的C-NMR谱图。
图6为实施例1中步骤(2)所得产物(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的液相色谱图。
图7为实施例1中步骤(2)所得产物(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的光学纯度谱图。
图8为实施例1中步骤(2)所得产物(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的质谱图。
图9为实施例5所得产物(S)-烟碱的化学纯度谱图。
图10为实施例5所得产物(S)-烟碱的光学纯度谱图。
具体实施方式
以下结合实施例对本发明做进一步描述,显然所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。本发明具体实施例所用的PLP(磷酸吡哆醛)购自麦克林生化科技股份有限公司。
本发明具体实施方式中所用转氨酶A-D,是通过基因挖掘,从NCBI数据库中筛选获得转氨酶的目的基因,经过连接表达载体pET-28a,转化至大肠杆菌表达宿主,诱导蛋白表达得到。将大肠杆菌引入发酵培养基中进行扩增培养,离心分离,得到静息细胞,将该静息细胞悬浮于缓冲水溶液中,经高压均质机破壁后得到转氨酶液,转氨酶液中转氨酶含量%=静息细胞重量/缓冲液重量×100%。
本发明实施例所用原料4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮可采用现有已知方法合成,本发明优选的采用以下方法合成:烟酸酯和γ-丁内酯在碱催化下进行缩合反应,缩合产物再在酸性条件下水解开环得4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮。可参照专利CN115627282A(202211621603.4)记载的方法。
本发明所述转氨酶的来源见表1:
表1:
。
本发明合成(S)-烟碱的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)在氨基供体参与下,4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮通过转氨酶手性催化,引入手性氨基,得到(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇;
(2)利用甲基化试剂对(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇进行N-甲基化,得到(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇;
(3)利用酰化或卤代试剂,将(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的羟基转化为磺酸酯或卤素;产物不经分离直接在碱性条件下进行关环,得到最终产物(S)-烟碱。
工艺路线如下所示:
。
实施例1
(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的合成,具体步骤为:
(1)将4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮(底物,式Ⅰ化合物)18.0g(0.11mol,1.0eq)溶于3000ml浓度为0.2M的磷酸二氢钾缓冲液(底物浓度为6g/L),加入0.08gPLP(0.33mmol,0.003eq),64.4g异丙胺(1.09mol,10.0eq),酶液(酶液添加量及转氨酶含量见表2,不同活性转氨酶的用量均约为底物4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮质量的5倍,即酶:底物=5)进行转氨化反应。使用3.5%盐酸调节pH=7,反应温度为28~30℃,反应时间12h。
HPLC检测反应结束后,加入硅藻土(300g)助滤,搅拌20min,过滤,滤液用300ml×3二氯甲烷萃取三次,有机相使用Na2SO4干燥,得(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇(式Ⅱ化合物)的二氯甲烷溶液,蒸馏去除溶剂可得到(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇。
表2中详述了不同转氨酶的实验结果,(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇收率以蒸干溶剂二氯甲烷后得到的(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇重量计算。
表2:
。
表2中,式Ⅰ化合物的转化率计算式为:转化率%=(反应前Ⅰ的质量-反应后剩余的Ⅰ的质量)/反应前Ⅰ的质量×100%。图1为试验1-1中式Ⅱ化合物的液相纯度谱图,(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的保留时间为1.098min,图2为试验1-1中式Ⅱ化合物的光学纯度谱图,保留时间为7.464min,图3为试验1-1中式Ⅱ化合物的HRMS谱图,(ESI,m/z):[M+H]+=167.1176,理论m/z=167.1179。图4为试验1-1中式Ⅱ化合物的H-NMR谱图,1HNMR(600 MHz,Methanol-d4) δ8.69 (d, 1H), 8.60 (dd, 1H), 8.06 (dt, 1H), 7.57 (dd,1H), 4.47(dd, 1H), 3.70 (t, 2H), 2.16 (m, 2H), 1.51 (m, 2H)。图5为试验1-1中式Ⅱ化合物的C-NMR谱图,13CNMR(151MHz,Methanol-d4) δ 150.84 , 149.87 , 137.26 , 134.77 ,125.76 , 73.20 , 61.99,31.96 , 29.59。
测定式Ⅱ化合物化学纯度的HPLC条件:使用X-BridgeC18色谱柱,洗脱液包含(i)9mM磷酸铵水/乙腈溶液(水/乙腈=9:1)和(ii)乙腈的混合物,梯度程序为:初始比例100:0,0-6分钟,比例为22:78;6-11分钟,比例为22:78;11-12分钟,比例为100:0;12-15分钟,比例为100:0。流速为1.0ml/min,柱温为30℃。检测器的条件为在215nm波长下的UV吸收。
测定式Ⅱ化合物光学纯度的HPLC条件:使用ChiralpakAS-H柱,用比例为正己烷:乙醇=80:20的洗脱剂洗脱,流速为1.0ml/min,柱温为30℃。检测器的条件为在215nm波长下的UV吸收。
(2)取步骤(1)中试验1-1制备得到的(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁醇的二氯甲烷溶液(含(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁醇16.5g(0.10mol,1.0eq)),降温至5℃,同时滴加13.8g硫酸二甲酯(0.11mol,1.1eq)和26.5g浓度为30%的氢氧化钠溶液(含NaOH0.20mol,2.0eq)。滴加完毕,控温5~10℃反应4小时。反应结束后静置分层,有机相使用Na2SO4干燥,得(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇(式Ⅲ化合物)的二氯甲烷溶液,蒸馏去除溶剂可得到(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇16.5g,收率92.2%。
图6为步骤(2)所得式Ⅲ化合物的液相纯度谱图,式Ⅲ化合物的保留时间为3.413min,图7为步骤(2)所得式Ⅲ化合物的光学纯度谱图保留时间为8.289min,图8为步骤(2)所得式Ⅲ化合物的HRMS谱图(ESI,m/z):[M+H]+=181.1334,理论m/z=181.1335。
实施例2
该实施例证实了本发明提供的转氨酶对不同的氨基供体的转化率以及对所得手性产物(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁醇的光学纯度的影响。反应条件同实施例1中1-1,不同之处在于氨基供体不同。
进行步骤(1)的反应,所用的氨基供体和结果在表3有详细说明。
表3:
。
实施例3
该实施例证实了本发明提供的转氨酶对不同底物浓度的转化率以及所得手性产物(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁醇的光学纯度影响。反应条件同实施例1中试验1-1,不同之处在于底物4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮的浓度不同。底物浓度和结果见表4所示。
表4:
。
实施例4
该实施例证实了转氨酶液用量对式Ⅰ化合物的转化率以及所得手性产物(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的光学纯度的影响。反应以与实施例1中试验1-1相同的方法进行,不同之处在于步骤(1)中,转氨酶A和底物4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮的投料重量比不同。
本实施例底物(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的用量为2g,底物浓度同实施例1相同为6g/L,使用不同投料重量比的转氨酶A(酶含量16.0%,折纯酶用量=酶液质量×酶含量)进行步骤(1)的反应,酶的投料重量和结果在表5有详细说明,其他原料同底物的配比同实施例1相同,实际加入量进行相应调整。
表5:
。
实施例5
合成光学纯(S)-烟碱:取实施例1中试验1-1制备得到的(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁醇的二氯甲烷溶液,折纯16.5g(0.09mol,1.0eq),加入13.9g三乙胺(0.14mol,1.5eq),降温至0℃,缓慢滴加11.5g甲磺酰氯(0.10mol,1.1eq),滴加完毕后,升至20℃保温2h。HPLC中控原料剩余<1%后,检测体系pH,如果pH<8,使用三乙胺调节至pH>8,然后将反应液升温至40℃保温3h。中控关环反应完毕后,用300ml水洗涤,水相用二氯甲烷300ml再萃取一次,合并有机相,加入Na2SO4干燥,减压浓缩除去溶剂,得(S)-烟碱粗品。再经过精馏提纯,得纯的(S)-烟碱13.0g,收率87.8%(以4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮计总收率73.7%),光学纯度99.56%,化学纯度99.83%,比旋度-149°(欧洲药典标准值-140°~-152°)。图9、图10分别为产物(S)-烟碱的化学纯度谱图和光学纯度谱图。图中(S)-烟碱化学纯度使用气相方法测得保留时间为19.239min,光学纯度通过液相方法测得保留时间为8.391min。
实施例6
一种合成光学纯(S)-烟碱的方法,具体步骤为:
(1)将4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮18.0g(0.11mol,1.0eq)溶于4500ml浓度为0.2M的磷酸二氢钾缓冲液(底物浓度为4g/L),加入0.08gPLP(0.33mmol,0.003eq)、58.0g异丙胺(0.98mol,9.0eq),563.0g酶液(转氨酶A含量16.0%)进行转氨化反应。使用3.5%盐酸调节pH=8,反应温度为20~28℃,反应时间8h。HPLC检测反应结束后,反应液直接用于下一步。
(2)将上述反应液(含(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁醇16.3g(0.10mol,1.0eq))降温至10℃,同时滴加13.0g硫酸二甲酯(0.10mol,1.05eq)和19.6g浓度为30%的氢氧化钠溶液(含NaOH 0.15mol,1.5eq)。滴加完毕,于0~5℃反应6小时。反应结束后静置分层,有机相使用Na2SO4干燥,得(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的二氯甲烷溶液。
(3)向步骤(2)得到的二氯甲烷溶液(含(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇16.1g(0.09mol,1.0eq))中加入17.3g二异丙基乙胺(0.13mol,1.5eq),降温至-5℃,取17.0g(0.09mol,1.0eq)对甲苯磺酰氯溶解在60ml二氯甲烷中配成溶液,控温<0℃缓慢滴加完后,升至25℃保温1.5h,中控反应结束即得(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)丁基对甲苯磺酸酯溶液。使用二异丙基乙胺调控pH>8,继续升温至50℃保温2h。中控关环反应完毕后,加入500ml水分液,用500ml二氯甲烷萃取水相一次,合并有机相加入Na2SO4干燥,减压浓缩除去溶剂,得(S)-烟碱粗品,(S)-烟碱粗品再经过精馏纯化,得纯(S)-烟碱12.6g,收率87.2%,(以4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮计总收率71.4%),光学纯度99.5%,化学纯度99.7%,比旋度-149°(欧洲药典标准值-140°~-152°)。
以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例,并不用于限制本发明,尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,对于本领域的技术人员来说,其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (14)
1.用于制备(S)-烟碱的手性中间体(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的合成方法,其特征在于,
在转氨酶和辅酶磷酸吡哆醛催化下,4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮和氨基供体进行转氨化反应生成(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇;所述转氨酶为NCBI登录号为XP_007730450、5FR9_A、WP_040602310、XP_748821的转氨酶中的一种。
2.根据权利要求1所述中间体(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的合成方法,其特征在于,转氨化反应温度为20~32℃,反应pH为6.5~8.0,反应时间为6~24h。
3.根据权利要求2所述中间体(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的合成方法,其特征在于,所述转氨化反应温度为28~30℃,反应pH为7.0~8.0,应时间为8~12h。
4.根据权利要求1所述中间体(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的合成方法,其特征在于,4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮和转氨酶的质量比为1:1~7。
5.根据权利要求4所述中间体(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的合成方法,其特征在于,4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮和转氨酶的质量比为1:3~7。
6.根据权利要求1所述中间体(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的合成方法,其特征在于,4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮和氨基供体的摩尔比为1:1~20;所述氨基供体为异丙胺、正丙胺,丙氨酸、α-苯乙胺的一种或几种。
7.根据权利要求6所述中间体(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的合成方法,其特征在于,4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮和氨基供体的摩尔比为1:9~10,所述氨基供体为异丙胺。
8.一种用于制备(S)-烟碱的手性中间体(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的合成方法,其特征在于,
利用权利要求1~7任一项所述方法制备(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇;然后利用甲基化试剂对(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇进行N-甲基化,得到(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇。
9.根据权利要求8所述(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的合成方法,其特征在于,所述甲基化试剂为硫酸二甲酯或碘甲烷、或甲酸与甲醛组合物中的一种或几种。
10.根据权利要求8所述(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的合成方法,其特征在于,所述(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-醇和甲基化试剂的摩尔比为1:1.05~1.3。
11.根据权利要求10所述(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的合成方法,其特征在于,所述(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-醇和甲基化试剂的摩尔比为1:1.05~1.1。
12.根据权利要求8所述(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的合成方法,其特征在于,所述甲基化反应温度为0~10℃;所述反应的时间为4~8h。
13.根据权利要求12所述(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇的合成方法,其特征在于,所述反应温度为5~10℃,所述反应时间为4~6h。
14.一种(S)-烟碱的合成方法,其特征在于,利用权利要求1~7任一项所述方法制备(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇;然后利用甲基化试剂对(S)-4-氨基-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇进行N-甲基化,得到(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇,将所得中间体(S)-4-(甲基氨基)-4-(3-吡啶)-1-丁醇与酰化试剂或卤代试剂反应,将其醇羟基转化为磺酸酯基或卤素;控制反应条件为碱性,产物不经分离直接进行关环反应,得到最终产物(S)-烟碱。
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